1.

Sources and Struture

1.1. Sources

The molecule N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester is commonly referred to as 'Noopept', and is a synthetic molecule in the Racetams class; in Russia (home of the patent holder it is also referred to as !""#$#% or &'S-111. (t )as synthesi*ed in 1++,-1. and )as /ased off of the endogenous neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine-0.-1. and is said to /e an2iolytic and mildly psychostimulatory )hile promoting cogniti3e health and memory.-4.

(t is commonly said to /e 1555-fold as potent as 6iracetam (deri3ed from the a/stract of a &erman re3ie)-7. although else)here it has /een claimed to /e more 3aria/le, at some)here /et)een 055 and 75,555 )hen comparing the t)o molecules on a dose-perdose /asis.-,. 8n a structural /asis, Noopept is a dipeptide con9ugate of 6iracetam.

Noopept is a )ater-solu/le proline containing dipeptide structure, and )hile it per se is not detecta/le in serum e3en after high in9ected concentrations-:. it increases concentrations of ;ycloprolylglycine and, as such, is a ;ycloprolylglycine pro-drug.

Noopept is a synthetic racetam structure that is a ;ycloprolylglycine pro-drug, )ith /ioacti3ities of Noopept /eing related to increased ;ycloprolylglycine concentrations

<dit0. 6harmacology

0.1. =/sorption and Serum

>espite most animal e3idence using in9ections as a method of administration, Noopept appears to ha3e /ioacti3ity follo)ing oral ingestion in humans.-4. (t can cross the gastrointestinal tract in rats follo)ing an oral dose of 75mg?@g, )here it possesses a Tma2 of 5.11, hours (: minutes and reaches a ;ma2 of 5.A0mcg?mL in serum; the

authors noted that the serum concentrations and e2cretion @inetics of 75mg?@g oral Noopept ri3alled that of 7mg?@g in9ections.-A.

Bhen loo@ing at /rain concentrations, the ;ma2 of 75mg?@g in rats after oral ingestion (human eCui3alent of Amg?@g reaches 1.0A+mcg?mL at a Tma2 of 5.117 hours (: minutes ; due to the lac@ of difference /et)een serum and neural concentrations it is said Noopept can easily cross the /lood /rain /arrier.-A.

The half-life of Noopept is around 1, minutes in rats-A. although this study is limted as it did not assess serum le3els of the currently thought /ioacti3e cycloprolylglycine;-A. the meta/olites are thought to /e 3ital as Noopept is not /eing detecta/le in serum 07 minutes follo)ing oral ingestion, effects have been noted on brain wave function for over 70 minutes (follo)ing in9ections, )hich ha3e similar e2cretion @inetics .-+. Durthermore, there appear to /e interspecies differences )ith rats ha3ing more rapid meta/olism of Noopept in serum relati3e to humans.-15.

8ral ingestion of Noopept results in a 3ery rapid a/sorption and meta/olism of Noopept, although the @inetics of meta/olites ()hich are thought to /e /ioacti3e is not yet @no)n

= true /ioa3aila/ility study has not /een conducted, although it appears that an oral dose is a/out the eCui3alent of one tenth an in9ected dose (15E /ioa3aila/ility

0.0. Feta/olism

The ma9or meta/olite of administered Noopept appears to /e structurally similar to the endogeous neurodipeptide @no)n as ;ycloprolylglycine (6roline and &lycine in a cyclic configuration . Noopept per se is not reliably detectable in serum[7] as it is rapidly metabolized within 25 minutes of oral ingestion.-A. =dditionally, cycloprolylglycine itself has nootropic potential )hen in9ected, although to a lesser degree than Noopept. -11.

(n 3itro, the con3ersion of Noopept to cycloprolylglycine ()hich increased 0.4-fold in neural tissue follo)ing 7mg?@g in9ections, from 0.Anmol?g to ,.:nmol?g )et /rain )eight

appeared to also occur in neural slices )hich the authors hypothesi*ed )as due to deacetylation to phenylacetic acid and spontaneous reconfiguation into cycloprolylglycine; this )as not outright demonstrated in this study, and no serum phenylacetic acid )as detected.-:.

