Single Piles and Pile Groups Under Lateral Loading

2nd

Edition

Lymon C.
The

Reese

Academic Chair Emeritus

Department of Civil Engineering University of Texas at Austin

William Van
Full

Impe

Professor of Civil Engineering Director Laboratory for Soil Mechanics Ghent University, Belgium Professor Catholic University Leuven, Belgium

Taylor & Francis Group

Boca

Raton

London

New York

Leiden

CRC Press is

an

Taylor

& Francis

imprint of the Group, an informa business

A BALKEMA BOOK

Contents

Preface
List

xv

of Symbols
for

xvii

Techniques
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

design

1
1

Introduction Occurrence of

laterally

loaded

piles

2 3 7 7 7 8 10 10

Nature of the soil response

Response of a pile to kinds of loading 1.4.1 Introduction

1.4.2 1.4.3 Static

loading loading loading

of
a

Cyclic loading
Sustained

1.4.4
1.4.5

Dynamic
use

1.5

Models for 1.5.1

1.5.2

Elastic

1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 1.6 1.7

analyses single pile pile and elastic soil Elastic pile and finite elements for soil Rigid pile and plastic soil
in

11 11

13 13
14 15 17 20

Characteristic load method Nonlinear

current

pile and p-y model for soil Models for groups of piles under lateral loading
Status of state-of-the-art for Homework

problems

chapter

20

Derivation of equations and methods of solution 2.1 Introduction

2.2

23 23 23 26

Derivation of the differential equation 2.2.1 Solution of reduced form of differential equation 2.2.2 Solution of the differential equation by difference

2.3

Solution for
2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4

equations

32 38 39

EPy

kpyx
analysis

Dimensional

Equations for

Example

Epy

kPyx

44
46 50 51

solution

Discussion

2.4

Validity

of the mechanics

Homework

problems

for

chapter

52

viii

Contents Models for response of soil and weak rock 3.1 Introduction 3.2

53 53 54 54 55 56

Mechanics concerning response of soil to lateral loading 3.2.1 Stress-deformation of soil 3.2.2 Proposed model for decay of s 3.2.3 Variation of stiffness of soil {Es and Gs) with depth 3.2.4 Initial stiffness and ultimate resistance of p-y curves from soil properties 3.2.5 Subgrade modulus related to piles under lateral loading 3.2.6 Theoretical solution by Skempton for subgrade modulus and for p-y curves for saturated clays 3.2.7 Practical use of Skempton's equations and values of subgrade
3.2.8

57 64

66

modulus in analyzing a pile under lateral loading Application of the Finite Element Method (FEM) to obtaining p-y curves for static loading
on

67
68

3.3

Influence of diameter
3.3.1

p-y curves

69
69

Clay
Sand

3.3.2 3.4
3.4.1

69

Influence of

cyclic loading

69
69 71
curves

Clay
Sand Soil response from direct measurement Soil response from experimental moment Nondimensional methods for

3.4.2 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.6

Experimental methods of obtaining p-y

72
72
curves

72 73
73

3.7

obtaining Early recommendations for computing p-y curves 3.6.1 Terzaghi 3.6.2 McClelland & Focht for clay (1958) p-y curves for clays 3.7.1 Selection of stiffness of clay 3.7.2 Response of soft clay in the presence of free 3.7.3 Response of stiff clay in the presence of free 3.7.4 Response of stiff clay with no free water
p-y
curves

soil response

74 75
75

76
water water

78 81 88 91 91 94 94 94 95 96

3.8

for sands above and below the

water

table

3.8.1 3.8.2 3.8.3 3.9

Detailed

procedure
tests

Recommended soil

Example curves p-y curves for layered soils 3.9.1 Method of Georgiadis
3.9.2

Example p-y curves

for soil with both cohesion and
a

3.10

p-y

curves

friction

angle

99

3.10.1 3.10.2 3.10.3

Background
Recommendations for computing p-y Discussion
curves

99
99 103 104 104

3.11

Other recommendations for

3.11.1

computing p-y

curves

Clay
Sand

3.11.2

105

Contents

ix

3.12

Modifications
3.12.1 3.12.2

to

p-y

curves

for

sloping ground

105
105 106 107 108

Introduction

3.12.3 3.13 3.14 3.15

Equations for ultimate resistance in clay Equations for ultimate resistance in sand
at

Effect of batter

Shearing force

bottom of

pile

108 109 109

p-y curves for weak rock 3.15.1 Introduction 3.15.2 3.15.3 3.15.4 Field p-y
tests

