An Assessment of Opportunities and 2009 IFC Constraints in The Logistics Industry in Pakistan

Pakistan Logistics
2009
Constraints Analysis
MENA Logistics
An Assessment of Opportunities and Constraints in the Logistics Industry in Pakistan
Idom Consulting 31/7/2009
Pakistan Logistics
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1. 2. 3.
Objective and Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 6 The Logistics Sector at a Glance .................................................................................................................................. 8 3.1 3.2 3.3 Importance of the Logistics Sector .................................................................................................................... 8 Composition and Characteristics of Pakistans Transport Market .................................................................. 10 Where in the Value Chain Are Logistical Weaknesses?................................................................................... 11
4.
Road Transport ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 Road Infrastructure Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 14 Road Services Assessment .............................................................................................................................. 15 Road Transport Recommendations................................................................................................................. 17 Improve the Operation of the National Trade Corridor (NTC) .................................................................... 17 Improve Regulation of the Transport and Trade Sector ............................................................................. 18 Support Incentives for the Renewal of Fleets in the Freight Transport Sector ........................................... 19 Reshape Current Truck Insurance Schemes ................................................................................................ 19
5.
Maritime Transport .................................................................................................................................................. 20 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 Maritime Infrastructure Assessment .............................................................................................................. 20 Maritime Services Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 21 Maritime Transport Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 22 Liberalize the Maritime Transport Industry ................................................................................................ 22 Quality Assurance Programs ....................................................................................................................... 23
6.
Rail Transport............................................................................................................................................................ 25 6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 Rail Infrastructure and Services Assessment................................................................................................... 25 Rail Transport Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 26 Promote PPP Initiatives for the Development of the Rail Network ............................................................ 26 Introduce Modern Management Techniques in Pakistan Railways Freight Division ................................. 27
7.
Air Transport ............................................................................................................................................................. 28 7.1 Air Infrastructure and Services Assessment .................................................................................................... 28
Pakistan Logistics
Table of Contents
7.2 7.2.1 8.
Air Transport Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 29 Pun in Practice Vision 2030 Policies ........................................................................................................ 29
Other Logistical Infrastructure .................................................................................................................................. 30 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 Freight Villages ................................................................................................................................................ 30 Reefer Storage ................................................................................................................................................. 31 Trading Spaces ................................................................................................................................................ 31 Logistical Infrastructure Recommendations ................................................................................................... 31 Development of Public-Private Trans-Freight Stations and Reefer Storage Areas ..................................... 31 Development of Wholesale Central Markets .............................................................................................. 32
9.
Cross-Cutting Issues .................................................................................................................................................. 34 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 Logistical Education ......................................................................................................................................... 34 Customs and Inspection .................................................................................................................................. 35 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................... 36 Develop Logistic Training Modules ............................................................................................................. 36 Develop IT in Logistics Awareness Program: How Useful Is IT In My Supply Chain? ............................... 36 Customer-Oriented Approach in Customs .................................................................................................. 37
10. 11. 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5
Conclusion and Going Forward ............................................................................................................................ 39 Annex ................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Acronyms......................................................................................................................................................... 40 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................... 42 List of Interviewees ......................................................................................................................................... 43 Projects Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 44 The Logistics of Citrus ...................................................................................................................................... 45
Pakistan Logistics
Table of Contents
Tables Index Table 1: Logistics Performance Index (LPI). Source: Doing Business, World Bank. ............................................................ 8 Table 2: Road network size (in km) in terms of a countrys area (in sq -km). Source: own analysis. ................................ 15 Table 3: Current projects in road infrastructure. Source: Ministry of Transport.............................................................. 15 Table 4: Current projects in maritime infrastructure. Source: KPT & PSA International. ................................................. 21 Table 5: Pakistan-Germany rail network size comparison. Source: Pakistan Railways, Eurostat and BMI. ..................... 25 Table 6: Pakistan-Germany rail network usage comparison. Source: Pakistan Railways, Eurostat and BMI. .................. 26 Table 7: Current projects in rail infrastructure. Source: Ministry of Railways. ................................................................. 26 Table 8: Fruits conservation temperature requirements and maximum life. Source: University of California. ............... 31
Figures Index Figure 1: LPI vs. GDP-PPP per capita. Source: Doing Business, World Bank. ...................................................................... 9 Figure 2: Pakistans Logistics Performance Index (LPI). Source: Doing Business, World Bank. .......................................... 9 Figure 3: Pakistans Logistic Sector Size. Source: Pakistan International Freight Forwarders Association estimation. ... 10 Figure 4: Transport mode split in terms of tons-km transported. Source: Business Monitor International + Eurostat. .. 10 Figure 5: Orange exports value chain. Source: own analysis from Doing Business and Trading across Borders data. .... 11 Figure 6: Orange exports lead times. Source: own analysis, Doing Business and Logistics Performance Index. ............. 12 Figure 7: Orange exports price structure. Source: local experts + interviews with orange exporters. ............................ 12 Figure 8: Pakistan National Motorways. Source: National Highway Authority (NHA)...................................................... 14 Figure 9: Container traffic at Pakistani ports (in 000 TEUs). Source: Drewry Consultants. .............................................. 20 Figure 10: Duration of customs procedures. Source: World Bank. .................................................................................. 35
Pakistan Logistics
Objective and Methodology
1. Objective and Methodology

IFC (International Finance Corporation), part of the World Bank Group (WBG), commissioned Idom Consulting to conduct an assessment of the logistics sector in Pakistan. The objective of the assessment was to identify priority issues along the logistical value-chain which constrain the competitiveness of the agro and time-sensitive manufacturing sector in Pakistan. The ultimate objective of this assessment is to provide recommendations as to how to remove critical sector constraints and open the sector for investments in order to further its development and ultimately strengthen private sector development in Pakistan. While extensive research on the transport and logistics sectors in the country already exists, this assessment is not intended to be a general revision of the already available sector data and information. Instead, this report seeks to produce findings and recommendations based on original analysis geared towards the stated objective. The assessment was conducted over a six-month period and was guided (but not limited to) the analysis of a case study. Initial desk research showed that in the perishable goods segment, citrus is one of Pakistans top commodities for both export and the domestic market. A detailed and extensive mapping and analysis of the logistic and value chains of citrus exports to European markets was conducted. The analysis focused on quantifying time and cost factors at each point of the logistics chain. The citrus logistic chain in Pakistan was then compared to that of a benchmark European Union (EU) country. Idom Consulting chose Spain, which is a top exporter of oranges and other time-sensitive commodities and has successfully undergone major developments in its logistics sector in the last 20 years. This was followed by extensive field work that comprised interviews with representatives at all levels of the logistics value chain. The field work and analysis was by no means limited to the citrus sector, and stakeholders in other sectors were consulted to ensure that findings and recommendations were applicable to other time-sensitive sectors. The initial field work and analysis was followed by a high profile focus group in Karachi. The goal of this focus group was to present, discuss and validate initial findings and prioritize them, and close information and data gaps. Participants came from various fields, including exporters of different sizes, retailers, freight forwarders, and shipping companies. These consultations in the field were followed by a questionnaire-based survey to confirm workshop conclusions and bring a more detailed in-depth analysis which produced final findings and recommendations. This report summarizes the main findings and provides recommendations on assistance needs in the logistics sector in order to further develop Pakistans logistics sector and attract investment.
Pakistan Logistics
Executive Summary
2. Executive Summary
Pakistans logistics is an important economic sector with significant growth and investment potential. It is also a key driver for private sector development, economic growth and overall development. There is a clear relationship between a countrys logistics performance, lead times and its export performance. Yet, a detailed analysis of the time-sensitive citrus value chain in Pakistan revealed that there were critical inefficiencies in the countrys logistics value chain, resulting in a 45 percent excess in export times (compared to Spain) and higher logistics costs (35-40 percent of retail price compared to 22 percent in Spain), leaving much room for improvements in the sector. This report provides a detailed analysis of the numerous obstacles in Pakistans logistics processes and provides recommendations for improvements on a sub-sector basis. Pakistans weak road transportation infrastructure and services were found to be the biggest challenge facing the industry. The main problem facing Pakistans road infrastructure is the critical situation of the National Trade Corridor (NTC), which faces severe capacity bottlenecks due to poor physical condition, the presence of non-motorized traffic, and the extensive commercial activities located along it. Road services suffer from a lack of trucking industry regulation, which produces numerous downstream problems. The dependence of the Pakistani logistics chain on road services makes it critical for these problems to be corrected to decrease export time and increase product quality, opening up new markets for exports. Inefficiencies in the maritime sector are also affecting Pakistans logistics performance. Maritime transport accounts for 91 percent of Pakistans international trade. This fact makes reforming and improving the sector particularly important for Pakistani goods to reach international markets. Current regulation is a key disincentive for potential investors, holding back global logistics operators, shipping companies, and other related services providers from fully developing their service in Pakistan. This ultimately translates into higher costs for importers and exporters. Improving maritime infrastructure and services was identified as an opportunity for critical improvement and high impact, both in terms of facilitating trade and investment and for creating jobs. Rail services in Pakistan are weak and fail to offer an alternative to road transportation, with weak infrastructure and a sector dominated by a public operator. Rail transport is currently only used for the transport of a few non-time sensitive goods. Developing rail infrastructure and services has cost advantages, is more environmentally friendly than road transportation, and will take some of the stress away from the overburdened and underdeveloped trucking industry.
Pakistan Logistics
Executive Summary
There are also cross-cutting obstacles in the sector that will need coordinated efforts by the government and private sector to improve logistics efficiencies. These include: establishing freight villages to serve as logistics hubs, investing in reefer storage facilities to increase the shelf life of perishable goods, and developing trading platforms for smaller and medium size producers to sell their goods. Such initiatives would not only help large players in the sector, but will also help those at the beginning of the supply chain like small farmers and producers. Going forward, further research needs to be done to pinpoint problems and opportunities for the private sector to engage and profit from the logistics industry. This process will need to include in-depth conversations with private sector stakeholders and the government to identify ways the public and private sectors can work together to build a sustainable and efficient logistics industry. Business and investment opportunities and projects will need to be mapped in detail based on areas that are identified as being highest impact. As part of the effort to engage the private sector in investing in logistics opportunities, interested private sector players will need to be identified, profiled, and encouraged to communicate with policy makers. Assisting the private sector in becoming involved in the logistics industry will help policy makers understand which policies need to be changed and will encourage more private sector investment.
Pakistan Logistics
The Logistics Sector at a Glance
3. The Logistics Sector at a Glance

