Equilibrium and Elasticity

Equilibrium means all forces + torques are balanced! This can be important in many systems:

Equilibrium and Elasticity

A uniform beam of length L!and mass M! is attached to a wall by a cable at angle ! to the horizontal, as shown in the figure. The beam is free to pivot at the point where it attaches to the wall.

! L

What is the tension in the cable?

Springs and Hookes Law

A spring force is a restoring force. It always tries to return the spring to its equilibrium position.

A 1 kg weight is suspended from a spring, stretching it by 5 cm. How much does the spring stretch if the 1.0 kg weight is replaced by a 3.0 kg weight?

A scale used to weigh fish consists of a spring connected to the ceiling. The springs equilibrium length is 30 cm. When a 4.0 kg fish is suspended from the end of the spring, it stretches to a length of 42 cm. a. What is the spring constant k for this spring? b. If an 8.0 kg fish is suspended from the spring, what will be the length of the spring?

A spring has an unstretched length of 12 cm. It exerts a restoring force F when stretched to a length of 14 cm. (a) For what total stretched length of the spring is its restoring force 3F? (b) At what compressed length is the restoring force 2F?

Stretching and Compressing Materials

Solids are made of atoms. Atoms are connected with springlike bonds. even a steel rod is elastic it takes a large amount of force to stretch a rigid material

Stretching and Compressing Materials

We can predict the amount of force it would take to stretch the rod by "L:

Y is Youngs Modulus. It depends on the material of the rod.

Stretching and Compressing Materials

Recall Hookes Law:

(tensile) strain stress

The femur can be modeled as a tube of cortical bone for most of its length. A 70 kg person has a femur with a crosssection (of the cortical bone) of 4.8 x 104 m2, a typical value. a. If this person supports his entire weight on one leg, what fraction of the tensile strength of the bone does this represent? b. By what fraction of its length does the femur shorten?

Impulse
we can understand a collision from
F
racketONball

the perspective of Newtons Third Law =F

ballONracket

How does Ivo Karlovic set a world

Momentum + impulse

record with a 156 mph tennis serve?

Impulse

a collision is a shortduration consider the collision of

soccer ball:

interaction between two objects foot with a

 consider the collision of

soccer ball:

foot with a

if

we plot the force on the ball, the impulsive force, we see theres a large force over a small amount of time

the area under the curve

is defined as impulse, J

 the area under the curve is defined as impulse, J

we can also use Favg to solve for the impulse

A 57 g! tennis ball is served at 45 m/s. If the ball started from rest, what impulse was applied to the ball by the racket?

ImpulseMomentum Theorem
the area under the curve
is defined as impulse, J

by Newtons second law it

can be shown that the impulse is also equal to the change in momentum:

ImpulseMomentum Theorem

a jumping frog wants a large change in

momentum short amount of time ... change in momentum

it exerts a modest force, but in a smaller time = bigger

 Would you catch a water balloon with a rigid hand, or

cushion the fall over a larger amount of time?

Other examples: catching a baseball soft hands jumping off a tall object

Use the impulsemomentum theorem to find how long a stone falling straight down takes to increase its speed from 5.6 m/s! to 11.8 m/s!.

What is momentum?
the mass of
an object times its velocity

just like velocity, it is a

vector + it has components:

In each of the following, where a rubber ball bounces with no loss of speed, is the change in momentum "p positive, negative, or zero?

 just like velocity, it is a

vector + it has components:

the impulse has components also:

A 1.8!kg object is moving to the right with a speed of 1.5!m/s when it experiences the force shown in the figure (a). What is the object's speed after the force ends? (b) What is the object's direction after the force ends?

A small light ball S and and a large, heavy ball L move toward each other, collide, and bounce apart. Compare the force that S exerts on L to the force that L exerts on S. Sketch graphs of FLonS and FSonL.

Conservation of Momentum

p1 + p2 = constant! Pi = Pf (p1)i + (p2)i = (p1)f + (p2)f

* no external forces

Conservation of Momentum
Pi = Pf (p1)i + (p2)i = (p1)f + (p2)f A 10,000 kg railroad car is rolling at 2.0 m/s when a 4000 kg load of gravel is dropped in. What is the cars speed just after the gravel is loaded?

