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CHAPTER 7
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
Points to Remember :
1. The abscissa and ordinate of a given point are the distances of the point from y-axis and x-axis respec-
tively.
2. The coordinates of a point on the x-axis are of the form (x, 0) and of a point on the y-axis are of the form
(0, y).
3. Distance Formula : The distance between two points P(x
1
, y
1
) and Q(x
2
, y
2
) is given by
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) PQ x x y y = +
4. Distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin O(0, 0) is given by
2 2
OP x y = +
.
5. Three points P, Q and R are collinear, then PQ +QR =PR or PQ +PR =QR or PR +RQ =PQ.
6. A AABC is an isosceles triangle, if AB =BC or AB =AC or BC =AC.
7. A AABC is an equilateral triangle, if AB =BC =AC.
8. A AABC is a right-angle triangle, if AB
2
+BC
2
=AC
2
or AB
2
+AC
2
=BC
2
or BC
2
+AC
2
=AB
2
.
9. Section Formula : The co-ordinates of the point which divides the join of points P(x
1
, y
1
) and Q(x
2
, y
2
)
internally in the ratio m : n are
2 1 2 1
,
mx nx my ny
m n m n
+ + | |
|
+ +
\ .
.
10. Mid-point Formula : The co-ordinates of the mid-point of the line segment joining the points P(x
1
, y
1
)
and Q(x
2
, y
2
) are
1 2 1 2
,
2 2
x x y y + + | |
|
\ .
.
11. The coordinates of the centroid of a triangle formed by the points P(x
1
, y
1
), Q(x
2
, y
2
) and R(x
3
, y
3
) are
1 2 3 1 2 3
,
3 3
x x x y y y + + + + | |
|
\ .
12. The area of the triangle formed by the points P(x
1
, y
1
), Q(x
2
, y
2
) and R(x
3
, y
3
) is given by
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
1
.| ( ) ( ) ( )|
2
x y y x y y x y y + +
1 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 1 3
1
| |
2
x y x y x y x y x y x y = + +
13. The points P(x
1
, y
1
), Q(x
2
, y
2
) and R(x
3
, y
3
) are collinear if area of APQR =0 i.e. x
1
(y
2
y
3
) +x
2
(y
3
y
1
) +
x
3
(y
1
y
2
) =0.
14. The area of a quadrilateral formed by the points P(x
1
, y
1
), Q(x
2
, y
2
), R(x
3
, y
3
) and S(x
4
, y
4
), taken in order is
given by :
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 2 1 3 2 4 3 1 4
1
| |
2
x y x y x y x y x y x y x y x y + + +
2 2 2 2
AB (6 5) (4 2) 1 6 1 36 37 = + + = + = + =
2 2 2 2
BC (7 6) ( 2 4) 1 ( 6) 1 36 37 = + = + = + =
2 2 2 2
AC (7 5) ( 2 2) 2 0 4 2 = + + = + = =
Since, AB =BC =
37
.
We observe that A, B, C are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.
2 2
(10 2) ( 3) 10 PQ y = + + =
(given)
2 2
64 6 9 100 PQ y y = + + + =
y
2
+6y 27 =0 y
2
+9y 3y 27 =0
y (y +9) 3 (y +9) =0 (y +9) (y 3) =0
y = 9 or y = 3 Ans.
Example 4. Show that (1, 2), (3, 0), (1, 2) and (1, 0) are the vertices of a square.
Solution. Let A(1, 2), B(3, 0), C(1, 2) and D(1, 0) be the given points.
2 2 2 2
AB (3 1) (0 2) 2 2 4 4 8 2 2 = + + = + = + = =
2 2 2 2
BC (1 3) (2 0) ( 2) 2 4 4 8 2 2 = + = + = + = =
2 2 2 2
CD ( 1 1) (0 2) ( 2) 2 4 4 8 2 2 = + = + = + = =
2 2 2 2
DA (1 1) ( 2 0) 2 ( 2) 4 4 8 2 2 = + + = + = + = =
diagonal
2 2 2 2
AC (1 1) (2 2) 0 4 16 4 = + + = + = =
and diagonal
2 2 2
BD ( 1 3) (0 0) ( 4) 16 4 = + = = =
Now, we have AB =BC =CD =DA and diagonal AC =diagonal BD.