110

Interim recommendations for

curves

computing
110

for weak rock

on

Comments

equations for predicting

114 114 114 114 115
3

3.16

p-y curves for rock Selection of p-y curves 3.16.1 3.16.2 3.16.3 Introduction Factors
to

be considered

Specific suggestions Homework problems for chapter

4 Structural characteristics of 4.1 4.2

117 119 119

a

piles

Introduction

Computation
with
a

of

an

equivalent diameter of
cross

pile
120

noncircular

section

4.3

4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

computation of Muit and Eplp as a function of bending moment and axial load Stress-strain curves for normal-weight concrete and structural steel Implementation of the method for a steel h-section Implementation of the method for a steel pipe Implementation of the method for a reinforced-concrete section 4.7.1 Example computations for a square shape 4.7.2 Example computations for a circular shape
Approximation of
Homework
moment

Mechanics for

121 125 126 129 130 130 132 133 134

4.8

of inertia for
4

reinforced-concrete section

problems for chapter

to

Analysis
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

of groups of

and eccentric

piles subjected loading

to

inclined 135
135

Introduction

Approach

analysis of groups of piles piles

136 137 139 139

Review of theories for the response of groups of to inclined and eccentric loads Rational 5.4.1 5.4.2

equations for the under generalized loading

Introduction
a

response of

group

of piles

5.5

Equations for Laterally loaded piles

5.5.1 5.5.2 Movement of

two-dimensional group of
to

piles

143 147 147 147

pile head due

applied loading

Effect of batter

Contents

5.6

Axially loaded piles

5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 5.6.5 5.6.6 5.6.7 5.6.8

148 148 148

150 150

Introduction Relevant parameters concerning deformation of soil Influence of method of installation on soil characteristics Methods of formulating axial-stiffness curves
Calculation methods for load-settlement behaviour basis of in-situ soil tests Differential
on

the
153

equation for solution of finite-difference equation for axially loaded piles Finite difference equation
Load-transfer
curves

157 159 160

165

5.7

Closely-spaced piles under lateral loading

5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.4 5.7.5 5.7.6 Modification of load-transfer
curves

Concept of

Proposals closely-spaced piles under lateral loading Description and analysis of experiments with closely-spaced piles installed in-line and side-by-side Prediction equations for closely-spaced piles installed
in-line and

interaction under lateral loading for solving for influence coefficients for

for closely spaced piles

165

166
167

170

side-by-side

174

Use of modified

prediction equations in developing p-y curves for analyzing results of experiments with full-scale groups of piles
Discussion of the method of predicting the interaction of closely-spaced piles under lateral loading

175

5.7.7
5.8

190 190 190

190

Proposals for solving for influence coefficients for closely-spaced piles under axial loading
5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 5.8.4 Modification of load-transfer Review of relevant literature
curves

Concept of interaction under axial loading

Interim recommendations for

for closely spaced piles

191

5.9

of groups of piles under axial load Analysis of an experiment with batter piles 5.9.1 5.9.2 5.9.3
5.9.4 5.9.5

computing the efficiency

194 195 195 196 198 199 settlement for 200 200 202 202

Description of the testing arrangement Properties of the sand Properties of the pipe piles
Pile group

Experimental single pile

Results from Comments
on

curve

of axial load

versus

5.9.6

5.9.7

experiment and from analysis

analytical method Homework problems for chapter 5

6

Analysis
6.1 6.2

subjected

single piles and groups of piles active and passive loading Nature of lateral loading
to

of

205 205 205

Active

loading

Contents 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 6.2.7 6.3

xi

Wind Wave

loading loading Current loading

Scour Ice

205 207 213

214 215

loading Ship impact

Loads from miscellaneous
or

216
sources

218 active

Single piles
6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4

groups of

piles subjected

to

loading

218 218 222 226 232 243 243 244 246 246 246 251 257 266 272 279

Overhead

sign Breasting dolphin Pile for anchoring a ship in soft soil Offshore platform

6.4

Passive 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3

loading
Earth pressures

Moving soil
Thrusts from
or

6.5

Single piles
6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.5.5

dead loading of structures groups of piles subjected to passive loading

Pile-supported retaining wall

Anchored bulkhead

Pile-supported mat at the Pyramid Building Piles for stabilizing slope

a

Piles in

settling

fill in

Homework
7 Case studies 7.1 7.2

problems

for

sloping valley chapter 6

a

281 281
no free water

Introduction Piles installed into cohesive soils with

7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4

282 282 285

Bagnolet
Houston Brent Cross

288 290
water

Japan
above

7.3

Piles installed into cohesive soils with free surface

7.3.1

ground
291 291 294 296 298 298 301
301

Lake Austin Sabine Manor

7.3.2 7.3.3 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.5 7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5.3 7.5.4 7.5.5

