FA + GLYCEROL CARNITINE ACYLTRANSFERASE II – located in the

INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE

• GLYCEROL
BETA OXIDATION
o Gluconeogenesis
• FA -> Acetyl CoA
o FA synthesis
• 4 steps:
• FA
o OXIDATION (1ST)
o Oxidation
 Oxidation of FA by Acyl CoA
o Storage Dehydrogenase

o Free w/ albumin  Forms a double bond between

C2 & C3
• LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE – enzyme
 Produces FADH2 from FAD
FREE FATTY ACIDS – virtually all cells can use Fatty
Energy except Brain, RBC & Medulla

BETA OXIDATION
o HYDRATION

• Major pathway for catabolism of FA

 Add H2O
• 2 carbon fragments are cleaved producing
Acetyl CoA (enters Kreb’s Cycle) o OXIDATION (2ND)

STEPS:  Hydroxyacyl CoA oxidized by

NAD+
1. TRANSPORT OF FA INTO MITOCHONDRIA
 Became 3-Ketoacyl CoA
• After FA are taken up by a cell, it is
converted to a CoA derivative (fatty  Forms NADH
acylCoA)
o THIOLYTIC CLEAVAGE (THIOLYSIS)
• Fatty aclyCoA synthetase/thiokinase
 Cleavage of 3-Ketoacyl CoA by
• Transport to mitochondria thiol group of another CoA

*Mitochondrial membrane is impermeable  Produces shorter Acyl CoA and

Acetyl CoA
CARNITINE SHUTTLE
ENERGY YIELD FROM BETA OXIDATION
• Acyl group must first be transferred Cytosolic
CoA to Carnitine • Each time an acetyl group (2 carbons) is
cleaved from acyl chain, it produces:
• Catalyzed by Carnitine Acyltransferase I
o 1 NADH
• Forming Fatty Acyl Carnitine I & II
o 1 Acetyl CoA
• Inhibited by: MALONYL CoA
o 1 FADH2
CARNITINE ACYLTRANSFERASE I – located in the
OUTER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE • Therefore:

*Carnitine is not needed inside the mitochondria o PALMITATE (16:0)

because it is only a shuttle
16/2 = 8 – 1 = 7cycles
* Fats yield high energy
• O.H.O.T. FORMULA = (n/2) – 1
 o PALMITATE – 7 CYCLES

7 NADH x3ATP = 21

7 FADH2 x2ATP = 14 RELEASE OF FA FROM TAG

8Acetyl CoA x 12ATP = 96 • Mobilization of STORED FAT

131 • HORMONE – SENSITIVE LIPASE

Energy investment FAcyl CoA synthase _-2 o Breaks stored fat

Total ATP 129 o Present in ADIPOSE TISSUES

o 18 carbon = 8cycles

8 NADH x3ATP = 24
TAG  FA + GLYCEROL
8 FADH2 x2ATP = 16

9 Acetyl CoA x12ATP = 108

HORMONE – SENSITIVE LIPASE
148 – 2 = 146
• Activators:

o Epinephrine
OXIDATION OF ODD NUMBERED FA
o Low level glucose
• Same process until last 3 is reached
• Reactivators:
• PROPIONYL CoA instead of Acetyl CoA
o Insulin
• Propionyl CoA -> Methyl Malonyl CoA by
o High level glucose
enzyme Propionyl CoA Carboxylase

• Methylmalonyl CoA -> Succinyl CoA by

enzyme Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase
FATE OF GLYCEROL

• Succinyl CoA – can enter Kreb’s Cycle

• Glycerol cannot be metabolized by adipocytes

• COMPUTATION:
• Lacks GLYCEROL KINASE transport to liver

o 17 carbons – 3= 14/2= 7-1 =

• Phosphorylated or converted to DHAP
6cycles
• Can participate in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis
6 NADH x3ATP = 18

6 FADH2 x2ATP = 12
FA SYNTHESIS – can be created from Carbohydrates
7 Acetyl CoA x12ATP = 84
& proteins
114
• Location: primarily in the LIVER; kidney,
-2 lactating mammary glands, adipose tissues

112 • Required energy:

Kreb’s Cycle (Succinyl CoA) +6 o NADPH, Acetyl CoA, ATP

118 • MAJOR SOURCES OF NADPH

• 6 from Kreb’s cycle is constant for o HMP shunt

ODD
 o NADP dependent MALATE  REDUCTION
HYDROGENASE
 DEHYDRATION
 Byproduct: NADPH
 REDUCTION
 Convert Malate to Pyruvate
o Fatty acid synthase enzyme (7 activity)
• STEPS: 2 domains

1. PRODUCTION OF CYSTOLIC ACETYL o TOTAL RESULT OF 7 STEPS –

CoA production of 4 Carbon compound

o Occurs in cytosol: FA synthesis FURTHER ELONGATION AND DESATURATION OF

FA CHAINS
o Acetyl CoA inside mitochondria
• Palmitate can be further elongated or
o CITRATE SHUTTLE desaturated

 OAA + Acetyl CoA to produce • In humans, up to 9C double bonds

CITRATE

 Enzyme: ATP CITRATE LYASE –

removes citrate ESSENTIAL FA – have double bonds beyond C9

2. CARBOXYLATION OF ACETYL CoA • LINOLEIC ACID 18:2 (9,12)

TO MALONYL CoA
• LINOLENIC ACID 18:3 (9,12,15)
o Outside the cytosol

o Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

RELATIONSHIP OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM &
o Requires ATP PAMITATE SYNTHESIS:

o Coenzyme = BIOTIN

o Regulated step / IRREVERSIBLE FA = Acetyl CoA + ATP + NADPH

2 WAYS OF REGULATION OF ENZYME 1. Glycolysis produce pyruvate

• SHORT TERM 2. OAA is produced by gluconeogenesis

o Undergoes activation by Citrate 3. Acetyl CoA – mitochondria

o Inactivated by Malonyl CoA 4. Citrate

• LONG TERM 5. Carbons of Cytosolic Acetyl CoA

o Prolonged consumption of high carb or

fat free diets increases enzyme synth
STORAGE:
(PRO)

o High fat diet/fasting reduces FA synth

(ANTI)
TAG= 3FA + GLYCEROL

3. FA SYNTHASE
FA  FATTY ACYL CoA
o Opposite of oxidation

 CONDENSATION
TAG (Storage Fat) = glycerol phosphate +
3Fattyacyl CoA

INSULIN – storage/anabolic

GLUCAGON – degradation/catabolic

- Rosette Go 100208 