ABSTRACT

The study and application of composite materials are a truly interdisciplinary endeavor that has been enriched by contributions from chemistry, physics, materials science, mechanics and manufacturing cnginecring. The understanding of the interface (or interphase) in composites is the central point of this interdisciplinary effort. From the early development of composite materials of various natures, the optimization of the interface has been of major importance. The central theme of this paper is tailoring the interface properties to optimize the mechanical performance and structural integrity of composites with enhanced strength/stiffness and fracture toughness (or specific fracture resistance). t deals mainly with interfaces in advanced composites made from high performance fibers, such as glass, carbon, aramid, ultrahigh modulus polyethylene and some inorganic The paper contains discussions on microstructure!property, nature and definition of interfaces in fiber reinforced composites, mechanical behaviour of fibre reinforced plastics, and applications of fibre reinforced plastics in civil engineering

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1. INTRODUCTION
"omposite materials have been used since biblical times when chopped straw was added in bric#s to ma#e building materials. The modern composite materials age began with the introduction of particular fibrous reinforcement materials into thermosets phenollics in $%&&'s. The first ()* was made in $%+,. )einforcement thermoplastic were virtually non!e-istent in early $%.&'s but by $%%&'s reinforcement thermoplastic represented about one fourth of the total reinforced plastics / composite materials. 0cientists have started mi-ing materials with different properties in new way so as to ma#e new materials which have good properties of the constituent's materials without having the inherent, wea#ness or disadvantages of the individual materials. These new materials are called as composite materials. "omposite materials are made by the combining two or more than two dissimilar materials. 1 selected fillers or reinforcing agents / compatible matri- binder.(i.e. )esin) are combine in such a way that the resulting composite materials possess superior properties which are not obtained with single constituent materials. 2ou may understand the nature of composite material by simply ta#ing e-ample of day to day life such as concrete slab of our house. t is the most common composite material in our day to day life. t consist of cement concrete and iron bars. The cement gives protection to the iron bars, from adverse environmental condition / iron bars gives the strength, fle-ibility / stiffness to structure. The idea and principle is e-actly applied in thermoplastic composites.

2. COMPOSITE MATERIALS
"omposite materials are formed by the combination of two or more materials that retain their respective characteristics when combined together to achieve properties that are superior to those of individual constituents. n generic terms, the idea of a composite is analogous to that of reinforced concrete. 3owever, composites present immense opportunities for tailoring of the material to the specific re4uirements of the structure.

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3. CONSTITUENTS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

The composite materials are made up of constituent materials which are grouped as 51T) 6 )7 8F9)"7578T F :)7 51T) 6 8T7)*3107 F ;;7)0 3.1. MATRIX: The main components of composites are reinforcing agents and matri-. The fibres, particulates and whis#ers act as the reinforcement and provide most of the stiffness and strength. The matri- binds the reinforcement together thus effecting the load transfer from matri- to reinforcement and adds to the performance merits of the material Definition < The phases that receive the inserts in phase composition is continuous phase / is called as matri-. t is also called as binders. The matri- material employed for fabrication of composites material are usually polymer / commonly called as )esin. Fun tion! < The function of matri- or binders are as follows. a) t gives mouldability or shape to composite. b) t ma#es the composite materials generally resistance to adverse environment. c) t also protects the reinforcement from adverse environments. T"#e! - The materials used for the matri- are plastic, rubbers, ceramic / metals. *lastic matri- based composite materials now constitute more than %.= of all composite materials in use today. :oth Thermoplastic / Thermosetting materials are used as matri- materials. 3.2. REINFORCEMENT: These are materials which basically give strength, stiffness / other mechanical properties to composite materials. Fibres are the principle constituents in fibre reinforcement composite materials. Definition!: - t is materials which give strength, stiffness / other mechanical properties to composite materials. Fun tion: - The reinforcement are used to improve the structural characteristics of materials. They can be continuous in form of fibre, filament or discontinuous in forms of (whis#ers, fla#e or particular). The reinforcement increases the ratio of strength to density / stiffness to density. mprove formability / electrical prop. t also increase resistance to corrosion fatigue, creep / raptures stress / reduce cost.