Piles installed in cohesionless soils

Mustang Island
Garston Arkansas river Roosevelt Talisheek

bridge Piles installed into layered soils

AlcacerdoSol
Florida

306 307
307 311 312 315 315

Apapa
Salt Lake International Airport

xii

Contents

7.6

Piles installed in c-0 soil 7.6.1 Kuwait 7.6.2

Los

319 319 320 322 322 324 327 328 331 333 333 333 333 334

Angeles

7.7

Piles installed in weak rock 7.7.1 7.7.2 Islamorada

San Francisco

7.8 7.9

Analysis of results of case studies

Comments

studies Homework problems for chapter 7

on case

Testing
8.1

of full-sized

piles

Introduction 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4

Scope of presentation
Method of

analysis
tests

Classification of

8.2

Features unique to testing of piles under lateral Designing the test program 8.2.1 8.2.2

loading

334 335 335 335 336 339 340

Planning for the testing

Selection of
test

pile

and

test site

8.3
8.4 8.5 8.6

Subsurface

investigation Installation of test pile Testing techniques Loading arrangements and instrumentation 8.6.1 Loading arrangements
8.6.2

at

the

pile head

341
341 344

Instrumentation Introduction

8.7

Testing for design of production piles

8.7.1 8.7.2

348
348

8.8

Interpretation of data 8.7.3 Example Computation Example of testing a research pile for p-y
8.8.1 8.8.2 8.8.3 8.8.4 8.8.5 8.8.6 8.8.7 8.8.8 8.8.9 8.8.10

348 348
curves

350 350 350 352 353 357

Introduction

Preparation of test piles Test setup and loading equipment

Instrumentation Calibration of
Soil

piles borings and laboratory

test test

tests

360 363 366 368

Installation of
Test

piles

procedures and details of loading

tests
to

Penetrometer

Ground settlement due Ground settlement due

8.8.11 8.8.12
8.8.13

pile driving
lateral

371
371 373

to

Recalibration of

8.8.14
8.9

piles Graphical presentation of curves showing bending moment Interpretation of bending moment curves to obtain
test

loading

373 375 379

p-y

curves

Summary
Homework problems for

chapter

379

Contents 9 of factors of

xiii

Implementation
9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5
9.6

safety

381 381 381 382 384 385 385 385 387 387 388 388 388

Introduction Limit
states

Consequences of a failure Philosophy concerning safety coefficient

Influence of 9.6.1 9.6.2
nature

of structure

Special problems

in

characterizing soil

Introduction

9.7 9.8 9.9

Characteristic values of soil parameters Level of quality control Two

general approaches to selection of factor of safety Global approach to selection of a factor of safety 9.9.1 Introductory comments
9.9.2 Recommendations of the American Petroleum Institute

9.10

9.11

(API) partial factors (psf) 9.10.1 Preliminary Considerations 9.10.2 Suggested values for partial factors for design of laterally loaded piles 9.10.3 Example computations Method of load and resistance factors (LRFD)
Method of 9.11.1 9.11.2 Introduction Loads addressed

389 390 390

390

391
393 393 393

9.12

by the LRFD specifications 9.11.3 Resistances addressed by the LRFD specifications 9.11.4 Design of piles by use of LRFD specifications Concluding comment Homework problems for chapter 9
for

394 394 395 395 397 397 397 398 398 398 399 399

10

Suggestions
10.1
10.2 10.3

design

Introduction

be considered in design Validation of results from computations for single pile

Range
10.3.1 10.3.2
10.3.3

of factors to

Introduction

10.3.4
10.3.5 10.3.6 10.3.7 10.3.8 10.4 10.5

Solution of example problems Check of echo print of input data Investigation of length of word employed in internal computations
Selection of tolerance and Check of soil resistance Check of mechanics
Use of nondimensional
curves

length of increment

399 400 400

400

Validation of results from computations for pile group Additional steps in design
10.5.1 10.5.2

401
401 401 401 402 402

Risk management
Peer review

10.5.3 10.5.4

Technical contributions The

design

team

xiv

Contents

APPENDICES A B C
D E

Broms method for

analysis of single piles under lateral loading piles with finite length, no axial load, constant Ep/Ip, and constant Epy Difference equations for step-tapered beams on foundations having
Nondimensional coefficients for

403 419 429 441

variable stiffness

Computer Program COM622 Non-dimensional curves for piles under lateral loading for

case

where 451 461 465 471

Epy== Ik-pyOCt
F G
H

Tables of values of efficiency measured in tests of groups of piles under lateral loading Horizontal stresses in soil near shaft during installation of a pile Use of data from testing uninstrumented piles under lateral loading to
obtain soil response Eurocode principles related

geotechnical design Discussion of factor of safety related to piles under axial load
to

477 481
485

REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX

501

SUBJECT INDEX

505