The given points are the vertices of a square.
Example 5. Show that the points (1, 1), (5, 2) and (9, 5) are collinear. [CBSE 2006(C)]
Solution. Let A(1, 1), B(5, 2) and C(9, 5) be the given points.
Then, we have,
2 2
AB (5 1) (2 1) 16 9 25 5 = + + = + = =
2 2
BC (5 9) (2 5) 16 9 25 5 = + = + = =
and,
2 2
AC= (1 9) ( 1 5) 64 36 100 10 + = + = =
clearly, AC =AB +BC.
Hence, A, B, C are collinear points.
Example 6. Find the coordinates of the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are (8, 6), (8, 2) and
(2, 2). Also, find its circum-radius.
Solution. We know circumcentre of a triangle is equidistant from the vertices of a triangle.
Let A(8, 6), B(8, 2) and C(2, 2) be the vertices of a given triangle and let P(x, y) be the circumcentre
of this triangle. Then,
PA =PB =PC
PA
2
=PB
2
=PC
2
Now, PA
2
=PB
2
( 3)(1) 6( )
1
1
k
k
+
=
+
and
(10)(1) ( 8)( )
6
1
k
k
+
=
+
[ Section formula]
6 3
1
1
k
k
=
+
8 10
6
1
k
k
+
=
+
k 1 =6k 3 6k +6 = 8k +10
7k =2 14k =4
2
7
k =
2
7
k =
The required ratio is
2
:1
7
or 2 : 7 Ans.
Example 9. If A(5, 1), B(3, 2) and C(1, 8) are the vertices of ABC, find the length of medians through
A and the coordinates of the centroid. [CBSE 2006(C)]
Solution. Let AD be the median through the vertex A of AABC. Then, D is the mid-point of BC. So, the
coordinates of D are
3 1 2 8
,
2 2
+ | |
|
\ .
i.e. (2, 3).
A(5, 1)
C(1, 8)
B( 3, 2)
G
D (2, 3)
2 2
AD (5 2) ( 1 3) 49 16 = + + = + = 65
units
Let G be the centroid of AABC. Then the coordinate of G are
5 ( 3) ( 1) 1 ( 2) 8
,
3 3
+ + + + | |
|
\ .
i.e.
| |
|
\ .
1 5
,
3 3
Ans.
Example 10. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (5, 1), (3, 5), (5, 2). [NCERT]
Solution. Let A(5, 1), B(3, 5), C(5, 2) be the given points.
Area of AABC =
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
1
| ( ) ( ) ( )|
2
x y y x y y x y y A = + +
1
| 5( 5 2) 3(2 ( 5)) 5( 1 ( 5)) |
2
= + +
1 1
|35 21 20| |76| 38
2 2
= + + = =
ar (AABC) =38 sq. units Ans.
Example 11. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices taken in order are (4, 2), (3, 5), (3, 2),
(2, 3). [NCERT]
Solution. Let A(4, 2), B(3, 5), C(3, 2) and D (2, 3) be the given points.
Now, area of quad. ABCD =ar (AABD) +ar (ABCD)
For ar (ABD) : A(4, 2), B(3, 5), D(2, 3)
23
ar (ABD) = sq. units.
2
For ar (BCD) : B(3, 5), C(3, 2), D(2, 3)
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
1
ar ( BCD) = | ( ) ( ) ( ) |
2
x y y x y y x y y A + +
1
| 3( 2 3) 3(3 ( 5)) 2( 5 ( 2)) |
2
= + +
1
|( 3)( 5) 3(8) 2( 3)|
2
= + +
1 1 33
|15 24 6| |33|
2 2 2
= + = =
33
ar ( BCD) sq. units
2
A =
area of quad. ABCD =ar (AABD) +ar (ABCD)
=
23 33
sq. units
2 2
+
=
56
2
sq. units = 28 sq. units Ans.
