LABORATORY MANUAL MEC 324 HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. To determine the thermal conductivity of a given material by guarded hot plate Method (Insulating slab apparatus).3 2. To determine the heat transfer through the composite wall7 3. To plot the temperature profile of a pin fins by free & forced convection.13 4. To determine the thermal conductivity of fluids15 5. To study the various parameters of unsteady state heat transfer.18 6. To determine Stefan Boltzmann Coefficient of black body radiations23 7. To determine the heat transfer coefficient for drop wise & film wise condensation...27 8. To study the various parts and basic functions of shell and tube heat exchanger..31 9. Comparative study of effectiveness and efficiencies of parallel and counter flow heat exchanger..38 10. To study the basic function of vertical and horizontal condenser..47

Experiment no 1
Experiment: To determine the thermal conductivity of a given material by guarded hot plate

Method (Insulating slab apparatus).

Apparatus:Complete set up of insulating slab apparatus, Stop Watch The apparatus consists of a heater plate surrounded by a heating ring for stabilizing the temp. of the primary heater and to prevent heat loss radially around its edges. The primary and guard heater are made up of Mica sheets. These heaters together form a flat which together with the upper and lower copper plates and rings form the heater plate assembly. Two thermocouples are used to measure the hot face temp. At the upper and lower central heater assembly copper plates. Two more thermocouples are used to check balance in both the heater inputs. Specimens are held between the heater and cooling unit on each side of the apparatus. Thermocouple No.5 and 6 measure the temperature of the upper cooling plate and lower cooling plate respectively. The heater plate assembly together with the cooling plates and specimen held in position by 3 vertical studs and nuts on a base plate. The cooling chamber is a composite assembly of grooved Aluminum casting and Aluminum cover with entry & exit adapters for water inlet & outlet. Learning objective To find out the thermal conductivity of an insulating slab OUT LINE OF PROCEDURE: Adjust the heat input to central and guard heater through separate single phase supply line with a Dimmer stat in each line and is adjusted to maintain the desired temp. The guard heater input is adjusted in such a way that there is no radial heat flow which is checked from thermocouple readings and is adjusted accordingly. The input to the central heater and the thermocouple readings are recorded after every 10 minutes till a reasonably steady state condition is reached. The readings are recorded in the observation table. The final steady state values are taken for calculations. Scope of Result and discussion:Parameter:Calculate the thermal conductivity of insulating slab Identify the difference between insulators and conductors Plot: - Nil Data: Specimen: Dia 180 mm Thickness 12 mm (approx.) Central Heater: Dia 100 mm sandwiched between copper plates Ring Guard Heater: Width 35 mm sandwiched between copper rings Cooling Chamber: Made of Aluminum for water circulation, 2 No Insulation: Bags filled with glass wool Control Panel: Digital Voltmeter (0-300 V) Digital Ammeter (0-2 A) Dimmer stat (0-230 V), 2 A (2 Nos.) Digital Temp. Indicator (0-200 C) with multi channel switch ON/OFF switch, mains indicator, etc.
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Temperature Sensors: RTD PT-100 type (6 Nos.) FORMULAE: Heat Input, Q = V x I (For Central Heater) As heat is divided into two parts Qact = Q/2 Area, A = _/4 D2, m2 (D=100 mm) K = Qact x X (X = 12 mm) A (Th Tc) Where, X = Thickness of the insulating material Th = Temperature of the hot plate Tc = Temperature of cold plate Thermal Conductivity K = q L., W/m-K (1) A (Th Tc) Where K = Thermal conductivity of Sample, W/m-K Q = Heat flow in the specimen, Watts A = Metering area of the specimen, m Th = Hot plate temp, C Tc = Cold plate temp, C x = Thickness of the specimen, m PRECAUTIONS:1. Never run the apparatus if the power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts. 2. Use stabilized A.C. single phase supply only. 3. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given On the panel are at OFF position. 4. Keep all the assembly undisturbed. 5. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently. 6. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.

Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT
Date of Performance ______________ Aim: Worksheet of the student Registration Number:_________________

Observations:

Attach Graph(if any): Calculations:

Error Analysis:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

S.No. 1 2 3

To be filled in by Faculty Parameter

Marks obtained

Understanding of the student about the procedure/apparatus. Observations and analysis including learning outcomes Completion of experiment, Discipline and Cleanliness Signature of Faculty

Max. Marks 20 20 10

Total marks obtained

Experiment no 2 Experiment: To determine the heat transfer through the composite wall. Learning objective:To find the heat transfer through the composite wall. Apparatus:When heat conduction takes place through two or more solid materials of different thermal conductivities, the temperature drop across each material depends on the resistance offered to heat conduction and the thermal conductivity of each material. he experimental set-up consists of test specimen made of different materials aligned together on both sides of the heater unit. The first test disc is next to a controlled heater. The temperatures at the interface between the heater and the disc is measured by a thermocouple, similarly temperatures at the interface between discs are measured. Similar arrangement is made to measure temperatures on the other side of the heater. The whole set-up is kept in a convection free environment. The temperature is measured using thermocouples (Iron-Cons) with multi point digital temperature indicator. A channel frame with a screw rod arrangement is provided for proper alignment of the plates. The apparatus uses a known insulating material, of large area of heat transfer to enable unidirectional heat flow. The apparatus is used mainly to study the resistance offered by different slab materials and to establish the heat flow is similar to that of current flow in an electrical circuit. The steady state heat flow Q = t/R Where t = is the overall temperature drop and R is the overall resistance to heat conduction. Since the resistance are in series R = R1 + R2 Where R1, R2 are resistance of each of the discs.
TABULATION:

Sl.