3.1 Importance of the Logistics Sector
Logistics is described1 as the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements. Note that this definition includes inbound, outbound, internal and external movements, as well as the return of materials for environmental purposes. However, other factors such as customs inspection or the level of support from the banking and insurance sectors also have a notable influence on a countrys logistics abilities2. Efficient logistics is a necessary condition for a countrys overall development and economic growth. Pakistan can make improvements in most of the areas included in the above definition. In that context, a good way to measure a countrys logistics expertise is the Logistic Performance Index (LPI), an indicator compiled by the World Bank. According to this index, Pakistan lags slightly above the regional average and is clearly behind the EU average3. Pakistans biggest weaknesses according to the LPI are in the Infrastructure (2.37) and Customs (2.41) categories.
Country UAE EU Israel Saudi Arabia Oman Jordan Tunisia Pakistan MENA Morocco Egypt Lebanon Syria Algeria
Overall LPI 3.73 3.67 3.21 3.02 2.92 2.89 2.76 2.62 2.42 2.38 2.37 2.37 2.09 2.06
Table 1: Logistics Performance Index (LPI). Source: Doing Business, World Bank.
1 2
Source: Council of Logistics Management. A graphic representation of the complexity involved in logistics can be found in the annex of this document. 3 In terms of LPI, one is the lowest possible score, while five is the highest.
Pakistan Logistics
This is important because there is a clear relationship between logistics performance, lead times and export performance. World Bank Group studies have shown that a 10 percent reduction in overall lead time results in a 4.3 percent export increase in countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Moreover, there is a clear link between the performance of a countrys logistics sector and its overall level of development. The LPI is clearly positively correlated with the countrys gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity. Countries with a high LPI typically have a high GDP-PPP.
Slovakia LPI
CORRELATION LPI vs. GDP-PPP
Germany Singapore Spain
Pakistan Morocco Egypt Algeria GDP-PPP per Capita(US$)
Figure 1: LPI vs. GDP-PPP per capita. Source: Doing Business, World Bank.
Figure 2: Pakistans Logistics Performance Index (LPI). Source: Doing Business, World Bank.
Pakistan Logistics
10
The logistics sector is not only important for private sector and economic development, but it is equally important in and of itself as an economic sector with significant growth and investment potential. The sector in Pakistan moves a yearly figure estimated to be over USD 500 million.
Transport USD 480 million
Warehousing USD 10 million
Other Services USD 40 million
Total Market Size USD 530 million

