PETE 411

Well Drilling

Lesson 12 Laminar Flow - Slot Flow

Lesson 12 - Laminar Flow - Slot Flow

4The Slot Flow Approximation 4Shear Rate Determination 4Pressure Drop Calculations 4Laminar Flow 4Turbulent Flow 4Transition Flow - Critical Velocity
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Read:

Applied Drilling Engineering Ch.4 to p. 145

Homework #6 On the Web

Due Friday, October 4, 2002
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Representing the Circular Annulus as a Slot

Equal Area and Height Simpler Equations -yet accurate

Area of equivalent

slot = Wh = ! r2 r" h = (r 2 r" )

Height of slot =

)
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Width of slot = W = ! (r 2 + r" )

{ slot approximation is OK if (d1/d2 > 0.3 }

Free body diagram for fluid element in a narrow slot

Representing the Annulus as a Slot

F" = pW y dp f F2 = p 2 W y = p #L W y dL F3 = WL

F4 = y + yW L = + d y W L dy

Consider: - pressure forces - viscous forces

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Representing the Annulus as a Slot

Summing forces along flow:

F = ma

At steady state,

F=0

"

F2 + F 3 F4 = 0

d$ dpf pWy - p #L Wy + $ WL - $ + #y WL = 0 dL dy

Simplifying,

dp f d = 0 dy dL

Representing the Annulus as a Slot

dp f d = 0 dy dL

Separate variables and integrate :

dpf $ =y +$ 0 dL

Evaluate 0 at wall where y = 0

With Newtonian Fluid Model, dv But, % = dy

$=%

dp f dv $ = =y +$ dy dL

o
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Representing the Annulus as a Slot

dv dp f =y + $o dy dL

dv = -
2

dp f y + $ 0 dy dL

$0 y y dp f v = + v0 2 dL

Since v = 0 when y = 0,

v0 = 0
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Representing the Annulus as a Slot

Since v = 0 when y = h, h dp f $ 0 h 0=2 dL
2

h dp f $0 = 2 dL

Hence, substituting for v0 and 0 :

" dp f v = 2 dL

(hy y )
2
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Representing the Annulus as a Slot

The total flow rate:
q = vdA = vWdy
W dp f q = 2 dL
" dp f v = 2 dL

(hy y )
2

(hy y ) dy
h 2 0

Integratin g,
But

Wh dp f q= "2 dL
2 2

Wh = ! (r2 r" ) and h = r2 r"

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Representing the Annulus as a Slot

! dp f 2 2 2 q = (r2 r" )(r2 r" ) "2 dL
But average velocity,
"2 v dp f = 2 dL (r2 r" )
_

Wh 3 dp f q= 12 dL

q q v= = 2 2 A ! (r2 r" )

In field units, psi/ft, cp., ft/sec, in

dp f v = 2 dL "000(d 2 d" )

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Example 4.22
Compute the frictional pressure loss for a 7 x 5 annulus, 10,000 ft long, using the slot flow representation in the annulus. The flow rate is 80 gal/min. The viscosity is 15 cp. Assume the flow pattern is laminar.
6 7 5
1

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Example 4.22
The average velocity in the annulus, _ q 80 v = = 2 2 2 2 2.448(7 5 ) 2.448(d 2 d" )
v = ".362 ft/s
_

dp f v = 2 dL "000 (d 2 d" )
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Example 4.22
#p f

dp f v = 2 dL "000(d 2 d" )

("5 ) (".362 ) ("0 ,000 ) dp = D = dL "000 ( 7 5) 2

p f = 5" psi

(= 5".0750 )

A somewhat more accurate answer, using an exact equation for a circular annulus, results in a value of 50.9792 psi. Difference = 0.0958 psi i.e., within 0.2%
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Determination of Shear Rate...(why?)