Voltmeter

Ammeter reading

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

No. reading

SPECIFICATION: 1. Thermal conductivity Of sheet asbestos Thickness = 0.116 W/MK = 6mm = 0.052W/MK = 10mm = 300mm

2. Thermal conductivity of wood Thickness 3. Dia. Of plates

4. The temperatures are measured from bottom to top plate T1, T2, .T8. PROCEDURE 1. 2. 3. 4. Turn the screw rod handle clockwise to tighten the plates. Switch on the unit and turn the regulator clockwise to provide any desired heat input. Note the ammeter and voltmeter readings. Wait till steady state temperature is reached.

5. (The steady state condition is defined as the temperature gradient across the plates does not change with time.) 6. When steady states are reached note temperatures and find the temperature gradient across each slab. 7. Since heat flow is from the bottom to top of the heater the heat input is taken as Q/2 and

the average temperature gradient between top and bottom slabs from the heater to be taken for calculations. Different readings are tabulated as follows. CALCULATION: Now the resistance ( R ) offered by individual plates for heat flow. R1 = L1/AK1 R2 = L2 / AK2 R3 = L3/AK3

Where A = Area of the plate K = Thermal Conductivity L = Thickness of the plate.

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Knowing the thermal conductivities Q = (T4 T1)/R =(T2 T1)/R1=(T3 T2)/R2=(T4 T3)/R3 COMPOSITE WALLS V A T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 182 0.5 76 75 72 71 66 67 heater ms 71.5 ashess 66.5 Area of the plate / 4 (0.3)2 = 0.07m2 T7 T8 50 51 wood 50.5 Time for 1 Rev. E.M

Resistance of Asbestos (R1) = L1 /A1K1 = 0.005/0.07 X 69 X 10-3 =1.03 Resistance of Wood (R2) = L2/A2K2 = 0.008/0.07 X 52 X 10-3 = 2.19 Heat flow Q1 = Temp. across Asbestos / R1 = 5/1.03 =4.85 Watts Q2 = Temp. across Wood / R2 = 16/2.19= 7.3 Watts As per electrical anology Q1 = Q2 = Q3 Total Resistance R3 = 1.03 + 2.19 = 3.22 Q3 =(Temp. across Asbestos + Wood) / R3 = 21/3.22 = 6.521 As we have find the inside heat transfer co-efficient for heat flow from heater to MS plate, we consider only the second and third layer. RESULT: The rate of heat transfer through different materials are found to be a. MS section b. Wood section c. Asbestos section = ------------- W = ------------- W = --------------W

PRECAUTIONS:1. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given On the panel are at OFF position. 2. Keep all the assembly undisturbed. 3. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently. 4. Always keep the apparatus free from dust. Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

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TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT
Date of Performance ______________ Aim: Worksheet of the student Registration Number:_________________

Observations:

Attach Graph(if any): Calculations:

11

Error Analysis:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

S.No. 1 2 3

To be filled in by Faculty Parameter

Marks obtained

Understanding of the student about the procedure/apparatus. Observations and analysis including learning outcomes Completion of experiment, Discipline and Cleanliness Signature of Faculty

Max. Marks 20 20 10

Total marks obtained

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Experiment no 3 Experiment: To plot the temperature profile of a pin fins by free & forced convection. Apparatus:- Complete set up of pin fin apparatus, Stop Watch A brass fin of circular cross section is fitted along a rectangular duct. The other end of the duct is connected to the suction side of a blower and the air flows past the fin perpendicular to its axis. One end of the fin projects outside the duct and is heated by a heater. Temperatures at five points along the length of the fin are measured by RTD PT-100 type temperature sensors. The flow rate is measured by an orifice meter fitted on the delivery side of the blower. Learning Objective: To study the temp Distribution along the length of a pin fin under free and forced convection Heat transfer. To study the importance of Prandltss No. Grashof No. Nusselt No in heat transfer Outline of procedure:NATURAL OR FREE CONVECTION:Start heating the fin by switching ON the heater element and adjust the voltage upto a certain level. Note down the temp. Sensor readings No. 1 to 5.When steady state is reached, record the final readings of Temp. Sensor No. 1 to 5 and also the ambient temp. Readings. i.e. Temp.Sensor No.6 FORCED CONVECTION Start heating the fins by switching ON the heater and adjust the dimmer stat voltage and start the blower and adjust the difference of level in the manometer H. Note down the temp. Sensor readings (1) to (5) at a time interval of 5 minutes. When the steady state is reached, record the final readings (1) to (5) and also record the ambient temp. Readings by (6) repeat the same experiment with another H. Data: Duct Size: 150 x 100 x 1000 mm Diameter of the fin: 12.7 mm Length of the fin: 125 mm Dia. of the delivery Pipe: 70 mm Coefficient of Discharge,: 0.64 Diameter of the Orifice: 35 mm Control Panel: Digital Voltmeter (0-300 V) Digital Ammeter (0-2 A) Dimmer stat (0-230V), 2 A Digital Temp. Indicator (0-200 C) ON/OFF switch, mains indicator, etc. Temperature Sensors: RTD PT-100 type (6 Nos.) Scope of result and discussion :Parameters: - Identify the difference of free and forced convection