Figure 3: Pakistans Logistic Sector Size. Source: Pakistan International Freight Forwarders Association estimation.
3.2
Composition and Characteristics of Pakistans Transport Market
Maritime transport accounts for 91 percent of Pakistans international trade, while road accounts for most of Pakistans domestic traffic, accounting for roughly 93 percent of the total tons-km transported within the country. While most OECD countries also heavily rely on road transportation, rail services are used in a higher percentage in OECD countries than in Pakistan (16.0 percent in OECD vs. 2.4 percent in Pakistan), as seen in the below graphs.
2.4% 0.2%
5.4% 5.3%
Road
Rail 16.0%
River
Air
Pipeline
93.1%
73.1%
Figure 4: Transport mode split in terms of tons-km transported. Source: Business Monitor International + Eurostat.
Pakistan Logistics
11
3.3
Where in the Value Chain Are Logistical Weaknesses?
While the snapshot of Pakistans logistics sector provides an overview of the size and composition of the transport sector, and the importance and frequency of the different modes of transportation, it does not look at quality and efficiency. The citrus value chain was analyzed in detail, in order to identify logistical inefficiencies and bottlenecks in a time-sensitive value chain of a perishable product. In order to do this, we mapped the transport of a container of oranges from the harvesting field to its destination market, both domestically and abroad. At each stage of the route, we identified key actors and quantified the involved time and costs (the Pakistani Case). The same exercise was carried out for a container of oranges in the value chain in Spain (the Spanish Case). The Pakistani Case was benchmarked against the Spanish Case, comparing the overall structure of the logistical value chain, and the time and costs involved at each stage.
Analysis of Orange Export Logistics Chains
Highly manual process + Lack of refrigerated storage facilities
Done in trucks, often unrefrigerated (or with the cooling system turned off)
Highly bureaucratic procedure
Unsuitable facilities for perishables Lack of refrigerated warehouses within or nearby ports
The Karachi and Qasim ports account for almost all the container traffic in the country
Low tech plants with limited cold storage space
Customs Inspection Bodies
Processing Plant Production Field
Origin Port
Destination Port (export)
Cost Structure
Concept Harvesting Field 0.5 Days 90 $/Ton Processing* <1 Day Documents Preparation 11 Days 96 $/20-foot container** 4 Days Inland Truck Transport to Port 6 Days 200 $/20-foot container**
0-0.5 Days To Final Destin.: 2-4 Days
Customs Clearance 3 Days 200 $/20-foot container** 1.5 Days
Access to Port <1 Day -
Port & Terminal Handling 4 Days 115 $
Sea Transport*** 18-22 Days 1,200-1,500 $/ 20-foot container 4-6 Days
Pakistan
Time (non-cumulative) Cost in USD (non-cumulative) Time
0-0.5 Days
<1 Day
0 Days
2 Days
Spain
Cost in USD (non-cumulative)
295 $/Ton
250 $/20-foot co ntainer**
500 $/20-foot co ntainer**
150 $/20-foot container**
221 $
650800 $/ 20-foot container
Figure 5: Orange exports value chain. Source: own analysis from Doing Business and Trading across Borders data.
Due to inefficiencies at several points in the logistics chain, citrus export times in Pakistan were found to be 27 days longer than in Spain. Although 55 percent of this time (15 days) is due to Pakistans longer distance to the European destination markets, 45 percent (12 days) is due to Pakistans lower efficiency in the logistics chains. In sum, inefficiencies in Pakistans logistics value chain are responsible for a 45 percent excess time.
Pakistan Logistics
12
Days
45 40 35
Maritime transport to destination (Rotterdam) Port and terminal handling Customs / technical control Inland transport and handling Document preparation
55%
30 25
45%
20 15 10
Total Time Difference is of 27 Days
5 0 Pakistan Spain
Figure 6: Orange exports lead times. Source: own analysis, Doing Business and Logistics Performance Index.
These delays and the inefficiencies that cause them also have an impact in terms of logistics costs. In Pakistan, logistics costs represent on average 35-40 percent of the total retail price, whereas logistics costs account for only 22 percent in Spain.
Price per ton (USD)
Pakistan
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
Spain
Retail Price Importer Price Price at Destination
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
Producer Price
Price at Harvesting Field
0
1
Figure 7: Orange exports price structure. Source: local experts + interviews with orange exporters.
Pakistan Logistics
13
There are opportunities to improve reliability, predictability, lead times, and costs in the Pakistani citrus export chain. These opportunities are at the most critical points of the logistics chain, in areas such as trucking, warehousing, customs, and maritime services. The next chapters will look at the most critical of those inefficiencies, describe the trouble spots in more detail and analyze the underlying cause as well as suggest initiatives to address these.
Pakistan Logistics
Road Transport
14
4. Road Transport
After mapping the Pakistani logistics industry, the assessment found that while all modes of transportation (road, rail, air, and shipping) exist, Pakistans freight transport is dominated by road transportation. This is similar to most OECD countries; however rail services play a bigger role in these countries than in Pakistan. Pakistans weak road transportation infrastructure and services were found to be the biggest challenge facing the industry. The main problem facing Pakistans road infrastructure is in the critical situation of the National Trade Corridor (NTC), which faces severe capacity bottlenecks due to poor physical condition, the presence of non-motorized traffic, and the extensive commercial activities located along it. Road services suffer from a lack of trucking industry regulation, which produces numerous downstream problems. The dependence of the Pakistani logistics chain on road services makes it even more vital for these problems to be corrected to decrease export time and increase product quality, thereby opening up new markets for Pakistani exports.
4.1
Road Infrastructure Assessment
In Pakistan, there are approximately 260,000 km of roads, of which about 60 percent are paved, mainly comprising single and two lane roads. The main artery in the country is the National Trade Corridor (NTC), a 1,760 km long highway that crosses Pakistan from north to south. Its length is less than 1 percent of the total road network of Pakistan, but it serves over 80 percent of the urban population and carries over 60 percent of inter-city traffic. It is managed by the National Highway Authority (NHA).
Figure 8: Pakistan National Motorways. Source: National Highway Authority (NHA).
Pakistan Logistics
Road Transport
15
Pakistans road system main challenge is to raise its service standards. Transit times currently are three times those in Europe and East Asia. A trip from Lahore to Karachi (1,260 km) takes about 2 days, while one from Peshawar to Karachi (1,700 km) takes 3 days. The presence of non-motorized traffic and even pedestrians reduces traffic capacity. Operating conditions are further exacerbated by extensive commercial activities located along the roads, poor physical condition of the roads, and lack of traffic management in towns. The consequence is in the high travel times that particularly penalize long-distance trips. Another feature of Pakistans road network is its low density, which leaves several areas underserved. This shows when comparing Pakistans road density with that of neighboring countries such as Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India or Afghanistan. In this comparison Pakistan only is in a better position than Afghanistan. Country Bangladesh Sri Lanka India Pakistan Afghanistan Network Size 239,226 97,286 3,316,452 259,758 42,150 Area 141,000 65,610 3,287,590 803,940 647,500 Ratio 1.70 1.48 1.01 0.32 0.07
Table 2: Road network size (in km) in terms of a countrys area (in sq-km). Source: own analysis.
In that context, different roads are currently being upgraded as part of a plan by the countrys government to improve the national road infrastructure. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) schemes4 are used for some of these new developments. Project Sheikhupura D.G. Khan motorway (405 km) Makran Coastal road (653 km) Gwadar - Ratodero road (885 km) Rawalpindi - Islamabad ring road (80 km) Investment (USD Million) 642 (BOT) 420 (BOT) 296 (BOT) 98 Time Frame n.a. n.a. 2012 2011 Funds Origin NHA NHA NHA RDA
Table 3: Current projects in road infrastructure. Source: Ministry of Transport.
4.2
Road Services Assessment
Weak road transportation services were identified as one of the main logistical challenges in Pakistan. Because of bottlenecks like a large informal trucking sector and a lack of refrigerated vehicles, Pakistani perishable goods face a lower price and shelf life, making it more difficult to compete internationally.
BOT: this is a form of project financing, in which a private entity receives a concession from the public sector to finance, design, construct and operate a facility according to a concession contract. This allows the project promoter to recover its investment in the project, as well as the subsequent operating and maintenance expenses.
Pakistan Logistics
Road Transport
16
Not only is trucking the main way for moving goods domestically, but it is also an essential link in the Pakistani export chain for goods shipped by sea and, to a lesser extent, by air. Truck loads account for 206,404 million tons-km of goods per year, about 93 percent of the countrys total. For agricultural goods, there is no alternative transport mean for transporting fruits and vegetables out of rural harvesting areas. Despite its importance, the Pakistani road transport is immature as a service sector. One of the issues identified in our study is a lack of qualified service providers. Most providers have a small fleet, reflected in the industry average of below two trucks per owner. This means that most trucks are not owned by a formal company, but are mostly informal businesses owned by individual drivers. Moreover, many trucks are in poor condition, with a vehiclepark of a high average age, and few specialized vehicles with reefer devices or refrigerated trucks available to transport perishable goods. Other problems include the lack of standard cargo and load trucking legislation, and limited availability of insurance coverage for cargo. Freight forwarders in Pakistan do not have a widely accepted liability scheme comparable to general practice in the global forwarding business. This occurs despite the considerable changes towards openness that the insurance market in Pakistan has undergone since 1996 (part of a wider reform process of the financial sector by the government). Foreign investors are now allowed to hold up to 51 percent equity share of companies operating in the general insurance sector. However, five major domestically-owned companies still account for 78 percent of that market. One direct consequence of the unreliable service available in the country is high working capital requirements, as higher safety inventories are needed. Producers of certain goods are also forced to invest their resources in non-core activities such as their own truck fleet, which increases shipping-related costs and entry barriers to the sector. Another externality is road damage from overloading, as trucks are loaded to their maximum cubic capacity, irrespective of axle loads or resulting vehicle speeds. In summary, the trucking sector in Pakistan is poorly regulated with about 70 percent of trucks5 part of the informal sector. This environment provides little appeal to large sophisticated operators and service providers willing to enter the market due to low prices, low margins and generally unfair competition. These problems are mainly caused by the lack of a formal legal and institutional framework for the trucking industry coupled with a lack of enforcement of rules on vehicle inspection, driving license concession, overloading, crew hours, and hazardous cargo handling. The Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1965, incorporating federal and provincial amendments, is an archaic and outdated regulation if compared with best practices
Source: local experts estimations.
Pakistan Logistics
Road Transport
17
from OECD countries. Obtaining a driving license in Pakistan is relatively easy. There are no proper training schools, instructors, equipped vehicles, or testing and licensing facilities. The National Highway Authority (NHA), which was created in 1991, focuses its activity in the planning, development, operation, repair and maintenance of the national highways and other strategic roads. However, the total length of the roads under NHA management only stands at 8,780 km, which accounts for about 3 percent of the entire road network in the country.
4.3
Road Transport Recommendations
