MANANDENERGY AcaseforSustainableLivingthrough RenewableandGreenEnergy

AliKeyhani y ProfessorofElectricalandComputerEngineering TheOhioStateUniversity Columbus,OH43210 keyhani.1@osu.edu

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ABSTRACT
Energytechnologieshaveacentralroleinsocialand economicdevelopmentsatallscales. Energyiscloselylinkedenvironmentalpollution, degradationtoeconomicdevelopmentandqualityofliving. Wearedependentonnonrenewablefossilfuelsthathave beenandwillcontinuetobemajorcauseofpollutionand climaticchange. Petroleumsuppliesaredwindling. Thusfindingsustainablealternativesisanurgentconcern.
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.ABSTRACT

Challenges Todeveloptechnologyforintegration,control ofrenewableenergysources,controlof energyconsumptionandloadmanagement. Toempowerenergyuserforasustainable living. DevelopingDistributedGenerationsystem whereenergyuserisalsoanenergyproducer.

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ABSTRACT

Inthistalk, talk anoverviewofhumankindenergy useispresented. Thenthetalk,focusesonsomeofthe challenges h ll and defforts ff needed d dtoh harness renewableenergy.

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In part I, the use of energy by man, environment and sustainable living were presented. The use energy in present time was discussed. discussed Based on British Petroleum (www. bp.com), there is only ten more years of petroleum reserve remain in US , if the current rate of f utilization continues. British Petroleum data shows that the Middle East oil would last only another one hundred years at the current worldwide rate of consumption. British Petroleum data shows that the world can continue to use petroleum t l at t current t rate t for f only l another th forty f t years. g of future is to replace p petroleum p with renewable Challenge energy sources.
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In part III, the control of Renewable Energy Sources will be presented. Uncertain open-loop model of Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control Steady State and Transient response

The robust stability analysis results: System performance vs. stability robustness under selected gains.
Power Flow Control of A Single DG Unit in Grid Connected Mode Single Unit Control- Island Mode of Operation

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Thecurrentlimiter

Imax isdeterminedbytheinverter.

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
SpacevectorPWM

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl(22)
StandardspacevectorPWM for3wire

Twodimensionalmodulation Equaldurationofvectors7(000)and8(111) No0sequencecontrolcapability 3 V = Vdc ref , max Highdcbusvoltageutilization 3 ModifiedspacevectorPWM for4wire Threedimensionalmodulation Unequaldurationofvectors7(000)and8(111) 1 With0axiscontrolcapability Vref ,max = Vdc 2 Tradeoff:lessdcbusvoltageutilization Priorityadjustmentcapabilitybetween and0axes

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Th Phase Three Ph Four F Wire Wi I InverterC Control l

ModifiedSVPWM
Vector 8 (0 0 0) Vector 1 (1 0 0) van 0.5vdc Vector 2 (1 1 0) Vector 7 (1 1 1) Vector 2 (1 1 0) Vector 8 (0 0 0) Vector 1 (1 0 0)

Vector 8 (0 0 0)

Vector 2 (1 1 0) Vector 7 (1 1 1)

Vector 2 (1 1 0)

Vector 8 (0 0 0)

Vector 1 (1 0 0) van 0.5vdc t 0 -0.5vdc vbn 0 5vdc 0.5 t 0 -0.5vdc vcn 0 5vdc 0.5 t 0 -0.5vdc

Vector 1 (1 0 0)

0 -0.5vdc vbn 0 5vdc 0.5 0 -0.5vdc vcn 0 5vdc 0.5 0 -0.5vdc

T0/2 T1 T2 T0/2

T8

T1

T2

T7 Tpwm

Tpwm

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Conventional

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Modified

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Calculationofthevectorintervals
Vref = v + v
2 2

sin ref 3 T1 = sin 3

T a
z

Vref a= 2 Vdc 3
T2 = sin reff sin

reff = arctan

v v

Tz =

Tpwm 2

Tz a

T0 = Tz T1 T2

T =

v0 Tz 1 Vdc 2

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Frequencydomainanalysis

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Simulationresults
Steadystate:Voltagereference120V(RMS)

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Steadystate:Voltagereference120V(RMS)

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100%resistiveload

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100%inductiveload,pf=0.8

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Steadystate:Voltagereference120V(RMS)

Unbalanced,phaseA
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Unbalanced,phaseAandB
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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Steadystate:Voltagereference120V(RMS)

Nonlinearload
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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Transients:

Loadrises:0 100%
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Loaddrops:100% 0
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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Experiments

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Experiments

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
ReferenceframeandPWMschemeissues:
ABC+sinePWM Stationary +ModifiedSpaceVectorPWM Comparison C i under d limited li i ddc d bus b voltage l

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Therobuststabilityissue
Parametricuncertainty Loaddisturbances StabilityRobustness

analysis
Structuredsingularvalue

Robuststabilityachievediff

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Uncertainopenloop model
Equivalentcircuitmodel Perturbedparameters

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Uncertainopenloopmodel
LinearFractionalTransformation

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Uncertainopenloopmodel
LinearFractionalTransformation

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Uncertainopenloopmodel

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 Uncertainopenloopmodel

ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Uncertainopenloopmodel

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Uncertainclosedloopmodel

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ThreePhaseFourWireInverterControl
Therobuststability yanalysis y results
Systemperformancevs.stabilityrobustnessunder selectedgains.