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Calculate the temp profile experimentally and verify with theoretical Plots: - Draw the temp profile Calculations Mean Temp. Of the Fin, Tm = (T1+ T2+ T3+ T4+ T5)/5 Ambient Air Temp. T6 = Tf = C Mean Fluid Temp. Tmf = (Tm+ Tf)/2 Properties of air at mean fluid temp. Density, _ = ____________kg/m3 Viscosity = ____________kg/ms Kinematic Viscosity, _ = ___________m2/sec Thermal Conductivity, K = ____________kcal/hrmC Specific Heat Cp = ____________kcal/kgC Prandltss No. Pr = Cp K _ = 1/( Tmf + 273.15) Grashof No. Gf = (g _ D3 _ T)/ _2 _T = (Tm -Tf) For Free Convection: Nusselt No. Nu= 0.53 (Gr Pr)1/4= h D / kair Free convective heat transfer coeff,. h = Nu kair / D Fin Parameter, m = _h C / kA Thermal Conductivity of brass kb = 95 kcal/hrmC Perimeter C = _ D Cross sectional area of fin A = _ D2 Fin Dia, D = 12.7 x 10-3 m Fin Length L = 125 x 10-3 m Fin effectiveness _ = tan h m L/ mL Parameter H = h / kb m Theoretical Temp. Profile within the Fin = _/_0 = [T-Tf]/[Tb-Tf] = [cos h m(L-x)+ H sin h m (L-x)]/[ cos h m L + H sin h mL] Taking Base Temp. Tb = T1 FOR FORCED CONVECTION:Orifice Coefficient Co = 0.64 Volumetric Flow of Air, Q = Co(_/4)d2 _ [ 2g _H] _ H = [ h (_w/_a -1)] m of air 100 Velocity of Air, V = Q/a at ambient fluid temp. _w = 1000 kg/m3 _a = 1.21 kg/m3 Velocity of air at mean fluid temp. (Tmf) = V1 = V x (Tmf + 273.15)/(Tf + 273.15) Mean Temp. of the Fin, Tm = (T1+ T2+ T3+ T4+ T5)/5 Ambient Air Temp. T6 = Tf = C Mean Fluid Temp. Tmf = (Tm+ Tf)/2 Properties of air at mean fluid temp
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Density, _ = ____________kg/m3 Viscosity = ____________kg/ms Kinematic Viscosity, _ = / _ __________ m2/sec Thermal Conductivity, K = ____________kcal/hrmC Specific Heat Cp = ____________kcal/kgC Prandltss No. Pr = Cp K Using co-relation for Forced convection: Nusselt No. Nu = 0.615 (Re)0.466 Nu = h D / Kair Heat Transfer Coefficient, h = Nu Kair / D Fin Parameter m = _h C / Kb A Fin effectiveness _ = tan h m L/ mL Parameter H = h / kb m Theoretical Temp. Profile within the Fin = _/_0 = [T-Tf]/[Tb-Tf] = [cos h m(L-x)+ H sin h m (L-x)]/[ cos h m L + H sin h mL] Taking Base Temp. Tb = T1 Where, Kb = thermal conductivity of Brass fin C = Perimeter Tm = Fin mean temp. Tf = Fin temp. at any point X = Distance of sensor at the base of the fin g = Acc. Due to gavity D = Fin Diameter Gr = Grashof Number Pr = Prandlt Number Nu = Nusselt Number Kair = Air conductivity at mean temp. h = heat transfer coefficient m = Fin perimeter A = Cross sectional are of Fin L = Fin Length _ = Fin effectiveness PRECAUTIONS Never run the apparatus if the power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts. Use stabilized A.C. single phase supply only. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position. Keep all the assembly undisturbed. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently. Always keep the apparatus free from dust. Experiment no 4 Experiment: To determine the thermal conductivity of fluids. Refer manual available with the apparatus
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TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT
Date of Performance ______________ Aim: Worksheet of the student Registration Number:_________________

Observations:

Attach Graph(if any): Calculations:

16

Error Analysis:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

S.No. 1 2 3

To be filled in by Faculty Parameter

Marks obtained

Understanding of the student about the procedure/apparatus. Observations and analysis including learning outcomes Completion of experiment, Discipline and Cleanliness Signature of Faculty

Max. Marks 20 20 10

Total marks obtained

17

Experiment no 5 Experiment: To study the various parameters of unsteady state heat transfer.

Apparatus:-Complete set up of unsteady state of heat transfer ,Stop watch Water bath is used for heating the test piece and heater is controlled by a programmable temperature controller. In this experiment heat is allowed to flow across the surface. The change in temperature is indicated on digital temperature indicator and we note it as it rises with respect to time. Learning objective: To determine the internal resistance of the body by calculating Biot number for solid cylinders of different materials.
Formula: Biot Number, Bi = h (V / A) (for a cylinder) K T - T/Ti - T Fourier Number, Fo = t. (for a cylinder) (V/A)
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SPECIFICATION: Constant Temp. Water Bath : Material : Stainless Steel Capacity: 8 Ltr (approx.) Stirrer for Bath : Stainless Steel Impeller with shaft Coupled to FHP motor. Heater: Nichrome Wire Heater 1 K.W. Test Cylinder: Material: S.S. / Brass Temp. Sensor: RTD Pt-100 type Control Panel: Digital Temp.Controller (0-200 C) Digital Temp. Indicator (0-200 C) ON/OFF Switch, Mains Indicator PROCEDURE: Fill the water bath with water up to the desired level. Set the desired bath temperature with the help of DTC (T) Start the mixer and heater. Wait till the desired water bath temperature has been reached. Dip the brass cylinder into the hot water bath and start collecting the data temp Vs time. Repeat the above steps for another temperature. OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS: Record the physical dimensions of the test piece (S.S. or Brass)

