Conditions for similarity of Polygons

Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (i) their corresponding angles are equal and (ii) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or proportion).

Any circles are similar

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Ratio of sides of similar triangles

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Ratio of sides of similar triangles A G E D B E A F D E C D A

1 Ar !AED = AE * DG 2 1 Ar !EDB = EB * DG 2

1 AE * DG AE Ar !AED/Ar !EDB = 2 = 1 EB * DG EB 2
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= = =

1 Ar !AED = AD * EF 2 1 Ar !EDC = DC * EF 2
1 AD * EF AD Ar !AED/Ar !EDC = 2 = 1 DC * EF DC 2

A
Theorem 6.1 : If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio Theorem 6.2 : If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
AE EB AB EB +1= AD DC +1
A

B
A

AC DC
E E B D C A D

CROSS MULTIPLYING EB DC BC ! ED = = AB AC BC
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Theorem 6.3 (AAA or AA) Corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the same ratio . ---AAA criterion If two angles are same then the third has to be same, hence AA similarity is enough to get AAA similarity Theorem 6.4 (SSS ) Corresponding sides are in the same ratio then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the two triangles are similar.---SSS Criterion Theorem 6.5 (SAS) If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides including these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar.

y z A

!A = !A X W = Y Z

x A

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Ratio of areas of similar triangles

P A

C
1 BC * AM 2 1 QR * PN 2

Area !ABC = Area of ! PQR

!B = !Q (Given that !ABC " !PQR ) !M = !Q = 90 AB AM BC = = PQ PN QR

1 BC * AM 2 1 QR * PN 2

BC * BC QR * QR

BC 2 QR 2

Theorem 6.6 : The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.
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Square of ratio of corresponding sides

Baudhayan (Pythagoras) Theorem A D CB A

Pink is similar to the original yellow

Perpendicular divides Yellow triangle into two triangles pink and blue

A D

B D A C B B

A
Blue is similar to yellow

Pink and blue are similar to themselves

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Proof of Baudhayan (Pythagoras) theorem

B

A B D A A
AD AB = AB AC AD.AC = AB2

C B D

B
CD BC = BC AC 2 CD.AC = BC

AD.AC + CD.AC = AB + BC AC ( AD + CD ) = AB2 + BC2 AC2 = AB2 + BC2

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Ex 6.3 ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O. AO BO Show that = CO DO

A O C

By AA similarity , !OAB~!OCD AO OC = OB OD
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13. D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that ! ADC = ! BAC. Show that CA2 = CB.CD

B A D D A C

Prove that the triangles are similar by AA rule Write the corres ratios
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14. Sides AB and AC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ and PR and median PM of another triangle PQR. Show that !ABC~!PQR.

AB PQ QM MR QM

= =

AC PR BD DC

AD PM

- - - - - - - - (1)

Q A

MR QR MR

+1 = = BC DC

BD DC

+1 - - - - - - - -(2)

from (1) and (2) , we see all the three sides of

B
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the !ABC and !PQR are proportional Hence by SSS rule, !PQR ! !ABC

15. A vertical pole of length 6 m casts a shadow 4 m long on the ground and at the same time a tower casts a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower.

28m
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4m

16. If AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR, respectively where !ABC~!PQR, prove that AB / AD = PQ / PM

BC BD BC = = - - - -(1) QR QR QM AB BC Given that = PQ QR

1 2 1 2

- - - (2)

Q A

From(1) and (2), !PQM !!ABD PQ PM Hence, = AB AD

B
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For two similar triangles, not only their sides are in proportion, their medians are also in same proportion

Ex6.4 2. Diagonals of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each other at the point O. If AB = 2 CD, find the ratio of the areas of triangles AOB and COD.
A B O D C

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4. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, prove that they are congruent. Let the base and height of the two triangles be b1, h1 and b2, h2 respectively

h1 b1 Areas Same
1 2 2 b1* h1 = b 2 * h 2 b 2 * h1* h1 = h 2 Hence, b1 = b2 h1 h2 b1* h1 = 1 b2 * h2

h2 b2 Triangles similar

= b2 * h2

b1 b 2 = h1 h 2 b1* h 2 = b 2 * h1 b 2 * h1 b1 = ! ! ! @2 h2

Hence, the triangles are congruent to each other

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Fig. 9.20
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