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norganic or organic fibers such as carbon, glass, aramides etc have been widely used with plastic mainly to improve mechanical strengths / tensile modulus. 3.$. FIBER-MATRIX INTERP%ASE The interphase between the fibre / matri- can be easily identified> it is the behavior / prop of interphase that generally control the prop of the composite. The prop. of composite cannot achieved by any of the components acting alone. The main role of interphase is to transmit / distribute stress on matri- to the fibres / in desire orientation. ;ocalised stresses are generally highest near the interphase which may be locus of premature feature of composite. The interphase must have appropriate character in order to provide necessary load transfer from matri- to reinforcements. 3ence there should be strong adhesion forces between matri- / fibre through interphase. This can also be achieved by coupling agents. "oupling agents are define as materials that improve the adhesion bonds of dissimilar surfaces. "oupling agents modify the interphase region to strengthen the organic / inorganic boundary layers by a much positive attempt to increase the adhesion between polymer / fibre was lin# them by covalent bond using coupling agents. 7g < Titonates, 0ilanes. 3.&. FILLERS ' ADDITI(ES Fillers should be inert / their presence in a polymeric matri- should not affect the processing / polymerization. Fillers are added is polymeric matri- for following reasons? 1. )educe cost 2. ncrease stiffness. &. *roduce smooth surface. 3. )educe mold shrin#age. $. "ontrol viscosity.

$. T)PES OF COMPOSITES
The three most important re4uirements for materials which are to be used in highly demanding applications are a high resistance to plastic deformations, resistance to fracture and elastic stiffness. Fibre reinforced composites can be further divided into those containing discontinuous or continuous fibres. Today, the most common man made composites can be divided into three main groups?

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M*t+i, - Reinfo+ e P.*!e Met*/

Met*/ *owder metallurgy imparts < combining immiscible metals "emented carbides < used in tools Fiber! reinforced metal "ermets, Ti",

Ce+*0i "ermets (ceramic! metal composite) 0i" reinforced 1l,9@ Tool materials

Po/"0e+ :ra#e pads

Ce+*0i

Fiberglass

Po/"0e+ E/e0ent*/ 1C*+2on3 Bo+on3 et .4 Fiber reinforced metals 1uto parts aerospace

Aevlar fibers in an epo-y matri)ubber with carbon :oron, "arbon reinforced plastics CMC
("eramic 5atri- "omposite)

MMC
(5etal 5atri- "omposite)

PMC
(*olymer 5atri- "omposite)

&. MICRO MEC%ANICS

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5. AD(ANTA6ES OF T%E USE OF FRP AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

The advantages of the use of F)* as a structural material are $. 0trong? high strength to weight ratio ,. ;ight weight? only two!thirds the weight of 1luminum and ,&= of steel. @. Burable? properly chosen it is resistant to atmospheric and chemical corrosion. +. 8on!conductive? e-cellent thermal and electrical insulating properties. .. 5aintenance? low to maintenance free> painting not re4uired. C. 7asily wor#able.

7. T%E DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF FIBRES AND MATRIX

7.1 FIBRE $. 0hould have a high tensile strength. ,. Dariation of strength among individual fibres should be as small as possible. @. 0hould belong to the same type, +. 0hould have cross sectional diameter and surface area uniform. 0ome of the *hysical and 5echanical *roperties of a few fibres are tabulated as below

T*2/e 7.1 P."!i */ *n8 Me .*ni */ P+o#e+tie! of 6/*!! Fi2+e:

Fi2+e T"#e 114. Di*0ete+ 10 04 124. Den!it" 19:-034 134. Ten!i/e Mo8u/u! 16#*4 1$4. Ten!i/e St+en:t. 1M#*4 1&4. ; E/on:*tion 154. Coeffi ient of t.e+0*/ e,#*n!ion 1<-C4 174. S#e ifi 6+*=it"

E-6/*!! E!$+ ,.+& F,.+& ,+&& $.E!@., . ,..+

S-6/*!! $& ,+%& E... @+.& .!F .!C ,.+%

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T*2/e 7.2 P."!i */ *n8 Me .*ni */ P+o#e+tie! of C*+2on Fi2+e

Fi2+e T"#e 114. Di*0ete+ 10 0 124. Den!it" 19:-034 134. Ten!i/e Mo8u/u! 16#*4 1$4. Ten!i/e St+en:t. 1M#*4 1&4. ; E/on:*tion 154. Coeffi ient of t.e+0*/ e,#*n!ion 1<-C4 174. S#e ifi 6+*=it"

Po/" * +o/onit+i/ie 1PAN4 $&!$$ ,&,& @+. @.&& &.+!&.% &.%!$.C ,.&,

T*2/e 7.3 P."!i */ *n8 Me .*ni */ P+o#e+tie! of A+*0i8 Fi2+e

Fi2+e T"#e 114. Di*0ete+ 10 0 124. Den!it" 19:-034 134. Ten!i/e Mo8u/u! 16#*4 1$4. Ten!i/e St+en:t. 1M#*4 1&4. ; E/on:*tion 154. Coeffi ient of t.e+0*/ e,#*n!ion 1<-C4 174. S#e ifi 6+*=it"

