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+ubscribed by the offended party& any +ubscribed to by the fiscal peace officer or other officer charged #ith the enforcement of the la# violated May be filed either #ith the court or in the -iled #ith the court fiscal,s office generally to commence the preliminary investigation of the charges made .. Cases #here civil courts of e/ual ran0 are vested #ith concurrent jurisdiction: a. -eatures stated in )rt. $& R1C Cogni2able by proper court in #hich charge is first filed b. Continuing crimes committed in different judicial regions c. 3ffenses #herein any of the essential elements #ere committed in different territorial jurisdictions d. 3ffenses committed aboard a train& vehicle& aircraft or vessel see R114& 516! i. Railroad& train& aircraft 1!Territory or municipality #here vehicle passed $!1lace of departure '!1lace of arrival ii. 7essel 1! -irst port of entry $! Thru #hich it passed during voyage e. 8ibel and #ritten defamation 6. Remedies of offended party #hen fiscal unreasonably refuses to file an information or include a person therein as an accused
This is the old Criminal 1rocedure. )s of printing time& the coverage for the 9ar :;ams has not been released yet& so #e included the old Criminal 1rocedure. The Memory )id for the $444 Rules of Criminal 1rocedure #ill be in the )nne;.
g. +ecure appointment of another fiscal h. (nstitute another criminal action if no double jeopardy is involved >. ?rits of injunction or prohibition to restrain a criminal prosecution are not available& :@C:1T a. To afford ade/uate protection to constitutional rights of accused b. *ecessary for the orderly administration of justice or to avoid oppression or multiplicity of actions
j. Clearly no prima facie case against the accused and MTC on that ground had
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?here only as to form& there is no need for )nother preliminary investigation is another preliminary investigation and entailed and accused has to plead ane# reta0ing of plea of accused Refers to the same offense charged or Re/uires or presupposes that ne# info #hich necessarily includes or is involves a different offense #hich does not necessarily included in original charges& include or is not included in the original
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d. Civil action not one intended to enforce civil liability arising from the offense e.g.&
action for legal separation against a spouse #ho committed concubinage!
ii. The resolution of such issue determines #hether or not the criminal action may proceed 1etition for suspension of criminal action is to be filed at any time before prosecution rests. 6. Remedies a. Reservation of right to institute separate civil proceedings to recover civil liability arising from crime Must be made before prosecution presents evidence )ction instituted only after final judgment in criminal action b. 1etition to suspend the criminal action May be filed upon e;istence of a prejudicial /uestion in a pending civil action -iled at any time before the prosecution rests >. :;tinction of penal action does not carry #ith it e;tinction of the civil unless the e;tinction proceeds from a declaration in a final judgment that the fact from #hich the civil might arise did not e;ist. -inal judgment in civil absolving defendant from civil liability not a bar to criminal action =. -iling fees: a. )ctual or compensatory damages % filing fees not re/uired b. Moral& temperate and e;emplary % filing fees re/uired i. (f alleged& fees must be paid by offended party upon filing of complaint or information
ii. (f not alleged& filing fees considered a first lien on the judgment RULE 112 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION 1. 1reliminary investigation % in/uiry or proceeding to determine if there is sufficient ground to engender a #ellAfounded belief that a crime cogni2able by the RTC has been committed& and that the respondent is probably guilty thereof& and should be held for trial ) preliminary investigation is only necessary for an information to be filed #ith the RTC; complaints may be filed #ith the MTC #ithout need of an information& #hich is merely recommendatory 4andoc vs. .esultan! )bsence of a preliminary investigation is *3T a ground for a motion to /uash the information; an information filed #ithout a preliminary investigation is defective but not fatal; in its absence& the accused may as0 for one; it is the fiscalLs refusal to conduct a preliminary investigation #hen the accused demands one #hich is a violation of the rights of the accused (9oromal vs. 5andiganba%an!. Court should not dismiss the info& but hold the case in abeyance and either: 1! conduct its o#n investigation; or $! re/uire the fiscal to hold a reinvestigation. $. G:*:R)8 RG8:: The fiscal conducts the preliminary investigation before filing an information #ith the RTC& 7:C7P4 #here the accused is la#fully arrested #ithout a #arrant and an in/uest is conducted.
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i. ?hen strongAarm tactics are used for vindictive purposes 5alonga vs.
Cruz>Pano! ii.?hen the accused is deprived of his rights iii.?hen the statute on #hich the charge is based is null and void
iv.?hen it #ill aid the administration of justice 4atad vs. 5andiganba%an! v.?hen multiplicity of suits #ill be avoided Guingona vs. Cit% 1iscal!
