Engineering 5003 - Ship Structures I

Lab#1 Introduction to ANSYS Finite Element Analysis

By C. Daley

Overview
ANSYS is a general purpose program, capable of numerical simulation of a variety of physical problems. The types of problems include solid mechanics, thermal, electromagnetic and fluid dynamics. The focus in this introduction will be on solid mechanics and structural behavior. We will be demonstrating with the release 13.0. ANSYS has existed as a program for many years (decades). However, it has been updated significantly over the years, and is now very much more advanced in capability. The user interface is a modern GUI that looks similar to many CAD packages. ANSYS includes a master program called Workbench, that lets the user set up a project and keep all aspects of the simulation together and connected. From Workbench the user opens various pre- and postprocessors that allow the user to describe the problem, specify the type and aspects of the simulation and review the results. ANSYS is like a physical laboratory, where experiments can be constructed, tested and measured.

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ANSYS Model #1 simple cantilever Step 1: describe and sketch the problem: In this first example we will model a simple steel cantilever, to see how the simple structure responds to load. The problem is sketched below.

The problem description is as follows: Geometry: 1200 x 180 x 10 mm Load: Supports: Material: Units: 18000 N applied at the end of the cantilever in the string direction the base is fixed in all degrees of freedom, all other boundaries are free. Steel, with E = 200GPa (2e11 N/m2) N, m, Pa

Step 2: estimate expected results (analytically): The bar has the following properties: Moment of inertia : Section Modulus: Base Bending Moment: Maximum deflection: I = 1/12 t h3 = 10 x 1803 /12 = 4.860e06 mm4 Z = I/(h/2) = 54000 mm3 M = 18000 x 1200 N-mm d=FL3/(3 EI) = 10 mm

Maximum stress (at base): sig = M/Z = 400 N/mm2 or MPa

It is likely that the ANSYS results will be close to these, but not exactly the same. The % error will depend on the assumptions, but differences of say +- 10% would not be unusual. ANSYS considers effects that are not in the analytical calculation, such as shear deformation, and includes various numerical approximations. It is an essential part of engineering analysis and design to cross check results and compare assumptions.

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Step 3: open ANSYS Workbench 13.0 and create a project 1) First, save the (empty) project as Cantilever1.wbpj 2) The left hand window shows a set of analysis type options. Select Static Structural and drag the icon to the right, placing it in the Project Schematic window.

The Workbench user interface, with a Static Structural analysis set selected. Step4: open Geometry and create the CAD model 1) By Clicking Geometry in the Project window, ANSYS will open a CAD modeling program called Design Modeler. 2) Select Millimeter length unit for the model. 3) You now see this window:

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The main window (slightly shaded and titled Graphics) is where the CAD model will be displayed. The left side (Tree Outline on white background) lists the components in the model (initially just 3 drawing planes and no bodies or parts). This window has another tab at the bottom called sketching. Click it now. 4) The Sketching window lets you do 2D sketching on a selected plane:

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The sketching window lets the user create and edit a variety of 2D geometric objects. This is part of creating a sketch from which 3D objects can be made.

5) Select the rectangle tool click the LOOK AT icon

and sketch a rectangle, taller than wide (you may

);

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6) Click the Dimension tab (below Modify), and using the General dimension tool, select the right side of the rectangle and drag a dimension a bit to the right. Do the same for the top. You will now see something like (a) below. In this case H5 is the width of the rectangle and V1 is the height. Notice that the actual dimensions are shown in the Details View at the lower left. You can directly type the dimensions you want and update the height and width of the rectangle. So type in a height of 180, and a thickness of 10mm. as in (b) below.

(a)

(b)

7) To create a solid bar, hit the extrude icon

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8) Then hit Generate, and change view to isometric. You will see the solid bar in grey. This is all we need to do in the DesignModeler for now. (if the extrude distance is not correct , you can select the Extrude component in the upper left window and edit its value in the lower left. Then hit the button.

Step4: open Model and create the Finite Element model

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1) Return to the ANSYS window, and click on the Model feature in the Project window.

