The simulation of waveguide and microwave

heating by numerical method

Mr. Piyawath Tapsanit
Physics department
Khonkaen University
Outline :
1. Fundamental of microwave heating
2. Microwave oven
3. Maxwell equation and
boundary condition
4. Waveguide 4. Waveguide
5. Finite element method of electromagnetic
6. Heat flow equation
7. Microwave oven simulation with ANSYS
1. Fundamental of microwave heating
- Dielectric material :
- Power dissipated per unit volume, power loss
*
0
*
r
=

= = j j
r
*
lelative loss factor
per unit volume :
2
0
2
1
E P
diss
v


=
- physical mechanicsms :
1. conductive currents due to the movement of ionic constituents
2. re-orientation of permanent dipole molecules
2. Microwave oven
magnetron
PML
Wave guide cavity
3. Maxwell equation and boundary condition
1. Amperes law
2. Faradays law
t
D
J H

+ =
r
r r
t
B
E

=
r
r
(1)
(2)
3. Gausss law
4. Gausss law for magnetic
t
E

=
= D
r
0 = B
v
(2)
(3)
(4)
- Relation of field
H B
r r
=
E D
r r
=
E J
r r
= E J =
Time harmonic dependence
- Assume :
( ) ) exp( ) , , ( , , ,
~
t j z y x E t z y x E
v
v
=
( ) ) exp( ) , , ( , , ,
~
t j z y x H t z y x H
v
v
=
- Replace time derivative term by
( ) ) exp( ) , , ( , , ,
~
t j z y x H t z y x H =
j
Rewrite maxwells equation (1) and (2)
and assume lossless medium , 0 = J
v
H j E
v v
= or H j E
v v

=
1
(5)
E j H
v v
*
=
or
( )E j j H
v v
= (6)
- Take curl both side of equation (5)
H j E
v v
=

1
( ) 0
1
2
= E j E
v v

Helmholtzs equation,
curl-curl relation
(7)
- Helmholtzs equation of magnetic field
( ) E j j H
v v
=
( ) 0
2
= H j H
v v

(8)
Boundary condition
..+.
..+. :
n

1 1
,
2 2
,
( ) 0

1 2
= B B n
r r
( )
s
D D n =
1 2

r r
( ) 0

1 2
= E E n
r r
( )
s
J H H n =
1 2

r r
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Perfect electric conductor (PEC)
condition
- Hight electrical conductivity ,
- If medium 1 be PEC then :

0

2
= E n
r
(13)
0

2
= E n
PEC
(13)

,
,
Tangentail electric field
The Perfectly Matched Layer
(PML)
- No reflection of microwave
- Protect magnetron in microwave oven
natural boundary condition
- Robin boundary condition
- General form
- If
( ) Q E n n E n
v v v
= +
|
|

\
|


1

- If
- If
Default in ANSYS
\

0 , 0 = = Q
v

= H n
v
0 , 0 = Q
v

PMC
( ) 0

= E n n
v
4. Waveguide
- Used to transfer microwave
Analytic solution for rectangular
waveguide
y
a
b
x
- From (5) and (6) , write each field
component in term of and
z
E
v
z
H
v
|
|

\
|

=
y
H
j
x
E
h
E
z z
x

2
1
|
|

\
|

=
x
H
j
y
E
h
E
z z
y

2
1
|
|

=
x
j
y h
E
y

2
|
|

\
|

=
y
E
j
x
H
h
H
z z
x
*
2
1

|
|

\
|

=
x
E
j
y
H
h
H
z z
y
*
2
1

(Include propagation constant by assume
attenuation with z term )
) exp( z
- Solve for and with PEC
- Categorize in 3 mode
1. TEM , (Coaxial line)
2. TE ,
3. TM ,
Can prove this formular form Helmholts
0 =
z
E
v
0 =
z
H
v
z
E
v
z
H
v
0 , 0 = =
z z
H E
v v
Can prove this formular form Helmholts
equation
0
2
2
2
2
2
= +

z
z z
E h
y
E
x
E
0
2
2
2
2
2
= +

z
z z
H h
y
H
x
H
j k k h = + =
2 2 2 2 2
,
( ) E E E
v v v
2
=
mn
TE
( )
( )
( )
y n x m m j
z t j
b
y n
a
x m
H
b
n
h
j
E
z t j
b
y n
a
x m
H H
x
z

|
|

| | | | |
=

\
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
=

\
|
|

\
|
=
exp sin cos
exp cos cos
0
2
0
( )
( )
( ) z t j
b
y n
a
x m
H
b
n
h
j
H
z t j
b
y n
a
x m
H
b
m
h
j
H
z t j
b
y n
a
x m
H
a
m
h
j
E
y
x
y

\
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
=

\
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
=

\
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
=
exp sin cos
exp cos sin
exp cos sin
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
mn
TM
( )
( )
( ) z t j
b
y n
a
x m
E
b
n
h
j
E
z t j
b
y n
a
x m
E
a
m
h
j
E
z t j
b
y n
a
x m
E E
y
x
z

\
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
=

\
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
=

\
|
|

\
|
=
exp cos sin
exp sin cos
exp sin sin
0
2
0
2
0
( )
( )
( ) z t j
b
y n
a
x m
E
a
m
h
j
H
z t j
b
y n
a
x m
E
b
n
h
j
H
z t j
b a
E
b h
E
y
x
y

\
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
=

\
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
=

\
|

\
|

\
=
exp sin cos
exp cos sin
exp cos sin
0
2
*
0
2
*
0
2
- When :
2 2
2
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
=
b
n
a
m
h

2
0 0
1
|
|

\
|
=
f
f
c

- fc is cutt-off frequency
2 2
0 0
2
1
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
=
b
n
a
m
f
c

