M. S. B. T. E.

State Level Paper Presentation Competition (Tech Vista-07)

CRYOGENIC HEAT TREATMENT

Jaiswal Nandulal
Student of DME III Gramin Polytechnic , ishnu!uri , Nanded " !rem#nandu$%&'((() yahoo"com

Abid Ali Malik

Student of DME III Gramin Polytechnic ishnu!uri , Nanded " abidalimalik)*mail"com skeptics of the cryogenic process for some time, because it imparts no apparent "isible changes to the metal Since proper heat treating can transform %&' of the retained austenite to martensite and the deep cryogenic process only transforms an additional % to (&', the deep cryogenic treatment has been considered an inefficient process While these percentages are correct, the conclusion drawn from them is inaccurate )n addition to the trans* formation to martensite, the sub+ected metals also de"elop a more uniform, refined microstructure with greater density Although known to e$ist, this type of microstructure was only recently ,uantified scientifically -articles known as "binders" are coupled with the precipitation of the additional micro fine carbide "fillers" !he fillers take up the remaining space in the micro*"oids, resulting in a much denser, coherent structure of the tool steel !hese particles are identified and counted in the abo"e study cited, using a scanning electron microscope with field particle ,uanti* fiction .an automatic particle counter/ )t is now belie"ed that these particles are largely responsible for the great gains in wear resisti"ity !he permanent irre"ersible molecular change created is uniform throughout the tool, unlike coatings, and will last the life of the tool, regardless of any subse,uent finishing operations or regrinds 0ig ( shows two photomicrographs .(111 $/ representati"e of samples from the same S*2 bar stock !he first is untreated S*2 !he second was deep cryogenically treated Both samples initially were con"entionally heat treated3 that is, austenitized and oil ,uenched !he deep cryogenic treatment consisted of "arying ramp with pause at *(&140 for ( hr, at *52140 for 5 hr and soaking for % hr at *6(140, followed by tempering at 61140 for ( hr, AC to room temperature and tempering at 55&40, AC )n this micro* structure, note the considerably greater number of fine particles coupled with fine carbides in comparison with the untreated sample !he martensitic transformation is readily apparent

A stract
+ryo*enic tem!eratures are defined by the +ryo*enic Society of America as bein* tem!eratures below $'((, -.'%%(/, .$0&(+1" Durability is the most im!ortant criterion used to define the 2uality of a tool steel" +ryo*enic treatment and tem!erin* of metals has been ac. knowled*e for almost thirty years as an effecti3e method for increasin* durability, or 4wear life4 and decreasin* residual stress in tool steels" Dee! cryo*enics -below .&((5/1 is creatin* many new a!!lications in science" 6i*h tem!erature su!erconductors, the su!er.conductin* su!er collider, cryo.biolo*y, ma*neto.hydrodynamic dri3e systems for shi!s, and low tem!erature !hysics ha3e all de3elo!ed recently" 7he dee! cryo*enic treatment and tem!erin* !rocess for metals is economical" It is a one time !ermanent treatment, affectin* the entire !art, not 8ust the surface" 7he treatment may be a!!lied to new or used tools, shar! or dull, and resha!in* will not destroy the im!arted !ro!erties" 9enefits achie3ed from sub8ectin* tools to this treatment include: increases in tensile stren*th, tou*hness, and stability throu*h the release of internal stresses"

Cryogenic Treatment for Improved Properties

A research metallurgist at the National Bureau of Standards in Boulder Colorado, states, "When carbon precipitates form, the internal stress in the martensite is reduced, which minimizes the susceptibility to micro cracking !he wide distribution of "ery hard, fine carbides from deep cryogenic treatment also increases wear resistance " !he study concludes# " fine carbon carbides and resultant tight lattice structures are precipitated from cryogenic treatment !hese particles are responsible for the e$ceptional wear characteristics imparted by the process, due to a denser molecular structure and resulting larger surface area of contact, reducing friction, heat and wear " !here ha"e been

M. S. B. T. E. State Level Paper Presentation Competition (Tech Vista-07)

Confirmation Of !a" Res# ts $or $ie d Tests %&'a o( Cryogenic Cyc es)
!he latest research data on cryogenic and tempering cycle confirms the long standing theory that cryogenic treatment significantly enhances cutting tool life Ar 8oan Ale$andra and Ar Constantin -icos of the -olytechnic )nstitute of Bassy, >omania, utilized the latest scientific e,uipment a"ailable, a B;:8 )CA*&A ;lectron -robe, a A>:N*( C*ray Aiffractometer, a Daantimet 251 Duantitati"e Eicroscope, and a Che"enard Aifferential Ailatometer to supply the following results from the e$tensi"e study !he study in"ol"ed 2 samples .A* N, 0ig 5/ each sub+ected to a different heat?cool cycle as noted ;ach sample was the e,ui"alent of E5 steel !he carbide particles were physically counted, both before and after the deep cryogenic treatment !he team then measured the samples with the e,uipment abo"e, and with standard metallurgical e"aluati"e testing !he results confirm with tangible e"idence the carbon participation in cryogenic processing