;urrently thought that Noopept acts as a pro-drug for cycloprolylglycine and that the latter molecule e2erts a deal of the /enefits o/ser3ed )ith supplementation

Go)e3er, one study has noted that )hile in9ections and oral ingestion of Noopept (5.7mg?@g and 15mg?@g respecti3ely )ere a/le to confer an anti-amnesiac effect that appears to /uild up o3er su/chronic loading for + days, that in9ections of cycloprolylglycine did not ha3e a /uildup effect.-11. This study noted that the 75E of rats e2periencing an increase in memory from the latter drug )as decreased to 11E after nine days of loading, )hich may /e associated )ith impairment of memory retrie3al )ith the latter.-11.-10.

Fay not ha3e 155E similarity to cycloprolylglycine administration, as Noopept has /een associated )ith a su/chronic /uildup effect )hereas cycloprolylglycine has not

<dit1. Neurology

1.1. Fechanisms

(t has /een noted that 6iracetam and Noopept display similar <<& patterns.-+.

Noopept (5.0mg?@g has /een noted to increase spindle-li@e acti3ity and alpha )a3e function in all tested /rain regions (rat data similar to 6iracetam (455mg?@g )hile in the right corte2 and hippocampus a greater increase in /eta 1 )a3e function decrease of the delta function )as noted )ith Noopept.-+. Bhile all these effects )ere a/olished )ith the NF>= antagonist 1-(0-car/o2ypipera*in-4-yl propyl-1-phosphonic acid (;66 for 6iracetam, they )ere attenuated for Noopept at the same concentration of ;66 (5.1nF; 1nF )as a/le to a/olish the effects of Noopept and chronic in9ections of Noopept

appeared to /e assocaited )ith increased /eta function spreading to the )hole /rain rather than locali*ed.-+. =nother study assessing comparati3e potency of 6iracetam and Noopept found that, in animals su/9ect to amnesia 3ia electic shoc@ that more animals e2perienced cogniti3e enhancement )ith Noopept at an oral dose of 15mg?@g (:5E )ith an acute dose, +5E )ith nine days of dosing than did 055mg?@g 6iracetam (71E and 7:E respecti3ely .-11.

;omparati3ely, follo)ing in9ections 6iracetam produced Cuic@er /ut shorter li3ed effects (acti3e )ithin 15 minutes and lasting for 45 relati3e to Noopept (acti3e in 15, still acti3e at :5 .-+.

=ppears to /e similar in mechanisms as to 6iracetam at much lo)er concentrations )hen loo@ing at )hole /rain function (<<& , and may /e more long lasting in its effects; NF>= receptors appear to /e related to the effects of Noopept

1.0. Femory and ;ogniti3e >ecline

Fechanistically, single doses of noopept at 5.7mg?@g (as )ell as 0A days of chronic dosing at the same dose noted increases in /oth N&D and HN>D mRN= concentrations in the rat hippocampus, )ith a greater relati3e increase in N&D and no apparent tolerance de3eloping o3er 0A days.-11. The authors hypothesi*ed that the increase in these factors (neurotrophin factors is associated )ith chronic impro3ement in memory associated )ith Noopept, as some trials noted greater impro3ements follo)ing chronic dosing (rats-14. and humans-4. )hile neurotrophins are @no)n to /e associated )ith long-term memory enhancement.-17.

=dditionally, it has /een noted that Noopept (in 3itro appears to ha3e a 'cholinosensiti*ing' effect-11. as in isolated neurons from heli2 pomatia that Noopept (15pF-1IF concentration range; or 15-, to 15-11F stimulated the reaction to microiontophoretic deli3ery of acetylcholine to the neuron.-17.

