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and
T
+ + = U B U
K dt
dU
dx
dp
o u
(9)
Since the medium is optically thin with relatively low density and (
1
o absorption coefficient) <<1, the relative
heat flux given by Equation (4), in the spirit of Cogley et al. [23], becomes
( )
*
2 *
4
1 *
q
r
T T
y
o
c
=
c
(10)
where
}
c
c
=
0
*
1
2
1
T
B
o o
(11)
where B is planks function.
On the introducing the non-dimensional quantities
*
0
,
u
u
U
=
*
0
,
v
v
V
=
*
0
,
V y
y
v
=
*
0
,
U
U
U
=
*
0
,
p
p
u
U
U
=
*
0 0
,
U V
v
e e =
2
* 0
,
4
V
t t
v
= ,
w
T T
T T
u
* *
* *
,
w
w w
C C
C
C C
*
2
0
4
,
V
v
o o =
2
* 0
2
,
V
j j
v
=
2
2
0
, K
kV
v
=
0
2
0
c
B
M
V
o v
= , ( )
2
2
2
0
4
w
p
R T T
C kV
o
= , Pr
p p
C C
k k
v
v
o
= = = , (12)
2
0 0
( )
f w
g T T
Gr
U V
v|
= ,
* *
( )
2
0 0
g C C
c w
Gc
U V
v|
=
*
Sc
D
v
=
Furthermore, the spin-gradient viscosity which gives some relationship between the coefficients of viscosity
and micro-inertia, is defined as
1
* *
( ) 1
2 2
j j |
A
= + = +
| |
|
\ .
; |
A
= (13)
where | denotes the dimensionless viscosity ratio, in which A is the coefficient of gyro-viscosity (or vertex
viscosity).
In view of Equations (5) and (8)-(13), the governing Equations (2)-(4) and (6) reduce to the following non-
dimensional form:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 1
1 1 2 .
4 4
t
r c
dU u u u
Ae G G C N U u
t y dt y y
o
e
c | u |
c c c c
+ = + + + + + +
c c c c
(14)
( ) ,
1
1
4
1
2
2
y y
Ae
t
t
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c e
q
e
c
e
o
(15)
( )
2
2
2
1 1
1
4 Pr
t
Ae R
t y y
o
u u u
c u
| | c c c
+ =
|
c c c
\ .
, (16)
( ) .
1
1
4
1
2
2
y
C
Sc y
C
Ae
t
C
t
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
o
c
(17)
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www.theijes.com The IJES Page 27
where
1
, N M
K
= +
| |
|
\ .
*
2
2
j
q
|
= =
+
and Gr , Gc , Pr , K, M , R and Sc denote the Grashof number, solutal Grashof number, prandtl number,
permeability of the porous medium, magnetic field parameter, Radiation parameter and the Schmidt number,
respectively.
The boundary conditions (8) are than given by the following dimensionless equations:
,
p
U u =
1 ,
t
e
o
u c = +
y
u
n
c
c
= e
, 1
t
C e
o
c = + at 0 y = ,
, 1
t
e u
o
c + 0 u , 0 w , 0 C as y (18)
III. SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM
In order to reduce the above system of partial differential equations to a system of ordinary differential
equations in dimensionless form, we may represent the velocity, microrotation, temperature and concentration in
the neighbourhood of the porous plate as
( ) ( ) ( )
1 0
2 t
u u y e u y O
o
c c = + + + ...
( ) ( ) ( )
1 0
2 t
y e y O
o
e e c e c = + + +
...
( ) ( ) ( )
1 0
2 t
y e y O
o
u u c u c = + + +
(19)
( ) ( ) ( )
1 0
2 t
C C y e C y O
o
c c = + + +
By Substituting Equation (19) into Equations (13)-(16), and equating the harmonic and non-harmonic
terms, and neglecting the higher-order terms of ( )
2
0 c , we obtain the following pairs of equations for
( )
0 0 0 0
, , , C u u e
and ( )
1 1 1 1
, , , C u u e
.