>e=/*+ Fi2+e $, $++& C, ,FC& @!+ !, $.++

7.1.1. FIBRE T)PE COMPARISONS "omparing the properties of all of the fibre types with each other, shows that they all have distinct advantages and disadvantages. This ma#es different fibre types more suitable for some applications than others. The following table provides a basic comparison between the main

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desirable features of generic fibre types. G1' indicates a feature where the fibre scores well, and G"' indicates a feature where the fibre is not so good.

T*2/e ?.$ Fi2+e T"#e Co0#*+i!on! P+o#e+t" %i:. Ten!i/e St+en:t. %i:. Ten!i/e Mo8u/u! %i:. Co0#+e!!i=e St+en:t. %i:. Co0#+e!!i=e Mo8u/u! %i:. F/e,u+*/ St+en:t. %i:. F/e,u+*/ Mo8u/u! %i:. I0#* t St+en:t. %i:. Inte+/*0in*+ S.e*+ St+en:t. %i:. In-#/*ne S.e*+ St+en:t. Lo@ Den!it" %i:. F*ti:ue Re!i!t*n e %i:. Fi+e Re!i!t*n e %i:. T.e+0*/ In!u/*tion %i:. E/e t+i */ In!u/*tion Lo@ T.e+0*/ E,#*n!ion Lo@ Co!t A+*0i8 : : " : " : 1 : : 1 : 1 1 : 1 " C*+2on 1 1 1 1 1 1 " 1 1 : 1 " " " 1 " 6/*!! : " : " : " : 1 1 " " 1 : 1 1 1

7.2 MATRIX 1. t should transfer the stress to fibres efficiently by adhesion or friction. 2. t should not react chemically with the fibres.

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3. t should bind the fibres and protect its surface from damage during handling, fabrication etc. *olymers used as matri- materials are commonly referred to as resins. There are two basic classes of resins. They are? 1. T.e+0o!et! < when heated they undergo an irreversible chemical change called curing. They chemically cross lin# and develop a networ# structure that sets them in shape. f they are heated after they have been cured they do not melt. 2. T.e+0o#/*!ti ! < These resins melts when heated and solidify when cooled. 9nce they initially melt to form the composite, heating above the lower forming temperature can reshape them. 0ome of the *hysical and 5echanical *roperties of resins are listed in Table F..

T*2/e 7.& P."!i */ *n8 Me .*ni */ P+o#e+tie! of +e!in! Fi2+e t"#e 14. Den!it" 19:-034 124. Ten!i/e Mo8u/u! 16#*4 134. Ten!i/e St+en:t. 1MP*4 1$4. ; E/on:*tion 1&4. S#e ifi 6+*=it" Po/"e!te+ $$&&!$.&& C, ,FC& @!+ $.$!$.. (in"/e!te+ %F& $$F ,.E& +!. &.%F E#o," $$&&!$+&& ,!C @.!$.& $!E.. $.$!$.$+

7.3 FIBRE MATRIX INTERFACE 1 bundle of fibres by itself is useless as a load bearing structure, but embedding the fibre in a resin matri- gives the necessary stiffness in shear and compression. The fibre and the matri- are mutually reinforcing? the strong stiff fibre carries most of the stress and the polymer matridistributes the e-ternal load to all the fibres, while at the same time protecting them.

This load sharing re4uires that stress be transferred across the interface between the fibre and resin. There is no sharp well defined interface between the fibre and resin> for the fibre is coated with a heterogeneous mi-ture forming the matri- of the composite structure .The whole interfacial region is about $&!H mm thic# or greater.

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0tress can only be transferred across an interface between two materials if they are in intimate molecular contact with each other, separated only by about the same distance as the molecules inside the bul# materials. The materials are then said to be adhering to each other. There need not be any chemical lin#ing of the materials> they merely have to be so close that the normal intermolecular forces are operative. The plastic flow of the matri- under stress transfers the load to the fibres. 1s a result a high modulus composite is obtained. 1 typical F)* reinforcement will consist of C&=to C.= of fibres and the remaining cross section is the matri-.