8ne study has noted species-dependent effects in mice, )here H=LH?c mice (;7:HL?,J and >H=?0J unaffected e2perienced impro3ements in long-term memory and in a test on the a/ility to e2trapolate the direction of a stimuli there )ere /enefits associated )ith Noopept in /oth ;7:HL?,J and H=LH?c strains, /ut again no effect in >H=?0J mice.-1,.

>H= mice are @no)n to ha3e a cholinergic deficit-1:. as )ell as alterations in hippocampal formation and function.-1A.-1+.

T)o possi/le mechanisms of action for enhancing cognition are a sensiti*ing effect on acetylcholine processes or induction of neurotrophin production, /oth of )hich theoretically enhance memory formation

(n mice, it has /een noted (from unpu/lished results, cited in this study-:. that ma2imal learning influence on other)ise healthy rats occurs 1 hour prior to the learning acti3ity. This timing scheme has /een noted else)here )ith efficacy, although in application to in9ections.-05. =t least one study, ho)e3er, has noted that acute administration of Noopept 04 hours after a learning process is still associated )ith a degree of memory enhancement in rats.-7.

(n studies loo@ing at dose-response and oral ingestion, in rats )here amnesia )as induced 3ia electroshoc@ therapy it )as noted that oral ingestion of 5.7mg?@g )as associated )ith memory retention as )as 15mg?@g, /ut an oral inta@e of 1.0mg?@g and 15mg?@g )ere /oth )ithout effect; the pattern appeared to /e /imodal, and the t)o effecti3e rat oral doses correlated to an estimated human dose of 5.5Amg?@g and 1.,mg?@g respecti3ely ()ith 1.0mg?@g correlating to 5.1+0mg?@g .-11.

(n9ections (in rats appear to /e used acutely one hour prior to learning tas@s )ith efficacy, although it does not appear that this is an outright prereCuisite for cogniti3e enhancement. (n regards to dosing, there appears to /e a /iphasic pattern of efficacy

5.51mg?@g in9ections of Noopept for 01 days in rats has failed to increase memory in other)ise healthy rats, /ut appeared to restore memory in rats su/9ect to a /ul/ectomy (remo3al of olfactory /ul/ .-05. This restorati3e effect on memory has /een noted in rats su/9ect to compression damage (research model of concussion ,-01.-00. in stro@e-10. and cere/ral hypo2ia,-01.-04. o2idati3e stress,-07.-01. scopolamine (cholinergic to2in in9ections-0,. and )ith usage of anticholinergics,-14. e2citoto2icity 3ia glutamate,-01. prefrontal corte2 photothrom/osis,-0:.-0A. and in a /ilateral frontal lo/ectomy.-0+. 6rotecti3e effects, at least on o2idati3e damage, ha3e /een noted at concentrations in the nanomolar range (15nF although the (;75 appears higher (1.0:mF .-07.

8ne rat study has noted that, similar to 6iracetam, administration of Noopept to other)ise healthy rat pups (A-05 days of age results in an impairment of memory formation (declarati3e and procedural )ithout influencing locomotion.-15.

83er the course of 7, days of treatment in persons )ith cere/ro3ascular insufficiency, Noopept at 05mg is more effecti3e than 1055mg 6iracetam in impro3ing glo/al FFS< scores and )as effecti3e in persons )ith post-tramautic cere/ral insufficiency (6iracetam )as only effecti3e in those )ith 3ascular disease and not trauma patients .-4.

'ery general neuroprotecti3e effects in research animals (usually rodents gi3en Noopept in9ections, and this has /een replicated in one human study )ith 05mg oral Noopept; these studies mostly report a unanimous impro3ement in memory (secondary to reducing the decline seen )ith /rain damage although no studies currently e2ist on other)ise healthy humans or animals using Noopept for cogniti3e enhancement (ie. Noopept ta@en in a model not characteri*ed /y /rain damage

1.1. =n2iety

Fechanistically, 8ne study assessing hippocampal cells in 3itro measurings inhi/itory postsynaptic currents ((6S;s noted that )hile Noopept (1IF increased spontaneous (6S; amplitude and freCuency (0,+K?-1+E )hich )as thought to /e due to direct depolari*ation of inhi/itory synaptic transmission (as Noopept did not affect currents e3o@ed /y rapid application of &=H= or glutamate .-11. This )as thought to /e related to an2iety /y the authors due to a high concentration of /en*odia*epine receptors in the hippocampus-10. and an2iety /eing related to the hippocampus.-11.