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PowerFlowControlofASingleDG UnitinGridConnectedMode

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GridConnectedInverterControl
Fordistributedgeneration(DG) Controlissues
Islandmode:voltagecontrol Gridconnectedmode:powercontrol

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LowsteadystateerrorforPandQ p Fasttransientresponse LowcouplingbetweenPandQ Linecurrentconditioningundernonlinearlocalload

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Distributedgeneration
Withorwithoututility yinterfacing g

Powersuppliesforcriticalloads Automotive
Zeroemissionvehicles

Unlimitedbusinessopportunities

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ControlofFuelCellGeneratingSource

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FCEnergy gyConversionSystem y DevelopmentIssues

Systemconfigurationandauxiliarysource

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LowVoltageDistributedGeneration Systems

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FCEnergy gyConversionSystem y DevelopmentIssues

DC/ACconversion
3phorsinglephase Voltageregulation(steadystate) THD Transient T i tresponse Overloadprotection Robustness R b tovarious i disturbances di b

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ThreephaseIGBTPWMInverter
Vpwmab Vpwm V bc Vpwm ca
Linv

Vinv ab Vinv Vi bc Vinv ca

U

Delta-W ye Transformer

Vload an Vload b bn Vload cn

x

Iinva
Vdc
Cinv Cinv

Cgrass

Iload a
n y

Iinvb
V

Iload b
z

L O A D

Iinvc

Iload c

gating signals

DSP system

voltages and currents measurement

Researchfocus:DigitalControlofthePWM InvertersforOnLineDG/UPS
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ParallelDGSystems
BYPASS STATIC SWITCH BYPASS SOURCE UPS1

UTILITY INPUT BATTERY LOAD OUTPUT RECTIFIER INVERTER

BYPASS STATIC SWITCH

UPS2

BATTERY

RECTIFIER

INVERTER

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Parallelingforsystemexpansionand redundancy
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IssuesinparallelingDG
Tobeavoided
Unequalloading Circulatingcurrents

Duetothepresenceof:
Componentmismatches MeasurementErrors Mismatchwiringimpedances

Undesirable:
Increasedsystemlosses Decreasedtotalcapacity(needtoderatetheunits)

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 SingleUnitPWMInverterControl
ProposeanovelcontrolusingPerfectRobustServomechanismProblem (PerfectRSP)VoltageControllerandDiscreteSlidingModeCurrent Controller toachieve: goodvoltageregulation goodTHD goodtransientresponse andfastcurrentlimiting

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 ParallelPWMInvertersControl
Developloadsharingtechniquethatimprovespriorworksin: Theproposedtechniqueshallattempttoeliminate,ifnotreducethe absolutedependencyonintercommunication betweenunitstoguarantee properloadsharing. Thetechniqueshallnotbesensitive tothefollowing:component mismatches,measurementerror,orunbalancedloadorwireimpedances. Theproposedtechniqueshallattempttoestablishthesharingofharmonic componentsofthecurrents,withoutsignificantlydegradingtheperformance oftheoutputsvoltages. Theproposedtechniqueshallattempttoavoidtheexistenceofasingle pointfailure intheparalleledunitsconfiguration,suchasamaster/slave actionsandcommonsynchronizationsignals
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Analysis,design,&developmentthroughsimulationsandexperimentalworks
Vbypab Vbyp bc Vbypca