RULE 113 ARREST 1. /rrest % ta0ing a person into custody in order that he may be bound to ans#er for the commission of some offense& made by an actual restraint of the person or by his submission to custody $. General Rule: *o person may be arrested #ithout a #arrant. *ot all persons detained are arrested; only those detained to ans#er for an offense. M(nvitationsM are not arrests and are usually not unconstitutional& but in some cases may be ta0en as commands 0abst vs. N0I!; ho#ever& the practice of
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iv. (f peace officer is unable to serve #arrant 14 days after issuance& he must file a report and e;planation #ith judge #ithin 14 days v. (f #arrant served 1! 1erson informed that he is being arrested $! (nformed of cause of his arrest '! 3fficer may brea0 door or #indo# if admission to building is refused .! 1erson physically restrained -or private citi2ens ma0ing an arrest May not do so e;cept to do some service to humanity or justice 6! *o violence or unnecessary force may be used >! 3fficer may summon assistance =! 1erson #ho escapes after arrest may be immediately pursued vi. 1erson arrested is brought to nearest police station or jail
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ii.The court had jurisdiction to issue the process Luna vs. Plaza!
(f an arrest is improper& the remedy is a motion for /uashal of the #arrant of arrest andKor a motion to /uash the information& not 'abeas corpus Ilagan vs. 7nrile! ?abeas corpus is no longer available after an information has been filed& the information being the judicial process re/uired by la# Ilagan vs. 7nrile! ?abeas corpus is proper #hen a person is being restrained illegally& e.g.& imprisoned past ma;imum penalty allo#ed by la# Gumabon vs. 9irector of Prisons! b. Cuashal of #arrant of arrest -iled #ith court #hich issued the #arrant of arrest #hen the #arrant of arrest is fatally fla#ed c. Motion to /uash information -iled #ith court #hen information against the person arrested has been filed Must be made in a Mspecial appearanceM before the court /uestioning only its lac0 of jurisdiction over the person of the accused 3ther#ise& the voluntary appearance of the person arrested by filing a motion before the court #ould be deemed a submission to the authority of the court& thus granting it #hatever jurisdiction it lac0ed over the person )ny irregularity in the arrest is cured #hen the petitioner submits himself to the jurisdiction of the court& e.g.& by filing for bail 0agcal vs. 6illaraza! =. 6.6. 2endoza+ @.ig'ts to Counsel in Custodial Investigation@ :volution of rights of the accused under custodial investigation a. )ll involuntary confession #ere inadmissible; accused had to prove involuntariness b. (nvoluntary confessions #ere inadmissible only if they #ere false
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h. The rights may be #aived& but the rights to be informed of these rights& i.e.& to
#arning& may not be #aived i. j. ?arning must not only be said& officer must ma0e sure the person arrested understands them specifically 1resent rules i. 7oluntary confessions are admissible ii. Test of voluntariness determined on a caseAtoAcase basis iii. ?aiver of rights must not only be #ith counsel but must be in #riting Confessions made #ithout assistance of counsel are inadmissible as evidence to incriminate the accused& but they may be used to impeach the credibility of the accused& or they may be treated as verbal admission of the accused through the testimony of the #itnesses People vs. 2olas! RULE 114 BAIL 1. 0ail % security given for the release of a person in custody of la#& furnished by him or a bondsman& conditioned upon his appearance before any court as re/uired under the follo#ing conditions: a. Gnderta0ing effective upon approval and remains in force at all stages until promulgation of judgment& unless sooner cancelled b. )ccused shall appear before court #hen re/uired
c. -ailure to appear despite notice to him or the bondsman #ill #aive his right to be
present and trial shall proceed in absentia d. 9ondsman shall surrender accused for e;ecution of judgment 9ail applies to all persons detained& not just to those charged #ith the offense ?erras vs. 4ee'anAee! Court has po#er to prohibit person out on bail from leaving the country 2anotoc+ =r. vs. C/! 9ail implies delivery of the accused to the sureties #ho& though not holding him prisoner& may sei2e him and imprison him until they can deliver him to court <5 vs. 0onoan! $. General Rule: )ll persons are entitled to bail as a matter of right& e(cept those charged #ith capital offenses. Right to bail traditionally unavailable to military personnel facing court martial& #ho are not in the same class as civilians Comendador vs. de 6illa! 9ail should be available regardless of other circumstances or the merits of the case& if the health or the life of the detainee is in danger 9ela .ama vs. PeopleBs Court! :;cessive bail is tantamount to denial of bail& #hich is unconstitutional 9ela Camara vs. 7nage! '. ?hen bail is a matter of right 9efore or after conviction by MTC& MCTC& M"C
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iv.Court may not force fiscal to produce evidence ?erras vs. 4ee'anAee!
