Aeronautical Chart Users Guide 8th Edition

1 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
EXPLANATION OF VFR TERMS AND SYMBOLS
The discussions and examples in this section are based on the Sectional Aeronautical Chart (Sectional). Sec-
tionals include the most current data and are at a scale (1:500,000) most beneficial to pilots flying under Visual Flight
Rules. A pilot should have little difficulty in reading these charts which are, in many respects, similar to automobile
road maps. Each chart is named for a major city within its area of coverage.
The chart legend lists various aeronautical symbols as well as information concerning terrain and contour
elevations. You may identify aeronautical, topographical, and obstruction symbols (such as radio and television tow-
ers) by referring to the legend. Many landmarks which can be easily recognized from the air, such as stadiums,
pumping stations, refineries, etc., are identified by brief descriptions adjacent to small black squares marking their
exact locations . Oil wells are shown by small open circles . Water, oil and gas tanks are shown by small
black circles and labeled accordingly, if known. The scale of an item may be increased to make it easier to
read on the chart.
NACO charts are prepared in accordance with specifications of the Interagency Air Cartographic Committee
(IACC) and are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Department of
Defense (DoD).
TERRAIN AND OBSTRUCTIONS

The elevation and configuration of the Earth's 3. Color tints, also referred to as 19633
surface are certainly of prime importance to pilots. Car- hypsotints, are used to depict bands of ele-
tographers devote a great deal of attention to showing vation reletive to sea level. These colors
relief and obstruction data in a clear and concise manner. range from light green for the lowest eleva-
Five different techniques are used: contour lines, shaded tions to dark brown for the higher eleva- 12000
relief, color tints, obstruction symbols, and Maximum tions.
Elevation Figures (MEF). 9000
4. Obstruction symbols are used to 7000

1. Contour lines are lines con- depict man-made vertical features that
necting points on the Earth of equal may affect the National Airspace System. 5000
elevation. On Sectionals, basic con- NACO maintains a database of over

tours are spaced at 500' intervals. 118,000 obstacles in the United States, 3000
Intermediate contours may also be shown at 250' inter- Canada, the Caribbean and Mexico. Each
2000
vals in moderately level or gently rolling areas. Occasion- obstacle is evaluated by cartographers
ally, auxiliary contours at 50, 100, 125, or 150' intervals based on charting specifications before it is 1000
may be used to portray smaller relief features in areas of added to the visual charts. When the posi-
relatively low relief. The pattern of these lines and their tion or elevation of an obstacle is unveri-
spacing gives the pilot a visual concept of the terrain. fied, it is marked UC (under construction or
Widely spaced contours represent gentle slopes, while reported but not verified). -228
closely spaced contours represent steep slopes.
The data in the Digital Obstacle File (DOF) is col-
2. Shaded relief is a lected and disseminated as part of NACO’s responsibility
depiction of how the terrain for depicting the National Airspace System.
might appear from the air. The Source data on terrain and obstructions is some-
cartographer shades the times not complete or accurate enough for use in aero-
areas that would appear in nautical publications; for example, a reported obstruction
shadow if illuminated by a may be submitted with insufficient detail for determining
light from the northwest. the obstruction's position and elevation. Such cases are
Studies have indicated that identified by NACO and investigated by the FAA Flight
our visual perception has been conditioned to this view. Edit program.
The FAA Flight Edit crew conducts data verifica-
tion missions, visually verifying cultural and topographic
features and reviewing all obstacle data. Charts are gen-
erally flight-checked every three years. This review
includes checking for obstructions that may have been
constructed, altered, or dismantled without proper notifi-
cation.
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 2
Generally, only man-made structures extending elevation data shown on source material. Cartographers
more than 200' above ground level (AGL) are charted. use the following procedure to calculate MEFs:
Objects 200' or less are charted only if they are consid- When a man-made obstacle is more than 200'
ered hazardous obstructions; for example, an obstruc- above the highest terrain within the quadrant:
tion is much higher than the surrounding terrain or very
near an airport. Examples of features considered hazard- 1. Determine the elevation of the top of the
ous obstacles to low level flight are smokestacks, tanks, obstacle above MSL.
factories, lookout towers, and antennas. 2. Add the possible vertical error of the source
Obstacles less than 1000' AGL are shown by the material to the above figure (100' or 1/2 con-
tour interval when interval on source exceeds
symbol . Obstacles 1000' AGL and higher are 200'. U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle
Maps with contour intervals as small as 10'
shown by the symbol . Man-made features which are are normally used).
used by FAA Air Traffic Control as checkpoints may be 3. Round the resultant figure up to the next
represented with pictorial symbols shown in black with higher hundred foot level.
the required elevation data in blue.
The elevation of the top of the Example: Elevation of obstacle top (MSL) = 2424
Possible vertical error + 100
obstacle above mean sea level (MSL) and equals 2524
the height of the structure AGL are shown Raise to the following 100 foot level 2600
when known or when they can be reliably
determined by the cartographer. The Maximum Elevation Figure
AGL height is shown in parentheses below the MSL ele-
vation. In extremely congested areas the AGL values may When a natural terrain feature or natural vertical obstacle
be omitted to avoid confusion. (e.g. a tree) is the highest feature within the quadrangle.:
Obstacles are portrayed wherever possible. But 1. Determine the elevation of the feature.
since legibility would be impaired if all obstacles within 2. Add the possible vertical error of the source
city complexes or within high density groups of obstacles to the above figure (100' or 1/2 the contour
were portrayed, only the highest obstacle in an area is interval when interval on source exceeds
200').
shown using , the group obstacle symbol. 3. Add a 200' allowance for natural or man-
Obstacles under construction are indicated by made obstacles which are not portrayed
the letters immediately adjacent to the symbol. If because they are below the minimum height
available, the AGL height of the obstruction is shown in at which the chart specifications require their
parentheses; for example, . Obstacles with high- portrayal.
intensity strobe lighting systems are shown 4. Round the figure up to the next higher
hundred foot level.
as: Example: Elevation of obstacle top (MSL) = 3450
Possible vertical error + 100
5. The Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) repre- Obstacle Allowance 200
sents the highest elevation, including terrain and other equals 3750
vertical obstacles (towers, trees, etc.), within a quadrant. Raise to the following 100 foot level 3800
A quadrant on Sectionals is the area bounded by ticked Maximum Elevation Figure
lines dividing each 30 minutes of latitude and each 30
minutes of longitude. MEF figures are depicted to the
nearest 100' value. The last two digits of the number are Pilots should be aware that while the MEF is
not shown. In this example the MEF represents 12,500'. based on the best information available to the cartogra-
pher, the figures are not verified by field surveys. Also,
users should consult the Aeronautical Chart Bulletin in
the A/FD or NACO website to ensure that your chart has
the latest MEF data available.
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION

On visual charts, information about radio aids to
navigation is boxed, as illustrated. Duplication of data is
MEFs are shown over land masses as well as over open avoided. When two or more radio aids in a general area
water areas containing man-made obstacles such as oil have the same name with different frequencies, TACAN
rigs. channel numbers, or identification letters, and no misin-
In the determination of MEFs, extreme care is terpretation can result, the name of the radio aid may be
exercised to calculate the values based on the existing indicated only once within the identification box. VHF/
UHF radio aids to navigation names and identification Military airports:

boxes (shown in blue) take precedence. Only those items
that are different (e.g., frequency, Morse Code) are Other than hard-surfaced runways
repeated in the box in the appropriate color. The choice
of separate or combined boxes is made in each case on Hard-surfaced runways are depicted the same
the basis of economy of space and clear identification of as public-use airports.
the radio aids.
U.S. military airports are identified by abbrevia-
tions such as AAF (Army Air Field), AFB (Air Force
Base), MCAS (Marine Corps Air Station), NAS
(Naval Air Station), NAF (Naval Air Facility), NAAS
{ Naval Auxiliary Air Station), etc. Canadian military
airports are identified by the abbreviation DND
(Department of National Defense).
Radio aids to navigation located on an airport
depicted by the pattern symbol may not always be Services available:
shown by the appropriate symbol. A small open circle Tick marks around the basic airport symbol indi-
indicates the NAVAID location when co-located with an cate that fuel is available and the airport is tended
airport symbol. The type of radio aid to navigation may during normal working hours. (Normal working
be indicated by letter identification; e.g., VOR, VORTAC, hours are Monday through Friday 10:00 A.M. to
or VOR-DME, positioned on and breaking the top line of 4:00 P.M. local time.)
the identification box.
Other airports with or without services:
Airports are plotted in their true geographic posi-

tion unless the symbol conflicts with a radio aid to navi-
gation (navaid) at the same location. In such cases, the
airport symbol will be displaced, but the relationship
between the airport and the navaid will be retained.
Airports are identified by their designated name.
Generic parts of long airport names (such as "airport”,
"field” or "municipal") and the first names of persons are
commonly omitted unless they are needed to distinguish
one airport from another with a similar name.
The figure at right illus-
AIRPORTS trates the coded data that is
Airports in the following categories are charted as provided along with the airport
indicated (additional symbols are shown later in this Sec- name. The elevation of an air-
tion). port is the highest point on the
usable portion of the landing
Public use airports: areas. Runway length is the
length of the longest active run-
Hard-surfaced runways greater than 8069' or way including displaced thresh-
some multiple runways less than 8069' olds and excluding overruns.
Runway length is shown to the
Hard-surfaced runways 1500' to 8069' nearest 100', using 70 as the
division point; a runway 8070' in length is charted as 81,
Other than hard-surfaced runways while a runway 8069' in length is charted as 80.
Airports with Control Towers (CT), and their
Seaplane bases related information, are shown in blue. All other airports,
and their related information, are shown in magenta (red- the Class B is identified is shown as for
dish purple). example.
Class C Airspace is shown in abbreviated form
on WACs. Sectionals and TACs show Class C in greater
detail.
The MSL ceiling and floor altitudes of each sector
are shown in solid magenta figures with the last two dig-
its eliminated: . The following figures identify a sec-
tor that extends from the surface to the base of the Class
B: . The name by which the Class C is identified is
shown as: . Separate notes, enclosed
in magenta boxes, give the approach control frequencies
to be used by arriving VFR aircraft to establish two-way
radio communication before entering the Class C (gener-
ally within 20 NM):
Class D Airspace is symbolized by a blue

The symbol indicates that runway lights are on dashed line. Class D operating less than continuous is
during hours of darkness. A indicates that the pilot indicated by the following note: . Ceilings
must consult the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) to
of Class D are shown as follows: . A minus in front
determine runway lighting limitations, such as: available
on request (by radio call, letter, phone, etc), part-time of the figure is used to indicate "from surface to but not
lighting or pilot/airport controlled lighting. Lighting codes including .... .”
refer to runway edge lights. The lighted runway may not Class E Surface (SFC) Airspace is symbolized
be the longest runway available, and may not be lighted by a magenta dashed line. Class E SFC operating less
full length. A detailed description of airport and air navi- than continuous is indicated by the following note:
gation lighting aids available at each airport can be found
in the A/FD. When information is lacking, the respective
Class E Airspace
character is replaced by a dash. The symbol indicates e x i s t s a t 1 2 0 0 ' a b o v e
the existence of a rotating or flashing airport beacon ground level unless desig-
operating continuously sunset to sunrise. The Aeronauti- nated otherwise. The lat-
cal Information Manual (AIM) thoroughly explains the eral and vertical limits of all
types and uses of airport lighting aids. Class E up to but not including 18,000' are shown by
narrow bands of vignette on Sectionals and TACs. Con-
CONTROLLED AIRSPACE trolled airspace floors of 700' above the ground are
Controlled airspace consists of those areas defined by a magenta vignette; floors other than 700'
where some or all aircraft may be subject to air traffic that abut uncontrolled airspace (Class G) are defined by
control, such as Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, a blue vignette; differing floors greater than 700' above
Class E Surface (SFC) and Class E Airspace.
Class A Airspace within the United States the ground are annotated by a symbol and a
extends from 18,000' up to 60,000' MSL. While visual number indicating the floor. If the ceiling is less than
charts do not depict Class A, it is important to note its 18,000' MSL, the value (prefixed by the word "ceiling") is
existence. shown along the limits of the controlled airspace. These
Class B Airspace is shown in abbreviated form limits are shown with the same symbol indicated above.
on the World Aeronautical Chart (WAC). The Sectional
Aeronautical Chart (Sectional) and Terminal Area Chart UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE
(TAC) show Class B in greater detail. The MSL ceiling and Class G Airspace within the United States
floor altitudes of each sector are shown in solid blue fig- extends up to 14,500' MSL. At and above this altitude is
Class E, excluding the airspace less than 1500' above
ures with the last two digits omitted: Radials and
the terrain and certain special use airspace areas.
arcs used to define Class B are prominently shown on
TACs. Detailed rules and requirements associated with SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE
the particular Class B are shown. The name by which Special use airspace confines certain flight activ-
ities and restricts entry, or cautions other aircraft operat-
ing within specific boundaries. Except for Controlled (TFR) is a type of Notices to Airmen (NOTAM). A TFR
Firing Areas, special use airspace areas are depicted on defines an area restricted to air travel due to a hazardous
visual aeronautical charts. Controlled Firing Areas are not condition, a special event, or a general warning for the
charted because their activities are suspended immedi- entire airspace. The text of the actual TFR contains the
ately when spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookout posi- fine points of the restriction. It is important to note that
tions indicate an aircraft might be approaching the area. only TFRs relating to National Security are charted.
Nonparticipating aircraft are not required to change their Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZs) are
flight paths. Special use airspace areas are shown in their symbolized using the ADIZ symbol: . As
entirety (within the limits of the chart), even when they defined in 14 CFR Part 99, an ADIZ is an area in which
overlap, adjoin, or when an area is designated within the ready identification, location, and control of all aircraft
another area. The areas are identified by type and identi- is required in the interest of national security. ADIZ
fying name or number, positioned either within or imme- boundaries include Alaska, Canada and the Contiguous
diately adjacent to the area. U.S.
Due to federal security agencies’ concerns about
unidentified VFR aircraft flying too close to the nation’s
capital, in early 2003 the FAA adapted the ADIZ concept
to address these concerns and issued a Flight Data Cen-
ter (FDC) NOTAM that designated this airspace as the
Washington DC Metropolitan Air Defense Identification
Zone (DC ADIZ).
The Washington DC Flight Restricted Zone
(FRZ) Relating to National Security is depicted using
the Prohibited/Restricted/Warning Area symbology
and is located within the DC ADIZ. It is
defined as the airspace within approximately a 13 to
15NM radius of the KDCA VOR/DME. Additional require-
OTHER AIRSPACE AREAS ments are levied upon operators requesting access to
Mode C Required Airspace (from the surface to operate inside the National Capitol Region.
10,000' MSL) within 30 NM radius of the primary air- Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs) are
port(s) for which a Class B is designated, is depicted by shown in their entirety, symbolized by a screened black
outline of the entire area including the various sectors
a solid magenta line . Mode C is required within the area .
but not depicted for operations within and above all The outer limit of the entire TRSA is a continuous
Class C up to 10,000' MSL. Enroute Mode C require- screened black line. The various sectors within the TRSA
ments (at and above 10,000' MSL except in airspace at are symbolized by slightly narrower screened black lines.
and below 2500' AGL) are not depicted. See FAR 91.215 Each sector altitude is identified in solid black
and the AIM. color by the MSL ceiling and floor values of the respec-
FAR 93 Airports and heliports tive sector, eliminating the last two digits. A leader line is
where Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR used when the altitude values must be positioned out-
93) special air traffic rules and airport side the respective sectors because of space limitations.
traffic patterns apply are shown by The TRSA name is shown near the north position of the
"boxing" the airport name. TRSA as follows: . Associated frequen-
FAR 91 Airports where fixed wing special visual cies are listed in a table on the chart border.
flight rules operations are prohibited (FAR 91) are shown Military Training Routes (MTRs) are shown on
with the type "NO SVFR" above the airport name. Sectionals and TACs. They are identified by the route
National Security Areas indicated with a broken designator: . Route designators
magenta line and Special Federal Aviation are shown in solid black on the route centerline, posi-
Regulations (SFAR) Areas indicated with the following tioned along the route for continuity. The designator IR or
symbol: , consist of airspace with defined VR is not repeated when two or more routes are estab-
vertical and lateral dimensions established at locations lished over the same airspace, e.g., IR201-205-227.
where there is a requirement for increased security and Routes numbered 001 to 099 are shown as IR1 or VR99,
safety of ground facilities. Pilots are requested to volun- eliminating the initial zeros. Direction of flight along the
tarily avoid flying through these depicted areas. When route is indicated by small arrowheads adjacent to and in
necessary, flight may be temporarily prohibited. conjunction with each route designator.
Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) Areas
Relating to National Security are indicated with a bro-
ken blue line . A Temporary Flight Restriction
The following note appears on Sectionals and INSET COVERAGE

TACs covering the conterminous United States. Inset coverage is shown on appropriate Section-
als by a 1/8" masked line as indicated below. A note to
this effect appears near the masked boundary line.
There are IFR (IR) and VFR (VR) routes as follows:

Route identification:
a. Routes at or below 1500' AGL (with no seg-
ment above 1500') are identified by four-digit
numbers; e.g., VR1007, etc. These routes are
generally developed for flight under Visual
Flight Rules.
b. Routes above 1500' AGL (some segments of
these routes may be below 1500') are identi-
fied by three-digit or less numbers; e.g., IR21, CHART TABULATIONS
VR302, etc. These routes are developed for
flight under Instrument Flight Rules. Airport Tower Communications are provided in
a columnized tabulation for all tower-controlled airports
MTRs can vary in width from 4 to 16 miles. that appear on the respective chart. Airport names are
Detailed route width information is available in the Flight listed alphabetically. If the airport is military, the type of
Information Publication (FLIP) AP/1B (a DoD publication), airfield, e.g., AAF, AFB, NAS, is shown after the airfield
or in the Digital Aeronautical Chart Supplement (DACS) name. In addition to the airport name, tower operating
produced by NACO. hours, primary VHF/UHF local Control Tower (CT),
Special Military Activity areas are indicated on Ground Control (GND CON), and Automatic Terminal
the Sectionals by a boxed note in black type. The note Information Service (ATIS) frequencies, when available,
contains radio frequency information for obtaining area will be given. An asterisk (*) indicates that the part-time
activity status. tower frequency is remoted to a collocated full-time FSS
for use as Local Airport Advisory (LAA) when the tower is
closed. Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) and/or Preci-
sion Approach Radar (PAR) procedures are listed when
available.
TERMINAL AREA CHART (TAC) COVERAGE Approach Control Communications are pro-
TAC coverage is shown on appropriate Section- vided in a columnized tabulation listing Class B, Class C,
als by a 1/4" masked line as indicated below. Within this Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSA) and Selected
area, pilots should use TACs which provide greater detail Radar Facilities when available. Primary VHF/UHF fre-
and clarity of information. A note to this effect appears quencies are provided for each facility. Sectorization
near the masked boundary line. occurs when more than one frequency exists and/or is
approach direction dependent. Availability of service
hours is also provided.
Special Use Airspace (SUA) information is
comprised of Prohibited, Restricted, Alert, and Warning
Areas. They are presented in blue and listed numerically
for U.S. and other countries. Restricted, Danger and
Advisory Areas for Canada are tabulated separately in
blue. A tabulation of Military Operations Areas (MOA) that
appear on the chart are presented in magenta and listed
alphabetically. All are supplemented with altitude, time of
use and the controlling agency/contact facility, and its
frequency, when available. The controlling agency will be
shown when the contact facility and frequency data is
unavailable.
Frequencies (VHF/UHF)
{
{
{ Radar Instrument
Approach available
Airport
Name Runway dependent
{
Approach
Hours of direction
Operation dependent
(local time)
Frequencies (VHF/UHF)
{
{
{
VHF
UHF
Airspace
N
Name
{ Sectors for
IO
VHF and UHF traffic
T
GA
local time
Radar
V I
NA
Approach
Control
O R
T F
N O
VHF/UHF
Restricted
Danger
Advisory
VHF/UHF
Sunrise to Sunset
8
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHART SYMBOLS
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION
AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
CHART LIMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
CULTURE
RAILROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
POPULATED PLACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
MISCELLANEOUS CULTURAL FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
HYDROGRAPHY
SHORELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
LAKES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
RESERVOIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
STREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
MISCELLANEOUS HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
RELIEF
CONTOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
ELEVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
UNRELIABLE RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
SHADED RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
AREA RELIEF FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
MISCELLANEOUS RELIEF FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9
HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS

AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS

AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
GENERAL INFORMATION
Symbols shown are for World Aeronautical Charts (WACs), Sectional Aeronautical Charts (Sectionals), Terminal Area
Charts (TACs), VFR Flyway Planning Charts and Helicopter Route Charts. When a symbol is different on any VFR
chart series, it will be annotated as such (e.g. WAC or Not shown on WAC).
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 10
AIRPORTS AIRPORTS
LANDPLANE: CIVIL LANDPLANE:

EMERGENCY
Airports having con-
trol towers (CT) are No facilities
shown in blue, all oth-
ers are shown in or
magenta.
Complete informa-
All recognizable run- tion is not available.
ways, including some
which may be closed, Add appropriate note
are shown for visual as required:
identification pur- “(CLOSED)”
poses.
Refueling and repair

facilities for normal
traffic.
Runway patterns will

be depicted at air-
ports with at least one SEAPLANE:
hard surface runway
1500´ or greater in EMERGENCY
length.
No facilities or com-
plete information is
not available.
HELIPORT
(Selected)
ULTRALIGHT FLIGHT
SEAPLANE: CIVIL PARK
AERONAUTICAL (Selected)
INFORMATION
AIRPORT DATA
GROUPING
(Pvt) - Non-public use
having emergency or
landmark value.
LANDPLANE:
CIVIL-MILITARY
LANDPLANE:
MILITARY
facilities not indi-
cated.
11 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
VHF ILS COMPONENTS
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL
RADIO (VOR) RANGE Shown when compo-
nent of airway sys-
tem or used in the
description of Class B
airspace.
BROADCAST
STATIONS (BS)
VOR On request by the

proper authority or
when a VFR Check-
point.
FLIGHT SERVICE
STATION (FSS)
VORTAC
When an NDB {
NAVAID shares the
same name and
Morse Code as
theVOR NAVAID the
frequency can be
colocated inside the
same box to conserve
space.
VOR-DME
REMOTE
COMMUNICATIONS
NON-DIRECTIONAL OUTLET (RCO)
RADIOBEACON
(NDB)
NDB-DME
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION AIRSPACE INFORMATION
AIR FORCE STATION CLASS C AIRSPACE
(AFS)
Appropriate notes as
required may be
shown.
(Mode C see
FAR 91.215 /AIM)
LONG RANGE
RADAR STATION
(LRRS)
OFF AIRPORT
AWOS/ASOS
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
CLASS B AIRSPACE
CLASS D AIRSPACE
required may be
shown.
Only the airspace
LAS 002
effective below
18,000 feet MSL are
shown.
(Mode C see
FAR 91.215 /AIM)
All mileages
are nautical (NM).
All radials
are magnetic.
AIRSPACE INFORMATION AIRSPACE INFORMATION
CLASS E AIRSPACE CANADIAN AIRSPACE
The limits of Class E Individual units of
airspace shall be designated Canadian
shown by narrow airspace are not nec-
vignettes or by the essarily shown;
dashed magenta instead, the aggre-
symbol. Individual gate lateral and verti-
units of designated cal limits shall be
airspace are not nec- portrayed as closely
essarily shown; as possible to the
instead, the aggre- comparable U.S. air-
gate lateral and verti- space.
cal limits shall be
defined by the follow-
ing:
Airspace beginning at required may be
the surface (sfc) des- shown.
ignated around air-
ports ...
Airspace beginning at ’
700 feet AGL ...
Airspace beginning at
1200 feet AGL or
greater that abuts
uncontrolled air-
space (Class G) ...
Differentiates floors
of airspace greater
than 700 feet above
the surface...
When the ceiling is
less than 18,000 feet
MSL, the value, pre-
fixed by the word
"ceiling,” shall be
shown along the lim-
its.
OFFSHORE
CONTROL AREAS AIRSPACE OUTSIDE
OF U.S.
Other than Canada
required may be
shown.
FLIGHT
INFORMATION
REGIONS (FIR)
and /or (CTA)
OCEANIC
CONTROL AREAS
(OCA)
LOW ALTITUDE SPECIAL USE
AIRWAYS AIRSPACE
VOR and LF / MF
(CLASS E AIRSPACE) Only the airspace
effective below
18,000 feet MSL are
Low altitude Federal shown.
Airways are indicated
by centerline.
Only the controlled The type of area shall
airspace effective be spelled out in large
below 18,000 feet areas if space per-
MSL is shown. mits.
MISCELLANEOUS
AIR ROUTES
MILITARY TRAINING
ROUTES (MTR)
SPECIAL MILITARY
ACTIVITY ROUTES
(SMAR)
Boxed notes (as in

text) shown adjacent
to route.
SPECIAL AIR SPECIAL AIRSPACE
TRAFFIC RULES / AREAS
AIRPORT PATTERNS
(FAR 93)
SPECIAL FEDERAL
AVIATION
REGULATIONS
(SFAR) AREAS
Appropriate boxed
note as required
shown adjacent to
area.
required may be
shown.
Note. Delimiting line
SPACE not shown when it
coincides with Inter-
OPERATIONS national Boundary,
AREA projection lines or
(FAR 91.143) other linear features.
FLIGHT RESTRICTED
ZONE RELATING TO
NATIONAL SECURITY
Example:
Washington DC
MODE C
(FAR 91.215)
required may be
shown.
required may be
shown.
MISCELLANEOUS
AIRSPACE AREAS
Parachute Jumping
Area with Frequency
AIR DEFENSE
Glider IDENTIFICATION
Operating Area ZONE (ADIZ)
Ultralight not shown when it
Activity coincides with Inter-
national Boundary,
projection lines or
Hang Glider other linear features.
Activity
TEMPORARY FLIGHT
RESTRICTION (TFR)
RELATING TO
NATIONAL SECURITY
SPECIAL Example:
CONSERVATION P-40/R-4009
AREAS
National Park,
Wildlife Refuge,
Primitive and Appropriate notes as
required may be CAUTION
Wilderness Areas, shown. P-40 AND R-4009 EXPANDED BY
etc. TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION.
CONTACT AFSS FOR LATEST STATUS
AND NOTAMS
NATIONAL IFR ROUTES
SECURITY AREA
required may be
shown.
Arrival
Appropriate notes as Departure

required may be
shown.
TRANSITION ROUTES
VFR TRANSITION ROUTE
HIGH ENERGY Appropriate notes as
ATC CLEARANCE REQUIRED
RADIATION required may be
shown. SEE SHOWBOAT GRAPHIC
AREAS ON SIDE PANEL
required may be Uni-directional
shown.
Bi-directional
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION

ISOGONIC LINE &
VALUE
Isogonic lines and
values shall be based
on the five year epoch
magnetic variation
model.
TERMINAL RADAR LOCAL MAGNETIC

SERVICE AREA NOTES
(TRSA)
Unreliability
Appropriate notes as Notes
required may be
shown.
COMPASS ROSETTE
Shown only in areas
void of VOR roses.
Compass rosette will
be based on the five
year epoch magnetic
variation model.
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
INTERSECTIONS MARINE LIGHTS
Named intersections With Characteristics
used as reporting of Light
points. Arrows are
directed toward facili-
ties which establish
intersection.
AERONAUTICAL
LIGHTS
AERONAUTICAL VISUAL GROUND

LIGHTS SIGNS
Shore and
Landmarkers
VFR CHECKPOINTS
Site #
VFR WAYPOINTS
Stand-Alone
Collocated with
VFR Checkpoint
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION CHART LIMITS
OBSTRUCTION OUTLINE ON
SECTIONAL OF
’ TERMINAL AREA
CHART
GROUP
OBSTRUCTION ’
HIGH-INTENSITY
OBSTRUCTION
LIGHTS ’
High-intensity lights
may operate part- OUTLINE ON
time. ’ SECTIONAL OF
INSET CHART
WINDMILL FARMS
When highest wind-
mill is unverified, UC
will be shown after
MSL value.
MAXIMUM
ELEVATION
FIGURE (MEF)
(see page 2 for expla-
nation).
WARNING AND
CAUTION NOTES
Used when specific
area is not demar-
cated.
19 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information
CULTURE CULTURE
RAILROADS RAILROAD SIDINGS
All gauges AND SHORT SPURS
Single Track
TOPOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
ROADS
Double Track
Dual-Lane
Divided Highway
Category 1
More Than
Two Tracks
Primary
Category 2
Electric
Secondary
Category 2
RAILROADS IN
JUXTAPOSITION
TRAILS
Category 3
Provides symboliza-
RAILROAD- tion for dismantled
NONOPERATING, railroad when com-
ABANDONED, bined with label "dis-
mantled railroad."
DESTROYED
OR UNDER ROAD MARKERS
CONSTRUCTION
Interstate Route
No.
RAILROAD YARDS
U.S. Route No.
Limiting Track To Air Marked
Scale Identification Label
ROAD NAMES
Location Only
ROADS UNDER
RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION
STATIONS
Features Related to
Railroads and Roads
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information 20
CULTURE CULTURE
BRIDGES FERRIES, FERRY
AND VIADUCTS SLIPS AND FORDS
Railroad
Road
OVERPASSES AND
UNDERPASSES
PROMINENT
CAUSEWAYS FENCES
TUNNELS-ROAD BOUNDARIES
AND RAILROAD
International
POPULATED
PLACES
State or
Large Cities Province
Category 1
Cities and
Large Towns Convention or
Category 2 Mandate Line
POPULATED
PLACES
Towns and Villages

Category 3 Date Line
CULTURE CULTURE
TIME ZONES SMALL LOCKS
MINES OR WEIRS AND

QUARRIES JETTIES
Shaft Mines
or Quarries
POWER SEAWALLS
TRANSMISSION &
TELECOMMUNICA-
TION LINES
PIPELINES BREAKWATERS
PIERS, WHARFS,
Underground QUAYS, ETC.
DAMS MISCELLANEOUS
CULTURAL
FEATURES
DAM CARRYING
ROAD OUTDOOR
THEATER
PASSABLE LOCKS WELLS
Other Than Water

CULTURE HYDROGRAPHY
RACE TRACKS SHORELINES
Definite
LOOKOUT TOWERS
Air marked Fluctuating

identification 618 (Elevation Base of Tower)
LANDMARK AREAS
Unsurveyed
Indefinite
TANKS
Man-made
LAKES
Label as required
COAST GUARD
STATION Perennial
When too numerous
to show individual
lakes, show represen-
tative pattern and
descriptive note.
AERIAL Non-Perennial
CABLEWAYS,
CONVEYORS, ETC. (dry, intermittent, etc.)
Illustration includes
small perennial lake
RESERVOIRS
Natural Shorelines
Man-made
HYDROGRAPHY Shorelines
Label when neces-
OPEN WATER sary for clarity
Too small to show to

scale
Under Construc-
tion
INLAND WATER
HYDROGRAPHY HYDROGRAPHY
STREAMS WET SAND AREAS
Within and adjacent

Perennial to desert areas
AQUEDUCTS
Non-Perennial
Fanned Out Abandoned or

Under
Alluvial fan Construction
MISCELLA-
NEOUS HYDRO-
GRAPHIC
FEATURES
Braided Underground
Suspended or
Disappearing Elevated
Seasonally
Fluctuating Tunnels
with undefined limits
Kanats
with maximum bank Underground aque-
limits, prominent and duct with air vents
constant
Sand Deposits In
and Along
Riverbeds
FLUMES,
PENSTOCKS AND
SIMILAR FEATURES
To Scale
Abandoned or
Elevated Under
Construction
Underground Abandoned
to Scale
FALLS SMALL CANALS

AND DRAINAGE /
IRRIGATION
DITCHES
Double-Line Perennial
Single-Line Non-Perennial
RAPIDS
Double-Line Abandoned
or Ancient
Numerous
Single-Line
Representative pat-
tern and/or descrip-
tive note.
CANALS
Numerous
COASTAL HYDRO- LAND SUBJECT TO
GRAPHIC FEATURES INUNDATION
SALT EVAPORATORS
AND SALT PANS
MAN EXPLOITED
SWAMPS, MARSHES SPRINGS, WELLS

AND BOGS AND WATERHOLES
HUMMOCKS AND GLACIERS

RIDGES
MANGROVE AND GLACIAL MORAINES

NIPA
ICE CLIFFS
PEAT BOGS
peat bog
SNOWFIELDS, ICE
TUNDRA FIELDS AND ICE
CAPS
ICE PEAKS
CRANBERRY BOGS
FORESHORE FLATS
RICE PADDIES
Extensive areas indi-
cated by label only.
Tidal flats exposed at
low tide.
HYDROGRAPHY RELIEF
ROCKS-ISOLATED CONTOURS
Bare or Awash
Basic
WRECKS
Exposed
REEFS-ROCKY
OR CORAL
Approximate
MISCELLANEOUS
UNDERWATER
FEATURES NOT
OTHERWISE
SYMBOLIZED
Intermediate
FISH PONDS AND
HATCHERIES
Auxiliary
ICE
Permanent Depression
Polar Ice 0
Illustration includes 200
00
mound within 10
depression
Values
Pack Ice
RELIEF RELIEF
SPOT ELEVATIONS SAND OR GRAVEL
ELEVATIONS AREAS
Position Accurate
SAND RIDGES
Position Accurate,
Elevation
Approximate To Scale
UNRELIABLE RELIEF
Approximate SAND DUNES
location
To Scale
Highest in General
Area
SHADED RELIEF
Highest on Chart
ROCK STRATA
MOUNTAIN PASS OUTCROP
12632
AREA RELIEF FEA-
TURES
HACHURING
QUARRIES TO
SCALE
STRIP MINES, MINE

UNSURVEYED DUMPS AND
AREAS TAILINGS
Label appropriately To Scale
as required
CRATERS
UNCONTOURED
AREAS MISCELLANEOUS
RELIEF FEATURES
Label appropriately
as required
RELIEF DATA INCOMPLETE
DISTORTED ESCARPMENTS,
SURFACE BLUFFS, CLIFFS,
AREAS lava DEPRESSIONS, ETC.
LAVA FLOWS
LEVEES AND
ESKERS
HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 28
AIRPORTS RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
LANDPLANE VHF
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL
All recognizable run- RADIO (VOR) RANGE
ways, including some
which may be closed,
are shown for visual
identification.
HELICOPTER ROUTE
CHARTS
HELIPORT
SEAPLANE
VOR
ULTRALIGHT
FLIGHT PARK
AIRPORT DATA
GROUPING
Boxed airport name VORTAC {
indicates airport for
which a Special Traf- When an NDB
fic Rule has been NAVAID shares the
established. same name and
Morse Code as
(Pvt) - Non-public use theVOR NAVAID the
frequency can be
having emergency or colocated inside the
landmark value. same box to conserve
space.
VOR-DME
NON-DIRECTIONAL
RADIOBEACON
(NDB)
NDB-DME
29 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION AIRSPACE INFORMATION
NAVAIDS USED CLASS B AIRSPACE
TO DEFINE
CLASS B AIRSPACE Appropriate notes as
required may be
shown. (Mode C see
FAR 91.215/AIM)
All mileages are

nautical (NM)
BROADCAST
STATIONS (BS)
On request by the All radials are
proper authority or magnetic.
when a VFR Check-
point.
FLIGHT SERVICE
STATION (FSS)
CLASS C AIRSPACE
required may be
shown. (Mode C see
FAR 91.215/AIM)
REMOTE
COMMUNICATIONS
OUTLET (RCO)
CLASS D AIRSPACE
HELICOPTER ROUTE
CHARTS
HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 30
CLASS E SURFACE CANADIAN AIRSPACE
(SFC) AIRSPACE
required may be
shown.
SPECIAL AIRSPACE
AREAS
FLIGHT RESTRICTED
ZONE RELATING TO
NATIONAL SECURITY
Example:
Washington DC
required may be
shown.
AIR DEFENSE HELICOPTER

IDENTIFICATION ROUTES
ZONE (ADIZ)
not shown when it
national Boundary,
projection lines or
other linear features.
31 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
AIRSPACE INFORMATION NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
SPECIAL USE VFR CHECKPOINTS
AIRSPACE
Only the airspace
effective below
18,000 feet MSL is
shown.
The type of area shall
be spelled out in large
areas if space per-
mits.
MILITARY TRAINING
ROUTES (MTR)
VFR WAYPOINTS
SPECIAL AIR
TRAFFIC RULES / Stand-Alone
AIRPORT TRAFFIC
AREAS
(FAR PART 93) Collocated with
VFR Checkpoint
Appropriate boxed
notes as required
shown adjacent to
area.
OBSTRUCTIONS
MODE C ’
(FAR 91.215)
required may be
shown.
MISCELLANEOUS
AIRSPACE AREAS
Parachute Jumping
Area with Frequency
Glider
Operating Area
MAXIMUM
ELEVATION FIGURE
Ultralight (MEF)
Activity
(see page 2 for expla-
Hang Glider nation).
Activity
SPECIAL
CONSERVATION NAVIGATION DATA
AREAS
’
’
National Park,
Wildlife Refuge,
Primitive and
Wilderness Areas,
etc.
’
’
TERMINAL RADAR
SERVICE AREA
(TRSA)
required may be
shown.
’
’
HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Topographic Information 32
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION CULTURE
WARNING AND POWER
CAUTION NOTES TRANSMISSION
LINES
PROMINENT
PICTORIALS
LOCAL MAGNETIC
NOTES
Unreliability LANDMARKS
Notes
CULTURE
RAILROADS
Single Track HYDROGRAPHY

SHORELINES
Double Track
ROADS
Dual-Lane:
Divided Highways
Major Boulevards & MAJOR LAKES AND
Major Streets RIVERS
Primary
BRIDGES RESERVOIRS
RELIEF
POPULATED
PLACES SPOT ELEVATIONS
Built-up Areas Position Accurate
BOUNDARIES
International
State and
Provincial
33 VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
AIRPORTS AIRSPACE INFORMATION
LANDPLANE CLASS B AIRSPACE
No distinction is Appropriate notes as

made between air- required may be
ports with services shown.
and those without
services. Runways
may be exaggerated (Mode C see
to clearly portray the FAR 91.215 /AIM)
pattern. Hard-sur-
faced runways which
are closed but still
exist are included in All mileages are
the charted pattern. nautical (NM).
FAR 91 - Fixed wing

special VFR opera- All radials
tions prohibited. are magnetic.
(Pvt) - Non-public use

having emergency or
landmark value.
VFR FLYWAY PLAN-
NING CHARTS
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION CLASS C AIRSPACE

VHF
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL Appropriate notes as
RADIO RANGE (VOR) required may be
shown.
(Mode C see
VOR FAR 91.215/AIM)
VORTAC
VOR-DME
NON-DIRECTIONAL CLASS D AIRSPACE

RADIOBEACON
(NDB)
NDB-DME
NAVAIDS USED TO
DEFINE CLASS B
AIRSPACE
VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 34
CLASS E SURFACE SUGGESTED VFR
(SFC) AIRSPACE FLYWAY AND
ALTITUDE
SPECIAL AIRSPACE
AREAS
IFR ROUTES
Appropriate notes
as required may
FLIGHT RESTRICTED be shown.
ZONE RELATING TO
NATIONAL SECURITY
Arrival
Example:
Washington DC
Departure
TRANSITION ROUTES
required may be
shown. VFR TRANSITION ROUTE
Appropriate notes as ATC CLEARANCE REQUIRED
required may be SEE SHOWBOAT GRAPHIC
shown.
ON SIDE PANEL
Uni-directional
AIR DEFENSE
IDENTIFICATION Bi-directional
ZONE (ADIZ)
not shown when it
national Boundary, SPECIAL USE
projection lines or AIRSPACE
other linear features.
Only the airspace
effective below
TEMPORARY FLIGHT 18,000 feet MSL is
RESTRICTION (TFR) shown.
RELATING TO
NATIONAL SECURITY
Example:
MILITARY TRAINING
ROUTES (MTR)
required may be
shown. CAUTION
P-40 AND R-4009 EXPANDED BY
TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION.
CONTACT AFSS FOR LATEST STATUS
AND NOTAMS.
35 VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
SPECIAL AIR VFR CHECKPOINTS
TRAFFIC RULES /
AIRPORT TRAFFIC
AREAS
(FAR Part 93)
Appropriate boxed
note as required
shown adjacent to
area.
MODE C
(FAR 91.215)
required may be
shown.
VFR WAYPOINTS
TERMINAL RADAR Stand-Alone

SERVICE AREA
(TRSA)
Collocated with
VFR Checkpoint
OBSTRUCTIONS
Only those obstacles

specified by the local
ATC Facility shall be
MISCELLANEOUS shown.
AIRSPACE AREAS
Parachute Jumping Above Ground Level ’
(AGL) heights are not
Area shown.
Glider
Operating Area ’
Ultralight
Activity
Hang Glider
Activity
NAVIGATIONAL DATA
’
’
’
’
’
’
VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Topographic Information 36
CULTURE RELIEF
RAILROADS Spot Elevations
Single and Position Accurate

Multiple Tracks Mountain Peaks
ROADS
Dual-Lane HARBOR FREEWAY
110
Divided Highway
Primary
POPULATED
PLACES
Built-up Areas
Towns
BOUNDARIES
International
POWER
TRANSMISSION
LINES
PROMINENT
PICTORIALS
LANDMARKS
POWER PLANT
HYDROGRAPHY
SHORELINES
MAJOR LAKES
AND RIVERS
RESERVOIRS
37 IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
EXPLANATION OF IFR ENROUTE TERMS AND SYMBOLS

The discussions and examples in this section will be based primarily on the IFR (Instrument Flight Rule)
Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Other IFR products use similar symbols in various colors (see Section 3 of this guide).
The chart legends list aeronautical symbols with a brief description of what each symbol depicts. This section will
provide a more detailed discussion of some of the symbols and how they are used on IFR charts.
(IACC), and are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Defense.
Some information on these charts may only apply to military pilots.
AIRPORTS
All active airports with hard-surfaced runways of The following runway compositions (materials)
3000' or longer are shown on FAA IFR Enroute Charts. constitute a hard-surfaced runway: asphalt, bitumen,
All active airports with approved instrument approach concrete, and tar macadam. Runways that are not
procedures are also shown regardless of runway length hard-surfaced have a small letter "s" following the run-
or composition. Charted airports are classified according way length, indicating a soft surface.
to the following criteria: LOW ALTITUDE - U.S. & ALASKA
Associated Part-time or established by
City Name NOTAM. See Airport/Facility
Airport Directory for times of
Name operation. In Alaska see
Airport Supplement Alaska
Identifier Airspace Class
Airport
Elevation Longest runway length to
nearest 100 feet with 70
Automatic
Blue – Airports with an approved Department of Terminal
Information Part-time
feet as the dividing point
(add 00)
Frequency s indicates soft surface
Defense (DoD) Low Altitude Instrument Approach Pro- Service
Lighting Capability:
cedure and/or DoD RADAR MINIMA published in Lighting available No lighting available
Pilot Controlled Lighting At private facilities - indicates no
DOD FLIP (Flight Information Publication or the FAA Part-time or on request lighting information available.
U.S. Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP). For complete information consult the
Airport/Facility Directory.
Green – Airports and seaplane bases with an
approved Low Altitude Instrument Approach Proce- 1. Airport elevation given in feet above or below mean sea level.
2. Pvt - Private use, not available to general public.
dure published in the FAA TPP volumes. 3. A solid line box enclosing the airport name indicates FAR 93
Special Requirements- see Directory/Supplement
Brown – Airports and seaplane bases that do not 4. "NO SVFR" above the airport name indicates FAR 91
fixed-wing special VFR flight is prohibited
have a published Instrument Approach Procedure. 5. C or following the airport identifier indicates Class C or
Class D Airspace.
6. Airport symbol may be offset for enroute navigational aids.
7. Associated city names for public airports are shown above or
Airports are plotted in their true geographic posi- preceding the airport name. If airport name and city name are
the same, only the airport name is shown. The airport identifier
tion unless the symbol conflicts with a radio aid to navi- in parentheses follows the airport name. City names for military
and private airports are not shown.
gation (NAVAID) at the same location. In such cases, the
airport symbol will be displaced, but the relationship A L symbol following the elevation under the air-
between the airport and the NAVAID is retained. port name means that runway lights are in operation
Airports are identified by the airport name. In the sunset to sunrise. A L symbol indicates there is Pilot
case of military airports, the abbreviated letters AFB (Air Controlled Lighting. A L symbol means the lighting is
Force Base), NAS (Naval Air Station), NAF (Naval Air part-time or on request. The pilot should consult the Air-
Facility), MCAS (Marine Corps Air Station), AAF (Army Air port/Facility Directory for light operating procedures. The
Field), etc., appear as part of the airport name. Aeronautical Information Manual thoroughly explains the
Airports marked "Pvt" immediately following the types and uses of airport lighting aids.
airport name are not for public use, but otherwise meet
the criteria for charting as specified above. RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION (NAVAIDs)
Runway length is the length of the longest active All IFR radio NAVAIDs that have been flight-
runway (including displaced thresholds but excluding checked and are operational are shown on IFR enroute
overruns) and is shown to the nearest 100 feet using 70 charts. VHF/UHF NAVAIDs (VORs, TACANs, and UHF
feet as the division point; e.g., a runway of 8,070' is NDBs) are shown in black, and LF/MF NAVAIDs (Com-
labeled 81. pass Locators and Aeronautical or Marine NDBs) are
shown in brown.
IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 38
On enroute charts, information about NAVAIDs is Class A Airspace is depicted as open area
boxed as illustrated below. To avoid duplication of data, (white) on the Enroute High Charts. It consists of air-
when two or more NAVAIDs in a general area have the space from 18,000 MSL to FL600.
same name, the name is usually printed only once inside
an identification box with the frequencies, TACAN chan- Class B Airspace is depicted as screened blue
nel numbers, identification letters, or Morse Code identi- area with a solid line encompassing the area.
fications of the different NAVAIDs all shown in Class C Airspace is depicted as screened blue
appropriate colors. area with a dashed line encompassing the area.
NAVAIDs which may be, or are, scheduled for
some future corrective action within the life-span of the Class B and Class C Airspace consist of con-
chart shall be indicated by the note “CHECK NOTAMs”. trolled airspace extending upward from the surface or a
The affected component is indicated by diagonal lines designated floor to specified altitudes, within which all
over the frequency or channel which indicates an abnor- aircraft and pilots are subject to the operating rules and
mal status. requirements specified in the Federal Aviation Regula-
tions (FAR) 71. Class B and C Airspace are shown in
abbreviated forms on Enroute Low Altitude charts. A
general note adjacent to Class B airspace refers the user
to the appropriate VFR Terminal Area Chart.
Class D Airspace (airports with an operating
control tower) are depicted as open area (white) with a
following the airport name.
Class E Airspace is depicted as open area

(white) on the Enroute Low Charts. It consists of airspace
below 18,000 MSL.
Airports within which fixed-wing special VFR

flight is prohibited are shown as:
NO SVFR
AIRPORT NAME
Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) are

established to provide Air Traffic Control to aircraft oper-
ating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace, par-
ticularly during the enroute phase of flight. Boundaries of
the ARTCCs are shown in their entirety using the symbol
below. Center names are shown adjacent and parallel to
the boundary line.
ARTCC sector frequencies are shown in boxes

outlined by the same symbol.
SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE

CONTROLLED AIRSPACE Special use airspace confines certain flight activ-
Controlled airspace consists of those areas ities or restricts entry, or cautions other aircraft operating
where some or all aircraft may be subjected to air traffic within specific boundaries. Special use airspace areas
control within the following airspace classifications of A, are depicted on aeronautical charts. Special use air-
B, C, D, & E. space areas are shown in their entirety, even when they
overlap, adjoin, or when an area is designated within (e.g., "V12"). In Alaska, some segments of low-altitude
another area. The areas are identified by type and identi- airways are based on LF/MF navaids and are charted in
fying number or name (R-4001), effective altitudes, oper- brown instead of black.
ating time, weather conditions (VFR/IFR) during which LF/MF airways—airways based on LF/MF
the area is in operation, and voice call of the controlling NAVAIDs—are sometimes called "colored airways"
agency, on the back or front panels of the chart. Special because they are identified by color name and number
Use Airspace with a floor of 18,000' MSL or above is not (e.g., "Amber One", charted as "A1"). Green and Red air-
shown on the Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Similarly, ways are plotted east and west, and Amber and Blue air-
Special Use Airspace with a ceiling below 18,000' MSL ways are plotted north and south. Regardless of their
is not shown on Enroute High Altitude Charts. color identifier, LF/MF airways are shown in brown. U.S.
colored airways exist only in Alaska, those within the
conterminous U.S. have been rescinded.
AIRWAY/ROUTE DATA
On both series of Enroute Charts, airway/route
data such as the airway identifications, bearings or radi-
als, mileages, and altitude (e.g., MEA, MOCA, MAA) are
shown aligned with the airway and in the same color as
the airway.
Airways/Routes predicated on VOR or VORTAC
NAVAIDs are defined by the outbound radial from the
NAVAID. Airways/Routes predicated on LF/MF NAVAIDs
are defined by the inbound bearing.
5500
3500G
OTHER AIRSPACE *3500
V4
30 310
Mode C Required Airspace (from the surface to
10,000' MSL) within 30 NM radius of the primary air- Victor Route (with RNAV/GPS MEA shown in blue)
port(s) for which a Class B airspace is designated, is

depicted on Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Mode C is also
depicted within 10 NM of all airports listed in Appendix D
of FAR 91.215 and the Aeronautical Information Manual
(AIM).
AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) ”T” ROUTE SYSTEM
The FAA has created new low altitude area navi-
gation (RNAV) routes for the en route and terminal envi-
Mode C is required within the limits of a Class C airspace ronments. The RNAV routes will provide more direct
up to 10,000' MSL. routing for IFR aircraft and enhance the safety and effi-
ciency of the National Airspace System. To utilize these
INSTRUMENT AIRWAYS routes aircraft will need to be equipped with IFR
The FAA has established two fixed route systems approved Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). In
for air navigation. The VOR and LF/MF (low or medium Alaska, TSO-145a and 146a equipment is required.
frequency) system—designated from 1,200' AGL to but Low altitude RNAV only routes are identified by
not including 18,000' MSL—is shown on Low Altitude the letter “T” prefix, followed by a three digit number (T-
Enroute Charts, and the Jet Route system—designated 200 to T-500). Routes are depicted in aeronautical blue
from 18,000' MSL to FL 450 inclusive—is shown on on the IFR Enroute Low Altitude charts. RNAV route
High Altitude Enroute Charts. data (route line, identification boxes, mileages, way-
points, waypoint names, magnetic reference bearings,
VOR LF/MF AIRWAY SYSTEM and MEAs) will also be printed in aeronautical blue.
(LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS) Magnetic reference bearings will be shown originating
In this system VOR airways—airways based on from a waypoint, fix/reporting point or NAVAID. A GNSS
VOR or VORTAC NAVAIDs—are depicted in black and minimum IFR en route altitude (MEA) for each segment
identified by a "V" (Victor) followed by the route number will be established to ensure obstacle clearance and
IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 40
communications reception. MEAs will be identified with degree quadrant for U.S. Low Altitude Enroute Charts
a “G” suffix.. and every two degree by two degree quadrant on Alaska
Magnetic Low Enroute Charts.
Reference
Bearing
Waypoint
CBRYT 6000G NEHER
*5400
087
5000G 268 088 T 270
269
MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES (MTRs)
T 270 67
70 Military Training Routes (MTRs) are routes estab-
Joint Victor/RNAV routes will be charted as out- lished for the conduct of low-altitude, highspeed military
lined above except as noted. The joint Victor route and flight training (generally below 10,000 feet MSL at air-
the RNAV route identification box shall be shown adja- speeds in excess of 250 knots IAS). These routes are
cent to each other. Magnetic reference bearings will not depicted in brown on Enroute Low Altitude Charts, and
be shown. MEAs will be stacked in pairs or in two sepa- are not shown on inset charts or on IFR Enroute High
rate columns, GNSS and Victor. On joint routes, RNAV Altitude Charts. Enroute Low Altitude Charts depict all IR
specific information will be printed in blue. (IFR Military Training Route) and VR (VFR Military Training
Route) routes, except those VRs that are entirely at or
below 1500 feet AGL.
10000 10000
JON 7000G GARRY JIMMY
7000G
6700
KEVIN 8000G VAL Military Training Routes are identified by designa-
4400 6700
333 T228 V333 332 tors (IR-107, VR-134) which are shown in brown on the
10 10 40
49 109 route centerline. Arrows indicate the direction of flight
along the route. The width of the route determines the
width of the line that is plotted on the chart:
OFF ROUTE OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTI- Route segments with a width of 5 NM or less,
TUDE (OROCA) both sides of the centerline, are shown by a .02"
The Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude line.
(OROCA) is represented in thousands and hundreds of Route segments with a width greater than 5 NM,
feet above mean sea level. The OROCA represents the either or both sides of the centerline, are shown by a
highest possible elevation including both terrain and .035" line.
other vertical obstructions (towers, trees., etc.) bounded
by the ticked lines of latitude and longitude. In this exam-
ple the OROCA represents 12,500 feet.
JET ROUTE SYSTEM (HIGH ALTITUDE EN-
ROUTE CHARTS)
Jet routes are based on VOR or VORTAC
navaids, and are depicted in black with a "J" identifier fol-
lowed by the route number (e.g., "J12"). In Alaska, some
OROCA is computed just as the Maximum Ele-
segments of jet routes are based on LF/MF navaids and
vation Figure (MEF) found on Visual charts except that it
are shown in brown instead of black.
provides an additional vertical buffer of 1,000 feet in des-
ignated non-mountainous areas and a 2,000 foot vertical
buffer in designated mountainous areas within the United
States. For areas in Mexico and the Caribbean, located AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) ”Q” ROUTE SYS-
outside the U.S. ADIZ, the OROCA provides obstruction TEM (HIGH ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS)
clearance with a 3,000 foot vertical buffer. Unlike a MEF, The FAA has adopted certain amendments to
when determining an OROCA the area 4 NM around Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations which paved the
each quadrant is analyzed for obstructions. Evaluating way for the development of new area navigation (RNAV)
the area around the quadrant provides the chart user routes in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS).
the same lateral clearance an airway provides should the These amendments enable the FAA to take advantage of
line of intended flight follow a ticked line of latitude or lon- technological advancements in navigation systems such
gitude. OROCA does not provide for NAVAID signal cov- as the Global Positioning System (GPS). RNAV “Q”
erage, communication coverage and would not be Route MEAs are shown when other than 18,000’. MEAs
consistent with altitudes assigned by Air Traffic Control. for GNSS RNAV aircraft are identified with a “G” suffix.
OROCAs can be found over all land masses and open MEAs for DME/DME/IRU RNAV aircraft do not have a
water areas containing man-made obstructions (such as
oil rigs). OROCAs are shown in every 30 x 30 minute
quadrant on Area Charts, every one degree by one
“G” suffix.. RNAV routes and associated data are charted

Waypoint
Magnetic
NAMEE MEA - 23000G Reference
154 334 Bearing
Q7
300
RNAV Route
in aeronautical blue. Magnetic reference bearings are

shown originating from a waypoint, fix/reporting point, or
NAVAID. Joint Jet/RNAV route identification boxes will be
located adjacent to each other with the route charted in
black. With the exception of Q-Routes in the Gulf of
Mexico, GNSS or DME/DME/IRU RNAV are required,
unless otherwise indicated. Radar monitoring is required.
DME/DME/IRU RNAV aircraft should refer to the A/FD for
DME information. Altitude values are stacked highest to
lowest.
MEA - 27000
MEA - 23000G
J12 Q7
300
Joint Jet/RNAV Route
TERRAIN CONTOURS ON AREA CHARTS

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
recommended that terrain be added to Area Charts to
increase pilots’ situational awareness of terrain in the ter-
minal area and to increase the safety of flight. When the
terrain on an Area Chart rises at least 1000’ above the
airport elevation, terrain will be depicted in shades of
brown. The initial contour value (lowest elevation)
depicted will be at least 1000’, but no more than 2000’
above the airport elevation. The initial contour value may
be less than 1000’ only if needed to depict a rise in ter-
rain close to the airport. Subsequent contour values will
be depicted at a whole 1000’ increment (2000’/4000’,
etc., NOT 2500’/4500’, etc.). The following Area Charts
are affected: Anchorage, Denver, Fairbanks, Juneau, Los
Angeles, Phoenix, Prudhoe Bay, San Francisco and Van-
couver.
The following boxed notes are added to affected
Area Charts as necessary:
NOTE: TERRAIN CONTOURS HAVE BEEN ADDED TO
THOSE AREA CHARTS WHERE THE TERRAIN ON THE
CHART IS 1000 FOOT OR GREATER THAN THE
ELEVATION OF THE PRIMARY AIRPORT
UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE BOUNDARIES ARE DEPICTED

WITH A SOLID BROWN LINE AND A .125" WIDE
SHADED BROWN BAND. THE SHADED SIDE REPRESENTS
THE UNCONTROLLED SIDE
42
IFR AERONAUTICAL CHART SYMBOLS
IFR Enroute Low/High Altitude (U.S. & Alaska Charts)

AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
TOPOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Oceanic Route Charts

North Atlantic and North Pacific Route Charts
AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
CULTURAL BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
GENERAL INFORMATION
Symbols shown are for the Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Enroute Low and High Altitude Charts.
43 IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS
AIRPORTS AIRPORTS
AIRPORT DATA CIVIL

IFR ENROUTE LOW/ LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE
HIGH ALTITUDE Airports/Seaplane bases shown in BLUE and
GREEN have an approved Instrument Approach
CHARTS Procedure published. Those in BLUE have an
AERONAUTICAL approved DoD Instrument Approach Procedure
INFORMATION and/or DoD RADAR MINIMA published in DoD CIVIL AND
FLIPS or FAA TPP. Airports/Seaplane bases shown
in BROWN do not have a published Instrument MILITARY
Approach Procedure.
All IAP Airports are shown on the Low Altituide

Charts.
Non-IAP Airports shown on the U.S. Low MILITARY
Altitude Charts have a minimum hard surface
runway of 3000'.
Non-IAP Airports shown on the Alaska Low
Altitude Charts have a minimum hard or soft
surface runway of 3000'.
Airports shown on the U.S. High Altitude
Charts have a minimum hard surface runway
SEAPLANE -
of 5000'. CIVIL
Airports shown on the Alaska High Altitude
Charts have a minimum hard or soft surface
runway of 4000'.
Associated city names for public airports are
shown above or preceding the airport name. HELIPORT
If airport name and city name are the same,
only the airport name is shown. City names
for military and private airports are not shown.
The airport identifier in parentheses follows the
airport name or Pvt.
Airport symbol may be offset for enroute
navigational aids.
Pvt - Private Use
AIRPORT DATA LOW ALTITUDE - U.S. & ALASKA

DEPICTION Associated Part-time or established by
City Name NOTAM. See Airport/Facility
Airport Directory for times of
Name operation. In Alaska see
Airport Supplement Alaska
Identifier Airspace Class
Airport
Elevation Longest runway length to
nearest 100 feet with 70
Automatic feet as the dividing point
Terminal (add 00)
Information Part-time Frequency s indicates soft surface
Service
Lighting Capability:
Lighting available No lighting available
Pilot Controlled Lighting At private facilities - indicates no
Part-time or on request lighting information available.
For complete information consult the

Airport/Facility Directory.
1. Airport elevation given in feet above or below mean sea level

2. Pvt - Private use, not available to general public.
3. A solid line box enclosing the airport name indicates FAR 93
Special Requirements- see Directory/Supplement
4. "NO SVFR" above the airport name indicates FAR 91
fixed-wing special VFR flight is prohibited
5. C or following the airport identifier indicates Class C or
Class D Airspace.
6. Airport symbol may be offset for enroute navigational aids.
7. Associated city names for public airports are shown above or
preceding the airport name. If airport name and city name are
the same, only the airport name is shown. The airport identifier
in parentheses follows the airport name. City names for military
and private airports are not shown.
HIGH ALTITUDE - U.S.

Associated
City Name
Airport
Identifier
Airport
Name
HIGH ALTITUDE - ALASKA

Airport Associated
Name City Name
Airport Airport
Elevation Identifier
Longest runway length
Automatic to nearest 100 feet
Terminal with 70 feet as the
Information Part-time Frequency dividing point (add 00)
Service s indicates soft surface
IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS 44
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
VHF NAVIGATION and
OMNIDIRECTIONAL COMMUNICATION
RADIO RANGE BOXES
(VOR)
DISTANCE
MEASURING
EQUIPMENT (DME)
TACTICAL
AIR
NAVIGATION
(TACAN)
NON-DIRECTIONAL
RADIO BEACON
(NDB)
MARINE
RADIO BEACON
(RBN)
COMPASS
LOCATOR
BEACON
ILS LOCALIZER
VOR/DME RNAV
WAYPOINT DATA
RNAV
WAYPOINT
LOW ALTITUDE MILITARY
AIRWAYS LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE TRAINING
VHF / UHF Data is depited in Black ROUTES (MTR)
HIGH ALTITUDE LF / MF Data is depicted in Brown
ROUTES RNAV Route data is depicted in Blue
VOR Airway /
V4 J4 Jet Route
LF /MF Airway
Uncontrolled LF MF
Airway
FIXES/ATC REPORT-
ING REQUIREMENTS LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE
Oceanic Route
VHF/UHF LF/MF
ATS Route Fix-Compulsory

Position Report
Low Altitude RNAV Route Coordinates are shown
T000 GNSS Required for compulsory, offshore
and holding fixes
Fix-Non-Compulsory
HIGH ALTITUDE Position Report
Waypoint Magnetic
Reference Off-set arrows indicate facility forming a fix
NAMEE MEA - 23000G
154 334 Bearing
Q7 RNAV Route Airway away from
300 VHF/UHF NAVAID
Airway toward
MEA - 27000 LF/MF NAVAID
MEA - 23000G
RNAV
J12 Q7
300 Waypoint-
Joint Jet/RNAV Route Compulsory Report
Waypoint-
Non-Compulsory Report
SINGLE
1000-0600Z
DIRECTION 1300-0600Z
ROUTES V 193 Q11 TACTICAL AIR

NAVIGATION
Other times routes revert to bi-directional
(TACAN)
FIX - ALASKA
RADIALS
AND
BEARINGS
DIRECTION OF All radials and bearings
FLIGHT INDICATOR are magnetic
SUBSTITUTE FACILITY
ROUTE LOCATORS
UNUSABLE MILEAGES LOW /HIGH ALTITUDE

ROUTE
Total Mileage between
Compulsory Reporting
Points and/or NAVAIDs
BY-PASS Mileage between other

Fixes, NAVAIDs and/or
ROUTE Mileage Breakdown
All Mileages are
Nautical (NM) Mileage Breakdown or
Computer Navigation Fix
(CNF)(no ATC function)
(RCRCP) Five-letter identifier in

parenthesis indicates CNF
AIRWAY with no ATC function
RESTRICTION
DISTANCE
MEASURING
EQUIPMENT (DME)
V4 FIX
MINIMUM AIR
ENROUTE DEFENSE
ALTITUDE (MEA) 3500 RNAV/GPS MEA IDENTIFICATION
3000G 3500
V4 A0 ZONE (ADIZ)
All Altitudes Are MSL
Unless Otherwise Noted 5500 5500
3500 3500
V4 A0
AIR
ROUTE
J4
TRAFFIC
CONTROL
CENTER (ARTCC)
MINIMUM LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE
ENROUTE
MEA is established when
ALTITUDE (MEA) V4 there is a gap in navigation
GAP signal coverage
MAXIMUM
AUTHORIZED AIR TRAFFIC
ALTITUDE (MAA) SERVICE
V4
IDENTIFICATION
All Altitudes Are MSL DATA
Unless Otherwise
Noted
J4
MINIMUM LOW ALTITUDE ALTIMETER

OBSTRUCTION SETTING
5500 5500
CLEARANCE *3500 MOCA *3500 CHANGE
ALTITUDE (MOCA) V4
7000
All Altitudes Are MSL *6300
Unless Otherwise T266
Noted FLIGHT
112
INFORMATION
REGIONS (FIR)
CHANGEOVER
POINT
ALTITUDE
CHANGE
CONTROL
AREAS (CTA)
MINIMUM
CROSSING
ALTITUDE (MCA)
NEHER DIGGS T244
V6 4000 SW V6 4000 SW GRANT 7400 SE
MINIMUM UPPER
LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE
RECEPTION INFORMATION
ALTITUDE (MRA) REGIONS (UIR)
COPEL SHIMY UPPER

CONTROL AREAS
(UTA)
HOLDING
PATTERNS LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE
V4
ADDITIONAL
CONTROL
AREAS
RNAV Holding Pat-
tern Magnetic Refer-
ence Bearing is
determined by the Magnetic
Reference Waypoint
isogonic value at the Bearing
waypoint or fix. RNAV Holding
OFF ROUTE CONTROLLED
OBSTRUCTION AIRSPACE
CLEARANCE
ALTITUDE
(OROCA)
OROCA is computed similarly to the Maximun Elevation

Figure (MEF) found on Visual charts except that it
provides an additional vertical buffer of 1,000 feet in
designated non-mountainous areas and a 2,000 foot
vertical buffer in designated mountainous areas within
the United States.
SPECIAL USE
AIRSPACE
P - Prohibited Area
R - Restricted Area
W - W arning Area
Low O nly
A - Alert Area
Canada O nly
CYR - Restricted Area
CYD - Danger Area
CYA - Advisory Area
Caribbean O nly
D - Danger Area
In the Caribbean, the first 2 letters represent the

country code, i.e. MY: Bahamas, MU: Cuba
EXCLUSIO N AREA
AN D N O TE
Internal lines delimit

separation of the same
Special Use Areas or
Exclusion Areas
SEE AIRSPACE TABULATIO N O N EACH CHART

FO R CO MPLETE IN FO RMATIO N O N :
AREA IDEN TIFICATIO N
EFFECTIVE ALTITUDE
O PERATIN G TIME
CO N TRO LLIN G AG EN CY VO ICE CALL
SPECIAL USE
AIRSPACE
Continued
CONTROLLED ISOGONIC LINE
AIRSPACE AND VALUE
TIME ZONE
During periods of Daylight Saving

Time (DT), effective hours will be one
hour earlier than shown. All states
observe DT except Arizona and Hawaii.
ENLARGEMENT
AREA
CONTROLLED
AIRSPACE
Canada Only
MATCH MARK
LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE
UNCONTROLLED
AIRSPACE
CANADIAN AIRSPACE
required may be
shown.
AIRSPACE OUTSIDE
OF U.S.
Other than Canada
required may be
shown.
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
CRUISING NOTES
ALTITUDES
U.S. only
MORSE CODE
CULTURE
BOUNDARIES
CULTURE &
HYDROGRAPHY
International
U.S. /Russia
Maritime Line
Date Line
HYDROGRAPHY
SHORELINE
TOPOGRAPHY
TERRAIN
Area Charts
OCEANIC ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 50
AIRPORTS AIRSPACE INFORMATION
AIRPORT DATA AIR DEFENSE

IDENTIFICATION
ZONE (ADIZ)
LANDPLANE-CIVIL
facilities for normal AIR ROUTE
traffic. TRAFFIC CONTROL
CENTER (ARTCC)
LANDPLANE-CIVIL
AND MILITARY FLIGHT
Refueling and repair INFORMATION
facilities for normal REGIONS (FIR)
traffic. and/or (CTA)
LANDPLANE-
MILITARY UPPER
Refueling and repair INFORMATION
facilities for normal REGIONS (UIR)
traffic.
UPPER CONTROL
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION AREAS (UTA)
VHF OCEANIC CONTROL

OMNIDIRECTIONAL AREAS (OCA)
RADIO RANGE and /or (CTA /FIR)
(VOR)
DISTANCE
MEASURING
EQUIPMENT ADDITIONAL
(DME) OCEANIC CONTROL
AREAS
TACTICAL AIR
NAVIGATION (TACAN) Note: Limits not
shown when coinci-
NON-DIRECTIONAL dent with Warning
Areas.
RADIO BEACON
(NDB) BUFFER ZONE
DISTANCE
MEASURING
EQUIPMENT
(DME) NON-FREE
FLYING ZONE
IDENTIFICATION BOX
OCEANIC ROUTE
CHARTS NORTH ATLANTIC /
MINIMUM
NAVIGATION
PERFORMANCE
SPECIFICATIONS
(NAT/MNPS)
REPORTING
POINTS
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
AIR TRAFFIC SER-
VICE (ATS) OCEANIC
ROUTES SPECIAL USE
AIRSPACE
Note: Mileages are Warning Area
Nautical (NM)
ATS SINGLE DIREC- Special Use

TION ROUTE
12 Mile Limit
AERIAL
REFUELING UNCONTROLLED
TRACKS AIRSPACE
51 OCEANIC ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION CULTURAL BOUNDARIES
MILEAGE CIRCLES INTERNATIONAL
Note: Mileages are MARITIME

Nautical (NM)
Time Zone DATE LINE

Note: All time is
Coordinated Uni-
versal (Standard)
Time (UTC)
Overlap Marks
NPRC Only
COMPASS ROSE
Note: Compass
Roses oriented to
Magnetic North
HYDROGRAPHY
SHORELINES
NOTES
WARNING
U.S. TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION 52
EXPLANATION OF TPP TERMS AND SYMBOLS

The discussions and examples in this section will be based primarily on the IFR (Instrument Flight Rule) Ter-
minal Procedures Publication (TPP). Other IFR products use similar symbols in various colors (see Section 2 of this
guide). The publication legends list aeronautical symbols with a brief description of what each symbol depicts. This
section will provide a more detailed discussion of some of the symbols and how they are used on TPP charts.
(IACC), which are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Department of
Defense. Some information on these charts may only apply to military pilots.
PILOT BRIEFING INFORMATION PLANVIEW

The pilot briefing information format consists of The majority of instrument flight procedure charts
three horizontal rows of boxed procedure-specific infor- contain a reference or distance circle. In such cases only
mation along the top edge of the chart. Altitudes, fre- the data within the reference circle is drawn to scale. This
circle is centered on an approach fix and normally has a
radius of 10 NM, unless otherwise indicated. When a
route segment, outside the circle, is not to scale the
W
symbol interrupts the segment.
Obstacles close-in to the airport that can not be
properly depicted in the planview are shown on the air-
quencies and channel, course and elevation values port sketch. Some of these obstacles could be control-
(except HATs and HAAs) are charted in bold type. The ling obsructions for instrument procedures.
top row contains the primary procedure navigation infor-
mation, final approach course, landing distance avail- Terrain Depiction
able, touchdown zone and airport elevations. The Terrain will be depicted in the planview portion of
middle row contains procedure notes and limitations, all IAPs at airports that meet the following criteria:
icons indicating if nonstandard alternate and/or take-off – If the terrain within the planview exceeds 4,000
minimums apply, approach lighting symbology, and the feet above the airport elevation, or
full text description of the missed approach procedure.
– If the terrain within a 6.0 nautical mile radius of
The bottom row contains air to ground communication
the Airport Reference Point (ARP) rises to at least 2,000
facilities and frequencies in the order in which they are
feet above the airport elevation.
used during an approach with the tower frequency box
bolded. Approximately 240 airports throughout the US
currently meet the above criteria.
NOTE: The W symbol indicates that outages of the The initial contour
WAAS vertical guidance may occur daily at this loca- value (lowest elevation) will
tion due to initial system limitations. WAAS NOTAMs be at least 500’ but no
for vertical outages are not provided for this approach. more than 1000’ above the
Use LNAV minima for flight planning at these locations, airport elevation. The initial
whether as a destination or alternate. For flight opera- contour value may be less
tions at these locations, when the WAAS avionics indi- than 500’ above the airport
cate that LNAV/VNAV or LPV service is available, then e l e v a t i o n i f n e e d e d t o NOT
NOT FO
FOR
O NAVI
VIIIG
VIG
IGATIO
AT
TIO
ON
N
vertical guidance may be used to complete the depict a rise in terrain close
approach using the displayed level of service. Should to the runway end. The
an outage occur during the procedure, reversion to n e x t c o n t o u r v a l u e
LNAV minima may be required. As the WAAS cover- depicted will be at a 1000’
increment (e.g., 1000’/
age is expanded, the W will be removed. 2000’/3000’, etc., NOT
1500’/2500’/3500’, etc.).
Subsequent contour inter-
vals will be constant and at
the most suitable intervals,
1000’ or 2000’, to adequately depict the rising terrain.
53 U.S. TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION
MISSED APPROACH ICONS or when below the minimum published temperature,
In addition to the e.g., Baro-VNAV NA below -17˚ C (2˚ F).
full text description of the 2. DME/DME based RNP-0.3 systems may be
missed approach proce- used only when a chart note indicates DME/DME avail-
dure contained in the notes ability; e.g., “DME/DME RNP-0.3 Authorized.” Specific
section of the middle-briefing strip, the steps are also DME facilities may be required; e.g., “DME/DME RNP-
charted as boxed icons in the chart profile view. These 0.3 Authorized, ABC, XYZ required.”
icons provide simple-to-interpret instructions, such as
direction of initial turn, next heading and/or course, next LNAV (Lateral Navigation)
altitude, etc. Must have IFR approach approved GPS, WAAS,
or RNP-0.3 system. Other RNAV systems require special
RNAV CHART MINIMA approval.
RNAV instrument approach procedure charts will
now incorporate all types of approaches using Area Nav- NOTE: DME/DME RNP-0.3 systems may be used
igation systems, both ground based and satellite based. only when a chart note indicates DME/DME availabil-
Below is an explanation of the RNAV minima. ity; e.g., "DME/DME RNP-0.3 Authorized." Specific
The standard format for RNAV minima (and land- DME facilities may be required; e.g., "DME/DME RNP-
ing minima) is as shown below. RNAV minima are 0.3 Authorized. ABC, XYZ required."
TERMINAL ARRIVAL AREAS (TAAs)

296 300
The objective of the Terminal Arrival Area (TAA) is
to provide a seamless transition from the enroute struc-
ture to the terminal environment for arriving aircraft
equipped with Flight Management System (FMS) and/or
Global Positioning System (GPS) navigational equip-
dependent on navigational equipment capability, as ment. The underlying instrument approach procedure is
stated in the applicable AFM or AFMS, or other FAA an area navigation (RNAV) procedure. The TAA contains
approved document, and as outlined below. within it a “T” structure that normally provides for a No
Procedure Turn (NoPT) for aircraft using the approach.
GLS (Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) The TAA provides the pilot and air traffic controller with a
Landing System) very efficient method for routing traffic into the terminal
The GLS (NA) Minima line will be removed from environment with little required air traffic control interface,
the existing RNAV (GPS) approach charts when LPV and with minimum altitudes depicted that provide stan-
minima is published. dard obstacle clearance compatible with the instrument
procedure associated with it. The TAA will not be found
LPV (An Approach Procedure with Vertical Guid- on all RNAV procedures, particularly in areas of heavy
ance (APV) and precise lateral based on WAAS concentration of air traffic. When the TAA is published, it
replaces the MSA for that approach procedure. TAAs
Must have WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation Sys-
may appear on current and new format GPS and RNAV
tem) avionics approved for LPV approach.
IAP charts.
LNAV/VNAV (Lateral Navigation/Vertical Naviga- The standard TAA consists of three areas defined
tion) by the extension of the Initial Approach Fix (IAF) legs and
the intermediate segment course. These areas are called
Must have either:
the straight-in, left-base, and the right-base areas. TAA
a.) WAAS avionics approved for LNAV/VNAV area lateral boundaries are identified by magnetic
approach, or courses TO the IAF. The straight-in area can further be
b.) A certified Baro-VNAV system with an IFR divided into pie-shaped sectors with the boundaries
approach approved GPS, or identified by magnetic courses TO the IF/IAF, and many
c.) A certified Baro-VNAV system with an IFR contain stepdown sections defined by arcs based on
approach approved WAAS, or RNAV distances (DME or ATD) from the IF/IAF. The right/
left-base areas can only be subdivided using arcs based
d.) An approach certified RNP-0.3 system..
on RNAV distances from the IAF’s for those areas.
Other RNAV approach systems require special
approval. Straight-In Area: The straight-in area is defined by a
semi-circle with a 30 NM radius centered on and
NOTES: extending outward from the IF/IAF. The altitude shown
1. LNAV/VNAV minima not applicable for Baro- within the straight-in area icon provides minimum IFR
VNAV equipment if chart is annotated “Baro-VNAV NA” obstacle clearance
Base Areas: the left and right base areas are bounded two engines - one-half statute mile. These standard min-
by the straight-in TAA and the extension of the inter- ima apply in the absence of any different minima listed in
mediate segment course. The base areas are defined Section C of the TPP.
by a 30 NM radius centered on the IAF on either side ALL USERS: Airports that have Departure Proce-
of the IF/IAF. The IF/IAF is shown in the base area dures (DPs) designed specifically to assist pilots in avoid-
icons without its name. The altitude shown within the ing obstacles during the climb to the minimum enroute
base area icons provides minimum IFR obstacle clear- altitude, and/or airports that have civil IFR take-off mini-
ance. mums other than standard, are listed in Section C of the
TPP by city. Take-off Minimums and Departure Proce-
dures apply to all runways unless otherwise specified.
Altitudes, unless otherwise indicated, are minimum alti-
tudes in MSL.
DPs specifically designed for obstacle avoidance
may be described in Section C of the TPP in text or pub-
lished as a graphic procedure. Its name will be listed, and
it can be found in either the TPPs (civil) or a separate
Departure Procedure volume (military), as appropriate.
Users will recognize graphic obstacle DPs by the word
“(OBSTACLE)” included in the procedure title; e.g.,
TETON TWO (OBSTACLE). If not assigned another DP or
radar vector by ATC, this procedure should be flown if
visual avoidance of terrain/obstacles cannot be main-
tained.
Graphic DPs designed by ATC to standardize
traffic flows, ensure aircraft separation and enhance
capacity are referred to as “Standard Instrument Depar-
tures (SIDs)”. SIDs also provide obstacle clearance and
are published under the appropriate airport section. ATC
Minimum MSL altitudes are charted within each clearance must be received prior to flying a SID.
of these defined/subdivisions that provide at least 1,000
feet of obstacle clearance, or more as necessary in NOTE: Graphic Departure Procedures that have been
mountainous ares designed primarily to assist Air Traffic Control in pro-
viding air traffic separation (as well as providing obsta-
NOTE: Additional information for the TAAs can be cle clearance) are usually assigned by name in an ATC
found in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) clearance and are not listed by name in Section C of
Para 5-4-5-d. the TPP.
ALTERNATE MINIMUMS RNAV Departure Procedures (DP) and Standard
When an alternate airport is required, standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STAR)
IFR alternate minimums apply. Precision approach pro- RNAV DPs and STARs are being developed to
cedures require a 600’ ceiling and 2 statute miles visibil- support a more efficient traffic flow and further National
ity; nonprecision approaches require an 800’ ceiling and Airspace System (NAS) capacity. These procedures will
2 statute miles visibility. When a appears in the Notes be flown only by those aircraft with onboard databases.
section of the approach chart, it indicates non-standard These procedures will extend over a larger geographic
IFR alternate minimums exist for the airport. This infor- area to allow ATC spacing and sequencing to occur en
mation is found in Section E of the TPP. If appears, route. In order to reduce the number of pages required to
alternate minimums are not authorized due to unmoni- depict these longer procedures, changes to the graphic
tored facility or absence of weather reporting service. depictions and textual data are necessary.
Civil pilots see FAR 91.
NAVAID boxes will be removed and identified
Alternate Take-Off Minimums and (Obstacle) De- with only the name, the three-letter ident and the applica-
parture Procedures ble symbol. Waypoints will be identified with waypoint
symbol and five letter name. Waypoints that overlay
When a appears in the Notes section, it signi- NAVAIDs will be depicted only as NAVAIDs, not as a way-
fies the airport has nonstandard IFR takeoff minimums. point. A single graphic will be used when possible; how-
CIVIL USERS NOTE: FAR 91 prescribes standard ever, if not feasible, the common portion of the procedure
take-off rules and establishes take-off minimums for cer- will be shown on a single page with transitions contained
tain operators as follows: (1) Aircraft having two engines on subsequent pages. Subsequent pages will be subti-
or less - one statute mile. (2) Aircraft having more than tled with the transition area, i.e., CHEZZ ONE DEPAR-
55 U.S. TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION
TURE Northeast Transitions, or JHAWK TWO ARRIVAL
South Transitions. Text remarks that apply to the entire
procedure, or all transitions, will be charted on the page
that contains the common point and common portion of
the procedure. Text remarks that apply to a specific tran-
sition will be charted on the page that contains that tran-
sition. Transition text will not include a description of the
route but will instead state expectations for altitudes,
clearances, FL restrictions, aircraft constraints, specific
airport arrival use, etc.
There are two types of RNAV SIDs and graphic
Obstacle DPs (ODPs): Type A and Type B. Type A gen-
erally starts with a heading or vector from the departure
runway end and Type B generally starts with an initial
RNAV leg near the departure runway end. Type A proce-
dures require the aircraft's track keeping accuracy
remain bounded by ± 2 NM for 95% of the total flight time
(Type B bounded by ± 1 NM ). See the AIM for more spe-
cific information.
RNAV Procedures Legs (IAPs, SIDs/DPs and

STARs)
Due to the variations in the development, docu-
mentation, charting and database coding of RNAV Pro-
cedures (IAPs, STARs SIDs/DPs), it has become
necessary to chart RNAV legs with specific information
based on their type. This data depiction will provide pilots
with a clearer indication of the type of leg the aircraft will
be flying and the ensuing flight profile.
– Heading - no waypoints shown, “hdg” charted

after degrees (i.e., 330˚ hdg), no mileage shown.
– Direct - waypoint at termination of leg, no
course shown, no mileage shown.
– Course - waypoint at termination of leg, course
shown, mileage shown only if first leg upon departure.
– Track - waypoints at beginning and termination
of leg, course shown, mileage shown.
Leg mileages will be listed differently based on

certain criteria. Mileages on Course and Track legs will be
shown to the nearest one-tenth of a NM when all three of
the following conditions are met:
Leg termination is 30 NM or less to the Airport

Reference Point (ARP) (for STARs, leg origination must
be 30 NM or less from the ARP for the primary airport)
and,
– leg segment is less than 30 NM and,
– leg segment is not part of the En route struc-
ture.
In all other instances, leg mileages will be
rounded off to the nearest whole NM, as they are cur-
rently.
Instrument Approach Chart Format
{
Pilot Briefing
Information
NOT FOR NAVIGATION

N AV
VIGA
ATI
TIIO
ONN
Terminal Arrival
Areas (TAAs)
Missed
Approach
Icons
RNAV Minima
{
57
TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION SYMBOLS
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION
STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL (STAR) CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP) CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
AIRPORT DIAGRAM/SKETCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES PLAN VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES PROFILE VIEW . . . . . . . . . . 66
GENERAL INFORMATION
Symbols shown are for the Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) which includes Standard Terminal Arrival Routes
(STARs), Departure Procedures (DPs), Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP) and Airport Diagrams.
U.S. TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION: Aeronautical Information 58
STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL (STAR) CHARTS STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL (STAR) CHARTS
DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP) CHARTS DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP) CHARTS
RADIO AIDS VOR TACAN ROUTES
TO NAVIGATION
VOR/DME NDB/DME
VORTAC LOC/DME
LOC
NDB (Non-directional Beacon)
LMM, LOM (Compass locator)
Marker Beacon
Localizer Course
SDF Course
SPECIAL USE
AIRSPACE
ALTITUDES
5500 2300 4800 2200
Mandatory Minimum Maximum Recommended
Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude
(Cross at) (Cross at (Cross at
or above) or below)
AIRPORTS
Localizer Offset
STAR Charts
REPORTING
POINTS/FIXES
WAYPOINTS
DP Charts
NOTES
(NAME) (" " omitted when it conflicts with runway pattern)
WAYPOINT (Compulsory)
WAYPOINT (Non-Compulsory)
FLYOVER POINT
MAP WP (Flyover)
W WAAS VNAV outages may occur daily due to

initial system limitations. WAAS VNAV NOTAM
service is not provided for this approach.
59 U.S. TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION: Aeronautical Information
APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM
RUNWAY TOUCH- SHORT APPROACH
DOWN ZONE AND LIGHTING SYSTEM
CENTERLINE LIGHT- SALS/SALSF
ING SYSTEMS (High Intensity)
SAME AS INNER 1500' of ALSF-1
SIMPLIFIED SHORT
APPROACH
LIGHTING SYSTEM SSALR
WITH RUNWAY
ALIGNMENT INDICA-
TOR LIGHTS
APPROACH LIGHT- SSALR

ING SYSTEM
ALSF-2
(High Intensity)
LENGTH 2400/3000 FEET
MEDIUM INTENSITY
(MALS AND MALSF)
OR SIMPLIFIED MALS, MALSF,
SHORT (SSALS AND SSALS, SSALF
SSALF)
APPROACH LIGHT-
ING SYSTEMS
MALS
MALSF
SSALS
SSALF
APPROACH MEDIUM INTESITY

LIGHTING SYSTEM APPROACH
LIGHTING SYSTEM MALSR
WITH RUNWAY
ALIGNMENT INDICA-
ALSF-1 TOR LIGHTS
MALSR SAME LIGHT CONFIGURATION

AS SSALR.
OMNIDIRECTIONAL
APPROACH
LIGHTING SYSTEM ODALS
ODALS
APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM
VISUAL APPROACH VISUAL APPROACH
SLOPE INDICATOR SLOPE INDICATOR
VASI
VASI VASI VASI
PRECISION
APPROACH PATH
INDICATOR PAPI
PAPI
"T"-VISUAL
APPROACH SLOPE
INDICATOR "T"-VASI
"T"-VASI
APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM
PULSATING VISUAL
APPROACH SLOPE
INDICATOR PVASI
PVASI
TRI-COLOR VISUAL
APPROACH SLOPE
INDICATOR TRCV
TRCV
ALIGNMENT OF
ELEMENT SYSTEMS
APAP APAP
AIRPORT DIAGRAM/SKETCH AIRPORT DIAGRAM/SKETCH
ARRESTING GEAR NOTES
uni-directional
bi-directional
Jet Barrier
REFERENCE
FEATURES Buildings
Tanks
Obstruction
Highest Obstruction
Airport Beacon
Runway Radar Reflectors
Control Tower #
Helicopter Alighting Areas
Negative Symbols used to

identify Copter Procedures
landing point
Runway TDZ elevation

Runway Slope
(shown when runway slope equals or
exceeds 0.3%)
AIRPORT DIAGRAM/SKETCH
RUNWAYS
Hard Surface Closed Runway
Other than hard surface Closed Taxiway
Stopways, Taxiways, Under Construction

Parking Areas
Metal Surface
Displaced Threshold
Runway Centerline Lighting
Airport Facility
INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES PLAN VIEW INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES PLAN VIEW
TERMINAL ROUTES RADIO AIDS TO
NAVIGATIONS VOR VOR/DME
Procedure Track
TACAN VORTAC
Missed Approached NDB NDB/DME
Visual Flight Path
LOM/LMM (Compass locator
Procedure Turn at Outer/Middle Marker)
(Type degree and
point of turn Marker Beacon
optional)
Localizer
(LOC/LDA) Right side shading-Front Course;
Left side shading-Back Course
Course
SDF Course
HOLDING
PATTERNS
LOC/DME
LOC/LDA/SDF/MLS Transmitter
Missed Approach
(shown when installation is offset from its
Arrival
normal position off the end of the runway.)
Limits will only be specified when they deviate

from the standard. Localizer Offset
Holding pattern with max. restricted airspeed:
(175K) applies to all altitudes.
(210K) applies to altitudes above 6000' to and
including 14000'
DME fixes may be shown.
REPORTING
POINTS / FIXES/
WAYPOINTS
MINIMUM SAFE
ALTITUDE
INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES PLAN VIEW INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES PLAN VIEW
TERMINAL ARRIVAL MISCELLANEOUS
AREAS
Final Approach Fix (FAF)

(for non-precision approaches)
Glide Slope/Glide Path Intercept
Altitude and final approach fix
for vertically guided approach
procedures.
Visual Descent Point (VDP)

Visual Flight Path
Minimum MSL altitudes are charted

within each of these defined
areas/subdivisions that provide at least
1,000 feet of obstacle clearance, or more
as necessary in mountainous areas.
SPECIAL USE
AIRSPACE
OBSTACLES
FACILITIES / FIXES
ALTITUDES
INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES PROFILE VIEW
PROFILE VIEW
ILS or LOC APPROACH
Glide Slope Altitude
at Outer Marker/FAF
FAF (vertically guided approaches)
Procedure Turn
FAF (non-precision approaches)
ILS Missed Approach Point
Glide Slope
Glide Slope
Missed Approach Track
Threshold Crossing Height
Glide Slope Intercept Altitude
Airport Profile
Two different methods are used for vertical guidance:
ILS and LNAV/VNAV use in the lower left or right corner.
"GS" indicates an electronic glide slope is present in the case of an ILS approach and precision vertical guidance for
LNAV/VNAV.
Other charts use as a non-precision vertical guidance to avoid controlled flight into terrain. It is placed above or
below the procedure track following the fix it is based on.
MLS APPROACH M-AJE Glidepath Altitude at FAF

6.5 Final Approach Fix (FAF)
M-AJE
360 3250 2.2
MLS
3300 180 Glidepath
MLS 00 R/L
Glidepath 3.00
3300
TCH 50
RNAV APPROACH
NON PRECISION DESCENT FROM HOLDING PATTERN
Final Approach
Segment Vertical
Descent Angle (VDA)
Visual Descent Point (VDP)

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Aeronautical Chart Users Guide 8th Edition

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1 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

EXPLANATION OF VFR TERMS AND SYMBOLS

TERRAIN AND OBSTRUCTIONS

4. Obstruction symbols are used to 7000

elevation. On Sectionals, basic con- NACO maintains a database of over

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION

UHF radio aids to navigation names and identification Military airports:

Airports are plotted in their true geographic posi-

Class D Airspace is symbolized by a blue

The following note appears on Sectionals and INSET COVERAGE

There are IFR (IR) and VFR (VR) routes as follows:

HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS

VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS

LANDPLANE: CIVIL LANDPLANE:

Refueling and repair

Runway patterns will

VOR On request by the

Boxed notes (as in

Appropriate notes as Departure

NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION

TERMINAL RADAR LOCAL MAGNETIC

AERONAUTICAL VISUAL GROUND

Towns and Villages

MINES OR WEIRS AND

PASSABLE LOCKS WELLS

Other Than Water

Air marked Fluctuating

Too small to show to

Within and adjacent

Fanned Out Abandoned or

FALLS SMALL CANALS

SWAMPS, MARSHES SPRINGS, WELLS

HUMMOCKS AND GLACIERS

MANGROVE AND GLACIAL MORAINES

STRIP MINES, MINE

RELIEF DATA INCOMPLETE

All mileages are

AIR DEFENSE HELICOPTER

Single Track HYDROGRAPHY

Built-up Areas Position Accurate

No distinction is Appropriate notes as

FAR 91 - Fixed wing

(Pvt) - Non-public use

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION CLASS C AIRSPACE

NON-DIRECTIONAL CLASS D AIRSPACE

TERMINAL RADAR Stand-Alone

Only those obstacles

Single and Position Accurate

EXPLANATION OF IFR ENROUTE TERMS AND SYMBOLS

Class E Airspace is depicted as open area

Airports within which fixed-wing special VFR

Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) are

ARTCC sector frequencies are shown in boxes

SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE

port(s) for which a Class B airspace is designated, is

“G” suffix.. RNAV routes and associated data are charted

in aeronautical blue. Magnetic reference bearings are

TERRAIN CONTOURS ON AREA CHARTS

UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE BOUNDARIES ARE DEPICTED

IFR Enroute Low/High Altitude (U.S. & Alaska Charts)

Oceanic Route Charts

AIRPORT DATA CIVIL

All IAP Airports are shown on the Low Altituide

AIRPORT DATA LOW ALTITUDE - U.S. & ALASKA