If shear rate in well is known: 1. Fluid can be evaluated in viscometer at the proper shear rate. 2. Newtonian equations can sometimes give good accuracy even if fluid is non-Newtonian.
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Determination of Shear Rate

The maximum value of shear rate will occur at the pipe walls. For circular pipe, at the pipe wall,

$w

rw = 2

dp f dL

from (Eq. 4.5")

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Determination of Shear Rate

From Eq. 4.54b,
_

dp f 8 v = 2 dL rw
$w r w dp f = 2 dL

(at the wall)

_

$w $w

rw 8 v = * 2 2 rw
_

4 v = rw
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Determination of Shear Rate (why?)

$
w

Using the Newtonian Model,

4 v rw

$ w " 4 v 4 v %= = * = rw rw

96 v Changing to field units, % = d sec-", ft/sec, in

(circular pipe)

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Annulus:
From the slot flow approximation,

w
But,

h dp f ( r2 r" ) dp f = = 2 dL 2 dL
"2 v = 2 dL ( r2 r" )
f _

Eq. 4.60 c

dp

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Shear Rate in Annulus

_ _ (r2 r" ) "2 v 6 v = w = 2 2 (r2 r" ) r2 r" _ _ w " 6 v 6v = = = r 2 r" r 2 r"

In field units:
_

"44 v = d 2 d"

(annulus)

Where,

v is in ft/sec d " and d 2 are in inches

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Power - Law: Example 4.24

A cement slurry has a flow behavior index of 0.3 and a consistency index of 9,400 eq. cp. The slurry is being pumped in an 8.097 * 4.5 inch annulus at 200 gal/min.
n = 0.3 K = 9,400

(i) Assuming the flow pattern is laminar, compute the frictional pressure loss per 1,000 ft of annulus. (ii) What is the shear rate at the wall?
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Example 4.24
q (i) Avg. vel., v = 2 2 2.448(d 2 d" )
_

200 v= 2 2 2.448 8.097 4.5

_

v = ".803 ft / s
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Example 4.24
" 2+ dp f Kv n Press.Drop , = dL "44,000(d 2 d " )"+ n 0.0208 0.3 " 2+ dp f 9,400(".803) 0.3 0.3 = dL "44,000(8.097 4.5)".3 0.0208
_ n n

dp = 0 . 0779 psi/ft dL

= 77.9 psi/1,000 ft
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Example 4.24 contd

(ii) Shear rate at pipe wall,
%w

48 v " = 2 + (d 2 d " ) n
" 48 * ".803 = 2 + 0.3 8.097 4.5
"

%w

% w = "28 s

= 75 RPM
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Total Pump Pressure

Pressure loss in surf. equipment Pressure loss in drill pipe Pressure loss in drill collars Pressure drop across the bit nozzles Pressure loss in the annulus between the drill collars and the hole wall Pressure loss in the annulus between the drill pipe and the hole wall Hydrostatic pressure difference ( varies)
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Total Pump Pressure

PPUMP= PSC + PDP + PDC + PB + PDCA+ PDPA (+#P ) HYD

PUMP

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Types of Flow
Laminar Flow Flow pattern is linear (no radial flow) Velocity at wall is ZERO Produces minimal hole erosion
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Types of Flow - Laminar

Mud properties strongly affect pressure losses Is preferred flow type for annulus (in vertical wells) Laminar flow is sometimes referred to as sheet flow, or layered flow:

* As the flow velocity increases, the flow type changes from laminar to turbulent.
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Types of Flow

Turbulent Flow
Flow pattern is random (flow in all directions) Tends to produce hole erosion Results in higher pressure losses (takes more energy) Provides excellent hole cleaningbut
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Types of flow
Turbulent flow, contd
Mud properties have little effect on pressure losses Is the usual flow type inside the drill pipe and collars Thin laminar boundary layer at the wall

Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow

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Turbulent Flow - Newtonian Fluid

The onset of turbulence in pipe flow is characterized by the dimensionless group known as the Reynolds number

N Re
In field units,

vd =
N Re = 928 & v d
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Turbulent Flow Newtonian Fluid

where
_

N Re =

928 & v d

& = fluid density, lbm/gal v = avg. fluid velocity, ft/s d = pipe I.D., in = viscosity of fluid, cp.

We often assume that fluid flow is turbulent if Nre > 2,100

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