=t least one study suspects that an increase of tonic inhi/ition in the hippocampus may /e related to the o/ser3ed an2iolytic effects of Noopept

Noopept's ma9or meta/olite appears to induce an an2iolytic effect in rodents as assessed /y an ele3ated ma*e plus test at the in9ected dose of 5.57mg?@g (5.1mg?@g appeared less effecti3e and 5.0mg?@g )as ineffecti3e -1. )here only the L-isomer is acti3e and the >-isomer is )holly inacti3e.-1.

(n humans, one study-4. in3estigated 71 persons )ith cogniti3e ailment (1: )ith 3ascular cere/ral damage and 1: )ith post-tramautic damage; 41 finishing the trial at t)o daily doses of 15mg compared to the acti3e control of 6iracetam (1055mg daily o3er 7, days noted uni3ersal impro3ement on parameters of 3ascular cere/ral damage and impro3ement on half of measured parameters of trauma. Datigue, an2iety, irrita/ility, apathy, and affecti3e la/ility )ere impro3ed in /oth groups )hile further /enefits )ere noted on mood, sleep, and )a@efullness in those )ith cogniti3e ailment stemming from 3ascular damage.-4. Noopept )as more effecti3e o3er 7, days in impro3ing the FFS< score relati3e to 6iracetam, )hile it )as effecti3e in post-trauma patients (6iracetam )as not although )hen comparing all scores on FFS<, H6RS, and ;;S< there )as no significant difference.-4.

=ppears to ha3e an2iolytic properties, )hich ha3e /een demonstrated in other)ise normal rats /ut not yet in other)ise healthy humans (has /een confirmed in humans )ho may ha3e increased an2iety secondary to cogniti3e degeneration

1.4. >epression

T)o animal studies ha3e noted that Noopept is associated )ith a/olishing the effects of learned helplessness in rats at 5.57-5.15mg?@g in9ections,-14.-17. )hich is thought to /e a model of depression as it is related to e2traneous factors. ;urrently, the only study in humans assessing depression noted that in persons )ith cogniti3e in9ury there )as less depressi3e symptoms associated )ith 05mg Noopept for 7, days as assessed /y FFS<, H6RS, and ;;S<.-4.

T)o animal studies suggest that an anti-depressi3e effect may occur, /ut this has not /een thoroughly e3aluated

1.7. =l*heimer's and 6ar@inson's

(n 3itro, Noopept appears to accelerate the fi/rilli*ation rates of L-synuclein (the one day lag phase seen in 3itro )ithout Noopept )as eliminated in a concentration dependent manner (molar ratios of Noopept to L-synuclein and appeared to influence a M-sheet formation of L-synuclein.-,. >irect /inding )ith monomeric L-synuclein did not seem apparent.

Bhen assessing the cytoto2icity of L-synuclein upon SG-SN7N neuro/lastoma cells, Noopept at a 1O1 ratio or ten-fold greater appeared to a/olish L-synuclein-induced cytoto2icity )ithout per se affecting 3ia/ility.-,. ;ell necrosis as assessed /y propidium iodide and =nne2in ' appeared to /e normali*ed to healthy control cells under the influence of Noopept, )hile necrosis )as e3idenct in L-synuclein control as )as associated )ith less R8S production in cells.-,. =n increase in immunostaining of prefi/rill proteins, /ut not to lyso*yme amyloid nor S155/, has /een noted in 3i3o in rats in9ected )ith 5.51mg?@g Noopept for 01 days.-05.

6roduction of M-sheet formation is generally seen as protecti3e as alternate formations such as the oligomeric and protofi/rillar species are more cytoto2ic to neurons.-1,.-1:. -1A. Shorter species may also induce necrotic cell death-1+. )hile Noopept appears to influence longer fi/ril formation.-,.

