Expansion 1. Economic and social differences between the North and the South.

southern economy became a one crop economy, depending on cotton and therefore on slavery. northern economy was based more on industry than agriculture. South was based on the plantation system while the North was focused on city life. This change in the North meant that society evolved as people of different cultures and classes had to work together. On the other hand, the South continued to hold onto an antiquated social order. 2. States versus federal rights. Many felt that the new constitution ignored the rights of states to continue to act independently, Many felt that the new constitution ignored the rights of states to continue to act independently. nullification, whereby the states would have the right to rule federal acts unconstitutional. The federal gov denied this right. Ppl such as John C. Calhoun fought for nullification. When nullification would not work and states felt that they were no longer respected, they moved towards secession. 3. The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents. Missouri Compromise passed in 1820 made a rule that prohibited slavery in states from the former Louisiana Purchase the latitude 36 degrees 30 minutes north except in Missouri. David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot Proviso in 1846 which would ban slavery in the new lands. However, this was shot down to much debate. The Compromise of 1850 was created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the balance between slave and free states, northern and southern interests. One of the provisions was the fugitive slave act. Another issue that further increased tensions was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. It created two new territories that would allow the states to use popular sovereignty to determine whether they would be free or slave. Kansas where pro-slavery Missourians began to pour into the state to help force it to be slave. They were called "Border Ruffians." Problems came to a head in violence at Lawrence, Kansas. The fighting that occurred caused it to be called "Bleeding Kansas." The fight even erupted on the floor of the senate when anti-slavery proponent Charles Sumner was beat over the head by South Carolina's Senator Preston Brooks. 4. Growth of the Abolition Movement. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Dred Scott Case, John Brown's Raid, and the passage of the fugitive slave act that held individuals responsible for harboring fugitive slaves even if they were located in non-slave states. 5. The election of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was elected in 1860, South Carolina issued its "Declaration of the Causes of Secession." They believed that Lincoln was anti-slavery and in favor of Northern interests. Before Lincoln was even president, seven states had seceded from the Union: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

existed, but he also said he would not accept secession. He hoped to resolve the national crisis without warfare. April 1861 -- Attack on Fort Sumter.When President Lincoln planned to send supplies to Fort Sumter, he alerted the state in advance, in an attempt to avoid hostilities. South Carolina, however, feared a trick; the commander of the fort, Robert Anderson, was asked to surrender immediately. Anderson offered to surrender, but only after he had exhausted his supplies. His offer was rejected, and on April 12, the Civil War began with shots fired on the fort. Fort Sumter eventually was surrendered to South Carolina. April 1861 -- Four More States Join the Confederacy. The attack on Fort Sumter prompted four more states to join the Confederacy. With Virginia's secession, Richmond was named the Confederate capitol. June 1861 -- West Virginia Is Born.Residents of the western counties of Virginia did not wish to secede along with the rest of the state. This section of Virginia was admitted into the Union as the state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863. June 1861 -- Four Slave States Stay in the Union.Despite their acceptance of slavery, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri did not join the Confederacy. Although divided in their loyalties, a combination of political maneuvering and Union military pressure kept these states from seceding. July 1861 -- First Battle of Bull Run. Public demand pushed General-in-Chief Winfield Scott to advance on the South before adequately training his untried troops. Scott ordered General Irvin McDowell to advance on Confederate troops stationed at Manassas Junction, Virginia. McDowell attacked on July 21, and was initially successful, but the introduction of Confederate reinforcements resulted in a Southern victory and a chaotic retreat toward Washington by federal troops. General McDowell Is Replaced. Suddenly aware of the threat of a protracted war and the army's need for organization and training, Lincoln replaced McDowell with General George B. McClellan. A Blockade of the South. To blockade the coast of the Confederacy effectively, the federal navy had to be improved. By July, the effort at improvement had made a difference and an effective blockade had begun. The South responded by building small, fast ships that could outmaneuver Union vessels. March 1862 -- McClellan Loses Command. On March 8, President Lincoln -- impatient with General McClellan's inactivity -- issued an order reorganizing the Army of Virginia and relieving McClellan of supreme command. McClellan was given command of the Army of the Potomac, and ordered to attack Richmond. This marked the beginning of the Peninsular Campaign. April 1862 -- The Battle of Shiloh. On April 6, Confederate forces attacked Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant at Shiloh, Tennessee. By the end of the day, the federal troops were almost defeated. Yet, during the night, reinforcements arrived, and by the next morning the Union commanded the field. When Confederate forces retreated, the exhausted federal forces did not follow. Casualties were heavy -- 13,000 out of 63,000 Union soldiers died, and 11,000 of 40,000 Confederate September 1862 -- Harper's Ferry. Union General McClellan defeated Confederate General Lee at South Mountain and Crampton's Gap in September, but did not move quickly enough to save Harper's Ferry, which fell to Confederate General Jackson on September 15, along with a great number of men and a large body of supplies. SEE TIMELINE Results: 1) It became crystal clear it was impossible to secede from the 'Union'...at any price. 2) 'States Rights" were changed forever. 3) Lincoln's 'Emancipation Proclamation" becam effective in ALL states. 4) The Union was victorious over the Confederacy. 5) Lincoln was assassinated by a "southern extremist sympathizer" (John Wilkes Booth) who couldn't get his head around the fact that the Confederacy had