E. COMMON FABRICATION MET%ODS

0ome of the common fabrication methods are? A4 Cu!to0 Cont* t Mou/8in: $) 3and layup process ,) 0pray layup process B4 Fi/*0ent Ain8in: C4 Pu/t+u!ion D4 Re!in T+*n!fe+ Mou/8in:

B. COMPARISONS AIT% OT%ER STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

There is a very large range of mechanical properties that can be achieved with composite materials. 7ven when considering one fibre type on its own, the composite properties can vary by a factor of $& with the range of fibre contents and orientations that are commonly achieved. The comparisons that follow therefore show a range of mechanical properties for the composite materials. The lowest properties for each material are associated with simple manufacturing process and material forms (e.g. spray layup glass fibre), and the higher properties are associated with higher technology manufacture (e.g. autoclave moulding of unidirectional glass fibre), such as would be found in the aerospace industry. The graph below shows the Tensile 0trength of "ommon 0tructural 5aterials.

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Tensile 0trength of "ommon 0tructural 5aterials

1C. MEC%ANICAL BE%A(IOUR OF COMPOSITES

The mechanical properties of the composites depend, to a large e-tent, on the proportion of fibre, which they contain. The proportion of fibre is, in turn a matter of the arrangement of fibres! the more closely can the fibres be pac#ed and higher, conse4uently, the ma-imum possible proportion of the fibre.

The first of the three categories into which composites may be divided is that in which the fibres are randomly distributed within the plastic matri-. The fibres are generally short and because they are randomly arranged the ma-imum proportion of fibre is limited to about .&= by weight, though in practice there may be only $&= of fibre.

The principle e-amples of this category include laminates made with chopped strand mats, dough moulding compounds and glass fibre reinforced thermoplastics. The second category are those composites in which the fibres are arranged orthogonally, generally in the plane of the laminate, by being woven into glass cloth or woven rovings. :ecause of the more orderly arrangement of the fibres the ma-imum percentage of glass can range between +&!C.= by weight.

n the third category of composites the fibres are all laid in one direction. This is the case with rods produced by pultrusion and certain laminates based on filament winding. 0ince the fibres are all laid in one direction, the percentage of fibres is ma-imum compared to the above

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two categories and is as high as %&.CF= by volume in theory. n practice however it ranges from C&!%&= by weight.

1C.1 STRESS STRAIN C%ARACTERISTICS

0ince *olymer 5atri- "omposites combine a resin system and reinforcing fibres the properties of the resulting composite material will combine something of the properties of the resin on its own with that of the fibres on their own.

9verall, the properties of the composite are determined by? 14 The properties of the fibre 24 The properties of the resin 34 The ratio of fibre to resin in the composite (Fibre Dolume Fraction) $4 The geometry and orientation of the fibres in the composite

1C.2 STREN6T% AND FACTORS INFLUENCIN6 IT

The amount of energy which glass reinforced plastics can absorb before they brea# is a function not only of the ma-imum stress but also of the strain up to failure. n fact, it is proportional to the product of the stress and strain i.e. to the area under the curve in the stress < strain curve. Ihen e-amined it is apparent that glass reinforced plastics fails without much

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elongation ma#ing it a brittle material. n practice it has been observed that its strength is sensitive to the presence of notches and other local stress raisers.

7nvironmental conditions such as temperature too have a bearing on its performance. ncrease in temperature decreases the stiffness and strength of glass reinforced plastics composites until a limit of mechanical performance is reached in the range of ,&&!@&&J" with commonly used thermosetting resins. 9n the other hand, operating temperatures below normal tend to be advantageous to glass reinforced plastics which do not become as brittle as other materials at low temperatures. This ma#es them attractive for cryogenic applications.

The above!mentioned mechanical properties of glass!reinforced plastics relate to their behavior under tensile loads. 3owever, many of them are e4ually applicable to the behavior under compressive or shear loads.

There are however some important differences. n particular, under compressive loading applied parallel to the direction of the fibres, the latter tend to become unstable and buc#le li#e long slender struts ma#ing them less effective under compression than under tension.

The high glass content composites are also relatively less effective under shear because the resistance to shear between the fibre layers depends predominantly on the plastic matri-.

11. APPLICATIONS OF FRP IN CI(IL EN6INEERIN6

F)* have been used in many civil engineering applications, such as bridges, buildings, off shore structures and retaining walls in Kapan, 7urope, "anada and L01. The following describes some selected completed, in progress and future applications to highlight the potential use of these materials.

