Roger Hedding ABB Dousman,WI

Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers Transients Fundamentals

Not this Transient

Agenda

Introduction Capacitor Voltage Transformer Design Transient Response Transient Response Effect on Distance Relays Selection of Capacitor Voltage Transformer Conclusion

Why Capacitor Voltage Transformer and What is the Problem ?

Voltage transformer needed to transform system voltage to voltage usable to IED. Wire wound voltage transformers not economical above 138kV. Capacitor voltage transformers consist of capacitors and inductors that can discharge and cause problems Not a problem for e/m relays. Faster solid state and microprocessor relays need attention

Capacitor Voltage Transformer Cross Section

CVT Schematic

CVT Equivalent Circuit

Transient response

Ability to reproduce rapid changes in the primary voltage. The remaining secondary voltage after a specific time due to a short circuit on the primary voltage

Transient response

Transient oscillations in the secondary Two components

High frequency component

600 4000 Hz Damped out in 10 milliseconds

Low frequency component

2 15 Hz Lasts much longer

Capacitor Voltage Transformer Transient Response

Transient

Response function of Capacitance

Equivalent Voltage

Tap Suppression

Ferroresonant Connected

Burden

Transient Response vs Capacitance

345kV PCA-7 CCVT

Early work by Rusnak and Sweetana vintage 1970s

Transient Response vs Tap Voltage

Early work by Rusnak and Sweetana vintage 1970s

Transient Response vs Capacitance and Tap V

Early work by Rusnak and Sweetana vintage 1970s

Transient Response Vs. Ferroresonant Suppression

Early work by Rusnak and Sweetana vintage 1970s

Transient Response vs Burden

Early work by Rusnak and Sweetana vintage 1970s

What has changed in modern day CVT design ?

Higher tap voltage up to 13kV Higher capacitance Changes in Ferroresonant suppression

Transient Response for Current Design

CVT Design Choices

Under control of Designer

Under control of user

Stack Capacitance Ferroresonant Suppression Tap voltage

Burden Stack capacitance

CVT Transient Response Effect on Distance Relays

Impedance relays rely on accurate information of CTs and PTs to calculate impedance to fault. CVT transients cause erroneous information to be presented to the relay Transients last a relatively short period of time

Zone 2 and Zone 3 timers are set much longer the transient time period. Zone 2 and Zone 3 impedance relays not effected by CVT Transient Zone 1 relay with no intentional delay will be effected

Factors effecting impedance relay

Type of fault Fault incidence angle Source Impedance Ratio of protected line Load current magnitude and direction

Franklin and Horton Paper

How much does zone 1 setting need to be pulled back so it wont overrreach due to CVT transient ? Used CVT with active Ferroresonant suppression Worst case

Phase phase fault Heavily loaded line flowing toward relay Fault occurs at voltage zero

Impedance trajectories for Ideal VT and CVT

Phase Phase fault SIR = 5 Zline = 0.1+J1.0

Franklin and Horton Determining Distance Relay Zone 1 Reach Settings to Prevent CCVT Transient Overreach

Maximum Reach to compensate for CVT Transient

Franklin and Horton Determining Distance Relay Zone 1 Reach Settings to Prevent CCVT Transient Overreach for a particular relay

Modern Microprocessor relays

Use low pass filters and counters to mitigate effects of CVT transients Security comes at price of speed Relay operation may be delayed by up to 10 msec Some manufactures use CVT Transient filtering as setting (yes/no) in case conventional wire wound VTs are used.

Capacitance Selection for CVT

Recommend EMTP Studies

Several models of CVTs have been developed for use with EMTP Program. To understand how a particular CVT will respond on a given power system recommend EMTP Study

Conclusion

Reviewed CVT Design For lower CVT Transient

High Capacitance High Tap Voltage Passive Ferroresonant Circuit Lower Burden

Conclusion

Due to long time delay settings Zone 2 and Zone 3 relays typically not effected by CVT Transient Zone 1 relays with no intentional delay subject to overreach as a result of CVT transient. Factors influencing Zone 1 overreach

SIR Line Loading Type of Fault Fault inception angle

Conclusion

Modern relays employ filtering techniques to lessen impact of CVT transient For further questions on your system do EMTP study

Questions ?