SEMIKRON IGBT POWER CONVERTER SYSTEM

SKM 50 GB 123 D

Vpwmab Vpwm bc Vpwmca

Vinvab Vinv bc Vinvca

Vloadan Vload bn Vloadcn

x

Linv 2.0mH

Iinva
240 V UTILITY SOURCE THREE PHASE RECTIFIER SYSTEM
Vdc

U Cgrass Cinv Cinv

Iloada
n y

1100uF

Iinvb
V

Iloadb
z 5 KVA - 60 Hz 240V Delta/ 208 Wye Transformer

L O A D

Iinvc

Iloadc

GATE DRIVER SKHI- 22

PWM control signals

INVERTER F240 DSP system

Signal Conditioning Circuit

voltages and currents measurement

Vbypab Vbyp bc Vbypca

SEMIKRON IGBT POWER CONVERTER SYSTEM

SKM 50 GB 123 D

Vpwmab Vpwm bc Vpwmca

Vinvab Vinv bc Vinvca

Vloadan Vload bn Vloadcn

x

Linv 2.0mH

Iinva
THREE PHASE RECTIFIER SYSTEM
Vdc 1100uF
Cinv Cinv

U Cgrass

Iloada
n y

Iinvb
V

Iloadb
z 5 KVA - 60 Hz 240V Delta/ 208 Wye Transformer

Iinvc

Iloadc

GATE DRIVER SKHI- 22

PWM control signals

INVERTER F240 DSP system

Signal Conditioning Circuit

voltages and currents measurement t

RS232 Communication

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2 x 5 kVA Experimental Setup

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SingleUnitControl

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LiteratureReviews:ControlofSinglePWMInverters

TechniquesforachievinglowTHD
Earliertechniques q werePWMg generationbased
CarriermodulatedPWMtechniques PreprogrammedoptimizedPWM
Average RMS VoltageRegulation
Modulation index

PWMpulses generation

PWM I Inverter t
OptimizedPWM patterns

Slowresponsestoloadtransients
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LiteratureReviews:ControlofSinglePWMInverters

T h i Techniques for f achieving hi i low l THD

RealtimePulsebypulsedigitalControl:
DecoupledPIControl Deadbeatcontrol SlidingModeControl

Goodtransientresponse, response buthighTHDonnon

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linearloads

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ProposedSingleUnitControl
PerfectRobustServoMechanismVoltageController andDiscrete SlidingModeCurrentController
r Vpwmqd d (k) r eIqd
Discrete Sliding Mode Controller Line-to-Line Voltage Space Vector PWM

r * Icmdqd r Vrefqd (k) + r Vloadqd (k)

states

r Icmdqd + r Iinvqd (k)

states

r eVqd
Robust ServoMechanism Controller Limiter

PWMti PWM timing i

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DevelopmentofSingleUnitControl
StatespacemodeloftheplantinDQStationaryReference Frame
Iinvq
Linv

Isndq

r dVinv qd dt

1 = 3 Cinv

r I inv qd

1 3 Cinv

r Triqd 0 I snd qd 0

+
Vpwmq

+
Vinv q

3 2tr Isndq + 3Isndd

Cinv

Ltrans

Rtrans

1 2tr Vinvq 3Vinvd

+
Vloadq Iloadq

Cgrass

Iinvd

Isndd

r dI inv qd dt
dt

r dVload qd 0

r 1 r = Vpwmqd Vinv qd Linv Linv 1

= 1 Cload r I snd qd 0 1 Cload r I load qd 0

Linv

+
Vpwmd

+
Vinvd

3 2tr 3Isndq Isndd

Cinv

Ltrans

Rtrans

1 2 tr 3Vinvq +Vinvd Cgrass

+
Vloadd Iloadd

Isnd0
Ltrans

Rtrans Cgrass

+
Vload0 Iload0

r dI snd qd 0 dt

r 1 1 Rtran = I snd qd 0 + Trvqd Vinvqd V load qd 0 Ltran Ltran Ltran

ZeroComponentsareuncontrollable,notconsideredforcontrol

design
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DevelopmentofSingleUnitControl
DesignSteps: Obtainthediscreteplantmodel DesignSlidingModeCurrentController IncludedynamicsoftheSlidingModeCurrent controllerastheplant plant fortheVoltage Controller DesignthePerfectRSPControl:
Includenecessaryharmonicstobeeliminated ComputethegainsbyminimizingPI
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PerfectRSPVoltageController
r * I cmd qd (k ) > I max
0

r Vref qd (k ) + r Vload qd (k )

r eVqd

Discrete implementation of

1 s + 12
2

r I 22

states 1

Discrete implementation of

1 s + 2
2 2

r I 22

states

K1
Servo Compensator Gains

r * I cmd qd

Current limit Equation (4.17)

r I cmd qd

. . .
Discrete implementation of

K2
Stabilizing compensator gains states n

1 s 2 + n 2

r I 22

r Vinv qd (k ) r I inv qd (k ) r Vload (k ) qd r I load qd (k ) r Vpwm qd (k 1)

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SteadyStatePerformance
ResistiveBalancedLoad 0.8laggingbalancedload

0.9leadingbalancedload

Resistivesinglephaseload

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SteadyStatePerformance
Nonlinearload

Inallcasespowersaresharedwithinlessthan1%

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TransientPerformance

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Balancedresistive Balanced 0.8lagging Unbalancedresistive keyhani.1@osu.edu