Given the dependence of Pakistani transportation on road services, implementing reforms and improvements are vital for increasing the competitiveness of Pakistans products. Having a regulated trucking industry with capacity for transporting perishable goods will increase the quality and shelf life of products, allowing companies and smaller growers to earn a greater profit margin domestically and compete internationally. After our analysis we recommend improving regulation of the transport and trade logistics sector, supporting incentives to renew trucking fleets, and reshaping the current truck insurance schemes. These recommendations support the development of a modern, safe, and efficient logistics road transport sector in Pakistan and aim to create transparent regulation for market entry and service provision. However, above all these, we recommend to improve the operating conditions of the National Trade Corridor (NTC).
4.3.1
Improve the Operation of the National Trade Corridor (NTC)
The National Trade Corridor (NTC) is a critical artery in Pakistans road network and should be in an excellent condition both from the infrastructure and the service point of view. The improvement of its operation is the single most pressing issue regarding logistics in Pakistan. Road condition could be improved in many parts of the 1,760-km long highway. A sum of $5 billion has already been budgeted over the next four years to spend on the improvement of the country's highways, including works on the NTC6. However, as this will most likely not be enough, it is recommended to explore further opportunities in order to embark on an upgrading process as wide as possible. These should include public-private partnership (PPP) arrangements7. It is also recommended to close the NTC to non-motorized traffic. This would contribute to increase its capacity. Commercial activities along it should be regulated,
6 7
Source: National Highway Authority. PPP: this describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies.
Pakistan Logistics
Road Transport
18
allowing only services to the driver and the vehicle. These should be offered in clearly designated areas in the vicinity of, but outside, the road itself. These actions should result in a notable increase in the average transit speeds on the NTC, significantly reducing the current trip times of 48 hours from Lahore to Karachi (1,260 km) or 72 hours from Peshawar to Karachi (1,700 km).
4.3.2
Improve Regulation of the Transport and Trade Sector
With the NHA exclusively focused on a marginal part of the network, there still exists the need for an entity taking care of road transportation with a much broader approach. It is therefore recommended to introduce an independent agency assuming the management of maintenance, contracting and construction of the whole road network, as well as the regulation of interurban road freight and passenger transport. Possible benchmarks are the Spanish General Directorate for Traffic (DGT), the Finnish National Road Administration (Finnra), or the Dutch Road Authority. These are autonomous agencies under the supervision of the relevant ministry (typically transport or interior). In general, road transportation regulation agencies have the following divisions: Traffic Management and Mobility Division: o o o Interurban traffic management and control: radars, vehicle checks, etc. Information provision to road users about interurban traffic Education of traffic agents regarding the management of traffic flows
Road Security Education Division: o o o o o o Driver education on road safety Traffic safety advertising campaigns Supervision of driving schools Definition of drivers license tests Training and certification test providers and evaluators Oversight of centers performing medical checks on drivers seeking license renewal
Normative Arrangement Division: o o Oversees the organization that issues fines for traffic violations Analysis and resolution of traffic violation appeals
IT Department: o Creation, development, maintenance, operation, and custody of the registries and databases of vehicles, drivers and traffic rules infringers, driving educators, driver education centers, etc.
Pakistan Logistics
Road Transport
19
o o
Management of organization activities statistics Providing IT support to the rest of the authority
National Observatory of Road Security: o o o Investigation of all aspects related to road security Analysis of road security data and statistics Promotion of new road security policies
4.3.3
Support Incentives for the Renewal of Fleets in the Freight Transport Sector
In order to improve the quality of the trucking fleets, the average age of the trucks needs to be decreased. One way to do this is to introduce a truck modernization incentive program that creates financial incentives and support for truck owners to trade in their trucks for newer models. Fleet renewal will not only increase the quality of the transport of goods, but also help reduce accidents, health problems, and environmental contamination. Mexico and the USA have successfully implemented similar programs that Pakistan could use as a model. Mexico ran a payments program between 2003 and 2007 to replace old inefficient freight vehicles; a similar program is currently being discussed in California. This program would subsidize the purchase of 2007model or newer trucks that can meet US-emission requirements. The goal of the program, in line with the California Clean Air Act, would be to reduce truck-generated pollution. Spain also had a program to remove older cars in the mid-90s that was very successful. The program was run in two phases: Plan Renove I: Between April and October 1994 the program provided 600 to anyone retiring a vehicle over 10 years old in order to purchase a new car. 170,000 older cars were retired during this time, which represented 14 percent of cars that were older than 10 years. Plan Renove II: Between March and June 1995 the program provided 500 to anyone retiring a vehicle over seven years old in order to purchase a new car, helping retire 140,000 cars.
4.3.4
Reshape Current Truck Insurance Schemes
Freight forwarders in Pakistan do not have a widely accepted liability scheme comparable to general practice in the global forwarding business. In that context, it is recommended that the forwarders association PIFFA agrees on an overall liability and insurance scheme for their members. This should be arranged by international standards, so that the liability and coverage becomes part of the image and profile of the forwarders being PIFFA members.
Pakistan Logistics
Maritime Transport
20
5. Maritime Transport
Maritime transport accounts for 91 percent of Pakistans international trade. This fact makes reforming and improving the sector particularly important for Pakistani goods to reach international markets. Our case study of the transport of a container of oranges further highlighted the problems facing the industry, which then allowed us to recommend solutions based on other countries experiences. The regulation in place in Pakistan is a key disincentive for potential investors, holding back global logistics operators, shipping companies, and other related services providers from fully developing their service. This ultimately translates into higher costs for importers and exporters, since higher port and terminal handling costs are transferred into final transport fees. Reforming the maritime infrastructure and services was identified as an opportunity for high improvement and high impact, both in terms of facilitating trade and investment and for creating jobs. This need is particularly pressing in relation to maritime services. All in all, the problems facing both parts of the maritime logistics industry and recommendations for improvement are outlined below.
5.1
Maritime Infrastructure Assessment
The main ports in Pakistan are Karachi, Qasim and Gwadar. In 2006, 55.85 million tons of cargo8 was transported through them. Container throughput has grown at an average annual rate of 15.2 percent since 2000, reaching 1.8 million TEUs at the two container ports in use in 2006. In recent years Karachi has lost ground to Qasim, diminishing from a 79 percent share in 2000 to a 65 percent share in 20069.
2000
1500
1000 500 0
716 615 650 739 848 1024 1178
Karachi
Port Qasim
495 544 634 160 200 227 333
2000 01
02
03
04
05
06
Figure 9: Container traffic at Pakistani ports (in 000 TEUs). Source: Drewry Consultants.
8 9
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics. Source: Drewry Consultants.
Pakistan Logistics
Maritime Transport
21
The port of Karachi is Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport, handling about 60 percent of the nation's cargo. It has two container terminals, one of which operated by Hutchison. A third one, focused on transshipment, is set to open in 2012. The port is managed by the Karachi Port Trust (KPT), a board of trustees comprising a chairman and 10 trustees, 5 of which appointed by the private sector. Port Qasim is Pakistan's second busiest port, handling about 40 percent of the nation's cargo. It is located in an old channel of the Indus river, 35 km east of Karachi. The approach to the port is through a long 45 km navigation channel. One of its major advantages is its proximity to different national transport facilities. It is 15 km away from a national highway, directly linked to the railway network through six tracks and 22 km away from the international airport. The port of Gwadar is a new development located at the entrance of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Sea and about 460 km west of Karachi, in the Balochistan region. It became operational in 2008. It is a deep-sea water port, being constructed in two phases with heavy investment from China. The government of Pakistan has projected this port as the first link in the development of an energy and trade corridor to China and Central Asian republics, by providing them with short access route to the markets in the Middle East and Europe. Port infrastructure in Pakistan is overall in good shape. Of course, there are aspects that could be improved, such as the connection of the Karachi Port with other transport means or the custom and storage facilities10. In any case, several upgrades affecting the countrys commercial ports are already underway. Investment (USD Million) 950 840 50 Time Frame 2012 2014 2011
Project 3 Container Terminal at the Karachi Port Gwadar Port 2nd Phase: container, oil and bulk grain terminals, plus Ro-Ro berth Development of multipurpose cargo handling terminals each at 3-4 existing berths
rd
Funds Origin Karachi Port Trust (KPT) Gwadar Port Authority & PSA International Karachi Port Trust (KPT)
Table 4: Current projects in maritime infrastructure. Source: KPT & PSA International.
5.2
Maritime Services Assessment
Maritime services in Pakistan are away from OECD standards in terms of service level and availability. Integration with international regulation is a necessary step. Privatization in the maritime services sector
10
These will be analyzed at a later point in their own specific sections.
Pakistan Logistics
Maritime Transport
22
has not followed the pace of the one in ports. Several state-owned firms in the shipping, ship-building and repair sector exist. These do not appear to be real candidates for privatization at the moment. The state-owned Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (PNSC) is the countrys largest shipping company. It was established with the assistance of the Pakistan Navy in 1963 and nationalized by the government in 197111. Its major shareholder is the Ministry of Communications. PNSC is mainly focused on liquids, which account for 85 percent of its total shipments. This is in part the result of a successful negotiation with three of Pakistans major oil refineries to undertake crude oil shipments in 2002. According to BMIs assessment, the refineries decision was to some extent influenced by the Pakistani government. Although the government plans to induct the private sector into direct shipping, it has also stated that it wants to promote and protect PNSC12.
5.3
Maritime Transport Recommendations
While maritime transportation accounts for most of Pakistans international trade, inefficiencies and opportunities for improvement in the sector exist. By analyzing the industry and using our case study as proof of the delays in the transportation chain, we recommend that Pakistan liberalize the maritime transport industry in order to attract the top maritime services providers at a global level, and create port quality assurance programs based in international best practices. Implementing these recommendations will increase Pakistani exports by making them more competitive with other regional goods.
5.3.1
Liberalize the Maritime Transport Industry
Since maritime transportation is international in character, there is an inherent need for harmonization and standardization of regulation across countries. To have legislation in line with that of the leading countries in the sector, should help to attract the top maritime services providers at a global level. It is therefore recommended that Pakistan adapts its regulation on maritime transport to the standards set by OECD countries. In the case of liner shipping13, the basic regulatory framework among OECD countries consists of The Code of Liberalization of Current Invisible Operations and The Common Shipping Principles. The private sector already plays a noteworthy role in port infrastructure in Pakistan. A similar liberalization process of the maritime transport industry would entail a number of benefits for the country, including: Liberalization policies would enhance competition within the sector, resulting in efficiency gains.
