BLOOD VESSELS

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

ARTERIES
VEINS

CAPILLARIES

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

Marieb, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7th edition

ARTERIES

transport blood under high pressure high velocity flow 8x less distensible than veins transport blood away from the heart carry oxygenated blood

TYPES OF ARTERIES
ELASTIC ARTERIES (LARGE-SIZED)
MUSCULAR ARTERIES (MEDIUM-SIZED) RESISTANCE ARTERIES (SMALL-SIZED)

ELASTIC ARTERIES

a.k.a. large-sized arteries or conducting arteries elastic tissue and smooth muscle pulsatile flow pressure fluctuations

MUSCULAR ARTERIES

a.k.a. medium-sized arteries or distributing arteries (+) elastic tissue and smooth muscle pulsatile flow

RESISTANCE ARTERIES

a.k.a. small-sized arteries elastic tissue and smooth muscle pulsatile flow stopcocks (control conduits) of the vascular system

CAPILLARIES

Made up of single layer of endothelial cells and basement membrane (-) smooth muscle and (-) elastic tissue Contain tight junctions, fenestrations (pores), intercellular cleft and and pericytes Total area exceeds 6300 m2 and 1 m thick

CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES

FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES

SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES

TYPES OF CAPILLARIES

Hydraulic conductivity of capillaries in various parts of the body

(Ganong, Medical Physiology 2001)

Organ

Conductivity

Type of Endothelium

Brain (except CVO) 3 Skin 100 Skeletal muscle 250 Lungs 340 Heart 860 GIT (intestinal mucosae) 13,000 Kidney (glomerulus) Liver Bone marrow Endocrine glands Lymphoid tissue (Marieb, Human Anatomy and Physiology)

Continuous

Fenestrated

Sinusoidal

VEINS

Transport blood Great veins under low pressure. no valves, thin and easily distended 8x more distensible than arteries Venules no valves, walls slightly transport blood thicker than capillaries towards the heart carry deoxygenated blood.

Basic Theory of Circulatory Function

Rate of blood flow to each tissues is almost always precisely controlled in relation to the tissue needs. The cardiac output is controlled mainly by the sum of all the local tissue flows. In general, the arterial blood pressure is controlled independently of either local blood flow control of cardiac output control

Structural and Functional Differences of Various Blood Vessels

Lumen Diameter and Wall Thickness
Vessel Aorta Medium-sized Lumen Diameter 2.5 cm 0.4 cm Wall Thickness 2 mm 1 mm

Arteriole
Capillary Venule Vein

30.0 m
5.0 m 20.0 m 0.5 cm

20 m
1 m 2 m 0.5 mm

Great vein

3.0 cm

1.5 mm

BLOOD DISTRIBUTION
Vessel
Systemic
Arteries Arteriole Capillary

% of blood volume
84 %
13 % 1-2 % 5%

Veins
Pulmonary/Heart

64 % (54 %)
16 %

Lungs
Heart

9%
7%

Total Cross Sectional Area

Vessel
aorta medium-sized arterioles capillaries venules veins great veins Areas (cm2) 2.5 20.0 40.0 2500.0 250.0 80.0 8.0

Pressure

Blood Flow Velocity

Resistance to Blood Flow

Vascular Distensibility

1 ml = ---------------------------1mmHg X 10 ml = 0.1 per mmHg or 10 mmHg

Systemic and pulmonary circulation distensibility Veins > Arteries Vein Distensibility Systemic veins = Pulmonary veins Arterial Distensibility Pulmonary > Systemic

Vascular Compliance / Capacitance

Vascular Compliance = Distensibility X Volume

Guyton, Medical Physiology, 11th edition

HEMODYNAMICS

study of physical properties that govern blood flow through the blood vessels and the heart.

BLOOD FLOW

means the quantity of blood that passes a given point in the circulation in a given period of time. usually expressed in ml/min or L/min (cm3/min).