Example 12. Prove that the points (2, 2), (3, 8) and (1, 4) are collinear.
Solution. Let A be the area of the triangle formed by given three points A(2, 2), B(3, 8) and C(1, 4).
We have,
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
1
| ( ) ( ) ( )|
2
x y y x y y x y y A = + +
1
|2(8 4) ( 3)(4 ( 2)) ( 1)( 2 8)|
2
= + +
1
|2(4) ( 3)(6) ( 1)( 10) |
2
= + +
1 0
|8 18 10| 0
2 2
= + = =
Hence, the given points are collinear.
|
\ .
Find the
coordinates of the third vertex C of the triangle. [CBSE 2004]
49. If the coordinates of the mid-points of the sides of a triangle are (1, 1), (2, 3) and (3, 4). Find its centroid.
50. If the coordinates of the mid-points of the sides of a triangle are (4, 3), (4, 5) and (2, 3). Find the
coordinates of its centroid.
Questions based on Area of a Triangle
51. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are :
(i) A (1, 1), B(4, 6) and C(3, 5) (ii) P (4, 2), Q(4, 5) and R (2, 2)
(iii) A (1, 2), B(2, 3) and C(3, 4) (iv) P (5, 2), Q(4, 7) and R (7, 4)
52. Using the concept of area of the triangle, prove that the following points are collinear :
(i) (1, 4), (3, 2) and (3, 16) (ii) (2, 5), (4, 6) and (8, 8)
53. (i) For what value of k, the points (k, 1), (5, 7) and (8, 11) are collinear?
(ii) For what value of k are the points (k, 2 2k), (k +1, 2k) and (4 k, 6 2k) lie on a straight line?
54. The vertices of some triangles are given below alongwith their areas. Find the value of a.
Vertices Area
(i) (2, 3), (6, 2), (2, a) 6
(ii) (3, 8), (4, a), (5, 2) 8
55. Find the area of the quadrilateral, the coordinates of whose vertices are :
(i) (3, 2), (5, 4), (7, 6) and (5, 4) (ii) (4, 2), (3, 5), (3, 2) and (2, 3)
(iii) (5, 7), (4, 5), (1, 6) and (4, 5) (iv) (6, 9), (7,4), (4, 2) and (3, 7)
56. A (7, 5), B(5, 7) and C(15, 9) are vertices of a triangle ABC. If D, E and F are the mid-points of sides AB,
BC and AC respectively. Show that : area of AABC =4 (area of ADEF)
57. If the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear, show that
1 1
1
a b
+ =
.
58. If the area of the quadrilateral whose angular points, taken in order, are (1, 2), (5, 6), (7, 4), (p, 2) be
zero, find the value of p.
59. Triangle ABC has vertices A(4, 6), B(3, 2) and C(5, 2). Show that the median AD divides the triangle
ABC into two triangles of equal areas.
60. Show that the area of AABC, where A(p, p 2), B(p +2, p +2) and C(p +3, p) does not depend on the
value of p.
| |
\ . \ .
62. Circumcentre is equidistant from the vertices of the triangle.
Let the co-ordinates of circumcentre O be (x, y).
OA =OB =OC
OA
2
=OB
2
=OC
2
A(5, 1)
B(11, 9)
B(11, 1)
O( ) x, y
(x 5)
2
+(y 1)
2
=(x 11)
2
+(y 1)
2
=(x 11)
2
+(y 9)
2
Now, OA
2
=OB
2
and OB
2
=OC
2
will give two linear equations in x and y. Solve them together to get the
coordinates of O.
C
1
| [4 ( 2)] 3( 2 ) 5( 4) | 10
2
x y y + + =
|6 2 26| 20 6 2 26 20 x y x y + = + =
6x +2y 46 =0 ...(2)
or, 6x +2y 6 =0 ...(3)
Solving (1) and (2); (1) and (3) we get the coordinates of P are (7, 2) or (1, 0).