11 12
Source: Business Monitor International (BMI). Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants-IFC. 13 Liner shipping is regular shipping with set schedules in different harbors published in advance. The capital-intensive character of liner shipping, particularly container shipping, has led to a substantial degree of concentration.
Pakistan Logistics
Maritime Transport
23
Increased competition would force providers to improve the quality of their service. Users of maritime transport services would have a wider choice of options at competitive rates. Liberalization should ensure greater transparency and thus create an investment favorable environment in the sector.
5.3.2
Quality Assurance Programs
In order to create good practices that help raise the overall service level at Pakistani ports, it is recommended that ports introduce their own quality assurance program. This should be done by monitoring a series of key performance indicators (KPI) through a balanced scorecard. The KPIs should cover various fields, including: Port operational performance: Dwell time, transit times, loading and unloading rates, and availability of daytime or 24/7 port services. Availability of services to the ship: Bunkers, waste treatment, provisions, water, power, pilotage, towage, and mooring. Availability of services to the goods: Reefer container service, customs hangar, bounded warehouse, consolidation/de-consolidation, containers depot, and agriculture and sanitary area. Quality of maritime services: Frequency, transit time, availability of door-to-door service, capacity, punctuality, cost, and clarity on costs. Compliance with security, safety and environment regulation: Observance of the SOLAS and SAFEMED IMO conventions, ISPS code, and FAL standards. Degree of intermodal and logistic integration: o o Access to land transport including rail and road. Connection with logistics platforms.
IT expertise: Tracking and tracing processes and IT.
The purpose of tracking these KPIs is twofold. It will help identify the areas that lag behind international best practices and help the sector work towards overcoming these deficiencies. In addition, this data should contribute to the implementation of quality assurance programs in ports, as done in several OECD countries. Self-managed programs typically have penalty measures for poor port handling performance and have proven to reduce errors and delays. The quality assurance program of the Barcelona Port Authority14 (APB) includes the following customer service guarantees:
14
Source: Barcelona Port Authority (APB).
Pakistan Logistics
Maritime Transport
24
Safe handling: In the case of damaged or absence of goods, a minimum amount of 150 and a maximum amount of 450 per container is paid. Coordinated physical inspection: If a maximum set time for inspection is exceeded, a penalty ranging from 150 (less than 24 hours delay) to 450 (over 48 hours delay) applies. Information: If no answer is provided to questions regarding container traffic procedures within four working hours, a penalty of 30 is applied. This is also applicable if wrong information is provided.
Transit: The APB guarantees that customs procedures for containerized goods on transit take place within the same day that transit documents are admitted. The penalty for not fulfilling this policy is of 450.
In the long run, a performance monitoring process (balanced scorecard) combined with a quality assurance program (service guarantees) should allow Pakistani ports to improve their performance, gradually raise the standard of their services, and ultimately become more competitive.
Pakistan Logistics
Rail Transport
25
6. Rail Transport
Rail has become a key transport mode for freight in OECD countries and could be used to transport a higher share of heavy non-perishable goods. Weak rail services in Pakistan fail to offer an alternative to road transportation, with weak infrastructure and a sector dominated by a public operator. Developing rail infrastructure and services has cost advantages, is more environmentally friendly than road transportation, and will take some of the stress away from the overburdened and underdeveloped trucking industry.
6.1
Rail Infrastructure and Services Assessment
Pakistans rail network is operated by the state-owned Pakistan Railways (PR) under the supervision of the Ministry of Railways. It comprises 8,163 km, of which broad gauge tracks account for 7,718 km and narrow gauge tracks for the remaining 445 km. It only has international active links with India. However, plans exist to also establish a further connection with China and other neighboring countries. Concept Network size (km) Country area (sq-km) Pakistan 8,163 881,640 Germany 41,315 357,021
Table 5: Pakistan-Germany rail network size comparison. Source: Pakistan Railways, Eurostat and BMI.
Pakistan Railways freight business unit operates over 200 freight stations, but railways use for freight transport in Pakistan is limited in volume. This transport mean is only used for a few specific goods such as wheat, coal, fertilizer, cement and sugar; it is hardly used for the transport of perishable goods. Largely neglected for decades, inefficiencies in the railways service include: Rates are based in market trends in road transport, which is the main competitor to rail transport. The dominance of road transport up to now has been evident. PR has continued to operate the entire network by cross-subsidizing profitable and non-profitable freight routes, even though the rationale for many lines had effectively disappeared. PR has continued to offer the traditional pattern of supply-driven services. PR has failed to downsize staff substantially and streamline operations.
The consequence is that Pakistan Railways has lost a considerable share of its private freight traffic. Most importers and exporters are not satisfied with the railway services, and so urgent consignments are usually transported by truck. The result is that rail freight is now largely confined to segments where rail is protected by regulation or to usage by public sector entities. This implies that no efficient alternative transport mean to the congested National Trade Corridor (NTC) exist, missing an opportunity to reduce the number of trucks on the roads and the problems that these cause.
Pakistan Logistics
Rail Transport
26
Concept Tons per year (million) Avg. trip distance (km) Tons-km (million) per year Usage in land transport
Pakistan 6.5 823 5,355 2.4%
Germany 346 309 106,914 21.9%
Table 6: Pakistan-Germany rail network usage comparison. Source: Pakistan Railways, Eurostat and BMI.
The underlying reason for the current situation is the total lack of competition within the sector. In a context in which there are no alternative providers in the market offering competitive rail services, no modern management techniques have been introduced in the public railways operator up to now. All in all, a number of upgrading works in different areas of the rail network are currently underway. Investment (USD Million) 160 25 8 Time Frame 2014 2012 2010
Project Development of double track from Peshawar to Lodhran (884 km) Development of double track from Lahore to Faisalabad (141 km) Extension of VIIF & UIIF communication over c. 1,000 km
Funds Origin Pakistan Government Pakistan Government Pakistan Railways
Table 7: Current projects in rail infrastructure. Source: Ministry of Railways.
6.2
Rail Transport Recommendations
Rail transport in Pakistan has a high opportunity for improvement. Despite its poor track record, rail has commercial potential and could play a valuable transport role in the country. The main benefit of investing in rail transport is to reduce road traffic, and if the necessary reforms are taken, provide a fast and cheaper way of moving goods domestically. Pakistan Railways needs to take major steps to improve the freight services quality. Challenges faced today include improving delivery times, reliability and tracking information. In that context, we recommend promoting public-private partnerships to upgrade the railway network and introducing management techniques in the railways freight division as important initial steps towards the development of a modern rail transport.
6.2.1
Promote PPP Initiatives for the Development of the Rail Network
With a number of areas still underserved, the rail network in Pakistan can significantly be enlarged. Publicprivate partnerships (PPP) can help to increase the pace at which this is upgraded. Besides, the implementation of double tracks in different parts of the network would allow notably increasing
Pakistan Logistics
Rail Transport
27
frequencies and reducing trip times. PPP arrangements should also contribute to bring the latest know-how and technology into the sector.
6.2.2
Introduce Modern Management Techniques in Pakistan Railways Freight Division
The legal framework currently in place that supports Pakistan Railways monopoly and undermines competition should be revamped. A pilot program was run in the country for operating passenger trains under a private sector scheme through lease, but that same experiment was not done for freight trains. Ideally, the long-term goal of reforms would be to open up the sector to private competition in order to allow a specialized, competitive, rail freight operator to enter the market. However, this initiative does not seem very much aligned with current governmental policies, and so it is not much likely to actually be implemented either in the short or the mid-term. It is therefore recommended to focus sector development efforts on improving Pakistan Railways freight transport services by modernizing freight transport management and operations within the operator. We recommend establishing a department in Pakistan Railways dedicated to freight transport and building its capacity as a necessary first step. Besides, other additional actions should include: Eradicate cross-subsidizing practices between profitable and non-profitable freight routes. Eliminate the lines for which its commercial justification has effectively disappeared. Listen to the demands of its present and potential customers, moving away from the long established pattern in the company of supply-driven services.
Pakistan Logistics
Air Transport
28
7. Air Transport
Air cargo services in Pakistan are limited and fail to complement other transport means. While a few niche markets rely on air transport, there are few options to choose from. Developing this industry and encouraging more operators to enter the market would open up more markets for perishable goods, and cut down on transport times to places like Europe.
7.1
Air Infrastructure and Services Assessment
There are 139 airports in Pakistan, including international ones at Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, Quetta and Sialkot. Air cargo is still infrequently used in Pakistan, although important in certain circumstances, such in those occasions where the planned transport mode would result in late delivery and penalties. PIA is the major national airline. It is 57.7 percent state-owned, 26.3 percent owned by state-run institutions and 16.0 percent owned by private individuals. It provides passenger air travel and freight services to destinations in Europe, the USA, Canada and Libya. The Pakistani government has recently agreed to provide $150 million to support the renewal of its fleet15. Air transport options are rather reduced. Palletized direct routes to Europe are only available from Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) and British Airways. Transit opportunities are available via the Emirates and Turkey. Another limitation comes from the fact that the dwelling time at the airport is two to three times longer than the actual time of transport16. Such a delay has a negative impact on the supply line, damaging customer satisfaction, increasing the capital costs during transportation and making it difficult to cope with demand for frequent on-time deliveries requested by overseas importers. Besides, an study of the air freight rates for general cargo17 showed that India, Pakistans major competitor in this field, offers air freight rates out of Pakistan that are on average 30 percent lower. There is a freight subsidy of 25 percent offered to Pakistan exporters, but even with it the rates ex India are lower. Air freight rate level is normally linked to capacity available, so it can be concluded that air freight rates out of Pakistan reflect the existing capacity limitations. In addition, and in connection to the subsidies issue, Pakistan exporters complain about the extremely long reimbursement time of air freight subsidies (i.e. some exporters claim that it takes 3-6 months to be reimbursed).
15 16
Source: Business Monitor International (BMI). Source: Logistics Consulting Group. 17 Source: Logistics Consulting Group.
Pakistan Logistics
Air Transport
29
7.2
7.2.1
Air Transport Recommendations