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Ro = Radius of the cylinder, m 17.5 mm L = Length of the cylinder, m 90 mm Material of construction of the cylinder _______ For Brass: For S.S. : = 8522 kg/m3 = 7817 kg/m3 Cp = 385 J/kg K Cp = 461 J/kg K k = 110.7 W/m K k = 16.3 W/m K T = Bath Temperature T = Test Piece Temperature at any time, t Ti = Initial temperature of the test piece = k. Cp Calculate T - T/ Ti - T Fourier Number, Fo = t. (for a cylinder) (V/A)2 t = Time in sec. Based on the physical dimensions of the test piece, calculate the following : Volume of the test piece (V) = Ro2 L Area of the test piece (A) = 2 Ro L Plot : T - T/ Ti - T Vs time (t) on a semi-log graph paper Draw the best straight line through the experimental points. Please include the data only upto to the time when steady state just starts. Measure the slope from the graph : Slope = - hA / Cp V h = - Cp V x Slope ( W/ m2 K) Calculate Biot Number, Bi = h Ro/ 2 k If Bi < 0.1, the body has negligible internal thermal resistance. If it is not, then use Heisler chart to estimate Biot Number. NOMENCLATURE: A = Surface area of the metallic body T = Bath Temperature T = Metallic body temperature at any time, t Ti = Initial temperature of the test piece
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V = Volume of the test piece = Density of the material Ro = Radius of cylinder, m L = Length of the cylinder, m PRECAUTIONS 1. Never run the apparatus if the power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts. 2. Use stabilized A.C. single phase supply only. 3. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position. 4. Keep all the assembly undisturbed. 5. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently. 6. Always keep the apparatus free from dust. 7. Dont switch ON the heater before filling water into the water bath. Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

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TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT
Date of Performance ______________ Aim: Worksheet of the student Registration Number:_________________

Observations:

Attach Graph(if any): Calculations:

21

Error Analysis:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

S.No. 1 2 3

To be filled in by Faculty Parameter

Marks obtained

Understanding of the student about the procedure/apparatus. Observations and analysis including learning outcomes Completion of experiment, Discipline and Cleanliness Signature of Faculty

Max. Marks 20 20 10

Total marks obtained

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Experiment no 6 Experiment: To determine Stefan Boltzmann Coefficient of black body radiations. Apparatus :The apparatus is centered on a flanged copper hemisphere B fixed on a flat non-conducting plate A. The outer surface of B is enclosed in a metal water jacket used to heat B to some suitable constant temp. One RTD PT-100 type temperature sensor is attached to the inner wall of hemisphere B to measure its temperature and to be read by a temperature indicator. The Disc D, which is mounted in an insulating Bakelite sleeves S is fitted in a hole drilled in the center of the base plate A. A chrome Alumel temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature of D i.e. TD. The temperature sensor is mounted on the disc to study the rise of its temperature. When the disc is inserted at the temperature TD (TD < T) (i.e. the temp. of the enclose) the response of temperature change of disc with time is used to calculate the Stefan Boltzmann Constant.( Stefan Boltzmann Constant and has the value of 4.88 x 10-8 kcal/hrm2K4 or 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4) Learning objective:To Study radiation mode of heat transfer To calculate Stefan Boltzmann constant experimentally and compare it with theoretical value. Outline of the procedure :Heat the water in the tank by the immersion heater up to a certain temp. The disc D is removed before pouring the hot water in the jacket. The hot water is poured in the water jacket. The hemispherical enclosure B and A will come to some uniform temp. in a short time after filling the hot water in the jacket. The thermal inertia of hot water is quite adequate to prevent significant cooling in the time required to conduct the experiment. The enclosure will soon come to equilibrium conditions. The disc, D is now inserted in A at a time when its temp. is TD. Start noting the temperature change for every 30 sec. Scope of result and discussion:Parameters: Calculate the rise in temp with time (for each 30 s gap ) and find out the slope of graph and then calculate Stefan Boltzmann constant. Plot :Plot the graph between time (T) Vs temp. (t) and determine the slope (dT/dt)t=0 Formula: = M.S ((dT/dt)t=0) AD ( T4 TD4 )

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M = Mass of the disc (kg) = . S = Specific heat of disc = 0.1 kcal/kgC AD = Area of the disc = .m2 D = Diameter of the disc =.m T = Final Temp. of the disc C TD = Initial temp. of the disc.C

Data:Hemispherical enclosure Dia: 200 mm Suitable sized water jacket for Hemisphere Base Plate: Bakelite (250 mm) Test Disc Dia: 20 mm Mass of test Disc: 3 gm Specific Heat, S of test disc: 0.1 kcal/kg-C Number of temp. Sensor mounted on B : 1 Number of temp. Sensor mounted on D : 1 Control Panel: Digital Voltmeter (0-300 V) Digital Ammeter (0-2 A) Dimmer stat (0-230 V), 2 A (2 Nos.) Digital Temp. Indicator (0-200 C) ON/OFF switch, mains indicator, etc. Immersion water heater of suitable capacity and tank for hot water, 1.5 Kw PRECAUTIONS Never run the apparatus if the power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts. Use stabilized A.C. single phase supply only. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position. Keep all the assembly undisturbed. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently. Always keep the apparatus free from dust. Learning outcome: To be written by the student in 50-60 words

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TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT
Date of Performance ______________ Aim: Worksheet of the student Registration Number:_________________

Observations:

Attach Graph(if any): Calculations:

25

Error Analysis:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

S.No. 1 2 3

To be filled in by Faculty Parameter

Marks obtained

Understanding of the student about the procedure/apparatus. Observations and analysis including learning outcomes Completion of experiment, Discipline and Cleanliness Signature of Faculty

