Q. Explain the process of induction in A.C Motors? A. In D.

C motors, electric power is conducted directly to the armature through brushes and commutator. But in A.C Motors the rotor does not receive electric power by induction just like a transformer where secondary winding receives power from primary. An induction motor can be treated as a rotating transformer. Q. What are the types of induction motors based on rotor construction? A. 1. Squirrel cage 2. Slip ring or phase-wound Q. Why the rotor slots in a squirrel cage motor are in skew? What are the advantages and disadvantages? A. Advantages: 1. Magnetic hum can be reduced. 2. Locking tendency of the rotor can be reduced. Disadvantages: 1. Increase in the effective ratio of transformation between stator and rotor 2. Increase in rotor resistance due to increase in length of rotor bars. 3. Increase in impedance of the machine at a given slip 4. Increased slip for a given torque Q. A squirrel-cage motor relies on eddy currents running along the rotor to function. However, if eddy currents run across the rotor, then the force on the rotor is reduced. How may these eddy currents be reduced without reducing the desired eddy currents? A. Laminate the plates which connect the rods to each other so that currents are restricted from running in the wrong direction. Q. What is Slip in an induction motor? A. The difference between Synchronous speed and the actual speed of the rotor is known as slip

%Slip= (Ns-N)/Ns*100 Q. Can an induction motor be operated as a generator? A. Yes. An induction motor can be operated as a generator by making it run faster than the synchronous speed. As soon as the motor speed exceeds its synchronous speed it starts delivering active power. However it absorbs reactive power for creating its own magnetic field. Q. Why a single phase induction motor is not self starting? A. Single phase induction motor has distributed stator winding and a squirrelcage rotor. When fed from a single-phase supply, its stator winding produces a flux (or field) which is only alternating i.e. one which alternates along one space axis only. It is not a synchronously revolving (or rotating) flux, as in the case of a two or three-phase stator winding, fed from a 2 or 3-phase supply. Now, an alternating or pulsating flux acting on a stationary, squirrel-cage rotor cannot produce rotation (only a revolving flux can). That is why a single-phase motor is not self-starting. Q. How to make a single phase induction motor self starting? A. To make the single phase induction motor self-starting, phase splitting is necessary. For this purpose, the stator of a single-phase motor is provided with an extra winding, known as starting (or auxiliary) winding, in addition to the main or running winding. The two windings are spaced 90o electrically apart and are connected in parallel across the single-phase supply. It is so arranged that the phase difference between the currents in the two stator windings is very large (ideal value being 90o). Hence, the motor behaves like a two-phase motor. These two currents produce a revolving flux and hence make the motor self starting. Q. What happens if a d.c series motor is connected to an a.c supply? A. if an ordinary d.c series motor is connected to an a.c supply it will rotate and exert unidirectional torque because the current flowing both in armature and field reverses at the same time. However

1. There will be high eddy current loss 2. Sparking will occur at brushes 3. Low power factor because of high inductance of field and armature circuits. Q. What is a universal motor? A. A universal motor is a D.C motor with a difference that both its stator and armature are laminated. They can be used on either d.c or a.c supply Q. What could be the reason if a split phase motor fails to start and hums loudly? A. It could be due to the starting winding being open or ground or burnt out. Q. What is the difference between a d.c generator and an alternator? A. In d.c generators armature rotates and the field system is stationary. But, in alternators the armature winding is mounted on a stationary element called stator and field windings are on a rotating element called rotor. Q. What is the difference between a split-ring and a slip-ring commutator? A. A split-ring commutator makes the current change direction every halfrotation, whereas a slip-ring commutator merely maintains a connection between the moving rotor and the stationary stator. Q. What are the different types of rotors used in alternators? A. 1. Salient pole type 2. Smooth cylindrical type Q. What is the use of damper windings? A. Damper windings prevent hunting (momentary speed fluctuations) in alternators. In synchronous motors they provide the starting toque. Q. What are the different methods for determining voltage regulation in alternators? A. 1. Synchronous impedance or E.M.F method

2. Ampere Turn or M.M.F method 3. Zero power factor or potier method. Q. What are the conditions to be satisfied to operate alternators in parallel? A. 1. The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be same as bus bar voltage. 2. The speed of the incoming machines should be such that its frequency is equal to bus bar frequency. 3. The phase of the alternator must be identical with the phase of bus bar voltage. Q. Can a d.c generator be converted into an alternator? How? A. Yes. By providing two collector rings on one end of the armature and connecting these two rings to two points in the armature winding 180 degrees apart.