Pun in Practice Vision 2030 Policies
The government of Pakistan is well aware of the need to develop and improve the cargo infrastructure at the countrys leading airports in order to meet the delivery requirements of a modern global supply chain, as envisioned on the Vision 2030 paper. There, the actions suggested to be taken in the field include: Unilateral open sky policy. Demand-based infrastructure development. Regionally competitive user charges and fuel prices. Bifurcation of regulatory, commercial and operating functions. Liberalization of air service agreements. Encouragement of private sector airlines to operate on international routes.
Not many further recommendations could be proposed. If only these steps already identified by the countrys authorities were put in practice, the improvement in the air freight scenario would be notable.
Pakistan Logistics
Other Logistical Infrastructure
30
8. Other Logistical Infrastructure

Overall, the logistics sector in Pakistan needs a number of national improvements that will facilitate the flow of goods, increase product quality, and open new markets for Pakistani goods. The proposed initiatives will not only help the sector nationally, but will also help those at the beginning of the supply chain like small farmers and producers. The main hindrances to the sector that will need coordinated efforts by the government and private sector to improve include: establishing freight villages to serve as logistics hubs, invest in reefer storage facilities to increase the shelf life of perishable goods, and develop public trading platforms for smaller and medium size producers to sell their goods, cutting out intermediaries that add little value to the products. All these recommendations are intended to strengthen the logistics industry in Pakistan and help make the countrys products more competitive by adding value while reducing logistics costs.
8.1
Freight Villages
Freight villages are logistics concentration points, developed at strategic locations, which provide various logistics-related activities such as warehousing, packing, re-packing, break-bulk centre, and truck parking. In Europe, freight villages are typically a private sector business, developed by large scale operators that host complimentary services and related operators. Freight villages are often PPPs, where an area is defined as a freight village by the public sector usually at the intersection of major multimode routes, and then private sector operators develop the facilities. Freight villages can vary in size, from few hectares to thousands of hectares, depending on their functions. No such facilities exist in Pakistan. In fact, not even a downgraded version of such facilities with limited features exists. As a result, the surroundings of the larger cities are congested with on the rise disorganized parking and waiting areas. With an ever growing truck fleet, the situation is more worrying than ever before. Long stretches of roads leading into cities or circumvallation roads around them have de facto been turned into truck queuing and waiting areas. In parallel, unlicensed workshops, service facilities and spare parts outlets have emerged in such areas. This combines with a widespread lack of metropolitan regulations (or enforcement when these exist) on specific timings for trucks to load, unload and circulate inside metropolitan areas, contributing to traffic jams and pollution.
Pakistan Logistics
31
8.2
Reefer Storage
There is a lack of reefer storage facilities in Pakistan. These facilities require strategic location choice and a set of complementary services to be operationally viable, and so are generally located within larger logistic centers such as freight villages. The lack of reefer storage facilities at key locations for exports is particularly critical for companies dealing with agricultural perishable goods. Well-stored perishables have a longer shelf life, are better preserved, and are of higher quality. As a result, they sell at higher prices. Fruit Apricot Strawberry Pineapple Oranges Banana Mango Kiwi Range (C) 0-5 0-5 8-12 8-12 12-16 10-15 0-5 Maximum Up to 1 month Up to 1 month Up to 1 month Up to 3 months Up to 3 months Up to 3 months Up to 6 months
Table 8: Fruits conservation temperature requirements and maximum life. Source: University of California.
8.3
Trading Spaces
Logistics chains of perishables in Pakistan are characterized by an abundance of intermediaries that add little value to the supply chain. Because there are few public trading spaces that smaller farmers can sell their goods to, intermediaries typically retain a share of the profits. Farmers thus make less profit than they otherwise could, as most of them are unable to sell to wholesalers without going through an intermediary. If farmers were able to capture a larger portion of the profit, they would have more money to invest in new equipment and be able to adapt to international harvesting quality standards. This could open up new markets for Pakistani goods, benefiting not only the individual farmers, but the economy as a whole as well.
8.4
8.4.1
Logistical Infrastructure Recommendations