0 0 0 0 0 0
" ' '
(1 ) 2
c
u u Nu N G G C
r
| u |e + + =
(20)
" ' ' '
(1 ) ( ) ( ) 2
1 1 1 0 1 1 1
4 4
u u N u N Au G G C
r c
o o
| u |e + + + = +
(22)
1 1 1 0
" ' '
4
A
o
e qe qe qe + = (23)
2
0 0 0
'' '
Pr 0 R u u u + = (24)
1 1 1
0
2 '' '
Pr Pr Pr
4
R A
o
u u u u' + + =
| |
|
\ .
(25)
0 0
'' '
0 C ScC + = (26)
1 1 1 0
'' ' '
4
C ScC Sc AScC
o
u + = (27)
where the prime denote differentiation with respect to y . The corresponding boundary conditions can be written
as
0
,
p
u U =
1
0, u =
'
,
0 0
nu e =
'
,
1 1
nu e = 1,
0
u = 1
1
u = ,
0
1, C = 1,
1
C = at 0 y =
0
1, u =
1
1 u = ,
0
0 e ,
1
0, e
0
0, C 0,
1
C
0
0, u
1
0, u as y (30)
Without going into details, the solutions of Eqs. (20)-(27) subject to Eq. (30) can be shown to be
( )
{ }
3 5 6 1 2 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1
, 1
1 2 3 4
1
m y m y m y m y m y m y t Scy y
m y m y
Scy y
u y t a e a e a e a e
e b e b e b e b e b e b e b e b e
o q
q
c
= + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
(31)
( )
{ }
1 2 1
5
4
,
m y
y t y
A
y t c e e c e c e
q o q
q
e c
o
= +
(32)
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www.theijes.com The IJES Page 28
( )
{ }
3 3 3 4 4
4
,
t
Am m y m y m y m y
y t e e e e e
o
u c
o
= + +
| |
|
\ .
(33)
( ) ( )
{ }
6 6
4
,
m y Scy t Scy
ASc
m y
C y t e e e e e
o
c
o
= + + (34)
The skin-friction, the couple stress coefficient, the Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are
important physical parameters for this type of boundary layer flow. These parameters can be defined and
determined as follows.
*
* *
* *
*
0
( ) ,
0
w
y
u
y
y
t e
=
c
= + A + A
=
c
| |
0 0
0
*
2
2 1 (1 )
y
w
C
f
U V
u
n
y
t
|
=
=
c
= +
c
=
| | { }
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 8
2 1 (1 ) (
1 1 2 3 3 4
t
n a m a m a Sc a e bm b m b m b m b m b m b Sc b
o
| q c q + + + + + ( + + + + + + +
(35)
,
0
*
*
*
=
c
c
=
y
w
y
M
e
0
1
1
2
0
2
4 1
1
1
5 1 2
2
M
w
C
m
jU
y
y
A k
t
k e c m
e
|
q
o
| q c
o
=
c
= +
c
=
= + + +
| |
|
\ .
| |
| |
|
` |
|
\ .
) \ .
(36)
( )
*
*
0
,
T y
y
Nu x
x
T T
w
c c
=
=
1
Re
0
2
4 4
3 3
1
3 4
Nu
x x
y
y
Am Am
t
m e m
u
o
c
o o
c
=
c
=
= + +
(
| |
(
|
\ . (
(37)
,
* * *
( )
j x
w
Sh
x
D C C
w
=
where
*
*
,
*
*
0
C
j D
w
y
y
c
=
c
=
6
2
1
Re
0
4 4
1
t
C
Sh
x x
y
y
ASc ASc
Sc e m
o
c
o o
c
=
c
=
= + +
| |
` |
\ .
)
(38)
where
0
Re V x
x
v = is the Reynolds number.