(n 3itro, Noopept appears to influence fi/rilli*ation of L-synuclein to)ards M-sheets and a)ay from oligomeric formation )hile promoting fi/ril length; the cumulati3e effect of )hich is less cytoto2ic formations of these protein structures and more relati3e cell 3ia/ility

Noopept has /een found to increase immunoreacti3ity to =M amyloid in an =l*heimer's disease mice model follo)ing olfactory /ul/ectomy operation-05. and in an animal model of =l*heimer's >isease (/eta-amyloid07-17 in9ection in9ections of 5.7mg?@g Noopept for : days prior to treatment fully pre3ented amnesiac properties of the amyloid in9ections; some reha/ilitati3e effects )ere noted )hen Noopept )as administered after amyloid. -45.

Some /ioacti3ity and protecti3e effects ha3e /een noted in rats gi3en Noopept, although there is currently no study assessing the potency relati3e to a reference drug

1.,. <2citation

Noopept has /een claimed to ha3e a su/tle psychostimulatory effect.

(n isolated synaptoneurosomes, Noopept (as )ell as the endogenous peptide cycloprolylglycine appear to modulate neuronal mem/rane potential, causing depolari*ation /ut and /eing a/le induce hyperpolari*ation in a calcium-dependent manner (hyperpolari*ation a/olished in calcium-free medium ; Noopept )as more effecti3e than cycloprolylglycine in this regard /ut the t)o )ere competiti3e rather than additi3e.-41. The researchers noted this effect could /e due to /loc@ing calcium channels (noted pre3iously in snail neurons-40. )here 15nF Noopept as )ell as /oth 6iracetam at 155mF and 'inpocetine at 15mF at inhi/iting slo) inacti3ating potassium channels )ithout influencing calcium or fast acting potassium channels-41. and )ould result in increased e2citatory potential of neurons. Go)e3er, as Noopept is also associated )ith protection against stro@e (a mechanism related to opening potassium channels a modulatory effect )as proposed.-41.

Gas /een noted to cause neuronal e2citation, )hich may /e related to the reported psychostimulatory effect; /eyond this limited e3idence there is not too much assessment of the stimulatory effect of Noopept

<dit4. (nflammation and (mmunology

4.1. Fechanisms

8ne study has noted that Noopept in9ections (5.7-15mg?@g is a/le to augment the phagocytic inde2 of macrophages and increased splenocyte proliferation (:5.4E relati3e to control; enhanced T-cell proliferation )as noted only )ith chronic dosing for se3en days and to the degree of 1,.0E.-44.

Noopept )as noted to reduce immunosuppression induce /y cyclophosphamide,-44. )hich )as thought /y the authors to possi/ly /e related to protecti3e effects against stro@e due to a stro@e inducing apoptosis of some immune cells.-47.

Some interactions )ith the immune system, fairly une2plored, and may interact )ith protecti3e effects on cognition

<dit7. Safety and To2icity

7.1. &eneral

(n a comparati3e study, although /oth treatments )ere generally )ell tolerated there )as a reported 1.A-fold less side-effects associated )ith 05mg Noopept relati3e to 1055mg 6iracetam despite /oth treatments /eing effecti3e in reducing symptoms of cogniti3e in9ury.-4. Scientific Support P Reference ;itations References