BLOOD FLOW

BLOOD FLOW
( P1 - P2 ) The overall blood flow in F = -----------------the total circulation in a R

resting adult is 5,000 ml. (Cardiac Output) impediment to blood pressure difference

flow in a vessel. between two ends of cannot be measured the vessel (arterial directly end minus venous expressed in R units end)

where, F = flow P1 P2 = pressure difference or gradient of blood between two points of the vessel R = resistance to flow ( vascular resistance)

F =

P ----------R P --------F

1 mmHg R = ---------------1 ml/sec

OR

100 mmHg ---------------100 ml/sec

R =

= 1 R or 1 PRU

dyne.sec CGS = ---------------cm5

Methods for measuring blood flow (Flowmeters)

Electromagnetic Flowmeters Ultrasonic Doppler Flowmeters Fick Principle Indicator Dilution Method Clearance Principle Plethysmography

POISEUILLES EQUATION
P . r4
F -----------------

. L
where,
F = flow P = pressure difference between two ends of the vessel = viscosity r4 = radius L = length of the tube

Since flow (F) is equal to pressure difference (P) divided by resistance (R)
. L R -----------r4

Determinants of vascular resistance

Radius of the blood vessel

depends on the degree of vasoconstriction

Viscosity of the blood

depends mainly on hematocrit (% of volume of blood occupied by the RBC amount of protein in the blood

Hyperimmunoglobulin D, E and M

resistance of the cell to deformation (Hereditary Spherocytosis)

Length of the blood vessel

EFFECT OF CHANGES IN BLOOD VESSEL RADIUS

EFFECT OF CHANGES IN BLOOD VESSEL LENGTH

EFFECT OF CHANGES IN BLOOD VISCOSITY

Shear Stress and Shear rate

Shear Stress

Force created by flowing blood on the endothelium that is parallel to the long axis of the vessel Equal to viscosity X shear rate

Shear rate

Rate at which axial velocity from the vessel wall towards the lumen

Resistance in Series vs Resistance in Parallel

CONDUCTANCE

Measure of blood flow through a vessel for a given pressure difference

= -------------------------RESISTANCE

FLOW, VELOCITY AND AREA

F = V. A or V
F = -----A
where; F = flow V = mean velocity A = cross-sectional area of the blood vessel

BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow

Laminar flow (Streamline flow)

silent flow characterized by concentric layer of blood moving in parallel down the length of a blood vessel.

Turbulent flow

flow that that creates sound probability is also related to the diameter of the vessel and viscosity of the blood can be expressed by

Conditions Turbulent flow that in can proximal result toaorta and turbulent flow pulmonary artery
a) a) When High velocity blood flow of blood becomes flow too great. b) b) When Pulsatile there nature is obstruction of blood flow in a vessel c) c) When Sudden it makes changeain sharp vessel turn. diameter d) When Largeit vessel diameter d) passes over a rough surface

p.D .V Re = ---------------
where,
Re p D V = = = = = Reynolds number density of the fluid diameter of the tube velocity of flow viscosity of the fluid

LAW OF LAPLACE
T = Pr

BLOOD PRESSURE

force exerted by the blood per unit area of the vessel wall (pressure is exerted equally in all directions).

Blood Pressure in the Various Parts of the Systemic Circulation

Mean Blood Pressure average pressure in any segment of the cardiovascular system during cardiac cycle. Arterial Blood Pressure blood pressure in the arterial side of the vascular system conveniently written as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure ( N.V. 100 -130 / 70 90 mmHg )

Arterial Blood Pressure

Systolic pressure

highest pressure attained in the aorta as a result of the ejection of blood by the ventricle. (N.V. 100 - 120 mmHg )

Diastolic pressure

is the lowest pressure which the gradient of fall reaches during the resting or diastolic phase of the heart. ( 70 - 80 mmHg )

Pulse Pressure

is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure. (SP DP = 40 mmHg) factors that affect pulse pressure (SV/C)

Stroke volume Compliance of arterial tree

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

represents the average pressure attained in the arterial system during the cardiac cycle.
MAP = Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure Diastolic Pressure + ( Systolic Diastolic pressure ) MAP = ----------------------------------------3

Arterial Blood Pressure

ABP = CO X TPR CO ABP TPR ABP CO = SV X HR

EDV - ESV

ABP = CO X TPR
SV X HR

EDV - ESV

RESISTANCE
. L R -----------r4
a) viscosity

hematocrit amount of protein in the blood

b) length c) radius

vasoconstriction /vasodilatation

 EDV

SV ESV

CO

ABP

Blood viscosity Vessel length

TPR

ABP

Vessel radius

Methods of Measuring Blood Pressure A. Direct Method B. Indirect Method a) Auscultatory Method b) Palpatory Method
increased pressure ----------- HYPERTENSION decreased pressure ----------- HYPOTENSION