Max. Marks 20 20 10

Total marks obtained

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Experiment no 7 Experiment: To determine the heat transfer coefficient for drop wise & film wise condensation. Apparatus: - Drop wise and film wise apparatus complete set up ,Stop watch The apparatus consist of a metallic container in which steam generation takes place .The lower portion houses suitable electric heater for steam generation. A special arrangement is provided for the container for filling water. The glass cylinder houses two water cooled copper condensers, one of which is chromium plated to promote drop wise condensation and the other is in its natural state to give film wise condensation. A connection for pressure gauge is provided .Separate connections of two condensers for passing water are provided .One Rota meter with appropriate piping can be used for measuring water flow rate in one of the condensers under test . A digital temperature indicator provided has multi point connections, which measures temperatures of steam, temp of two condensers, water inlet and outlet temperature of condenser water flow. Learning Objective: To determine the heat transfer coefficient for drop wise and film wise condensation process. To differentiate the drop wise and film wise condensation process. OUT LINE OF PROCEDURE: Operate the Rota meter Valve to regulate the flow of water in the two condensers .Fill the water in boiler tank up to desired level and start the heater of boiler .when the desired pressure is achieved the steam valve is regulated and steam is made to flow through glass tube contain the condensers. Allow for some time and then note down temp of water inlet /outlet of both condensers. Measure the condensate formed by using measuring flask verse time. Repeat same procedure for different flow rates of water, Operating Control Valve and By-Pass valve. When experiment is over, close all valves .remove left over water from boiler after switching off the heater. Switch off Pump and Power Supply to Panel. Specifications:Condensers: One chromium plated for drop wise condensation One natural finish for film wise condensation Dimensions: 19 mm outer Dia, 150 mm length, fabricated from copper with reverse flow in concentric tubes, filled with temp sensors for surface temp measurement Instrumentation: Temp indicator digital 0-200 with multi channel switch type RTD PT -100 type Rota meter for measuring water flow rate Pressure gauge: Dial type 0-2 kg/cm2 Inside diameter of condenser, Di = 19 mm Outside Dia of condenser DO = 17 mm Length of condenser L = 150 mm Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 mm

Scope of result and discussion:27

Study drop wise and film wise condensation on the two tubes physically. Precaution:Use the stabilize single phase AC supply only. Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the on/off switches given on the panel are at off position. Voltage to heater should be given slowly. Keep all the assembly undisturbed. Never run the apparatus if the power supply is less than 180 volts and above 240 volts. Operate selector switch of temp indicator gently. Do not start heater supply unless water is filled in the test unit. Always keep the apparatus free from dust. Learning outcome: To be written by the student in 50-60 words

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TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT
Date of Performance ______________ Aim: Worksheet of the student Registration Number:_________________

Observations:

Attach Graph(if any): Calculations:

29

Error Analysis:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

S.No. 1 2 3

To be filled in by Faculty Parameter

Marks obtained

Understanding of the student about the procedure/apparatus. Observations and analysis including learning outcomes Completion of experiment, Discipline and Cleanliness Signature of Faculty

Max. Marks 20 20 10

Total marks obtained

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Experiment no 8 Experiment: To determine the following for a shell & tube heat exchangers: I) LMTD II) Effectiveness III) Overall heat transfer coefficients Apparatus: The apparatus consists of a shell & tube type heat exchanger (two pass-tube Side). The tube side is supplied with hot water while the cold side with cold water. Thermocouples are provided at the entry & exit of both the water circuits. There is provision of a measuring flask & a stop-watch to measure flow rate on either side. The water is heated with the help of two geysers. Water is continuously supplied o both the circuits. Theory: A device used to transfer heat between fluids that are at different temperatures and separated by a solid wall is termed a heat exchanger. Common uses for heat exchangers are found in waste heat removal, air-conditioning, power production and chemical processing. Heat exchangers may be constructed in different fashions. Common designs incorporate concentric tubes, also known as double-pipe arrangement. This consists of one pipe placed concentrically inside another of larger diameter. This design can have parallel or counter flow configurations. This is largely used for sensible heating or cooling process fluids where small heat transfer rates are required. Other designs incorporate a shell-in-tube construction. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers They are built of round tubes mounted in large cylindrical shells with the tube axis parallel to the shell. They are widely used as oil coolers, power condensers, preheaters in power plants and steam generators in nuclear power plants. Specific shell and tube designs differ by the number of shell and tube passes. Baffles are commonly used in heat exchangers to increase the convection coefficient. Resistance to Heat Transfer The ability to transfer heat from one fluid to another through some form of solid wall is dependent on a variety of factors: Surface area between the two fluids. Rate of heat transfer through a dividing wall which separates the two fluids. Rate of heat transfer from one layer to the next (if more than one layer is present) in the dividing wall. Rate of heat transfer from the hot fluid to the dividing wall. Rate of heat transfer from the dividing wall to the cold fluid.

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Increasing a common surface area between two fluids will increase overall heat transfer rate between the fluids. This could be accomplished by incorporating more tubes in a shell and tube heat exchanger. Typical Values for Overall Heat Transfer U are Plate Heat Exchanger, liquid to liquid U range 10004000Wm-2K-1 Shell and tube, liquid inside and outside tubes U range 1501200 Wm-2K-1 Spiral Heat Exchanger, liquid to liquid U range 7002500Wm-2K-1 The general representation of a heat exchanger is as shown in the figure below. U= Overall heat transfer coefficient Wm-2K-1 A= Heat Exchanger Surface Area m2 h1=Heat transfer coefficient-hot side (Wm-2K-1) h2= Heat transfer coefficient-cold side (Wm-2K-1) t=Temperature (oC) =Temperature difference (oC) Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient For a hollow cylinder exposed to a convection environment on its inner and outer surfaces, the electrical resistance analogy would appear as in the following figure, where, again TA and TB are the two fluid temperatures. Note that the area for convection is not the same in both fluids in this case, these areas depending on the inside tube diameter and the wall thickness. In this case, the overall heat transfer
would be expressed by

In accordance with the thermal network shown in the figure, the terms Ai and AO represent the inside and outside surface areas of the inner tube. The overall heat transfer coefficient may be based on either the inside or the outside area of the tube. Accordingly