Development of Public-Private Trans-Freight Stations and Reefer Storage Areas
The development of public-private freight villages, logistic platforms and reefer storage areas at key locations throughout the country such as ports, airports or the main connection nodes, should contribute to raise Pakistans logistics infrastructure overall level. As an initial step, we recommend the development of a network
Pakistan Logistics
32
of simple logistic platforms that we might prefer to refer to as trans-freight stations (TFS). These should at least offer the following services: Waiting area: Acting as waiting points for trucks until these are allowed to enter the city in specified hours of day/night to unload cargo. Cargo breakdown: For larger trucks, TFS would be a point of load breakdown. Smaller vehicles would then carry the load to multiple destinations within the metropolitan city limits. Services to the truck: TFS would be a single-point solution for truck operators by hosting there all facilities and services they might need. As on how to proceed, it is recommended to use the following approach: Identify key locations: The identification of strategic sites for such facilities is an action that should be done in cooperation with the leading export companies operating in Pakistan. Foster development: The creation of agreements between regional authorities and the private sector to develop logistics facilities at the identified locations will contribute to their implementation. Finance development: Identify and define financing options for the construction of these facilities through grants or soft credits.
8.4.2
Development of Wholesale Central Markets
In order to eliminate intermediaries that add little value, it is recommended to promote the development of regional wholesale central markets. The Spanish MERCAs model18 has proved very successful and is regarded as a good practice. It is recommended to consider this model as a possible benchmark. Such a move is expected to generate the following positive effects: Price structure: Prices will be set more clearly, as the market will be more transparent. Product quality: It will be improved through better storage in shared common facilities. Inspection: It will make quality procedures and checks easier to be enforced. Accessibility: It will make easier for small producers to access large retailers.
18
The MERCAs network is formed by 23 units across Spain. About 3,650 companies work through it, from which about 2,200 are wholesalers that are part of the different food markets, while the rest are companies dedicated to complementary activities such as distribution, logistic or customer services. In absolute terms, MERCAs annual sales of fruits and vegetables add up to 4.1 million tons; fishing products to 0.5 million tons; and meat products to 175,000 tons. Source: Merca Zaragoza.
Pakistan Logistics
33
Logistical education: Markets can be used as education centers; hence these will help to improve logistical know-how of users.
Pakistan Logistics
Cross-Cutting Issues
34
9. Cross-Cutting Issues
On a sector by sector basis there seems to be growing interest and awareness about the importance of logistics and the role it can play in increasing exports and thereby GDP. However, as the industry grows, there need to be certain national initiatives to ensure that the logistics industry is both sustainable and efficient. Namely, these national initiatives should focus on developing standard educational training to create a knowledge base of expertise for the sector, and reforming customs procedures.
9.1
Logistical Education
Over the last few years, logistics has evolved into a wide-ranging subject that covers all aspects related to supply chain management (SCM). This has increased the need for a continuing education targeted to provide specific answers to the latest developments on the field. In Pakistan, the situation is especially critical. Logistics and SCM know-how is not common even in issues often labeled as essential elsewhere. This limited logistical expertise is perceived by both users and providers of logistics services as one of the most critical issues affecting business operations in the country. Examples of where the lack of logistics expertise is more pressing include: Cold chain: There is little respect for cold chain procedures for goods that need to be transported under a controlled atmosphere (temperature and humidity). This occurs due to inappropriate infrastructure, but even in the few cases that this is available, operational malpractices occur. Control mechanisms: Few Pakistani enterprises can provide the merchandising and quality control, supply line control and logistics cost control required to qualify as a partner for international clients. Quality management: There is a general lack of understanding and support of total quality and zero errors concepts. Most individuals do not understand how important their role is in securing that their function is fulfilled. IT Culture: EDI and other IT solutions are not commonly used in the private sector, except by the larger corporations. The IT system is mainly being used for emails. The lack of IT utilization hampers communication with buyers, suppliers and public bodies (customs). It brings longer lead times, poorer planning, inferior customer service, and higher cost margins than desirable. It results in lower cost control and so lower profits.
Pakistan Logistics
35
9.2
Customs and Inspection
In Pakistan, goods are inspected in largely unsuitable facilities. This is the case even at the main logistic nodes such as the countrys main export ports. Perishable goods are mostly inspected in non-reefer facilities. As a result, the cold chain is interrupted even if inspections are performed quickly, which is generally not the case. The break in the cold chain reduces shelf life and quality of Pakistani products to be shipped abroad. In addition, customs officials tend to act more like an auditor than as a facilitator. Delays on imports often arise in connection with valuation of goods, with customs not accepting the shippers invoice as to reflect true value . Besides, inspections are not risk-based, with a notably high percentage of goods being inspected. Inspection rules are unclear, leaving room for and being subject to the discretion of inspectors. Interference from other departments is also another usual source of delay. Containers are sometimes retained for examination and clearance by the Anti-Narcotics Force (ANF) or other departments involved in control over drugs illegal imports. Overall, bureaucracy in customs is high. The extent of paperwork in GD (now on computer) is still large, as 63 fields and numerous background details have to be fulfilled. Lead times could be cut if the GD-PRAL system was further aligned, so that many signatures were avoided and took place electronically instead. Server capacity also needs to be improved, as it is currently delaying the processes and creating longer lead times. Dwell time is also not yet satisfactory. Processing time with an on-line system should make it possible to clear as much as 90 percent of the consignments within 3 days. Such a time frame would be in line with international best practice standards. However, the Pakistan Customs Computerized System (PACCS) is so far only implemented at Karachi International Container Terminal (KICT), still generating too much red tape.
15 10 5 0 Pakistan Spain Customs clearance Document preparation
Figure 10: Duration of customs procedures. Source: World Bank.
As a result of all of the above, lead times and deliveries are often unpredictable. This means that a higher inventory level is needed for both importers and exporters. The higher percentage of goods inspected implies
Pakistan Logistics
36
higher direct costs in the value chain, for example, the cost of moving and positioning the container for customs inspection.
9.3
9.3.1
Recommendations
Develop Logistic Training Modules
With an emerging logistics industry, the private sector will want to have a sufficient local pool of qualified people to recruit from. Given that there is a critical lack of local logistics expertise in Pakistan, it is recommended to focus efforts on building local know-how throughout the logistics chain. IFCs Business Edge advisory product might be a good fit to address training needs in the sector. Business Edge covers19 a range of practical management training products and services. Flexible in its application, it can be adapted to the requirements of specific industries. However, building up knowledge in the logistics sector should be a continuing process with a strategic vision to support the development of the sector and should involve all relevant stakeholders. Logistics training should be geared towards two long-term goals, as recommended by the OECD20: Build up qualified workforce: Workers skills have to accommodate the technology available, for example, being able to properly operate a reefer facility. The industry needs to promote training within the sector, as well as help promote relevant skills for jobs in the sector. In addition to training programs, workers skills can be improved through education and certification, resulting in increased rewards to the more skilled certified workers. Respond to new developments in the field: Technology is rapidly changing, and so skilled people are needed to plan, develop and operate the most advanced automated systems. Therefore, continuous training and personnel development in logistics are critical for responding to advanced technology and global business trends.
9.3.2
Develop IT in Logistics Awareness Program: How Useful Is IT In My Supply Chain?
There clearly is an under-utilization of IT systems in logistics operations in Pakistan. Order processing times tend to hamper overall lead times across sectors, and have a negative effect on the distribution lead time due
19 20
Source: Overview of IFC Advisory Programs document. Source: Transport Logistics: shared solutions to common challenges document.
Pakistan Logistics
37
to the low level of integration of the parties involved in-between. IT can enhance the efficiency of supply chain management significantly, in particular that of logistics operations, and ultimately increase competitiveness. It is recommended to assess IT training needs in the sector and develop an IT training module customized to logistics operations. The initiative should focus on: IT business diagnostic services in order to provide companies with an insight into their business' strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and the changes that can be made. Advisory services to introduce IT products in the workplace such as EDI, Internet application, html, invoicing, and order processing. Assisting IT acquisition and usage. Specific actions for the usage of e-platforms across the supply chain, particularly at ports and storage areas, in order to increase traceability and streamlining of tools like radio-frequency, bar codes, and data bases.
9.3.3
Customer-Oriented Approach in Customs
Customs officers are perceived by the private sector as difficult to deal with, unknowledgeable about modern customs inspection procedures, and lacking customer-service orientation. One way to counteract these problems is through targeted training and capacity building on risk management techniques and efficient customer-service. The purpose is to create an efficient business process coupled with a customer-friendly, service-oriented, work culture. The initiative should focus in three areas: Introduce risk management techniques: Customs should use risk management techniques to optimize resources and reduce costs to more effectively set priorities and efficiently allocate the necessary resources for maintaining a proper balance between controls and facilitating legitimate trade. Customs should create risk profiles of traders, allowing traders with a good reputation to go through fewer inspections, and integrate physical inspections into a single system with referrals to other relevant border control agencies. This approach acknowledges that customs will never catch every fraud, but provides the best cost-benefit balance. Risk management also helps limit corruption by automating part of the process and decreasing the number of discretionary inspections. Simplify procedures and spread IT usage: Electronic solutions, now mainly limited to Karachi, should be extended across the country and complemented with required training and investment support. A major effort has to be made to have PACCS available in other cities in Pakistan, at least at the bigger
Pakistan Logistics
38
customs stations, thus making it accessible for a bigger part of the import-export industry. Facilitation measures should be put in place with the aim to reduce the quantity of information to be provided directly by trade, as well as to reduce red tape. As a first step, it is recommended to further simplify the E-filing of pro-forma invoice, LC and insurance through GD-PRAL. Potential savings are promising. One day less in customs for all imports would have been equivalent to annual financials cost savings for goods in transit of around USD 5 million21. Build capacity: Improving the efficiency of customs and technical control agencies requires modern inspection facilities, including reefer rooms and inspection posts.
21
Calculation based on 2005 imports.
Pakistan Logistics
Conclusion and Going Forward
39
10.
Conclusion and Going Forward
This analysis of the Pakistani logistics sector used original research obtained through a case study tracking a crate of oranges from grower to end consumer, research of the sector from government and other resources, and ongoing investment projects. The case study of the path of a crate of oranges in Pakistan was compared to a similar crate in Spain, and was useful in the analysis of this sector because it focused on a perishable good that depends both on a continuous cold chain to maintain quality and speed of transport to increase shelf life. Also, this case study helped the study gain valuable insight into the different obstacles that goods, particularly perishable goods, face in making their way from grower and producer to the final consumer. The study also ascertained the exact amount of days spent for different logistics processes like customs clearance and transport, enabling the analysis to identify where Spains logistics sector was able to exceed that of Pakistans. While this report has highlighted the numerous obstacles in logistics processes and detailed recommendations on a sector and national basis, further research needs to be done to pinpoint problems and opportunities for the private sector to engage and profit from the logistics industry. This process will need to include in-depth conversations with private sector stakeholders and the government to identify ways the public and private sectors can work together to build a sustainable and efficient logistics industry. Going forward, business and investment opportunities and projects will need to be mapped in detail based on areas that are identified as being highest impact. As part of the effort to engage the private sector in investing in logistics opportunities, interested private sector players will need to be identified, profiled, and encouraged to communicate with policy makers. Assisting the private sector in becoming involved in the logistics industry will help policy makers understand which policies need to be changed and why in order to encourage more private sector investment. There are numerous examples of other countries with successful logistics industries that can be used as a baseline for best practice logistics policy. Strengthening the logistics sector has numerous benefits. By having an efficient and competitive logistics industry, Pakistan will be able to increase their exports and reach different markets with high quality standards. Having strong and strategic policies in place will attract further investment into the sector, ensuring its sustainability. Further, this sector will open up new opportunities, attract new players into the sector, and help increase the incomes of stakeholders from the largest companies down to the smallest growers.
Pakistan Logistics
Annex
40
11.
Annex
11.1 Acronyms
ANF APB BMI BOT DGT EDI EU FIATA GAP GDP IATA IFC IMO IT KICT KPI KPT LPI MARPOL MENA NHA NTC Anti-Narcotics Force Autoritat Porturia de Barcelona (Barcelona Port Authority) Business Monitor International Build Operate Transfer Direccin General de Trfico (Spanish Road Authority) Electronic Data Interchange European Union International Federation of Freight Forwarders Association Good Agricultural Practices Gross Domestic Product International Air Transport Association International Finance Corporation International Maritime Organization Information Technology Karachi International Container Terminal Key Performance Indicator Karachi Port Trust Logistics Performance Index International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships Middle East & North Africa National Highway Authority National Trade Corridor
Pakistan Logistics
Annex
41
OECD PA PACCS PIA PIFFA PR PPP RDA RDT SAD SCM SME SOLAS SSSR TEU TFS TIR USD VTS WCO WTO
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Port Authority Pakistan Customs Computerized System (PACCS) Pakistan International Airlines Pakistan International Freight Forwarders Association Pakistan Railways Public-Private Partnership Rawalpindi Development Authority Radio Data Terminal Single Administrative Document Supply Chain Management Small and Medium Enterprises Safety Of Life At Sea Short Sea Shipping Route Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units Trans-Freight Stations Transit International Routier (or International Road Transit) United States Dollar Vessel Traffic Services World Customs Organization World Trade Organization
Pakistan Logistics
Annex
42
11.2 Bibliography
Alavi, Hamid (2004). Trade Facilitation: the Role of Modern Technology (presentation). Business Monitor International (2009). Pakistan Freight Transport Report. Business Monitor International (2009). Pakistan Infrastructure Report. Business Monitor International (2009). Pakistan Shipping Report. Consortium, B.-l. (2007). MEDA MoS Project. Devlin & Yee (2005). Trade Logistics in Developing Countries: The Case of Middle East and North Africa. Government of Pakistan (2007). Pakistan in the 21st Century: Vision 2030. Government of Pakistan (2007). Strategic Directions to Achieve Vision 2030. Government of Pakistan (2007). Trucking Policy for the Modernization of the Trucking Sector under the National Trade Corridor Improvement Program (presentation). Guindy, S. E. (2007). Safe and High Quality Supply Chains and Networks for the Citrus Industry between Mediterranean Partner Countries and Europe. Hoekman, Bernard (2009). Deeper Integration of Goods, Services, Capital and Labor Market: A Policy Research Agenda for the MENA Region. Logistics Consulting Group (2006). Pakistan: Logistics Cost Study. OECD (2006). Transport Logistics: Shared Solutions to Common Challenges. World Trade Organization (2008). Country Trade Profiles.
Pakistan Logistics
Annex
43
11.3 List of Interviewees