Deep Cryogenic Treatment Potentia

!he cryogenic cycle is an e$tension of standard heat*treatment, and creates many outstanding increases in durability Some e$amples are as follows A ma+or aircraft manufacturer testing deep cryogenic treatment found that with only si$ different tools treated, the sa"ings in tool purchases could e$ceed 7& million An Arizona State study conducted by 8aurel 9unt, used deep treated C*5 debarring tools on )NC:N;8 alloy 2(%, achie"ing a <11' impro"ement based on weight, after fi"e cats of 116 in . 112 cm/ on this alloy !his deep cryogenic treatment of an %' cobalt end mill has made dramatic impro"ements in two important ways !he number of milling cats was increased from three before deep cryogenic processing, to 2% cats after processing .5= times the wear life/ >esharpening the end mills after deep cryogenic treatment re,uired only (?6 the amount of stock remo"al to restore the tool geometry >ockwell, a ma+or aircraft manufacturer, using C*5 carbide inserts to mill epo$y graphite, doubles their output after deep cryogenic treatment of the inserts )n a second test, a <11' impro"ement was achie"ed upon milling <6<1 stainless steel with cryogenic treated tool :ther applications include# 8eading national stock car dri"ers who pre"iously raced only <*% races between e,uipment teardowns, dro"e in <1@ races before teardown after cryogenically treating block, crank, cam, pistons and heads

0ig 5 Standard heat treating, austenitizing, oil ,uenching and tempering, compared to cycles with added cryogenic .*214C/ and tempering cycles .Source #* Bassy polytechnic institute ? Ale$andraue /

M. S. B. T. E. State Level Paper Presentation Competition (Tech Vista-07)

Ta" e *+ Parameters for !at'e C#tting Too s in ,ear Resistant Test

)ntensi"e Speed Aepth 0eed >elief Angle 9ack Angle -lan 66 = m?min & mm 1 =5 mm per re" % Aeg & Aeg <& Aeg

Deep Cryogenic Cyc e vs &'a o( Cryogenic Cyc e

Separate laboratory testing has been accomplished by Ar >andall 0 Barron at 8ouisiana !ech Jni"ersity !he results by Ar Barron more than substantiated the Bassy study )n one series of tests compared were fi"e common steel alloys .see 0ig </ 0irst they were wear tested as pro* cured, then as chilled to *(5140 and finally tested after treating at *6(240 )n all cases the cold treatment impro"ed wear resistance3 the colder the treatment, the more fa"orable the results !he *(5140 .dry ice/ treatment impro"ed ratios ranging from ( 5 to 5 times depending on the alloy !his is consistent with the Bassy findings 9owe"er, the dee! cryogenic treatment in li,uid nitrogen at *6(240 soak impro"ed wear resistance by e"en greater ratios running from 5 to = = times

0ig 6 Cryogenic and tempering cycle doubles durability, decreasing austenite while doubling micro fine carbides .Source #* Bassy polytechnic institute ? Ale$andraue 1 !he results of the testing, 0ig 6, comparing standard heat treating to heat treating with the addition of a shallow cryogenic soak .*214C/ are summarized as follows# austenite de* creased from <5 =' to 1 F'3 martensite increased from ==' to %( 2'3 car* bides increased from = F' to (2 <'3 mean number of carbides counted G (mm s, increased from 6(,6&% (2 to %6,&5F 263 number of carbides less than ( Hm increased from 56,<(1 5< to =F,=<= 1F3 >ockwell increased from =1 (1 to == (13 tensile strength in* creased from %= 1 to 5<< <=3 bending tensile rate increased from 1 =& to ( %&3 ICJ .resiliency/ increased from 1==% to ( (%3 9>C after 51 minutes hold at =2&4C# &= %% to =5 5& Aurability in terms of length of cutting time increased from 51 minutes to <& minutes with a shallow cryogenic cycle 0ig 5 illustrates the se"en separate heat?cool cycles used to temper the lathe cutting tools !he tools were then used to cut 1 &' structural carbon steel .see !able )/ Aurability was established by measuring the radical component of wear

0ig < Wear impro"ement due to shallow cryogenic .*(5140/ treatment "s impro"ements due to deep cryogenic .*6(240/