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TransientPerformance

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SynchronizationtobypassandFree Running i Mode d

PhaseError Frequency

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DQRealandReactivePowers

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Currents

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RelatedRefrences
[1]Keyhani.A.,M.N.Marwali,L.E.Higuera,G.Athalye,G.Baumgartner,"Anintegratedvirtuallearningsystemforthe developmentofmotordrivesystems,"IEEETransactionsonPowerSystems,Volume17,No.1,Feb.2002,pp.16 [2]Keyhani.A.,A.B.Proca,"Avirtualtestbedforinstructionanddesignofpermanentmagnetmachines,"IEEE TransactionsonPowerSystems,Volume14,No.3,Aug.1999,pp.795801 [3].Jung.J.OandAKeyhani,"ControlofaFuelCellBasedZSourceConverter",IEEETransactiononEnergyConversion, , issue2, , June2007Page(s):467 g () 476 volume22, [4].Marwali,MohammadN.,JinWooJungandAliKeyhani,"StabilityAnalysisofLoadSharingControlforDistributed GenerationSystems",IEEETransactionsonEnergyConversion,Vol.22,No.3,September2007,pp.737745] [5]Marwari.MohammadN.,MinDai,andAliKeyhani,"RobustStabilityAnalysisofVoltageandCurrentControlfor DistributedGenerationSystems, Systems "IEEETransactionsonEnergyConversion, Conversion Volume21, 21 No No.2, 2 June2006, 2006 pp pp.516526.] 526 ] [6].Dai.Min,M.N.Marwali,JinWooJung,A.Keyhani,"PowerFlowControlofaSingleDistributedGenerationUnit",IEEE TransactionsonPowerElectronics,Vol.23,Issue1,Jan.2008.pp.343 352 [7] Dai.Min,M.NMarwali,JinWooJung,A.Keyhani,"AThreePhaseFourWireInverterControlTechniqueforaSingle Di t ib t dGeneration Distributed G ti Unit U itin i Island I l dMode", M d " IEEET Transactions ti onP PowerEl Electronics, t i Vol. V l 23, 23 Issue I 1, 1 Jan. J 2008 2008,pp.322 331 [8]Dai.Min,MohammadN.Marwali,JinWooJung,andAliKeyhani,"PowerFlowControlofaSingleDistributed GenerationUnitwithNonlinearLocalLoad,"IEEEPowerEngineeringSociety2004PowerSystemsConference& Exposition,October1013,2004,NewYorkcity,NY .

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RelatedPapers
[9] Dai.Min,AliKeyhani,JinWooJung,andA.B.Proca,"ALowCostFuelCellDriveSystemforElectrical Vehicles,"Proceedingsofthe2003GlobalPowertrain CongressConferenceandExposition,vol.26,Sept. Vehicles, 2003,USA,pp.2226 [10].Dai.Min,MohammadN.Marwali,JinWooJung,AliKeyhani,"APWMRectifierControlTechnique forThreePhaseDoubleConversionUPSunderUnbalancedLoad," IEEEAppliedPowerElectronics C f Conference and dExposition, E iti APEC'05, APEC'05 V Vol. l 1 1,pp.548 548552, 552 March M h2005, 2005 Austin, A ti TX [12]Jung.JinWoo.MinDai,andAliKeyhani,"ModelingandControlofaFuelCellBasedZSource Converter,"IEEEAppliedPowerElectronicsConferenceandExposition,APEC'05,Vol.2,pp.11121118, March610,2005,Austin,TX [13].Keyhani.A,M.Dai,andJ.W.Jung,"ParallelOperationofPowerConvertersforApplicationsto DistributedEnergySystems,"2ndIASTED(TheInternationalAssociationofScienceandTechnologyfor Development)InternationalConferenceonPowerandEnergySystems,Greece,June2528,2002 [14] Jung.JinWooandAliKeyhani,"ControlofaFuelCellBasedZSourceConverter",IEEETransaction onEnergy Conversion,volume22, issue2, June2007Page(s):467 476

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RelatedPapers
M.N.MarwaliandA.Keyhani,"ControlofDistributedGenerationSystemsPartI:Voltage and dCurrent C C Control l," "IEEETransactions T i onPower P Electronics El i ,Volume V l 19, 19 N No.6 6,N November b 2004,pp.15411550 [Abstract][PDFFullText(738KB)] M.N.Marwali,J.W.Jung,andA.Keyhani,"ControlofDistributedGenerationSystemsPart II:LoadSharing,"IEEETransactionsonPowerElectronics,Volume19,No.6,November2004, pp.15511561[Abstract][PDFFullText(873KB)]

http://www.ece.osu.edu/facultystaff/keyhani.htm http://eewww.eng.ohiostate.edu/ems Thankyouforcoming

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