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IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The formulation of MHD free convection flow and mass transfer of an incompressible electrically
conducting micropolar fluid along a semi-infinite heated vertical porous moving plate in a porous medium in the
presence of thermal radiation field has been performed in the preceding sections. This enables us to carry out the
numerical computations for the distribution of translational velocity, microrotation, temperature and
concentration across the boundary layer for various values of the parameters. In the present study we have
chosen 1 t = , 0.01 o = , 0.001 c = and 0.5 A = , while | , n , Gr , Gc ,
P
U , M , K , Pr , R and Sc ,are varied over
a range, which are listed in the figure legends.
The effect of viscosity ratio | on the translational velocity and microrotation profiles across the
boundary layer are presented in Fig. 1. It is noteworthy that the velocity distribution greater for a Newtonian
fluid ( 0 | = ) with given parameters, as compared with micropolar fluids until its peak value reaches. The
translational velocity shows a decelerating nature near the porous plate as | -parameter increases, and then
decays to the relevant free stream velocity. In addition, the magnitude of microrotation at the wall is decreased
as | -parameter increases. However, the distributions of microrotation across the boundary layer do not show
consistent variations with increment of | -parameter. The translational velocity and the microrotation profiles
against spanwise coordinate y for different values of Grashof number Gr and modified Grashof number Gc are
described in Figs. 2 and 3 respectively. It is observed that the velocity increases as Gr or Gc increase, but
decreases due to microrotation. Here the positive values of Gr corresponds to a cooling of the surface by natural
convection. In addition, the curves observed that the peak value of velocity increases rapidly near the wall of the
porous plate as Gr or Gc increases, and then decays to the free stream velocity.
Fig. 4 illustrates the variation of velocity and microrotation distribution across the boundary layer for
various values of the plate velocity p U in the direction of the fluid flow. It is obvious that the values of
translational velocity and microrotation on the porous plate are increased as the plate velocity increases, and
then decayed to the free stream velocity. For different values of the magnetic field parameter M , the
translational velocity and microrotation profiles are plotted in Fig. 5. It is obvious that the effect of increasing
values of M -parameter results in a decreasing velocity distribution across the boundary layer. Further-more, the
results shows the magnitude of microrotation on the porous plate is decreased as M -parameter increases. For
different values of the Schmidt number Sc , translational velocity and the microrotation profiles are plotted in
Fig. 6. It is obvious that the effect of increasing values of Sc results in a decreasing velocity distribution across
the boundary layer. Furthermore, the results show that the magnitude of microrotation on the porous plate is
decreased as Sc increases. For different values of the radiation parameter R, the velocity and temperature
profiles are plotted in Fig. 7. It is obvious that an increase in the radiation parameter R results in decreasing
velocity and temperature within the boundary layer, as well as a decreased thickness of the velocity and
temperature boundary layers. This is because the large R-values correspond to an increased dominance of
conduction over radiation thereby decreasing buoyancy force (thus, vertical velocity) and thickness of the
thermal and momentum boundary layers.
Typical variations in the temperature profiles along the spanwise coordinate are shown in Fig. 8 for
different values of Prandtl number Pr . The results show that an increase of Prandtl number results in a
decreasing temperature distribution across the boundary layer. Fig. 9 shows the concentration profiles across
the boundary layer for various values of Schmidt number Sc . The Figure shows that an increase in Sc results in a
decreasing the concentration distribution, because the smaller values of Sc are equivalent to increasing the
chemical molecular diffusivity. Numerical values for functions proportional to shear stress
f
C , wall couple
stress
m
C , heat and mass transfer rates are given in Tables 1-3. It is note that both the skinfriction coefficient
and the wall couple stress coefficient decrease, as Sc increases. In addition, it is interesting to note for
micropolar fluids that the skin-friction coefficient decreases as the n-parameter increases, while, an increase in n
results in a decrease of the wall couple stress coefficient. From the analytical results, it can be seen that the rates
of heat transfer and mass transfer depend only on Prandtl number and Schmidt number, respectively. Therefore,
concentration gradient at the porous plate increases as Schmidt number increases. From Tables 2 and 3 it can be
seen that
f
C and
m
C decrease as Pr or R increases, but increases due to the absolute values of the heat transfer
rate.