70. Let co-ordinates of third vertex be (a, a +3) as this vertex lies on the line y =x +3. Now use area formula
and solve.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Mark the correct alternative in each of the following :
1. The distance between the points (a, b) and (b, a) is :
(a)
2 2
2 a b +
(b)
2 2
a b +
(c)
2 2
2( ) a b +
(d) none of these
2. If the distance between the points (1, 0) and (4, a) is 5, then value of a is :
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) none of these
3. A line segment is of length 10 units. If the coordinates of its one end are (2, 3) and the abscissa of the
other end is 10, then its ordinate is :
(a) 9, 6 (b) 3, 9 (c) 3, 9 (d) 9, 6
4. The value of k for which the points (k, 1), (2, 1) and (4, 5) are collinear is:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
5. The point of intersection of y-axis and the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points
(3, 6) and (3, 4) is :
(a) (0, 4) (b) (0, 4) (c) (0, 5) (d) (0, 5)
| |
\ . \ .
and
9
,
2
k
| |
|
\ .
are collinear is :
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c)
5
2
(d)
5
2
15. If the area of the triangle formed by the points (x, 2x), (2, 6) and (3, 1) is 5 sq. units, then value of x is :
(a)
2
3
or 2 (b)
3
5
or 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK QUESTIONS)
1. What is the distance of the point (6, 8) from origin?
2. What is the ordinate of any point on x-axis?
3. What is the distance of the point A(3, 4) from y-axis?
4. What is the distance between the points (1, 2) and (3, 2)?
5. If the distance between the points (x, 0) and (5, 8) is 10 units, find the value(s) of x.
6. Find the mid-point of the line segment joining the points P(3, 4) and Q (9, 6).
7. What are the coordinates of the centroid of triangle formed by points A(2, 4), B(7, 3) and C(1, 5).
8. Find the coordinates of points which divides line joining (4, 0) and (0, 6) in the ratio 1 : 3.
9. Point A(3, 4) lies on circle of radius 5 cm with centre (0, 0). Write the coordinates of the other end of the
diameter whose one end is A.
10. Find the third vertex of a triangle if two of its vertices are (3, 6) and (5, 2) and its centroid is at the point
(2, 0).
11. What is the area of triangle formed by the points (2, 0), (4, 0) and (2, 3).
12. Find the coordinates of fourth vertex of the rectangle formed by the points (0, 0), (3, 0) and (0, 5).
13. What is the area of AABC, if points A, B and C are collinear?
14. In what ratio is the line joining the points P(7, 7) and Q(4, 4) is divided by (0, 1)?
15. C is point on the perpendicular bisector of AB. What is the relation between A, B, C?
26.
28
3,
9
| |
|
\ .
27. P(7, 4) 28. C
11 18
,
7 7
| |
|
\ .
29. (i)
8 10
1, , 1,
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
(ii)
1 5
,0 , ,2
3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
30. (1, 2) 31. 4 : 7 32. 7 : 4 33. 2 : 1
34. 3 : 4 35. 2 : 1; k =2/3 36. (i) 1 : 2,
1
, 0
3
| |
|
\ .
(ii) 2 : 5;
3
0,
7
| |
|
\ .
37. (1, 4), (3, 2) and (1, 2) 38. (19, 2), (3, 16), (9, 12)
39.
5 9 9 5
, ;(1,1) ; ,
2 2 2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
40.
7
, 0
3
p q = =
41. k = 8 or 13
|
\ .
9. (3, 4) 10. (8, 4)
11. 9 sq. units 12. (3, 5) 13. zero 14. 4 : 7 15. AC =BC
ANSWERS OF PRACTICE TEST
3. 5 units 4. (3, 0) 5. 4 : 7 6. (1, 0)
7. (3, 2) and (4, 5) 8. (2, 2) 9. (0, 1), (6, 3) and (2, 5)
10.
11
sq.units
2