This will start the ANSYS Mechanical program, to setup the actual finite element model. 2) The Mechanical window looks like this; On the right is the model geometry, but with no mesh or loads yet. On the left is a list of the model features that have to be set. By default, the material to be used will be structural steel. We can skip the Coordinate Systems and Mesh for now. The program will use defaults. We do have to set the loads and supports (if we would hit solve now, the program would fail and give us an error)

3) First we will set the support conditions at the base of the cantilever.
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You will need to bring the back of the bar into view. You can use these tools. Rotate, pan, zoom smooth, zoom select and zoom all: With the face that you want to fix in view, you need to insert a fixed support. To do this right-click on the Static Structural component in the left hand Outline window. This will open a sub menu. Move the mouse over Insert and a 2nd submenu opens. Select Fixed Support (see below).

Make sure the face select option is on (in the menu bar at the top of the screen): Point, line, face and body selector: Now when you move the mouse over model in the main window, various faces will be temporarily selected. Select the slender end face of the bar. The face will turn green. You are not done yet. You need to click the Apply button on the lower left to confirm that you want fixity applied to the selected face.

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Now the Fixed Support is added to the outline tree, with a check mark to indicate that all is ok and up to date. When it is selected, the support is shown in the main window and in the details window. It can be later deleted or edited (moved) by selecting it in the outline tree.

4) Next we add the 18kN force to the free end of the bar. Again right click on Static Structural in the Outline tree, select Insert, Force.

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Select the line that defines the top-end corner of the bar, and click Apply. Then type 18000 into the Magnitude cell (shown in yellow until given a value) in the lower left. By default, the program picks a direction for the force and draws an arrow. You may need to select the Click to Change box under the Magnitude box. Define the direction of the force by selecting another line or face to show direction. Keep selecting until the arrow points where you want it to. Then hit Apply.

5) There should be no question marks left in the Outline Tree, with some lightning bolts (see below). You can solve the model now, but first we will specify what information we want to plot (this could also be done after solution).

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6) To specify output, right click on Solution in the tree, and select Insert, then Stress, then Equivalent Stress. Do the same to select Total Deformation.

7) Hit the

button in the menu at the top of the screen.

8) When you select the Equivalent Stress under Solution in the tree, the von-Mises equivalent stresses will be plotted on the deformed shape. The max stress is 3.8788e8, which is in Pa. This is 388 MPa, reasonably close to our simple estimate of 400MPa. If you click on Total Deformation, it shows a max value of .0109, or 10.9 mm, compared with our estimate of 10 mm. These values are reasonably close to the simple analytical estimates. Which value do you think is more correct? 9) Examine the equivalent stress plot (next page). There are very localized stresses at the tip under the load. Are these correct? The pattern of stresses near the base of the cantilever look slightly odd. What looks odd? Why?

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Self Study Exercises:

Student:______________

For each of these exercises, modify the model that you have developed above to explore the model behavior and answer the questions given. Show the instructor your results and make sure that it is recorded that you have completed the exercises. Exercise #1 Refine the mesh. The default mesh results in only 3 bricks across the 180mm web. So the elements are about 60x60x10mm. Set the mesh size to 20mm and compare the results. Do this by inserting a sizing control in the mesh part of the project.

Deflection at end deflection at end [mm]: Eqv. Stress at base [MPa] Eqv.Stress at end [MPa] Comment: (how does this illustrate St.Venants Principle ?)

60mm mesh

20mm mesh

Ex#1 Initials of Instructor

_________

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Exercise #2 Redo the analysis using plate elements. Start by returning to Design Modeler and modifying the CAD. Create a new sketch beside the rectangle. Draw a line 180mm high and extrude it 1200mm. You will now have a plane that will be meshed as a plane, as the web of the beam. There are several things that you need to do to make this work, but in the end you can create two beams, practically identical, but one made from brick elements, while the other is made from plate elements, as shown below.

brick

shell

Deflection at end deflection at end [mm]: Eqv. Stress at base [MPa] Eqv.Stress at end [MPa] Comment:

20mm mesh brick

20mm mesh shell

Ex#2 Initials of Instructor

_________

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