Radiation and Mass Transfer Effects On An
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
y
u
|=0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0
c=0.001 o=0.01 Sc=0.4 t=1.0
Gr=2.0 Gc=2.0 R=0.5
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0
Pr=0.71 M=2.0 K=1.0
(a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
y
e
|=3.0
|=1.0
|=0.5
|=0.0
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0 t=1.0
c=0.001 o=0.01 Sc=0.4
Gr=2.0 Gc=2.0 R=0.5
Pr=0.71 M=2.0 K=1.0
(b)
Fig. 1 Velocity and microrotation profiles for various values of | .
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www.theijes.com The IJES Page 31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.5
1
1.5
2
y
u
Gr=1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0 t=1.0
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01
M=2.0 Gc=2.0 R=0.5
Pr=0.71 K=1.0 Sc=0.4
(a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
y
e
Gr= 6.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0 t=1.0
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01
M=2.0 Gc=2.0 R=0.5
Pr=0.71 K=1.0 Sc=0.4
(b)
Fig. 2 Velocity and microrotation profiles for various values of Gr.
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www.theijes.com The IJES Page 32
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
y
u
Gc=1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0 t=1.0
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01
M=2.0 Gr=2.0 R=0.5
Pr=0.71 K=1.0 Sc=0.4
(a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
y
e
Gc= 6.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0 t=1.0
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01
M=2.0 Gr=2.0 R=0.5
Pr=0.71 K=1.0 Sc=0.4
(b)
Fig. 3 Velocity and microrotation profiles for various values of Gc.
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www.theijes.com The IJES Page 33
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
y
u
Up=1.0, 0.5, 0.0
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01 t=1.0
Gr=2.0 n=0.5 A=0.0
Gc=2.0 R=0.5 K =1.0
Sc=0.4 M=2.0 Pr=0.71
(a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
y
e
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01 t=1.0
Gr=2.0 n=0.5 A=0.0
Gc=2.0 Pr=0.71 R =0.5
Sc=0.4 M=2.0 K =1.0
Up=1.0, 0.5, 0.0
(b)
Fig. 4 Velocity and microrotation profiles for various values of Up.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
y
u
M=0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01 t=1.0
Gr=2.0 Gc=2.0 R=0.5
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0
Pr=0.71 K=1.0 Sc=0.4
(a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-2
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
y
e
M=5.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.0
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0 t=1.0
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01
Gr=2.0 Gc=2.0 R =0.5
Pr=0.71 K =1.0 Sc=0.4
(b)
Fig. 5 Velocity and microrotation profiles for various values of M.
Radiation and Mass Transfer Effects On An
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
y
u
Sc=0.7, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0 t=1.0
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01
Gr=2.0 Gc=2.0 R=0.5
Pr=0.71 M=2.0 K=1.0
(a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
y
e
Sc=0.7, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2
Up=0.5 c=0.001 |=0.1 t=1.0
Gr=2.0 Gc=2.0 o=0.01
K=1.0 A=0.0 Pr=0.71
M=2.0 n=0.5 R=0.5
(b)
Fig. 6 Velocity and microrotation profiles for various values of Sc.
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www.theijes.com The IJES Page 36
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
y
u
R=2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.0
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0 t=1.0
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01
Gr=2.0 Gc=2.0 Sc=0.4
Pr=0.71 M=2.0 K=1.0
(a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
y
u
R=0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0 t=1.0
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01
Gr=2.0 Gc=2.0 Pr=0.71
Sc=0.4 M=2.0 K=1.0
(b)
Fig. 7 Velocity and temperature profiles for various values of R.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
y
u
Pr= 5.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.71
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0 t=1.0
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01
Gr=2.0 Gc=2.0 R=0.5
Sc=0.4 M=2.0 _=1.0
Fig. 8 Temperature profiles for different values of Pr.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
y
C
c=0.001 |=0.1 o=0.01 t=1.0
Gr=2.0 Gc=2.0 R=0.5
Up=0.5 n=0.5 A=0.0
Pr=0.71 M=2.0 K=1.0
Sc=0.2
Sc=0.4
Sc=0.6
Sc=0.8
Fig. 9 Concentration profiles for various values of Sc.