11.1 S%ORT SPAN BRID6ES

5any pedestrian bridges have been constructed using F)* .The span of these bridges vary from F to $& mtrs. Fibre reinforced plastic tendons have also been used as reinforcement and to prestress concrete bridges to enhance the durability for severe environmental conditions. n addition to the high strength and good fatigue properties, the low young's modulus of F)*

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tendons could also be an advantage to reduce the prestressing losses. These characteristics greatly enhance the use of F)* as prestressing tendons for short span bridges.

11.2 LON6 SPAN BRID6ES

1s a result of the superior advantage of high <strength <to weight ratio of F)* compared to conventional materials, F)* provide uni4ue alternative to steel and concrete materials to construct long span bridges, which can not be built by conventional materials. F)* structural sections can be used effectively in combination with F)* cables in producing uni4ue bridge girder configurations to build very long bridges.

"omparative studies were underta#en to e-amine the feasibility of constructing bridges using steel, glass fibre reinforced plastics ((F)*) and carbon fibre reinforced ("F)*) plastics, for cable <stayed bridges and classical suspension types. The study concluded that the most feasible design would be a cable!stayed bridge using "F)*.

The specific design loads versus the canter spans for the classical form of suspension bridges made of steel are compared with those made of (F)* or "F)*. The comparison shows the use of advanced composites would allow doubling or tripling of the limiting span in comparison to steel structures.

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11.3 COMPOSITE BRID6E DEC>S

F)* composite bridge dec#s are made of pultruded components that are bonded and interloc#ed. They are placed transversely to the traffic and are supported by longitudinal beams. The F)* dec#s comprise of double trapezoid composite connected with full depth he-agons that provide mechanical interloc# and an e-tensive bonding surface. "onstruction of highway bridges with modular F)* dec#s re4uires the understanding of the dec# performance under traffic loads. Traffic loads include repetitive stress cycles on bridge dec#s during the service life of the structure. The composite bridge dec#s are modular in design and can be produced and can be produced in continuous lengths because of inherent process adopted (pultrusion techni4ue) and these lengths can be cut to size depending on the users re4uirement. 3ence, it furnishes greater fle-ibility in fabrication of the composite bridge dec#s to suit various product dimensions

Pu/t+ute8 FRP Se tion!

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The first ever!recorded composite bridge is the (indji :ridge in :ulgaria, which was constructed in $%E, using the hand layup techni4ue. 9ver the last . years several bridges have been constructed, both pedestrian and highway, such as the 1berfeldy Foot :ridge in 0cotland, the :onds 5ill ;ift :ridge in 7ngland, the Aolding :ridge in Benmar#, etc. n most of these cases, the preferred method of construction is dec# supported by beams.

11.$ TUNNEL LININ6

F)* grids could be e-tremely effective as reinforcement for tunnel lining using shortcrete techni4ue to form the s#in surface. t has advantages over steel due to its high corrosion < resistance and fle-ibility, which is convenient for, curved surfaces, in addition to their e-cellent al#ali, acid and chemical resisting properties. The material is very lightweight, having appro-imately one fourth the specific gravity of steel, and may be cut easily cut with a hac#saw.

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11.& MARINE STRUCTURES

Fiberglass boats, fiberglass pretensioned piles hard!core marine fender etc are the common applications in the field of marine structures. The hard core marine fender is composed of parts that are heavy!duty wear!resistant rubber and ultra high molecular weight polythene face, which is thermoplastically bonded to the truss panel to resist abrasion.

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11.5 REPAIR OF STRUCTURES

1 number of chimneys, columns, slabs and girders have been repaired and strengthened with "F)* products due to earth4ua#e damage and/or structural needs to increase their capacity. 5any products are currently available for this type of retrofitting. The products are often unidirectional and produced in the form of fibre tapes, fibre winding strands and fabrics.

The materials are effective for both fle-ural and shear strengthening of structures. 1 retrofit process of a structure, such as chimney, begins with preparation of the concrete surface, trowelling the surface with mortar or epo-y, followed by placement of the auto adhesive tapes in the longitudinal direction and confining of the outer surface in the circumferential direction by winding small diameter carbon cables. To facilitate the cable winding operation, an automatic winding machine is currently available. To satisfy the fire resistance re4uirements, a fire resistant material, such as cement mortar, normally covers the surface.

0trengthening deteriorated steel and concrete bridges by bonding carbon fibre reinforced epo-y laminates to the e-terior of the structure has been studied. The study has shown that the use of "F)* laminates in place of steel plates for such applications could reduce the total cost by about ,&=. 1lthough more e-pensive, F)* materials are lightweight and have better corrosion resistant properties that could result in significant reduction in overall long!term costs.