v. (f evidence is strong& bail is denied vi.3ther#ise& judge sets bail and procedure for nonAcapital offense is follo#ed (n capital crimes& judgeLs discretion is limited to determining strength of evidence and does not cover determining #hether bail should be allo#ed ?erras vs. 4ee'anAee! :vidence must be strong that the accused is guilty of the capital offense charged& not just of any offense 0ernardez vs. 6alera! >. 0ail bond % an obligation under seal given by accused #ith one or more sureties and made payable to proper officer #ith the condition to be void upon performance by the accused of such acts as he may legally be re/uired to perform =. Recogni2ance a. 3bligation of record entered into before some court of magistrate duly authori2ed to ta0e it& #ith the condition to do some particular act& the most usual condition in criminal cases being the appearance of the accused for trial b. Boes not re/uire signature of accused for trial c. Boes not re/uire signature of accused to be valid <. 1rosecution #itnesses may be re/uired to post bail to ensure their appearance at the trial& e(cept8 a. +ubstitution of info see R114& 51.!
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a. Caught in flagrante
b. Confessed to commission of offense unless repudiated force and intimidation! c. 1reviously escaped& evaded sentence or jumped bail d. 7iolation of +ec. $ fails to report to cler0 of court periodically under his recogni2ance! e. Recidivist& habitual delin/uent previously convicted for an offense to #hich the la# or ordinance attaches an e/ual or greater penalty or for $ or more offenses to #hich it attaches a lighter penalty f. Committed offense #hile on parole or under conditional pardon g. 1reviously pardoned by municipal or city mayor for violation of ordinance for at least $ times 14. (nstances #hen accused may be released on recogni2ance: a. 3ffense charged is a violation of an ordinance& a light felony or criminal offense the imposable penalty to #hich does not e;ceed > months and or 1$444 fine b. 1erson has been in custody for a period e/ual to or more than the minimum of the imposable principal penalty& #ithout application of the (ndeterminate +entence 8a# or any modifying circumstance c. )ccused has applied for probation and before the same has been resolved& but *3 9)(8 #as filed or accused is incapable of filing one d. Douthful offender held for physical and mental e;amination& trial or appeal& if unable to furnish bail 11. Cancellation of bail a. Gpon application #ith the court and due notice to the fiscal i. )ccused surrenders bac0 to custody ii. )ccused dies b. )utomatic cancellation i. Case is dismissed ii.)ccused is ac/uitted iii.)ccused is convicted and surrenders for e;ecution of judgment 1$. ?hen bail cancelled or denied: after RTC imposes imprisonment e;ceeding > years& but not more than $4 years& and: a. )ccused is a recidivist& /uasiArecidivist& habitual delin/uent or guilty of the aggravating circumstance of reiteration; b. 1rovisionally escaped& evaded sentence& violated provisions of bail; c. Committed offense #hile on probation& parole& or conditional pardon; d. 1robability of flight; or e. Gndue ris0 that during appeal& he may commit another crime 1'. ?hen bail is forfeited a. )ccused fails to appear before court #hen re/uired '4 days for bondsman to sho# cause #hy judgment should not be rendered against him b. 9ondsman fails to produce him #ithin '4 days c. 9ondsman fails to satisfactorily e;plain to the court #hy accused did not appear #hen first re/uired to do so +ureties guarantee only appearance of the accused& not his conduct <5 vs. 0onoan!
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1=. *otes:
a. 1osting bail #aives the right to /uestion any irregularity attending the arrest of a
person Callanta vs. 6illanueva!. No#ever& this does not result in #aiver of the inadmissibility of the articles sei2ed incidentally to such illegal arrest.