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TABLE I: Value of
f
C ,
m
C ,
1
(0) u and
1
(0) C for various values of | With 1 t = , 0.001 c = , 0.01 o = ,
0.0 A = , 0.5 n = , 2.0 M = , 0.4 Sc = , Pr 0.71 = 0.5 R = ,
1.0 K =
, 2.0 Gr = , 2.0 Gc = and 0.5
p
U = .
| n Sc
f
C
m
C
1
(0) u
1
(0) C
0.0 0.0 0.2 6.7214 0 0.9695 0.2002
0.4 6.4089 0 0.9695 0.4004
0.6 6.1622 0 0.9695 0.6006
0.8 5.9623 0 0.9695 0.8008
0.5 0.2 6.7214 1.6837 0.9695 0.2002
0.4 6.4089 1.6055 0.9695 0.4004
0.6 6.1622 1.5437 0.9695 0.6006
0.8 5.9623 1.4936 0.9695 0.8008
1.0 0.2 6.7214 3.3674 0.9695 0.2002
0.4 6.4089 3.2109 0.9695 0.4004
0.6 6.1622 3.0874 0.9695 0.6006
0.8 5.9623 2.9873 0.9695 0.8008
1.0 0.0 0.2 8.3628 0 0.9695 0.2002
0.4 7.8868 0 0.9695 0.4004
0.6 7.5297 0 0.9695 0.6006
0.8 7.2520 0 0.9695 0.8008
0.5 0.2 7.8393 1.3089 0.9695 0.2002
0.4 7.3930 1.2344 0.9695 0.4004
0.6 7.0583 1.1786 0.9695 0.6006
0.8 6.7980 1.1381 0.9695 0.8008
1.0 0.2 6.9667 3.4904 0.9695 0.2002
0.4 6.5701 3.2918 0.9695 0.4004
0.6 6.1622 3.1429 0.9695 0.6006
0.8 5.9623 3.0270 0.9695 0.8008
3.0 0.0 0.2 10.5367 0 0.9695 0.2002
0.4 9.8046 0 0.9695 0.4004
0.6 9.2893 0 0.9695 0.6006
0.8 8.9071 0 0.9695 0.8008
0.5 0.2 8.9088 0.8924 0.9695 0.2002
0.4 8.2398 0.8304 0.9695 0.4004
0.6 7.0583 0.7868 0.9695 0.6006
0.8 6.7980 0.7544 0.9695 0.8008
1.0 0.2 5.5050 2.7583 0.9695 0.2002
0.4 5.1224 2.5667 0.9695 0.4004
0.6 4.8532 2.4319 0.9695 0.6006
0.8 4.6534 2.3318 0.9695 0.8008
TABLE II: Value of
f
C ,
m
C ,
1
(0) u and
1
(0) C for various values of Pr With 1 t = , 0.001 c = , 0.1 | = ,
0.01 o = , 0.0 A = , 0.5 n = , 2.0 M = , 0.4 Sc = , 0.5 R = , 1.0 K = , 2.0 Gr = , 2.0 Gc = and 0.5
p
U = .