M. S. B. T. E. State Level Paper Presentation Competition (Tech Vista-07) treatment .Source #* Bassy polytechnic institute ? Ale$andraue /

"ariety of items in addition to tooling

Process Advancement t'ro#g' Ne( E-#ipment and Comp#teri.ation

!he deep cryogenic process has had an Achilles heel )t has been inconsistent )n the past, impro"ements to cutting tools would "ary from little impro"ement to o"er (111' increased in useful life !he key to effecti"e impro"ements consistently is proper processing )f a cutting tool is dropped in li,uid nitrogen, without tem* perature control, the tool could shatter Eetals re,uire specific cooling rates3 temperature changes must be controlled e$actly to obtain the optimal cooling cur"e !he computer processor sol"es the problem, since it al* lows e$act duplication of the optimal cooling cur"e, repeatedly !he older cryogenic tanks did not ha"e ade,uate controls A relati"ely new cryogenic system .model 5F&6, lead illustration/ achie"es consistent results !he new cryogenic machines operate with controlled dry thermal treatment "Controlled" simply means that the process is performed according to a precise prescribed time table A process controller .Kokogawa J- 5&/ operates the descent3 soak and ascent modes .see 0ig &/ Lenerally, the material is cooled slowly to *6(240, held for 51*=1 hr then raised to @61140, and slowly returned to room temperature !he machine switches o"er to the electrical resistance mode for the tempering operation !he "dry" process pre"ents the metals from being sub+ected to li,uid nitrogen, and eliminates the placing of an item in the freezer and pushing a button A breakthrough in system insulation has been achie"ed as a result of the space program !he system is de* signed to accomplish thermal transfer, and the more efficient the better )t is essential to transfer themes from the li,uid nitrogen to the metal parts being treated, without losing the therms to the outside !hus, the "acuum chamber is designed for three* le"el insulation Walls of the chamber are 6 in stainless steel :n the inside wall are (5& wrapped layers of aluminized polyester film )nside the chamber it self is 5 in polyisocyanurate high density foam which is coated with Ceramaseal amorphous "apor barrier comprised of micro spherical ceramic globes A F6' increase in processing ability is accomplished with the "space shuttle insulation" in the "acuum walls, pro"iding considerable sa"ings in processing and

Ind#stria Practice and Advantages for Heat Treaters

-otentially e"ery tool heat treated is a candidate for the additional ser* "ice of cryogenic treatment and tempering )t is economical to pro"ide the additional impro"ement of any perishable item !here are more than a handful of large tooling manufacturers utilizing the process today for manufacturing a premium line of cutting tools Eore than 511 heat treaters pro"ide cold cryogenic ser"ices 9owe"er, F&' of these are only utilizing *(5140 .dry ice/ treatments :nly a handful of companies pro"ide cryogenic treatment below *61140, which results in much more impressi"e results and accompanying benefits A small Eassachusetts firm has been processing items for (5 years !he strings on a piano which was pre"iously tuned e"ery si$ months were treated !he piano has not been tuned for fi"e years Eusicians who play guitar and "iolin firmly belie"e that the strings are brighter in sound :scilloscopes confirm a shift after treatment A firm in Eichigan has been processing with the method for 52 years !hey also specialize in stress relief of the plastic material used in contact lenses, among other items A cryogenic treating company in -hoeni$ treats many aerospace parts Another processor in :hio treats many carbide tools !he treatment is gaining acceptance nationwide !he process is used in ;urope and Australia under the trade name Cryo!ough, a B:C treatment

making the treatment economical for a

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M. S. B. T. E. State Level Paper Presentation Competition (Tech Vista-07)

CONC!/&ION*
While not a "Eagic*Wand" which will e$tend the life of e"erything, o"er (11 tools such as reamers, taps, dies, broaches, drills, end mills, slicers and cutting kni"es do respond consistently to this process Cryogenic ser* "ice can create a "premium" more profitable tool line for a manufacturer )t is also sa"ing considerable tool e$pense for the end user !he process is effecti"e throughout the tool un* like a coating, so tools can be resharpened and retain the benefits of the treatment until completely worn out !he process also works with !in coatings When a specific tool recei"es wear e$tension, there is a F&' certainty similar tools will respond consistently in the future to the same e$act cycle Among the properties which define the cutting ,ualities of a tool steel, durability is the highest importance >esults in this regard are decisi"e in establishing the benefits of cryogenic treatment and also answer the decades long ,uestion, "what happens when parts are tested in this mannerM"

RE$ERENCE&E&* http#??www asm*intl org? Cryogenics Society of America, )nc email csaGhuget com http#??www crogenicsociety org? email infoGmetal*wear com http#??www metal*wear com?inde$ htm www onecryo com

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