ET4254 Communications and Networking 1 Tutorial Sheet 5 Short Questions: 1. Why is multiplexing so cost-effective? 2.

. How is interference avoided by using frequency division multiplexing? . What is echo cancellation? !. "efine upstream and downstream with respect to subscriber lines. #. $xplain how synchronous time division multiplexing %&"'( wor)s. *. Why is a statistical time division multiplexor more efficient than a synchronous time division multiplexor? +. ,sing &able 1 as a guide- indicate the ma.or difference between /orth 0merican and international &"' carrier standards. Table 1: North American and International TDM Carrier Standards North American %esignation Num&er o' (oice Channels "8-1 "8-17 "8-2 "8"8-! 2! !1 :* *+2 !9 2 1-#!! -1#2 *- 12 !!-+ * 2+!-1+* ! # 1 2 %ata )eate !*&+s$ ,e-el nternational ! T"#T$ Num&er o' (oice Channels 9 129 !19 1:29 +*19 2-9!1 1-!!1 !- *1 1 :-2*! #*#-1!1 %ata )eate !*&+s$

1. ,sing 2igure 1 as a guide- indicate the relationship between buffer si3e and line utilisation.

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ET4254 Communications and Networking 1 Tutorial Sheet 5

"r. 4evin 'urphy 5 ,niversity of 6imeric) $&!2#! 5 7ommunications and /etwor)ing 1

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ET4254 Communications and Networking 1 Tutorial Sheet 5 .ro&lems: 1. &he information in four analog signals is to be multiplexed and transmitted over a telephone line that has !99- to 199H3-bandpass. $ach of the analog baseband signals is bandlimited to #99H3. "esign a communications system %bloc) diagram( that will allow the transmission of these four sources over the telephone channel using a. 2requency division multiplexing with 88; %single sideband( subcarriers b. &ime division multiplexing using <7'= assume !-bit samples 8how the bloc) diagrams of the complete system- including the transmission- channeland reception portions. >nclude the bandwidth of the signals at the various points in the system. 2. &o paraphrase 6incoln=...all of the channel some of the time- some of the channel all of the time.... ?efer to 2igure 2 and relate the preceding to the figure.

2igure 1= 2"' and &"'

. $xplain in terms of data lin) control and physical layer concepts how error and flow control are accomplished in synchronous time division multiplexing. !. @ne of the 1: bits in the "8-1 transmission format is used for frame synchronisation. $xplain its use. #. >n the "8-1 format- what is control signal data rate for each voice channel?

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ET4254 Communications and Networking 1 Tutorial Sheet 5 *. &wenty-four voice channels are to be multiplexed and transmitted over twisted pair. What is the bandwidth required for 2"'? 0ssuming a bandwidth efficiency %ratio of data rate to transmission bandwidth- as explained in 7hapter #( of 1 bpsAH3- what is the bandwidth required for &"' using <7'? +. 2ind the number of the following devices that could be accommodated by a &1-type &"' line if 1B of the &1 line capacity is reserved for synchronisation purposes. a. 119-bps teleprinter terminals b. 99-bps computer terminals c. 1299-bps computer terminals d. :*99-bps computer ports e. *!-)bps <7' voice-frequency lines How would these numbers change if each of the sources were transmitting an average of 19B of the time and the statistical multiplexer was used? 1. 0ssume that you are to design a &"' carrier- say "8-!1:- to support 9 voice channels using *-bit samples and a structure similar to "8-1. "etermine the required bit rate.

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ET4254 Communications and Networking 1 Tutorial Sheet 5 Answers: Short Questions 1. 'ultiplexing is cost-effective because the higher the data rate- the more cost-effective the transmission facility. 2. >nterference is avoided under frequency division multiplexing by the use of guard bandswhich are unused portions of the frequency spectrum between subchannels. . $cho cancellation is a signal processing technique that allows transmission of digital signals in both directions on a single transmission line simultaneously. >n essence- a transmitter must subtract the echo of its own transmission from the incoming signal to recover the signal sent by the other side. !. "ownstream= from the carrierCs central office to the customerCs siteD upstream= from customer to carrier. #. 0 synchronous time division multiplexer interleaves bits from each signal and ta)es turns transmitting bits from each of the signals in a round-robin fashion. *. 0 statistical time division multiplexer is more efficient than a synchronous time division multiplexer because it allocates time slots dynamically on demand and does not dedicate channel capacity to inactive low speed lines. +. &he basic difference between /orth 0merican and international &"' carrier standards is that the /orth 0merican "8-1 carrier has 2! channels while the international standard is 9 channels. &his explains the basic difference between the 1.#!! 'bps /orth 0merican standard and the 2.9!1 'bps international standard. 1. 0s load increases- the buffer si3e and delay increase until the load approximates the capacity of the shared channel when both become infinite. .ro&lems 1. a. &he available bandwidth is 199 5 !99 E 2+99 H3. 0 scheme such as depicted in

2igure 1.! can be used- with each of the four signals modulated onto a different #99-H3 portion of the available bandwidth.

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ET4254 Communications and Networking 1 Tutorial Sheet 5 b. $ach #99-H3 signal can be sampled at a rate of 1 )H3. >f !-bit samples are used-

then each signal requires ! )bps- for a total data rate of 1* )bps. &his scheme will wor) only if the line can support a data rate of 1* )bps in a bandwidth of 2+99 H3. 2. >n 2"'- part of the channel is assigned to a source all of the time. >n time-division multiplexing- the entire channel is assigned to the source for a fraction of the time. . 8ynchronous &"' is a technique to divide the medium to which it is applied into time slots- which are used by multiple inputs. &"'Fs focus is on the medium rather than the information that travels on the medium. >ts services should be transparent to the user. >t offers no flow or error control. &hese must be provided on an individual-channel basis by a lin) control protocol. !. &his bit carries must carry a repetitive bit pattern that enables the receiver to determine whether or not it has lost synchroni3ation. &he actual bit pattern is 91919191... >f a receiver gets out of synchroni3ation it can scan for this pattern and resynchroni3e. &his pattern would be unli)ely to occur in digital data. 0nalog sources cannot generate this pattern. >t corresponds to a sine wave at !-999 H3 and would be filtered out from a voice channel that is band limited. #. &here is one control bit per channel per six frames. $ach frame lasts 12# Gsec. &hus= "ata ?ate E 1A%* H 12# H 19 -*( E 1. )bps *. 0ssuming ! )H3 per voice signal- the required bandwidth for 2"' is 2! H ! E :* )H3. With <7'- each voice signal requires a data rate of *! )bps- for a total data rate of 2! H *! E 1.# * 'bps. 0t 1 bpsAH3- this requires a bandwidth of 1.# * 'h3. +. &he capacity of the &1 line is 1.#!! 'bps. &he available capacity is 1.#!! H 9.:: E 1.#21#* 'bps E 07. a. 07A119 E 1 -1:* b. 07A 99 E #-9:# c. 07A1299 E 12+ d. 07A:*99 E 1#: e. 07A*!999 E 2

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ET4254 Communications and Networking 1 Tutorial Sheet 5 >f the sources were active only 19B of the time- a statistical multiplexer could be used to boost the number of devices by a factor of about seven or eight in each case. &his is a practical limit based on the performance characteristics of a statistical multiplexer. 1. Ioice sampling rate E 2 H ! )H3 E 1 )H3D * bitsAsample &hus= 9 voices channels= 1 synchronous bitAchannel= 1 synchronous bitAframe= &@&06 9H1H*E 9H1E 1H1E 1!!9 )bps 2!9 )bps 1 )bps JJJJJJJJJ 1*11 )bps

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