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11.7 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

The non!magnetic neutrality of F)* ma#es it an attractive material to be used in some special applications. For e-ample? fibre glass cables were used in the rehabilitation of the 5arine d' vry subway station in *aris, where the non <magnetic nature of these cables played an important role in the selection of this type of cables instead of high stress steel cables.

12. MATERIALS AND DURABILIT)

1lthough composites are often touted as having very good resistance to environmental e-posure, it must be stressed that this is highly dependent on the types of fibre, fibre sizing and resin used. The inappropriate selection can result in premature failure.

5ost resins absorb moisture to a certain degree causing an increase in weight. 3owever, provided that the moisture does not react at the interfacial level the effects are reversible after drying. n cases where it is #nown that the composite will be e-posed to significant moisture levels, it is recognised that the use of resin rich layers and gel coats can be advantageous. 0imilarly it is e-pected that for primary structure bearing significant loads the main reinforcing fibre will be graphite rather than glass, due to its inertness in such an environment.

This underlines the need for the definition of proper safety factors and stress levels as well as the recognition of fibre < material combinations.

The use of techni4ues associated with the e-ternal attachment of the composite plates to the soffit of dec#s and then underside of beams is attractive due to factors related to the ease of access and decreased need for e-tensive changes to the e-isting structures. 1lthough the bonding of steel plates has been used for 4uite some time it has been plagued by various problems ranging in difficulty in placement to concerns related to overall durability.

"omposite plates do not suffer from these deficiencies, due to the high stiffness and strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance and lightweight. 3owever, an aspect that needs to be #ept in mind during the design of such schemes is that related to long term environmental durability of the composite and the durability and effectiveness of the adhesive bond between the concrete and composites.

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Failure due to material aspects of the assembly can generally be associated with one or a combination of the following modes 1. *eel failure into concrete. 2. nterfacial failure between concrete and adhesive. 3. "ohesive failure in the adhesive. $. nterfacial crac# between the adhesive and concrete. &. 1lternating crac# path between the two interfaces.

The first mode of failure occurs due to high peel stresses caused by mismatch and concentration of shear stresses at the end of composite plates. 1lso it should be remembered that the bond between the concrete is through an adhesive or the actual resin itself and therefore one needs to pay attention to aspects such as moisture intrusion, freeze!thaw etc.

13. CONCLUSION
"omposites have immense potential for use in civil infrastructure in applications ranging from rehabilitation to new construction. 3owever for these applications to be successful in terms of economics and longevity proper attention needs to be paid to the selection of materials and the processes used to fabricate and place these composites in the field. 7rrors in this regard through the inappropriate use of a material system or manufacturing techni4ue should not be considered as flaws on the part of the technology, but rather on the designer's part. "omposites present immense opportunities for tailoring and for the integration of form and function, presenting the civil engineer a plethora of design opportunities.

REFERENCES:
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$. "ahn ).I. and 3arris.:. M$%F&N, O8atures of compositesP <(lass reinforced plastics < :rian *ar#yn, :utterworth *ublications, 7ngland.

,. "arles I.Bolan, $%%%,PF)* *restressing in the L01P, "oncrete nternational Dol.,$, 8o .$&, pp.,$!,+

@. 8orman ).3., 0tom 5.3. and I.". Ia#e, M$%F&N, O)esin (lass nterfaceP! (lass reinforced plastics < :rian *ar#yn. , :utterworth *ublications, 7ngland.

+. 0ami 3. )iz#alla MBec $E!,&, $%%.N, OF)* for the ,$st "enturyP! nternational "onference on Fibre )einforced 0tructural *lastics in "ivil 7ngineering, T 5adras

.. :alaguru, *erumal 0wamy. 8, "hang and *eter, O3igh 0trength "omposites For )epair )ehabilitation and 0trengthening of concrete 0tructures ( " Kournal? Kan! 5ar ,&&@)

C. :alaguru and 0hah, Te-t boo# on OFibre )einforced "ement "ompositesP.

F. 1merican 0ociety for 5etals, 0ource boo# on O)einforced *lastics for "ommercial "ompositesP

E. K.1.:rydson, *lastic materials, :utterworth 3einemann ;td. 9-ford, 0i-th 7dition ($%%C) %. 5ichael. ;. :erins, *lastic 7ngineering 3andboo# of the society of plastic industries, $&. "hapman / 3all, 8ewyor#, Fifth 7dition ($%%$)

$$. www.google.com

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