10
TE
( ) exp cos
0

|

\
|
=
z
z t j
a
x
H H

( )
( )
( )
0
exp sin
exp sin
0
exp cos
0
2
2
0
2
0
=

\
|
|

\
|
=

\
|
|

\
|
=
=

\
=
y
x
y
x
z
H
z t j
a
x
H
b h
j
H
z t j
a
x
H
a h
j
E
E
z t j
a
H H





t=0
5. Finite element method of
electromagnetic
( ) 0
1
2
= E j E
v v

= E n
r
:
1
S
( ) Q E n n E n
v v v
= +
|
|

\
|


1

:
2
S
1. Multiply by basis function which is vector
2. Use vector identity
( ) 0 )
1
(
2
=


dV E W j dV E W
i i
v v v v

|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
B A B A B A
v v v v v v

1
) ( ) (
1 1
give is
|

\
|

\

( ) ( ) dV E W dV E W dV E W
i i i


|
|

\
|
=
v v v v v v

1 1
)
1
(
( )dS E n n Q W
s
i

2

v v v

dV E W
i
)
1
(
v v

Divergence
theorem
( ) ( ) ( ) B A C A C B C B A
v v v v v v v v v
= =
3.
4. Approximate
is edge element
Use Garlerkins method
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
1
2
2
= +
)
`

dS E n n Q W dV E W j E W
s
i i i
v v v v v v v

( ) ( )

=
n
j
j j
r N E r E
v
v
v
v
( ) r N
j
v
v
Use Garlerkins method
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
1
2
2
= +
)
`

dS N E n n Q N dV N E N j N E N
s
j j i j j i j j i
v v v v v v v

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) dS Q N dSE N n n N dVE N N j N N
s
i j
s
j i j j i j i

=
)
`

2 2
2

1
v v v v v v v v

( )dS N n n N
s
j i

2

v v

( ) ( )dS N n N n
s
j i

2

r
v

( ) ( ) ( ) B A C A C B C B A
v v v v v v v v v
= =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) dS Q N dSE N n N n dVE N N j N N
s
i j
s
j i j j i j i

= +
)
`

2 2
2

1
v v r v v v v v

Ax = b
( ) ( ) ( ) +
)
`

dV N N j N N A
j i j i ij
v v v v

2
1
( ) ( )dS N n N n
s
j i

2

r v

j j
E x =
=
i
b
dS Q N
s
i

2
v v
Example of edge element
- Rectangular element on cartesian grid
x
y y
N
e
b
e

+ =
v
e
b
e
a
x x x
e
b
e
a
y y y
x
y y
N
e
a
e
b

+ =
y
x x
x x
N
e
a
e
b
e
a e

+ =
v
x
y y
y y
N
e
a
e
b
e
a
e

=
v
y
x x
x x
N
e
a
e
b
e
b e

=
v
x
y y
y y
N
e
a
e
b
e
b
e

+ =
v
y
x x
x x
N
e
a
e
b
e
a e

+ =
v
x
y y
y y
N
e
a
e
b
e
a e

=
v
y
x x
x x
N
e
a
e
b
e
b
e

=
v
- Triangular element
1 2 2 1 1
= N
v
1 3 3 1 2
= N
v
2 3 3 2 3
= N
v
when
3 2 1
, ,
is nodal basis function
1 2 2 1 1
= N
v
1 3 3 1 2
= N
v
2 3 3 2 3
= N
v
Edge element better than node element for
electromagnetic computation
spurious
solution
Heat transfer
T = temperature, K
P = power loss , J
P T k
t
T
C
p
+ =

P = power loss , J
t = time , s
3
kg/m , density =
K) - J/(kg heat, specific =
p
C
K) - W/(m , ty conductivi thermal = k
- Initial and boundary condition
0 at ) , , ( = = t z y x g T
T
z y x f T = on ) , , (
( )
q
on 0 = + +

a
T T h q
n
T
k
n
When
q T
+ =
6. Microwave oven simulation with
ANSYS
- Hight-Frequency Eelectromagnetic module
- Harmonic analysis type
- Solve 2 step
step 1. hight-frequency harmonic analysis step 1. hight-frequency harmonic analysis
step 2. thermal transient analysis
- Scripting method
Discretize domain of problem

y
cavity
X_food=0.075 m,y_food = 0.075 m ,
z_food = 0.1 m
X_cavity =0.15 m
y_cavity =0.15 m
z_cavity =0.225 m
x
z
food
waveguide pml
a = 0.08 m, b = 0.036 m ,c = 0.075 m
Step 1:
Properties
1. Waveguide = air
- relative permeability = 1.0
- relative permittivity = 1.0
2. PML = air
3. Food
- relative permeability = 1.0 - relative permeability = 1.0
- relative permittivity = 1.0
- resistivity = 1000 ohm-m
Meshing
- element type : HF119 , tetrahedral
- element size : 10 of wave length in free space
- Excitation
port excitation :
TE10
frequency = 2.45 GHz
a = 0.036 m
b = 0.075 m
Power or Hz Power or Hz
- Boundary condition
PML Option
PEC
Result
1. Pattern of electric field when cavity has food and has no food
no food has food
- Power loss = 36.193 W
Step 2:
- Select only food
- Define thermal-solid element (SOLID87 10 node) to food
- Add properties :
- thermal conductivity = 100 W/(m-K)
- density = 1000 kg/(m^3)
- specific heat = 1000 J/(kg-K)
- Analysis type : transient
- Time = 1000 s ~ 17 minute
- Initial temperature of food (g(x,y,z) ) = 21 celcius
Result
- Temperature distribution
Time harmonics