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Orifice meter
Pitot-tube
Lecture 11: Practical applications of Bernoullis equation
Objective: To study the applications of the Bernoullis equation
Venturimeter
Venturimeter: is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid
flowing through a pipe. It consists of three parts:
A short converging part
Throat
Diverging part
Inlet
Throat
x
Inlet
1
2
Let d
1
= diameter at the inlet (section 1)
p
1
= pressure at section 1
v
1
= velocity at section 1
A
1
= area at section1
d
2
, p
2
, v
2
, A
2
are the corresponding values at the throat (section 2)
Applying Bernoullis equations at sections 1 and 2, we get
2 2
p w p w
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
.
2 2
p w p w
z z
g g g g
+ + = + +
As pipe is horizontal z
1
=z
2
2 2
1 2 2 1
2 2
2 1
2
2
p p v v
g g
v v
h
g
=
Where difference of pressure heads at sections 1 and 2.
From the continuity equation at sections 1 and 2, we obtain
Hence
1 2
,
p p
h
g
2 2
1 1 2 2 1
1
A v
Av A v v
A
= =
2
2 2
2 1 2
2
1
2
v A A
h
g A
(
=
(
Discharge
1
1
2
2 2
1 2
2
2
A
v gh
A A
=
1 1 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
2
Q Av A h
A A
Q gh
A A
= =
=
Note that the above expression is for ideal condition and is known as
theoretical discharge.
C
d
is the coefficient of venturimeter and its value is always less then 1.
1 2
2 2
1 2
2
actual d
A A
Q C gh
A A
=
=
= +
where h is the differential head.
Let A
0
is the area of the orifice.
Coefficient of contraction,
2
0
c
A
C
A
=
By continuity equation, we have
1 1 2 2
0
1 2
1
c
Av A v
A C
v v
A
=
=
Hence,
2 2 2
0 2
2
2
1
2
2
2
0
2
1
2
2
1
c
c
A C v
v gh
A
gh
v
A
C
A
= +
=
Thus, discharge,
0
2 2 2 0
2
2
0
2
1
2
1
c
c
c
A C gh
Q A v v A C
A
C
A
= = =
If C
d
is the co-efficient of discharge for orifice meter, which is defined as
2
0
2
1
A
A
2
1
2
2
0
2
1
2
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
1
1
1
1
d c
c
c
c d
A
C C
A
C
A
A
C
A
C C
A
A
=
Hence,
0 1
2 2
1 0
2
d
A A gh
Q C
A A
=