Law of Conservation of Momentum

Momentum is conserved when there are no external forces on the system. If Fnet = 0 the total momentum, P, of the system does not change

Law of Conservation of Momentum

The total momentum P of an isolated system is a constant. Interactions within the system do not change the systems total momentum.

Pi = Pf

Conservation of Momentum
an explosion is also a very good example of
momentum can be conserved. a case when

Pi = Pf (p1)i + (p2)i = (p1)f + (p2)f A man standing on very slick ice fires a rifle horizontally. The mass of the man together with the rifle is 70!kg, and the mass of the bullet is 10!g. If the bullet leaves the muzzle at a speed of 500 m/s, what is the final speed of the man?

Inelastic Collisions
rubber ball bouncing off the floor = elastic collision ball of clay hits the floor and sticks = inelastic collision

in a perfectly inelastic collision two objects collide, stick

together and move off with a common velocity

Inelastic Collisions
A 71!kg baseball player jumps straight up to catch a line drive. If the 140!g ball is moving horizontally at 27!m/s, and the catch is made when the ballplayer is at the highest point of his leap, what is his speed immediately after stopping the ball?

Momentum and Collisions in Two Dimensions

Though we have only discussed conservation of

momentum in one dimension of course it must apply in the x & y directions!

Momentum and Collisions in Two Dimensions

Two particles collide and bounce apart. The figure shows the initial momenta of both and the final momentum of particle 2. What is the x component of final momentum of particle 1? What is the y component of final momentum of particle 1?

Angular Momentum

linear momentum: p = mv angular momentum: L = I#

I = rotational mass;
moment of inertia kgm2 rad/s

# = angular speed

Angular Momentum

angular momentum: L = I#

angular momentum
is conserved when there is no external torque

angular momentum: Li = Lf Ii#i = If#f

Angular Momentum
The moon's mass is 7.4 x 1022 kg and it orbits 3.8 x 108 m from the earth. What is the angular momentum of the moon around the earth?

Divers change their body position in midair while rotating about their center of mass. In one dive, the diver leaves the board with her body nearly straight, then tucks into a somersault position. If the moment of inertia of the diver in a straight position is 14!kg m2 and in a tucked position is 4.0!kg m2, by what factor is his angular velocity when tucked greater than when straight?

Conservation of Energy
recall momentum was conserved under certain special circumstances: Pi = Pf (p1)i + (p2)i = (p1)f + (p2)f * no external forces

Conservation of Energy

energy is also conserved: Ei = Ef (E1)i + (E2)i = (E1)f + (E2)f

but, before we talk about conservation of energy, we should discuss what energy is ...

Energy is like a natural money!

energy
ability to do work potential energy kinetic energy work

money
ability to purchase goods savings account cash money paycheck/paying bills

Energy is like a natural money!

energy
ability to do work potential energy kinetic energy work

money
ability to purchase goods savings account cash money paycheck/paying bills

Gravitational Potential Energy

you drop an object, it speeds up. Why? gravity is pushing it down, giving it energy, doing positive work on the object.

Gravitational Potential Energy

As the object drops its energy of motion increases.

As the object drops its energy of position decreases.

Energy Kinetic + Potential

Etot = K + U

Energy Transformations
A weightlifter lifts a barbell over her head Echem $ Ug A base runner slides into the base K $ Eth A burning campfire Echem $ Eth A springboard diver Us $ K $ Ug

A weightlifter lifts a barbell over her head Echem $ Ug Energy transformations take place within a system:

system = body builder + barbell

Putting a shot W$K Energy transfers take place between the system + environment: system = shot environment = athlete energy is being transferred from the athlete to the shot by the force of his hand.

Law of Conservation of Energy

Work represents energy transferred into or out of a system: "E = W

In general:

Work
A force applied does work on a system if the system moves in the direction of the force: W = Fd
SI unit = 1 Joule = 1 Nm

In general, if a force is applied at an angle with respect to the displacement: W = Fd cos! ! is the angle between force and displacement

During an etiquette class, you walk slowly and steadily at 0.20!m/s for 2.5 m with a 0.75 kg book balanced on top of your head. How much work does your head do on the book?