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Fouling Factors After a period of operation, the heat transfer surfaces for a heat exchanger may become coated with various deposits present in the flow systems or the surfaces may become corroded as a result of the interaction between the fluids and the material used for construction of heat exchanger. In either event, this coating represents a additional resistance to the heat flow, and thus results in decreased performance. The overall effect is usually represented by a fouling factor or fouling resistance Rf, which must be included with other resistances making up the overall heat transfer coefficient. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference For a double pipe heat exchanger with a hot and cold fluid flowing through it, we calculate the heat transfer in the arrangement with a simple formula Q=UA/Tm Where, U=overall heat transfer coefficient A=surface area for heat transfer consistent with definition of U Tm=suitable mean temperature difference across the heat exchanger LMTD is determined by following equation

Where the subscripts I and o stand for the inlet and outlet positions and h and c stand for the hot and cold fluids. The above equation is valid for parallel flow heat exchangers. For counter flow heat exchangers, the inlet and outlet temperature values for the cold fluid get reversed in the equation. LMTD Correction Factor For Countercurrent Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Log Mean Temperature difference (LMTD) is defined for countercurrent heat transfer. A double pipe heat exchanger provides true countercurrent flow. Other equipment geometries will depart from countercurrent flow. When this happens, the effective MTD is lower than the LMTD. A LMTD correction factor has been defined to account for this circumstance. The LMTD correction factor (F) is defined and used as follows : F= (Effective MTD) / (LMTD) Heat Exchange Duty Q = (Overall Coefficient U)*(Area A)*(F)*(LMTD) F is related to heat transfer geometry and temperatures. This section contains formulas for countercurrent multi-tube pass shell and tube heat exchangers. Temperatures And LMTD Definition T1= Shell IN t1= Tube IN T2= Shell OUT t2= Tube OUT

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The LMTD correction factor F is obtained from the relevant charts for the values of P & R. Heat Exchanger Effectiveness One way of measuring a heat exchangers performance is to calculate its effectiveness. The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer to the heat transfer attainable in an infinitely long counter-flow exchanger. So, by defining the effectiveness in this way, we have a much simpler expression for our effectiveness:

If, for any given exchanger, the effectiveness is known, we can write the heat transfer equation as:

Procedure: 1) Start the tube-side water-flow. After ensuring that the water is running, start one of the geysers. 2) Start the cold water supply after a while. Keep the flow-rate at the cold water side higher than the hot water side. Maintain both the flows at a moderate level. 3) Wait for steady state to be attained. 4) Note down the reading in the observation table as given below. Observations: 1. Shell a. Inner Diameter = 208 mm b. Thickness = 6 mm c. Material = M. S. 2. Tubes a. O.D. = 19 mm b. I.D. = 17 mm
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c. Material = Copper d. Pitch = 30 mm e. No. of tubes = 32 f. Length = 500 mm Observation Table: Sr. No. Shell Side Flow Rate Tube Side Inlet Outlet Flow Temperature Temperature Rate Inlet Outlet Temperature Temperature

Calculations:

Result: 1) LMTD= C 2) Ui actual= W/m2K 3) Ui theoretical= W/m2K 4) Uo actual= W/m2K 5) Uo theoretical= W/m2K 6) =
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TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT
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Observations:

Attach Graph(if any): Calculations:

36

Error Analysis:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

S.No. 1 2 3

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Total marks obtained

37

Experiment no 9 Experiment: Comparative study of effectiveness and efficiencies of parallel and counter flow heat exchanger.
Apparatus used: -

Introduction: Heat exchanger is a device used for affecting the process of heat exchange between two fluids that are at different temperatures. It is useful in many engineering processes like those in Refrigeration and Air conditioning system, power system, food processing systems, chemical reactor and space or aeronautical applications. The necessity for doing this arises in multitude of industrial applications. Common examples of best exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of the domestic refrigerator, and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant. Description & Construction: The simple example of transfer type of heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube in tube type arrangement as shown in the figure. One fluid flowing through the inner tube and the other through the annulus surroundings it. The heat transfer takes place across the walls of the inner tube. The experiments are conducted by keeping the identical flow rates [approx] while running the unit as a parallel flow heat exchanger and counter flow exchanger. The temperatures are measured with the help of the temperature sensor. The readings are recorded when steady state is reached. The outer tube is provided with adequate insulation to minimize the heat losses. The PF & CF heat exchanger consist of following components 1. Main Frame 2. Heat Exchanger 3. Temperature Indicator 4. Hot water Generator 5. Rotameter for hot & cold water flow rate measurement 6. Temperature Sensors The total assembly is supported on a main frame. The apparatus consists of a tube in tube type concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid is water, which is obtained from the hot water generator it is attached at the bottom of assembly to supply the hot fluid i.e., water with the help of pump through the inner tube while the cold fluid is flowing through annulus. Pump set is connected to the hot water generator to suck the water from it & deliver as per requirement. Different valves are provided in the system to regulate the flow of fluid to the system. The hot water & cold water admitted at the same end & the opposite end, named parallel & counter flow heat exchanger accordingly, is done by valve operation. The concentric type heat exchanger is connected in system, which transfers thermal energy between two fluids at different temperature. Specification: Inner Tube Material : copper Outer Diameter (do) : 12.5 mm