Pr
f
C
m
C
1
(0) u
1
(0) C
0.71 6.5454 1.5615 0.9695 0.4004
0.5 6.3726 1.5203 1.2088 0.4004
1.0 5.9379 1.4167 2.1214 0.4004
2.0 5.3912 1.2863 5.0577 0.4004
Radiation and Mass Transfer Effects On An
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 39
TABLE IIII: Value of
f
C ,
m
C ,
1
(0) u and
1
(0) C for various values of R with 1.0 t = , 0.001 c = , 0.1 | = ,
0.01 o = , 0.0 A = , 0.5 n = , 2.0 M = , 0.4 Sc = , Pr 0.71 = , 1.0 K = , 2.0 Gr = , 2.0 Gc = , and 0.5
p
U = .
R
f
C
m
C
1
(0) u
1
(0) C
0.0 6.7795 1.6173 0.7112 0.4004
0.5 6.5454 1.5615 0.9695 0.4004
1.0 6.2466 1.4903 1.4178 0.4004
2.0 5.8512 1.3961 2.3888 0.4004
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this work the problem of combined heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous incompressible
electrically conducting micropolar fluid past a steadily moving infinite vertical plate under the action of a
uniform magnetic field with thermal radiation field is investigated. The resulting governing equations are solved
by perturbation scheme. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the details of the MHD convective flow and
mass transfer characteristics and their dependence on the fluid properties and flow conditions. We may conclude
that the translational velocity across the boundary layer and the magnitude of microrotation at the wall are
decreased with increasing values of M , Sc and Pr , while they show opposite trends with increasing values of
n , Gr and Gc . Also, we found that
f
C and
m
C decreased as R increases, but it increased due to the absolute
values of the heat transfer rate.
APPENDIX
( )
1
1 1 4 (1 )
1
2 1
m N |
|
= + + +
+
(
,
( )
1
1 1 4( )(1 )
2
2 1 4
m N
o
|
|
= + + + +
+
(
(
,
2
2
Pr 4
1 1
3
2 Pr
R
m = + +
(
(
(
,
2 2
2
Pr 4( Pr )
1 1
4
2 Pr
R
m
+
= + +
(
(
(
,
1 1
5
2
m
q o
q
= + +
(
(
,
6
1 1
2
Sc
m
Sc
o
= + +
(
(
1
1 2 3 4
a U a a a
p
= ,
( )
2 2
1
3 3
Gr
a
m m N |
=
+
,
( )
3 2
1
Gc
a
Sc Sc N |
=
+
,
( )
2
4 1 1 1 2
1
a k k
N
|q
u
| q q
= =
+
,
( )
1 1
1
2
1 ( )
1 1
4
Am a
b
m m N
o
|
=
+ +
,
(1 )
5 7 2 1 3 4 6 8
b b b b b b b b = + + + + + + + ,
( )
4
3 2
3
2
1 ( )
3 3
4
Gr
Am a
b
m m N
o
o
|
+
=
+ +
| |
|
\ .
,
( )
4
3
1
4
2
1 ( )
4 4
4
Am
Gr
b
m m N
o
o
|
+
=
+ +
| |
|
\ .
,
Radiation and Mass Transfer Effects On An
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 40
( )
2
5
5 2 2 2
2
1 ( )
5 5
4
m
b k k
m m N
|
u
o
|
= =
+ +
,
( )
4
1
6
2
1 ( )
6 6
4
ASc
Gc
b
m m N
o
o
|
+
=
+ +
| |
|
\ .
,
( )
4
3
7
2
1 ( )
4
Gc
ASc a
b
Sc Sc N
o
o
|
+
=
+ +
| |
|
\ .
,
( )
2
8
1
3
8
2
1 ( )
4
k
A a
b
N
|q
q
o
o
| q q
=
+ +
| |
|
|
\ .
,
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1 1 2 3 1 3 1
1 1
1
1
p
n
k U m a m m a Sc m
n m u q
= + +
( )
3 4 2
2
1
5 2 2
k nk m
k
n m m u
+
=
+
,
( )
7 3 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 6 6 8
A
k k n b m b m b m b m b Sc b
q
q
o
= + + + + + + (1 )
5 7 4 1 4 6 8
k b b b b b b = + + + + + + .
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