1.

Bottom profile

(a) Smooth. Very few craters, gullies, or ridges which would conceal or partially obscure mine-sized targets (5 percent or less of the area), or sand ripples 15 cm (6 inches) high or less. (b) Moderately rough. Considerable number of craters, 'gullies, ridges, scaweed 13alchcs o1 15 - 30 cm (6 12 inches), sand ripples which may conceal or partially obscure mine-sized targets (5 to 15 percent of the area). (c) Rough. Extensive areas where craters, gullies, ridges, large sand ripples, etc would conceal mine-sized target (over 15 per cent of the area). 2. Advantages towed and VDS over haul maunted sonar

A Variable Depth Sonar (VDS) capability allows the transducer to be placed in a more advantageous position for detection and to provide a better grazing angle between the sonar and the mine. This also permits easier classification while in the VDS mode, however the MCMV may be somewhat limited in speed. 3. Mine hunting Water Temperature

Temperature data should be collected in, or very close to, the operating area prior to the start of a mine hunting task and regularly there after. If the water volume in the area is homogeneous, measurements every four hours might be appropriate. If the water volume is not homogeneous, measurements every two hours might be required. Addition if an unexplained and marked change in sonar performance is observed, temperature data should be collected. 4. Exploration during mine hunting

Exploration consists of hunting a sample of a route or area to determine the presence or absence of mines,after which further operation may be undertaken. The track spacing and number of runs are calculated as indicated of this publication. 5. MH suitable for time limited

Short Term Op - When time available for countermeasures is limited and only a small number of ships will traverse the channel or area immediately after countermeasures, a short - term or break through operation is appropriate. Requirements for the short - term operation are typical of those of pre-assault and the initial opening of a port. 6. Why divers not advice to cut mooring of moored mine?

Because mines maybe fitted with hydrostatic devices causing them to exploded with any rapid variation in depth. 7. Describe bottom profile

8.

3 different means of detection in MH

A variety of equipment and technical processes permit detection, classification and localisation of ground and/or moored mines. These different processes are at present based on optical, acoustic and magnetic means of detection.

9.

3 main phases in MH

a. Localisation. This phase consists of the plotting and possible marking of probable mines in order that traffic and MCM vessels may avoid mine danger areas. b. Identification. Identification may be undertaken by divers or underwater vehicles. (1) Divers. Clearance divers embarked in MCMVs with hull mounted or variable depth sonar may identify contacts and they can also be used in the disposal phase. (2) Underwater vehicles. In order to reduce the risk to divers underwater vehicles fitted with a CCTV camera or sonar imaging device may be used both for identification and disposal. c. Disposal. Mine disposal is by one of the following methods: (1) Neutralisation. This is done either by disrupting the mine firing mechanism or by separating the firing mechanism from the main explosive charge. It may be achieved by using divers to place a relatively small shaped explosive charge on the mine or by using a vehicle to lay a charge sufficiently close to disrupt the mechanism. Alternatively divers may be used to render the mine safe using EOD procedures. (2) Countermining. This consists of placing a mine disposal charge close enough to the mine such that sympathetic detonation occurs. In some cases when a mine is destroyed (countermined) by a ROV it may not be known with a degree of certainty whether the mine was actually detonated by the disposal charge. In such cases the Minehunter should determine the condition of the mine, using Minehunting Sonar, and if required the ROV, taking further action to ensure that the mine is effectively countermined. (3) Removal. There may be circumstances which make it necessary to move a mine, however it will normally be rendered safe or neutralised first. Removal is usually achieved by means of flotation bags. (4) Recovery. This consists of the recovery of the mine in order that a detailed technical evaluation may take place. It is necessary that the mine suffers as little disruption as is safe and practical. 10. What is Check Task

A check task may be ordered to check and confirm as far as possible that no mines are left after a previous MCM operation. It is planned and evaluated in the same way as exploratory operations. 11. MS over MH

Minesweeping is likely to prove more effective if any of the following conditions apply: a. b. c. d. 12. Rock, stone, shingle, coral bottoms. Bottom fouled by debris. Mine buried (likely in hard mud, sand or weed). Poor environmental conditions. Role of Ollister

OLISTER system exists in two different configurations, FDS (Forward Detection Sonar) and MIDS (Mine Idendtification and Disposal system). Typical missions are: FDS: - Mine hunting ahead of the ship - Detection and classification of ground and moored mines on the continental shelf - Sea bottom survey and investigation MIDS: - Relocation, identification and destruction of ground and moored mines - Accurate mid-water or seabottom inspection