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Inner Diameter (Dia): 10.6 mm Outer Tube Material: G.I. Inner Diameter (Di): 33 mm Outer Diameter (Do): 29 mm Length of the heat (L) Exchanges: 1600 mm Heater: 3kw x 01 No. Thermostat: 1 (Range10-1100C) Temperature Indicator: 6 Channels (0 to 200 0C), 0.1 0C Resolution MCB: 16 Amps for Heater, 6 Amps for Pump Type of Pump: HP, 230 VAC (optional)
Type of Heat Exchangers: Heat exchangers are classified in three categories. 1. Transfer Type According to flow arrangement 2. Parallel flow 3. Counter flow 4. Cross flow Storage Type 1. Direct Transfer Type 2. Shell and tube heat Exchanger 3. Concentric tube Heat Exchanger A Transfer type heat exchanger is the one in which both fluids pass simultaneously flow through the device and heat is transferred through separating walls. In practice most of the heat exchangers used are transfer type ones. The transfer type heat exchangers are further classified according to flow arrangements as Parallel Flow, in which fluids flow in the same direction. Counter flow, in which they flow in opposite direction. Procedure: 1. Make all connections as shown in the fig. & check for any leakage in the circuit. 2. Make the oil well at the places where thermocouples are inserted for sensing the temperature of water. 3. Set the temperature of the heater tank to some fix temp say around 55 to 60 0C. 4. Once the temperature of hot water is reached start the flow of water through hot and cold water side and adjust it as per requirement. 5. For Parallel flow the flow of hot & cold water should be on same side & for counter flow the flow of both the fluids should be on opposite side. Make this adjustment with the help of valves 6. Wait to stabilized the temperature on the indicator. 7. As the temperature get stabilized take down the readings for different four channels by using switch on the panel. 8. Readings for the flow rates can be taken from the rotameter attached at the front of the instrument. 9. Take down the readings by varying the flow rates. 10. Observe flow rate of hot water to be less than flow rate of cold water 11. Once the experiment is completed drain the water remains in concentric tube. By opening the cocks given at side & below the shell.
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Precautions: 1. Do not put on heater unless water flow is continuous. 2. Once the flow is fixed, do not change it until note down the readings for that flow. 3. The thermocouples should keep in pockets 4. There should make the oil well in pockets of thermocouple. 5. Equipment should be earthed prop 6. Once the experiment is completed drain out the water remains in both the tubes. Observation: Given data: Inner Tube Inner tube material = Copper Outer Diameter (do) = 12.5 mm = 0.0125 m Inner Diameter (di ) = 10.6 mm = 0.0106 m Outer Tube Outer tube Material = G.I. Inner Diameter (Di) = 33 mm = 0.033 m Outer Diameter (Do) = 29 mm = 0.029 m Length of the heat (L) Exchanger = 1600 mm = 1.6 m Constants: 1. Cpc = Specific heat of cold water = 4.174 KJ / KG k 2. Cph = Specific heat of hot water = 4.174 KJ / KG k Observation Table I: Parallel Flow Run:

Sr. No.

HOT WATER SIDE Flow Rate

COLD WATER SIDE Inlet Outlet Temperature Temperature

Inlet Outlet Flow Temperature Temperature Rate

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Note: Tci in parallel is becoming Tco in counter Flow while making necessary Correction Calculation for Parallel Flow: 1. Qh = Heat transfer rate from hot water in KJ / sec 2. Qh = mh x Cph x (Thi Tho) 3. Qc = Heat transfer rate from cold water in KJ /sec 4. Qc = mc x Cpc x (Tco Tci) 5. Q = Total heat transfer rate in KJ /sec Qh + Qc Q = ----------------2 Tm = Logarithmic mean temperature difference in 0K Tin - Tout Tm = ------------------ln (Ti / To) Where, Tin = Thi - Tci in oC Tout = Tho - Tco in oC Ai = Area of inner side tube in m2 Ai = x di x L Where, di = diameter of inner tube in meter Ao = Area of outer side tube in m2 Ao = x do x L Where, do = diameter of outer tube in meter Uo = Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outer area in W / m 2 K Qc Uo = ----------------Ao x Tm Ui = Overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner area in W / m 2 K Qh Ui = ----------------Ai x Tm C = Capacity ratio Cmin C = -------------Cmax Where, Cmin = mh x Cph

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Cmax = mC x CpC = Effectiveness of heat exchanger mc x Cpc x (Tco Tci) mh x Cph x (Thi Tho) = --------------------------------- = ------------------------------------(mCp) min x (Thi Tci) (mCp) min x (Thi Tci) Thi - Tho When, (mCp) min = mh x Cph < mc x Cpc, = ---------------Thi - Tci Tco - Tci (mCp) min = mc x Cpc < mh x Cph , = ---------------Thi - Tci NTU(i) = No. of transfer unit for inner surface Ui x Ai NTU (i) = ---------------Cmin NTUo = No. of transfer unit for outer surface Uo x Ao NTU (o) = ---------------Cmin
Tabulation for counter flow.

Sr. No.