Contact Ahmed Mansoor Sabir Imtiaz Brig. S.S.A. Qasim Abdul S. Khan Marek Minkiewicz M. Amir Janjua Seema Riaz Babar Bidat Noman Lutfi Nasar Hayat Company Century Paper Century Paper CIL&T Engro Chemicals Makro Packages Limited Packages Limited PIFFA Unilever Pakistan USAID Phone 021 568 2843 021 569 8266 021 904 3234 021 529 7537 042 57164515 042 581 1541 042 581 1541 021 522 1881 021 566 0062 051 208 2902 Email ahmed-mansoor@centurypaper.com.pk sabirimtiaz@centurypaper.com.pk citkhipak@yahoo.com cjambrose@engro.com marek.minkiewicz@makropakistan.com amir.janjua@packages.com.pk seema.riaz@packages.com.pk babarb@eculine.com.pk noman.lutfi@unilever.com
Pakistan Logistics
Annex
44
11.4 Projects Summary

This is a consolidated list of the different recent and on-going projects mentioned in different tables throughout the report. Project 3rd Container Terminal at the Karachi Port Gwadar Port 2nd Phase: container, oil and bulk grain terminals, plus Ro-Ro berth Sheikhupura D.G. Khan motorway (405 km) Makran Coastal road (653 km) Gwadar - Ratodero road (885 km) Development of double track from Peshawar to Lodhran (884 km) Rawalpindi - Islamabad ring road (80 km) Development of multipurpose cargo handling terminals each at 3-4 existing berths Development of double track from Lahore to Faisalabad (141 km) Extension of VIIF & UIIF communication over c. 1,000 km Investment (USD mill.) 950 840 642 420 296 160 98 50 Time Frame 2012 2014 n.a. n.a. 2012 2014 2011 2011 Funds Origin Karachi Port Trust (KPT) Gwadar Port Authority & PSA International NHA NHA NHA Pakistan Government RDA Karachi Port Trust (KPT)
25 8
2012 2010
Pakistan Government Pakistan Railways
Rail services and infrastructures Documents & Processes - Customs and Inspection Custom-related activities Truck transport Rail transport
International trade Maritime services Maritime infrastructure
Road transportation services Road infrastructures
11.5 The Logistics of Citrus
Processing and packaging
Non-custom inspection services Export and import processes
Transport of agricultural products

Logistics platforms Dry ports
Industries, processing plants, etc. Capilar distribution Ports
Handling & Storage at Ports Air Services
Local /urban transport
Intermodality, Distribution, Logistics activities
Wholesale distribution
Country-wide transport
Airports
Money & Risk Banking & Insurance

Annex
Pakistan Logistics
Policies related to logistics, transport and exports. Regulation. Existing plans and government actions.
Handling & Storage at Intermediate Nodes
Freight consolidation. Country-wide distribution. Logistics operators
Banking and insurance for the logistics industry
45

An Assessment of Opportunities and 2009 IFC Constraints in The Logistics Industry in Pakistan

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

An Assessment of Opportunities and 2009 IFC Constraints in The Logistics Industry in Pakistan

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pakistan Logistics

Idom Consulting 31/7/2009

10. 11. 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5

1. Objective and Methodology

3. The Logistics Sector at a Glance

Germany Singapore Spain

Pakistan Morocco Egypt Algeria GDP-PPP per Capita(US$)

Transport USD 480 million

Warehousing USD 10 million

Other Services USD 40 million

Total Market Size USD 530 million

Composition and Characteristics of Pakistans Transport Market

Where in the Value Chain Are Logistical Weaknesses?

Highly bureaucratic procedure

Low tech plants with limited cold storage space

Customs Inspection Bodies

Processing Plant Production Field

Destination Port (export)

Customs Clearance 3 Days 200 $/20-foot container** 1.5 Days

Access to Port <1 Day -

Port & Terminal Handling 4 Days 115 $

Sea Transport*** 18-22 Days 1,200-1,500 $/ 20-foot container 4-6 Days

Time (non-cumulative) Cost in USD (non-cumulative) Time

Cost in USD (non-cumulative)

250 $/20-foot co ntainer**

500 $/20-foot co ntainer**

150 $/20-foot container**

650800 $/ 20-foot container

Total Time Difference is of 27 Days

Price at Harvesting Field

Road Infrastructure Assessment

Figure 8: Pakistan National Motorways. Source: National Highway Authority (NHA).

Table 3: Current projects in road infrastructure. Source: Ministry of Transport.

Road Services Assessment

Source: local experts estimations.

Road Transport Recommendations

Improve the Operation of the National Trade Corridor (NTC)

Improve Regulation of the Transport and Trade Sector

Reshape Current Truck Insurance Schemes

Maritime Infrastructure Assessment

495 544 634 160 200 227 333

Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics. Source: Drewry Consultants.

Maritime Services Assessment

These will be analyzed at a later point in their own specific sections.

Maritime Transport Recommendations

Liberalize the Maritime Transport Industry

Quality Assurance Programs

IT expertise: Tracking and tracing processes and IT.

Source: Barcelona Port Authority (APB).

Rail Infrastructure and Services Assessment

Pakistan 6.5 823 5,355 2.4%

Germany 346 309 106,914 21.9%

Funds Origin Pakistan Government Pakistan Government Pakistan Railways

Table 7: Current projects in rail infrastructure. Source: Ministry of Railways.

Rail Transport Recommendations

Promote PPP Initiatives for the Development of the Rail Network

Introduce Modern Management Techniques in Pakistan Railways Freight Division

Air Infrastructure and Services Assessment

Air Transport Recommendations

8. Other Logistical Infrastructure

Logistical Infrastructure Recommendations

Development of Wholesale Central Markets

Customs and Inspection