Has done practicum with radioactive substances activity title.

The purpose of this lab is to investigate the characteristics of the radioactivity emitted a radioactive substance, investigate and compare the penetrating power of light , , and , investigate the ability of various materials ( materials ) to absorb radiation , and investigate the relationship between the distance to the source of the radioactive source activity . The experimental method in this lab is the enumeration of the process of radiation or radioactive decay using a Geiger - Muller tube and ratemeter then translated in the computer. Based on data and analysis of the data obtained average activity and the maximum activity of each radioactive source whose results showed that gamma activity with a beta greater than the standard deviation is also larger than beta rays . The second activity is obtained that the thickness of each barrier materials have activity values and standard deviations are almost the same for each radioactive source. The third activity produces an average activity that gets smaller with increasing distance, the DAPT is said that the process of decay or radiation alpha, beta, and gamma are subject to the inverse square law. It can be concluded that any source of radioactive decay has activity and permeability different values of, and subject to the inverse square law. Enumeration on a light shirt as a source of radiation is done by repeating 100 times. Each with a count time of 10 seconds and 11 background count. In analyzing the data grouping is done 4 times consisting of 25 data 50 data 75 data, and 100 data. The first phase of the 25 groups of data are analyzed, it can be done the next step is from datas interval. Before from datas interval was then sorted data from small numbers to large numbers. This can help in the calculation of the frequency. It is also performed on 50 groups of data, 75 data and 100 data. Results obtained from the translation of poison distribution obtained with the same graph theoretically. If seen from the analysis of the slope of the curve is positive and close to 1 then the model is slightly tilted to the right. It can be seen from the graph on the data analysis. As the basis of the model curve normal, high or low or flat tapered shape of the curve is called kurtosis. C: Digital distribution is a discrete distribution that can be displayed in the form of a histogram with intervals which can be determined from the maximum class agreed. As a comparison, made a Poisson distribution curve based on the data obtained. 1. and -ray beam has a different activity that is more active rays compared to rays. 2. Rays penetrating power and rays is different where rays penetrating power greater penetrating power than beta rays 3. Activity Beta rays and gamma rays are inversely proportional to the distance of the source (Beta and Gamma ray) 4. Ray absorption of radioactive material greater than the material Al Lead.

AKTIVITY Of RADIOAKTIVE SUBSTANCES Objectives: In this experiment you will conduct three types of activities with the following objectives. 1. Investigate the characteristics of a radioactive substance emitted radioactivity. 2. Investigate and compare the penetrating power of light , , and .

3. Investigate the ability of various materials (materials) to absorb radiation. 4. Investigate the relationship between the distance to the source of the radioactive source activity. Apparatus and Materials: Basic methodology: One of the unique properties possessed by the atom is its ability to spontaneously transform from a nucleus with Z and N values at the core of the other particular. This event is called the decay. Such properties are owned by an unstable nucleus and the nucleus is called radioactive. There are three types of radiation that may be emitted in a decay event, namely radiation , , and . Brief theory Decay of radioactive material has a strange characteristic. In addition to that these events can not be detected by the senses, this decay process also occurs randomly, although they can be estimated. When decay occurs, it will be radioactive rays emitted radiation, ie radiation , , and . This radiation has the ability to penetrate different materials for each type. The penetration of this radiation are generally satisfies the equation

where It = activity of radioactive substances to the barrier, I0 = activity of radioactive substances without a barrier, t = thickness of barrier materials, and = permeability coefficient of materials. Investigation of permeability materials will you do on the experiment part II. One of the most common natural law is the inverse square law. A scientist states that the inverse square law is characteristic of what is coming from a point source and a continuously moving straight. Light and sound behave according to the inverse square law when they come out of a point source. The intensity of light and sound to a quarter times smaller when we move 2 times as far from the source. This is why the relationship is known as the inverse square law. Procedure:

Activity I : Understanding Activity Radioactive Substances 1 ) Make sure the computer has been in a state ready to record data. 2 ) Put a radioactive source ( eg source ) on the sample rack . 3 ) Turn the HV ratemeter to position count . 4 ) Press enter on your computer for digital recorded on computer 5 ) Record the results are written on the computer into a table . 6 ) Repeat steps 1 to 5 for different radiation sources and radiation background . ( For background radiation , you do not need to put any radiation source on the sample rack ) Activity 2 : Measuring Power Translucent Light , , and 1 ) Make sure that the computer with radiation detection program program in a position ready to record data. 2 ) Put a radioactive source ( eg source beta ) on the sample rack . 3 ) Select the barrier materials ( eg Pb ) are available ranging from the most thin and place on rack position 1 sample . You first need to measure the thickness of the barriers that you will use by using a micrometer . 4 ) Turn the ratemeter to HV position . Gently turn the HV adjust knob until the needle indicates

the number voltage 500 V ( which sound quite irregular ) then move to the position count ratemeter button . 5 ) Press enter on your computer for digital recorded on a computer . 6 ) Record the results of which appear on the computer into observation table 7 ) Repeat steps 3-6 for Pb materials with different thicknesses . 8 ) Repeat steps 3-7 but by replacing Pb with Al . 9 ) Repeat steps 2-8 using gamma radiation sources . 10 ) Record your observation data into the table of observations. Activity 3 : The Law of Opposite Squares 1 ) Make sure that the computer with radiation detection program in position to record the data . 2 ) Put a radioactive source ( eg source beta ) on the sample rack position 1 . Measure the distance from the tip of the tube samples G - M . 3 ) Ratemeter in the HV position . Gently turn the HV adjust knob until the needle indicates the number voltage 500 V ( which sound quite irregular ) then move to the position count ratemeter button . 4 ) Press enter on your computer for digital recorded on a computer . 5 ) Repeat steps 2-4 to change the position of the sample rack from 1 to 3 , 5 , and so on . Do not forget every move the sample rack , the computer must be ready to record data. 6 ) Repeat steps 2-5 for the other sources . 7 ) Record the data that appears on the computer in the observation table .

References
Cottingham, W.N., Greenwood, D.A. 2004, Introduction to Nuclear Physics 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, UK. Meyerhof, W.E. 1998. Elements of Nuclear Physics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.