Synthesis and antiamnesic acti3ity of a series of N-acylprolyl containing dipeptides Synthesis and antiamnesic acti3ity of a series of N-acylprolyl containing dipeptides &udashe3a T=, et al. =n2iolytic acti3ity of endogenous nootropic dipeptide cycloprolylglycine in ele3ated plus-ma*e test. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (0551 Ne*namo3 &&, Telesho3a <S. ;omparati3e studies of Noopept and piracetam in the treatment of patients )ith mild cogniti3e disorders in organic /rain diseases of 3ascular and traumatic origin. Neurosci Heha3 6hysiol. (055+ 8stro3s@aia RQ, et al. The original no3el nootropic and neuroprotecti3e agent noopept. <@sp Rlin Darma@ol. (0550 Jia S, et al. Neuroprotecti3e and nootropic drug noopept rescues L-synuclein amyloid cytoto2icity. J Fol Hiol. (0511 &udashe3a T=, et al. The ma9or meta/olite of dipeptide piracetam analogue &'S-111 in rat /rain and its similarity to endogenous neuropeptide cyclo-L-prolylglycine. <ur J >rug Feta/ 6harmaco@inet. (1++: Hoi@o SS, et al. 6harmaco@inetics of ne) nootropic acylprolyldipeptide and its penetration across the /lood-/rain /arrier after oral administration. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (0555 'oro/yo3 ', et al. <ffects of nootropics on the <<& in conscious rats and their modification /y glutamatergic inhi/itors. Hrain Res Hull. (0511 (nterspecies differences of noopept pharmaco@inetics

8stro3s@aya RQ, et al. 6roline-containing dipeptide &'S-111 retains nootropic acti3ity after oral administration. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (0551 8stro3s@aya RQ, et al. Femory restoring and neuroprotecti3e effects of the prolinecontaining dipeptide, &'S-111, in a photochemical stro@e model. Heha3 6harmacol. (1+++ 8stro3s@aya RQ, et al. Noopept stimulates the e2pression of N&D and H>ND in rat hippocampus. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (055A Radiono3a RS, Helni@ =6, 8stro3s@aya RQ. 8riginal nootropic drug noopept pre3ents memory deficit in rats )ith muscarinic and nicotinic receptor /loc@ade. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (055A Tyler BJ, et al. Drom acCuisition to consolidationO on the role of /rain-deri3ed neurotrophic factor signaling in hippocampal-dependent learning. Learn Fem. (0550 Hel'ni@ =6, 8stro3s@aya RQ, 6oletae3a ((. &enotype-dependent characteristics of /eha3ior in mice in cogniti3e tests. The effects of Noopept. Neurosci Heha3 6hysiol. (055+ Qpchurch F, Behner JF. (nheritance of spatial learning a/ility in in/red miceO a classical genetic analysis. Heha3 Neurosci. (1+A+ 6assino <, et al. &enetic approach to 3aria/ility of memory systemsO analysis of place 3s. response learning and fos-related e2pression in hippocampal and striatal areas of ;7:HL?, and >H=?0 mice. Gippocampus. (0550 Sch)egler G, et al. Bater-ma*e learning in the mouse correlates )ith 3ariation in hippocampal morphology. Heha3 &enet. (1+AA 8stro3s@aya RQ, et al. The nootropic and neuroprotecti3e proline-containing dipeptide noopept restores spatial memory and increases immunoreacti3ity to amyloid in an =l*heimer's disease model. J 6sychopharmacol. (055: Romano3a &=, et al. =ntiamnesic effect of acyl-prolyl-containing dipeptide (&'S-111 in compression-induced damage to frontal corte2. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (0555 =ntiamnesic effect of acyl-prolyl-containing dipeptide (&'S-111 in compressioninduced damage to frontal corte2 =ndree3a N=, et al. Neuroprotecti3e properties of nootropic dipeptide &'S-111 in in 3itro o2ygen-glucose depri3ation, glutamate to2icity and o2idati3e stress. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (0555 Taru/ina (', Sha/ano3 6>. Noopept reduces the postischemic functional and meta/olic disorders in the /rain of rats )ith different sensiti3ity to hypo2ia. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (055+