actually failed...and surrendered. 6) Carpetbaggers took advantage of the southern states during the 'reconstruction'. 7) Racism 8) Eventually the rise of racist extremists like the Ku Klux Klan. Louisiana Purchase In 1803, the United States had acquired the Louisiana Territory. It was purchased from France for $15 million dollars. It gave the United States control of the Mississippi River and the sea port of New Orleans. Corps of Discovery Expedition that is generally called the Lewis and Clark Expedition Jefferson commissioned "the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent," War of 1812 secured existing U.S. boundaries and defeated native tribes of the Old Northwest, the region of the Ohio and Upper Mississippi valleys. second war for independence in the U.S. since it was fought against British colonial Canada, which allied Tecumseh, the Shawnee leader of a confederation, no clear victor. tribes were either restricted to ever-shrinking tribal lands or pushed further west, opening new lands. Kansas Nebraska - Territories would henceforth have the right of popular sovereignty, with the settlers of those territories, not Congress, determining if they would permit or prevent slavery within their borders. eager to establish their sides claim, swelling the population there faster than would have occurred otherwise Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forcibly moved virtually all Indians from the Southeast to the present states of Arkansas and Oklahoma, a journey known as the Trail of Tears 1845, a journalist named John OSullivan coined the term "Manifest Destiny," Monroe Doctrine, adopted in 1823, was the closest America ever came to making Manifest Destiny official policy; it put European nations on notice that the U.S. would defend other nations of the Western Hemisphere from further colonization gold rush - 1848, James W. Marshall discovered gold in the American River at Sutters Mill in Coloma, California. first people to rush the gold fields were those already living in California, but as word slowly got out overland and via the port city of San Francisco, people from Oregon, Mexico, Chile, Peru, and Pacific Islands arrived 1848. 1849, there was such a huge influx of gold-seekersapproximately 90,000that they would be referred to collectively as "forty-niners." came by ship from Australia, New Zealand, China and other parts of Asia, and some from Europe, mainly France. California went from a military-occupied part of Mexico to being a U.S. possession to statehood as part of the Compromise of 1850

February 1861 -- The South Creates a Government.At a convention in Montgomery, Alabama, the seven seceding states created the Confederate Constitution, a document similar to the United States Constitution, but with greater stress on the autonomy of each state. Jefferson Davis was named provisional president of the Confederacy until elections could be held. February 1861 -- The South Seizes Federal Forts.When President Buchanan -- Lincoln's predecessor -- refused to surrender southern federal forts to the seceding states, southern state troops seized them. At Fort Sumter, South Carolina troops repulsed a supply ship trying to reach federal forces based in the fort. The ship was forced to return to New York, its supplies undelivered. March 1861 -- Lincoln's Inauguration.At Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, the new president said he had no plans to end slavery in those states where it already

Transcontinental Railroad completed on May 10, 1869 The supposed Great American Desertthe western Great Plainswas rapidly populated. Telegraph lines were also built along the railroad right of way as the track was laid the Homestead Act of 1862 was intended to make lands opening up in the west available to a wide variety of settlers, not just those who could afford to buy land outright

 War With Mexico 1821, Mexico became independent. The Mexican government offered land to Americans who would settle in Mexico. The Americans had to swear loyalty to Mexico and become Catholics. By early 1830s, 30,000 Americans were living in a part of Mexico called Texas.Most were from the South, and they owned slaves. 1824, Mexico outlawed slavery. The Mexican-American War erupted as President James K. Polk sought to extend the borders of the nation to the Pacific, 1 March 1845, the United States annexed Texas. A dispute over the border location also caused problems. Mexico was angry. This annexation made war with Mexico inevitable. The Mexicans refused to meet with a US envoy sent to negotiate a settlement of outstanding issues. January 1846, President Polk ordered Zachary Taylor and American forces to close to the Mexican border in disputed territory. the war didnt end until February 2, 1848, with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in which Mexico renounced all rights to Texas, set the permanent border at the Rio Grande, and ceded land that is now California, Utah, and Nevada, as well as parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Colorado for $15 million. In 1853, James Gadsden, the American minister to Mexico, arranged for the purchase of what is now part of southern Arizona and New Mexico for an additional $15 million. The Thornton Affair April 25, 1846 This military action was at Rancho de Carricitos, about 20 miles from Fort Texas, near Matamoros. 25 April 1846, General Mariano Arista fires on two squadrons of dragoons led by Capt. Seth Thornton. End result of the battle included 14 killed and seven wounded. Eighty men were captured by the Mexican patrol, which included 1,600 men, consisting of calvary and light infantry. Upon the report of the capture of the 80 men, Taylor sent a message to Washington, D.C. He informed President Polk and General Scott that Hostilities may now be considered as commenced. The war was on .