Work
Sometimes a force applied does no work; it does not change the energy of the system.

Which force does the most work?

An elevator moves upward: draw a beforeandafter diagram identify all forces acting on the object determine if the work done by each of these forces is positive, negative, or zero An elevator moves downward: draw a beforeandafter diagram identify all forces acting on the object determine if the work done by each of these forces is positive, negative, or zero You slide down a steep hill: draw a beforeandafter diagram identify all forces acting on the object determine if the work done by each of these forces is positive, negative, or zero

Kinetic Energy
A mass m moving with velocity v, has kinetic energy :

1 kg (m/s)2 = 1 kg (m/s2) m = 1 N m = 1 J

Kinetic Energy
A mass m moving with velocity v, has kinetic energy :

1 kg (m/s)2 = 1 kg (m/s2) m = 1 N m = 1 J

Rank, in order, from greatest to least, the kinetic energies of the sliding pucks.

Sam's job at the amusement park is to slow down and bring to a stop the boats in the log ride. If a boat and its riders have a mass of 1500!kg and the boat drifts in at 1.6!m/s how much work does Sam do to stop it?

Compare the increase in a 1000 kg cars kinetic energy as it speeds up by 5.0 m/s, starting from 5.0 m/s, to its increase in kinetic energy as it speeds up by 5.0 m/s, starting from 10 m/s.

Compare the increase in a 1000 kg cars kinetic energy as it speeds up by 5.0 m/s, starting from 5.0 m/s, to its increase in kinetic energy as it speeds up by 5.0 m/s, starting from 10 m/s.

Rotational Kinetic Energy

An object with rotational mass I moving with angular velocity #, has kinetic energy :

1 kg m2 (rad/s)2 = 1 kg (m/s2) m =1Nm=1J

Rotational Kinetic Energy

The kinetic energy of something rolling is always greater than something rotating!

KROLLING = KTRANS + KROT = 1/2 mv2 + 1/2 I#2

Gravitational Potential Energy

you drop an object, it speeds up. Why? gravity is pushing it down, giving it energy, doing positive work on the object.

Gravitational Potential Energy

the earth and ball interact by the
gravitational force as the ball is lifted earth + ball system

potential energy is stored in the potential energy is later

recovered as kinetic energy when the ball falls down and speeds up

A 1 kg object initially 1m above the ground rises to a height of 2m. Anjay, Brittany, and Carlos each measure its position, but each of them uses a different coordinate system. Fill in the table to show the initial and final gravitational potential energies and "U as measured by the three aspiring scientists.
Ui Anjay Brittany Carlos Uf "U

How fast was the object traveling to start? Would Anjay, Brittany and Carlos all agree?

 Consider a hand lifting a book: the external force of the hand

does work on the book Uf = Ui + W Note theres no change in kinetic energy if the book starts at rest (Ki = 0) and finishes at rest (Kf = 0)

Elastic Potential Energy

* Note US "x2. US is positive whether "x > 0 or "x < 0 US = 0 at rest/equilibrium position

A heavy object is released from rest at position 1 above a spring. It falls and contacts the spring at position 2. The spring achieves maximum compression at position 3. Fill in the table below to indicate whether each of the quantities are +, , or 0 during the intervals as specified in the table.
1$2 2$3 3$2 2$1 3$1 "K "Ug "Us

How far must you stretch a spring with k =!1600!N/m to store 260 J of energy?

Thermal Energy

Thermal energy is related to microscopic motion. Atoms in hotter objects move faster & have more kinetic energy on average. Because of this they have more potential energy as well they stretch farther from their equilibrium positions.

Thermal Energy
Thermograph of a box dragged across the floor:

The floor warms up as evidenced by blue/green warmer areas. Why? Work done by friction!

Thermal Energy
The floor warms up as evidenced by blue/ green warmer areas. Why? Work done by friction!

Thermal Energy
Pedro drags a 17!kg duffel bag 18 m across the gym floor. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the floor and bag is 0.15, how much thermal energy does he create?