6elsman =, et al. &'S-111 pre3ents o2idati3e damage and apoptosis in normal and >o)n's syndrome human cortical neurons. (nt J >e3 Neurosci. (0551 Helni@ =6, 8stro3s@aya RQ, 6oletae3a ((. >ipeptide preparation Noopept pre3ents scopolamine-induced deficit of spatial memory in H=LH?c mice. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (055: Romano3a &=, et al. (mpairment of learning and memory after photothrom/osis of the prefrontal corte2 in rat /rainO effects of Noopept. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (0550 Romano3a &=, et al. Relationship /et)een changes in rat /eha3ior and integral /iochemical inde2es determined /y laser correlation spectroscopy after photothrom/osis of the prefrontal corte2. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (0554 8stro3s@aya RQ, et al. The no3el su/stituted acylproline-containing dipeptide, &'S111, promotes the restoration of learning and memory impaired /y /ilateral frontal lo/ectomy in rats. Heha3 6harmacol. (1++: Trofimo3 SS, 'oronina T=, &u*e3aty@h LS. <arly postnatal effects of noopept and piracetam on declarati3e and procedural memory of adult male and female rats. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (0557 Rondraten@o R', >ere3yagin '(, S@re/its@y '&. No3el nootropic dipeptide Noopept increases inhi/itory synaptic transmission in ;=1 pyramidal cells. Neurosci Lett. (0515 Du2e R, et al. &=H= and /en*odia*epine receptors. Studies on their locali*ation in the hippocampus and their interaction )ith central dopamine neurons in the rat /rain. =d3 Hiochem 6sychopharmacol. (1+A1 Hertoglio LJ, Joca SR, &uimarUes DS. Durther e3idence that an2iety and memory are regionally dissociated )ithin the hippocampus. Heha3 Hrain Res. (055, Qyanae3 ==, Disen@o '6, Rhitro3 NR. <ffect of noopept and afo/a*ole on the de3elopment of neurosis of learned helplessness in rats. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (0551 Qyanae3 ==, Disen@o '6. Studies of long-term noopept and afo/a*ol treatment in rats )ith learned helplessness neurosis. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (055, Q3ers@y 'N. =lpha-synuclein misfolding and neurodegenerati3e diseases. ;urr 6rotein 6ept Sci. (055A Tamotin ', et al. ;ytoto2icity of al/e/etin oligomers depends on cross-/eta-sheet formation. D<HS Lett. (055, Falisaus@as F, et al. >oes the cytoto2ic effect of transient amyloid oligomers from common eCuine lyso*yme in 3itro imply innate amyloid to2icity. J Hiol ;hem. (0557 Sue BD, et al. Di/ril fragmentation in amyloid assem/ly and cytoto2icityO )hen si*e matters. 6rion. (0515

8stro3s@aya RQ, Helni@ =6, Storo*he3a T(. Noopept efficiency in e2perimental =l*heimer disease (cogniti3e deficiency caused /y /eta-amyloid07-17 in9ection into Feynert /asal nuclei of rats . Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (055A Lutsen@o 'R, 'u@olo3a FN, &udashe3a T=. ;yclopropyl glycine and prolinecontaining preparation noopept e3o@e t)o types of mem/rane potential responses in synaptoneurosomes. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (0551 Solntse3a <(, et al. The effects of piracetam and its no3el peptide analogue &'S-111 on neuronal 3oltage-gated calcium and potassium channels. &en 6harmacol. (1++: Hu@ano3a J', Solntse3a <(, S@re/its@y '&. Selecti3e suppression of the slo)inacti3ating potassium currents /y nootropics in molluscan neurons. (nt J Neuropsychopharmacol. (0550 Ro3alen@o L6, et al. (mmunopharmacological properties of noopept. Hull <2p Hiol Fed. (055: 6rass R, et al. Stro@e-induced immunodeficiency promotes spontaneous /acterial infections and is mediated /y sympathetic acti3ation re3ersal /y poststro@e T helper cell type 1-li@e immunostimulation. J <2p Fed. (0551

(;ommon misspellings for Noopept include noopep, noopet

(;ommon phrases used /y users for this page include the noopept fro ru, rnoopept al*heimer, optimum cognition noopept re3ie), noopept studying, noopept /enefits and side effects, noopept as a daily supplement

(Qsers )ho contri/uted to this page include RurtisDran@, Fpatterson+7: