Applied Anatomy and Physiology A. Directional Terminologies a. Ventral Anterior b. Dorsal Posterior c. Medial near the midline d.

d. Lateral away from the midline e. Proximal near an attachment point f. Distal away from an attachment point Reproductive System Male Reproductive System - Consists of the organs that produce, transfer, and introduce mature sperm into the female reproductive tract for fertilization - Plays a part in the secretion of male sex hormones A. External Genetalia a. Penis i. Organ of copulation the penis deposits sperm in the female reproductive tract and acts as the terminal duct for the urinary tract ii. Serves as the means for urine elimination iii. The cylinder-shaped penile shaft consists of 3 columns of erectile tissue bound together by heavy fibrous tissue: 2 corpora cavernosa major part of the penis; corpus spongiosum encases the urethra iv. Its enlarged proximal end forms the bulb of the penis v. Glans penis located at the distal end of the shaft; coned shaped structure formed from the corpus spngiosum; the lateral margin forms a ridge tissue known as the corona. Also highly sensitive to sexual stimulation. vi. Urethral meatus opens through the glans to allow urination and ejaculation b. Scrotum i. The penis meets the scrotum, or scrotal sac, at the penoscrotal junction ii. Located posterior to the penis and anterior to the anus iii. Extra-abdominal pouch that consists of a thin layer skin overlying a tighter, musclelike layer which overlies the tunica vaginalis, a serous membrane that covers the internal scrotal activity iv. Internally, a septum divides the scrotum into two sacs, which each contains a testis, an epididymis, and a spermatic cord v. Spermatic cord connective tissue sheath that encases autonomic nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymph vessels and the vas deferens (ductus deferens) B. Internat Structure a. Testes i. The testes are enveloped in 2 layers of connective tissue: the tunica vaginalis (outer layer) and the tunica albuginea (inner layer). ii. Extensions of the tunica albuginea separate the testes into lobules. Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules. Small tubules where spermatogenesis takes place iii. Spermatozoa development requires a temperature lower than that of the rest of the body. The dartos muscle, a smooth muscle in the superficial fasciae, causes scrotal skin to wrinkle, which helps regulate temperature. The cremaster muscle, rising from the internal oblique muscle, helps to govern temperature by elevating the testes. b. Duct System i. The male reproductive duct system, consisting of the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra, conveys sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory ducts near the bladder. ii. Epididymis a coiled tube thats located superior to and along the posterior border of the testis. During Ejaculation, smooth muscle in the epididymis contracts, ejecting spermatozoa into the vas deferens. iii. Vas deferens leads from the testes to the abdominal cavity, extends upwards through the inguinal canal, arches over the urethra, and descends behind the bladder. It enlarged portion, called the ampulla, merges with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the short ejaculatory duct. After passing through the prostate gland, the vas deferens joins with the urethra.

g. Adduction movement towards the midline h. Abduction movement away from the midline i. Flexion decrees angle j. Extension increase angle

iv. Semeneferous tubules - Small tube leading from the floor of the bladder to the exterior, the urethra consists of three parts: 1. Prostatic urethra surrounded by the prostate gland and drains the bladder 2. Membranous urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm 3. Spongy urethra makes up 75% of the entire urethra c. Accessory Reproductive Glands i. Produce most of the semen, include the seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands (Cowpers glands), and prostate gland ii. Seminal vesicles paired sacs at the base of the bladder iii. Bulbourethral glands (Cowpers gland) located inferior to the prostate iv. Prostate gland lies under the urethra and surrounds the urethra; secretes prostatic fluid, a thin milky, alkaline fluid that enhances sperm motility and improves the odds of conception by neutralizing the acidity of the mans urethra and the womans vagina. v. Semen viscous, white secretion with a slightly alkaline pH (7.8 to 8) that consists of spermatozoa and accessory gland secretions. (seminal vesicles 60%; prostate gland 30%) d. Spermatogenesis i. Sperm formation begins when a male reaches puberty and usually continues throughout life. ii. First Stage the primary germinal epithelial cells, Spermatogonia, grow and develop into primary spermatocytes. Both spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes contain 46 chromosomes (44 autosomoes, 2 sex chromosomes (X&Y)) iii. 2nd stage primary spermatocytes divide to from secondary spermatocytes. Pairs of chromosomes divide. Each secondary spermatocyte contains one-half of the number of autosomes, 22; one secondary spermatocyte contains an X chromosome, the other, a Y chromosome. iv. In the third stage each secondary spermatocyte divides again to form spermatids (also called spermatoblasts) v. 4th stage spermatids undergo series of structural changes that transform them into mature spermatozoa, or sperm. Each spermatozoa has a head, neck, body, and tail. The head contains the nucleus; the tail, a large amount of adenosine triphosphate, which provides energy for sperm motility. Female Reproductive System - Unlike the male reproductive system, the female system is largely internal, housed within the pelvic cavity. A. External Genitalia the vulva, or external female genitalia, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and adjacent structures a. Mons pubis i. Rounded cushion of fatty and connective tissue covered by skin and coarse, curly hair in a triangular pattern over the symphysis pubis b. Labia majora i. Two raised folds of adipose and connective tissue that border the vulva on either side, extending from the mons pubis to the perineum. After menarche, the outer surface of labia is covered with pubic hair, the inner surface is pink and moist. c. Labia minora i. Two moist folds of mucosal tissue, dark pink to red in color, that lie within and alongside the labia majora. ii. Each upper section divides into an upper and lower lamella: 1. Upper lamellae join to form the prepuce, a hoodlike covering over the clitoris 2. Lower lamellae form the frenulum iii. Lower labial sections taper down and back from the clitoris to the perineum, where they join to from the fourchette, a thin tissue fold along the anterior edge of the perineum. iv. Contains sebaceous glands, which secrete a lubricant that also acts as a bactericide. Like the labia majora, theyre rich in blood vessels and nerve endings, making them highly responsive to stimulation. They swell in response to sexual stimulation, a reaction the triggers other changes that prepare the genitalia for coitus. v. Clitoris small, protuberant organ just beneath the arch of the mons pubis. It contains erectile tissue, venous cavernous spaces, and specialized sensory corpuscles, which are stimulated during sexual activity. vi. Vestibule an oval area bounded anteriorly by the clitoris, laterally by the labia minora, and posteriorly by the fourchette. vii. The mucus-producing Skenes glands are found on both sides of the urethral opening

viii. Openings of the two-mucus-producing Bartholins glands are located laterally and posteriorly on either side of the inner vaginal orifice. ix. Urethral meautus slitlike opening below the clitoris through which urine leaves the body. In the center of the vestibule is the vaginal orifice. It may be completely or partially covered by the hymen, a tissue membrane. x. Perineum located between the lower vagina and the anal canal; a complex structure of muscles, blood vessels, fasciae, nerves and lymphatics B. Internal Genitalia a. Vagina i. A highly elastic muscular tube, is located between the urethra and the rectum. ii. Vaginal wall has three tissue layers: 1. Epithelial tissue loose connective tissue, and muscle tissue 2. Uterine cervix connects the uterus to the vaginal vault 3. Four fornices recesses in the vaginal wall, surround the cervix iii. 3 main functions: 1. To accommodate the penis during coitus 2. To channel blood discharged from the uterus during menstruation 3. To serve as the birth canal during childbirth iv. Branches to the uterine arteries supply blood to the upper vagina, the inferior vesical arteries supply blood to the middle vagina, and the hemorrhoidal and internal pudendal arteries feed into the lower vagina. b. Cervix i. Lowest portion of the uterus ii. Projects into the upper portion of the vagina iii. External os the end that opens into the vagina iv. Internal os the end that opens into the uterus v. Sealed with thick mucus prevents sperm from entering except for a few days around ovulation when the plug becomes thinner. vi. Childbirth permanently alters the cervix. In a female who hasnt delivered a child, the external os is a round opening about 3mm in diameter; after the first childbirth, it becomes a small transverse slit with irregular edges. c. Uterus i. Small, firm, pear-shaped, muscular organ situated between the bladder and rectum. ii. It typically lies at almost a 90-degree angle to the vagina. iii. Endometrium the mucous membrane lining of the uterus iv. Myometrium muscular layer of the uterus v. During pregnancy, the elastic, upper portion of the uterus, called the fundus, accommodates most of the growing fetus until term. The uterine neck joins the fundus to the cervix, the uterine part extending into the vagina. The fundus and neck make up the corpus, the main uterine body. d. Fallopian tubes i. 2 fallopian tubes attach to the uterus at the upper angles of the fundus. These narrow cylinders of muscle fibers are where fertilization occurs. ii. Ampulla the curved portion of the fallopian tube that ends in the funnel-shaped infundibulum iii. Fimbriae fingerlike projections in the infundibulum that move in waves that sweep the mature ovum (female gamete, or sex cell) from the ovary into the fallopian tube e. Ovaries i. Located on either side of the uterus ii. The size, shape and position of the ovaries vary with age iii. Round, smooth, and pink at birth, they grow larger, flatten, and turn grayish by puberty. iv. During childbearing years, they take on an almond shape and a rough, pitted surface; after menopause, they shrink and turn white v. Main function: to produce mature ova vi. At birth, each ovary contains approximately 400,000 graafian follicles. vii. During childbearing years, one graafian follicle produces a mature ovum during the first halp of each menstrual cycle. As the ovum matures, the follicle ruptures and the ovum is swept into the fallopian tube. viii. Also produces estrogen and progesterone as well as a small amount of androgens Made and prepared by: TOMAS C. CORNELIO, RN