HOT WATER SIDE Flow Rate

COLD WATER SIDE Inlet Outlet Temperature Temperature

Inlet Outlet Flow Temperature Temperature Rate

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Note: Tci in parallel is becoming Tco in counter Flow while making necessary Correction. Calculation For Counter Flow: Qh = Heat transfer rate from hot water in KJ / sec Qh = mh x Cph x (Thi Tho) Qc = Heat transfer rate from cold water in KJ /sec Qc = mc x Cpc x (Tco Tci) Q = Total heat transfer rate in KJ /sec Qh + Qc Q = ----------------2 Tm = Logarithmic mean temperature difference in 0K Tin - Tout Tm = ------------------ln (Ti / To) Where, Tin = Thi - Tci in oC Tout = Tho - Tco in oC Ai = Area of inner side tube in m2 Ai = x di x L Where, di = diameter of inner tube in meter Ao = Area of outer side tube in m2 Ao = x do x L Where, do = diameter of outer tube in meter Uo = Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outer area in W / m2 K Qc Uo = ----------------Ao x Tm Ui = Overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner area in W / m 2 K Qh Ui = ----------------Ai x Tm = Effectiveness of heat exchanger mc x Cpc x (Tco Tci) = ---------------------------------------- With mh mc mh x Cph x (Thi Tci) C = Capacity ratio Cmin C = -------------Cmax Where, Cmin = mh x Cph Cmax = mC x CpC NTU(i) = No. of transfer unit for inner surface
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Ui x Ai NTU (i) = ---------------Cmin NTUo = No. of transfer unit for outer surface Uo x Ao NTU (o) = ---------------Cmin Result Sheet I: Sample Calculation for Parallel Flow Given Data : Inner Tube Inner tube material = Copper Outer Diameter (do) = 12.5 mm = 0.0125 m Inner Diameter (di ) = 10.5 mm = 0.0105 m Outer Tube Outer tube Material = G.I. Outer Diameter (Di) = 33 mm = 0.033 m Inner Diameter (Do) = 28 mm = 0.028 m Length of the heat (L) = 1500 mm = 1.5 m Exchanger Constants: Cpc = Specific heat of cold water = 4.174 KJ / KG k Cph = Specific heat of hot water = 4.174 KJ / KG k Observation: mh = Mass flow rate of hot water = 70 LPH = 0.0194 Kg / sec mC = Mass flow rate of cold water = 95 LPH = 0.0263 Kg / sec FIND THE EFFECTIVENESS AND NTU FOR BOTH TYPE OF HEAT EXCHANGER Conclusion: Heat transfer coefficient of Parallel flow and counter flow heat exchanger is found out to be -----------

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Observations:

Attach Graph(if any): Calculations:

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Error Analysis:

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46

Experiment no 10 Experiment: To study the basic function of vertical and horizontal condenser. Condensers The function of the condenser is to condense exhaust steam from the steam turbine by rejecting the heat of vaporisation to the cooling water passing through the condenser. The temperature of the condensate determines the pressure in the steam/condensate side of the condenser. This pressure is called the turbine backpressure and is usually a vacuum. Decreasing the condensate temperature will result in a lowering of the turbine backpressure. Note: Within limits, decreasing the turbine backpressure will increase the thermal efficiency of the turbine. The condenser also has the following secondary functions: The condensate is collected in the condenser hot well, from which the condensate pumps take their suction; Provide short-term storage of condensate; Provide a low-pressure collection point for condensate drains from other systems in the plant; and Provide for de-aeration of the collected condensate. A typical power plant condenser has the following functional arrangement.

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Large power plant condensers are usually 'shell and tube' heat exchangers. These types of condensers are also classified: As single pressure or multi-pressure, depending on whether the cooling water flow path creates one or more turbine backpressures; By the number of shells (which is dependent on the number of low-pressure turbine casings); and As either single pass or two-pass, depending on the number of parallel water flow paths through each shell. Other types of condensers are: Plate types consisting of a series of parallel plates that provide paths for the steam and the cooling water. Plate condensers are used mainly for smaller power plants; and Direct contact types where the cooling water is sprayed directly into the steam. This type of condenser is used in applications where the cooling water is the same quality as the steam condensate. Systems that have dry cooling (described in a following section) sometime use direct contact condensers. The parts of shell and tube condensers and plate condensers involved in the transfer of heat from the steam and condensate to the cooling water should have the following properties: Be resistant to corrosion from both the steam/condensate and the cooling water; Have a minimal resistance to the flow of heat from the steam/condensate through the material into the cooling water; and Provide mechanisms to remove organic and inorganic deposits on the heat transfer surfaces in contact with the cooling water. Types of Cooling Systems Some power stations have an open cycle (once through) cooling water system where water is taken from a body of water, such as a river, lake or ocean, pumped through the plant condenser and discharged back to the source. Inland plants away from large water bodies prefer to use closed cycle wet cooling system with wet cooling towers. Plants in remote dry areas without economic water supplies use closed cycle dry cooling systems that do not require water for cooling. Hybrid cooling systems are used in particular circumstances. The type of cooling system used is therefore heavily influenced by the location of the plant and on the availability of water suitable for cooling purposes. The selection process is also influenced by the cooling system's environmental impacts (refer to a following section for a brief discussion on this topic).

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Direct-Contact Condensers

The direct-contact condenser is one in which the coolant is brought into contact with the vapor. It has the advantage of low cost and simplicity of mechanical design, but its use is restricted to those applications in which mixing of the vapor and coolant are permissible. The various types of direct contact condensers are: 1. The Spray Condenser. The coolant is sprayed, using nozzles, into a vessel to which the vapor is supplied. This is shown schematically in Figure 1. It is important that the spray nozzles and vessel are designed to produce a fine spray of liquid (to give a large interfacial area for heat transfer), and a long enough residence time of liquid droplets in the vessel. 2. The Baffled Column. This is similar to the spray condenser, except that the coolant is directed to flow over a series of trays in a column (see Figure 2). The vapor is supplied to the bottom of the column. It has the advantage of countercurrent flow of vapor and coolant, though care must be taken to avoid flooding. (Flooding is an unstable condition when the vapor flow is such that the downward flow of condensate is interrupted and held up.) 3. The Packed Column. A packed column may consist of tightly-packed metal rings to increase the interfacial area for heat transfer. Liquid is supplied to the top of the column and vapor is supplied to the bottom. The disadvantage of this type of condenser is that the pressure drop is higher than in other types of direct-contact condenser. 4. The Jet Condenser. This is a device in which a jet of liquid is directed into a vapor stream, usually with the objective of desuperheating the vapor. A jet of liquid is injected into a pipeline carrying vapor via a small bore pipe and a nozzle located at the center line. The liquid is usually injected in counterflow to the vapor. 5. The Sparge Pipe. The sparge pipe consists of a pipe with holes for injecting bubbles of vapor into a pool of liquid. This is a simple method of condensing a vapor, but there are practical problems associated with generating a good distribution of bubbles of small size, which are required for efficient heat transfer.

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Figure 1. Spray condense.

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