b. )ccused #aived the right to /uestion any irregularity in the conduct of the
preliminary investigation #hen he failed to do so before entering his plea People vs. 9ela Cerna! c. )ccused out on bail may be reAarrested if he attempts to depart from the 1hilippines #ithout prior court permission #arrantless arrest allo#ed!. RULE 115 RIGHTS OF ACCUSED 1. Right of the accused under the Rules a. To be presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt (n an appeal from a conviction& the accused shall again be presumed innocent until and unless his conviction is affirmed Castillo vs. 1eli(! b. To be informed of the nature and cause of charges The right must be substantially complied #ith; arraignment and later proceedings must be in a language the accused understands People vs. Crisologo! c. To be present at every stage of proceedings& subject to #aiver by bail (f an accused escapes& he #aives this right and merits a trial in absentia; the accused forfeits his rights to be notified of proceedings in the future and to adduce evidence in his behalf People vs. 5alas! d. To testify as #itness on his o#n behalf& subject to crossAe;amination on matters covered by direct e;amination; not to be prejudiced by his silence e. *ot to be compelled to be a #itness against himself f. To confront and e;amine the #itnesses against him& including the right to use in evidence testimony of a #itness
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1. 1rocedure a. Court informs accused of his right to counsel and as0s him if he #ants one
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0. Befense rests m. Befense presents rebuttal evidence n. Trial is closed; case is submitted for judgment '. ?hen mista0e made in charging proper offense a. (f )ccused cannot be convicted of offense charged or offense necessarily included therein b. )ccused detained& not discharged c. 3riginal case dismissed upon filing of proper information
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1. 5earc' !arrant % an order in #riting issued in the name of the 1eople of the 1hilippines& signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer& commanding him to search for personal property described therein and bring it before the court Cannot be issued to loo0 for evidence <% E'etin vs. 6illareal! +ei2ing objects to be used as evidence is e/uivalent to forcing one to be a #itness against himself <% E'etin vs. 6illareal! -or a #arrant to be valid& it must meet the re/uirements set by la# 0urgos vs. C'ief of 5taff! Tapping conversations is e/uivalent to a search and sei2ure <5 vs. Eatz! $. General Rule: *o search or sei2ure can be conducted unless it is authori2ed by a search #arrant. :vidence gathered from an illegal search and sei2ure is inadmissible. ?arrantless searches are illegal& unreasonable and unconstitutional /lvarez vs. C1I! (t is not the police action #hich is impermissible& but the procedure and unreasonable character by #hich it is e;ercised Guazon vs. de 6illa! Court gains jurisdiction over items sei2ed by a valid search #arrant and returned to it& and such is not an unconstitutional deprivation of property 6illanueva vs. Duerubin! :vidence from an illegal search may be used as evidence& if no objection is raised 5tone'ill vs. 9ioAno! Right against unreasonable search and sei2ure may be #aived& but for the #aiver to be effective: a. The right must e;ist b. 1erson must be a#are of the right c. 1erson clearly sho#s the intent to relin/uish such right *o #aiver against unreasonable search and sei2ure #hen one compromises the criminal proceedings /lvarez vs. C1I! There is no #aiver of right #hen evidence of coercion is present .oan vs. Gonzales! '. Re/uisites of a valid search #arrant a. (ssued upon probable cause Probable cause % such facts and circumstances #hich #ould lead a reasonably prudent man to believe that a crime has been committed and the thing to be searched for and sei2ed is in the place to be searched b. 1robable cause is personally determined by the issuing judge Nence& signed by him 9y any RTC& to be served any#here in the country& for an offense #hich occurred any#here in the country 2alaloan vs. C/! c. (ssuing judge personally e;amined& in the form of searching /uestions& the appellant and his #itness and too0 do#n their #ritten depositions d. +earch #arrant particularly describes or identifies the property to be sei2ed 1roperty #hich men may la#fully possess may not be the object of a search #arrant <% E'etin vs. 6illareal!
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<. 1erson ma0ing the arrest may ta0e from the arrestee a. 1roperties used in the commission of the crime b. -ruits or proceeds thereof c. 1roperty #hich may furnish the arrestee #ith a #eapon against the arresting person d. 1roperty #hich may be used as evidence at the trial H. N34758 Constitution+ /rt. III+ 5ec. # The right of the people to be secure in their persons& papers& houses and effects against unreasonable searches and sei2ures of #hatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable& and no search #arrant or #arrant of arrest shall issue e;cept upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after e;amination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the #itnesses he may produce& and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be sei2ed. Constitution+ /rt. III+ 5ec. $ a. The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable e;cept upon la#ful order of the court& or #hen public safety or order re/uires other#ise as prescribed by la#. b. )ny evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in the proceeding. RULE 12! PROVISIONAL REMEDIES IN CRIMINAL CASES 1. )ttachment as provisional remedy in criminal cases a. )ccused is about to abscond from R1 b. Criminal action is based on a claim for money or property embe22led or fraudulently misapplied or converted to the use of the accused #ho is a public officer& or any officer of a corporation& or an attorney& factor& bro0er& agent or cler0 in a fiduciary capacity& in #illful violation of duty c. )ccused has concealed& removed or disposed of his property& or is about to do so d. )ccused resides outside the R1
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