Preliminary Mission Study: Orbital Transfer From Titan To Saturn

Politecnico di Milano
Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie aerospaziali
Orbital mechanics end course project
Preliminary Titan - Saturn interplanetary transfer
Authors: Marco Ciarambino Simone Colciago
Contents
1 Overview of the problem 2 Orbital transfer 2.1 Initial orbit and departure hyperbola 2.2 Plane change maneuver . . . . . . . 2.3 Pericentre anomaly change . . . . . . 2.4 Hohmann maneuver . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 4 5 6 7 9 10 10 10 14 17 20 23 23 26 29 32 36 36 39 42 45
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3 Perturbation analysis 3.1 Final orbit period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1 Solar wind pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2 Inuence of other bodies . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3 Non uniformity of Saturn mass distribution 3.1.4 All perturbations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Earth revolution orbit period . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 Solar wind pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2 Inuence of other bodies . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 Non uniformity of Saturn mass distribution 3.2.4 All perturbations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Saturn revolution orbit period . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 Solar wind pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Inuence of other bodies . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 Non uniformity of Saturn mass distribution 3.3.4 All perturbations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4 Considerations about numerical and general issues encountered 48 5 Block diagram 49
Abstract In the following report it will be presented an orbital transfer from Titan to Saturn, taking into account some forms of perturbations to the canonical restricted two body problem. The rst section deals with the computation of the main parameters of the journey, approaching the problem through a pure analytical form the XVIII century-developed restricted two body problems. Through this theory it has been possible to compute the ideal behaviour of the spacecraft from parking orbit around Titan, to the nal path around Saturn, that was given as a mission parameter. Secondly perturbation analysis around the nal orbit has been performed. In particular solar wind pressure, non uniform mass of Saturn and the gravitational inuence of other celestial objects have been taken into account, in order to achieve better accuracy in the spacecraft motion.
Overview of the problem
At the beginning of the simulation, spacecraft is parked in a circular orbit around Titan with pericentre height of 150 km, while the rest of parameters for the initial orbit were left free to choose. The keplerian parameters of Titan, orbiting around Saturn on a very low eccentric orbit, depend on the day chosen as rst instant for simulation: May 3, 2013. Destination characteristics were given by data: pericentre height [km] apocentre height [km] inclination [ ] ascending node anomaly [ ] pericentre anomaly [ ] 260000 440000 20.27 15 15
Table 1: Final orbit parameters Graphically, the problem is summarised by the following picture:
Titans orbit Current position Final orbit
x 10 1 0 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 x 10

6
Figure 1: Overview of the problem
2
2.1
Orbital transfer
Initial orbit and departure hyperbola
In order to escape from Titans gravitational attraction and to directly put the spacecraft onto an orbit such that it is equal to Titans one but with nal inclination and ascending node anomaly, velocity at limits of Titans sphere of inuence V must be equal to the rst variation of velocity V1 = 1.8793 km/s. Once known velocity at limits of Titans sphere of inuence and pericentre height, it is possible to dene geometric features of the departure hyperbola: pericentre height [km] eccentricity [] semi major axis [km] deviation angle, 2 [ ] [ ] 150 2.0723 -2542.1079 57.70 118.85
Table 2: Departure hyperbola characteristics In order to reach proper velocity at the boundaries of Titans sphere of inuence and consequently to enter in the correct orbit, a tangential V = 1.33421 km/s must be performed at the hyperbola pericentre, equal to the difference between velocity on the circular parking orbit and velocity at pericentre of hyperbola.
Figure 2: Departure hyperbola 4
2.2
Plane change maneuver
The nal requested orbit has no intersections with initial Titans orbit. The purpose of the rst manuever is to put the spacecraft onto an orbit geometrically equal to Titans orbit (same eccentricity and semi-major axis) with ascending node anomaly and inclination of the nal requested orbit. Thus it is necessary to start the maneuver in the point of intersection between Titans orbit and the plane containing the nal orbit. There are two possible intersections: for sake of convenience in terms of time it has been selected the point of maneuver closer to the ascending node and Titans current position (May 3, 2013). Solving the spherical triangle it is possible to compute , the angle between velocities before and after the maneuver equal to 19.97 , and , the angle between the point of maneuver and the ascending node of the rst orbit, equal to 13.25 . The time between Titans current position and point of maneuver is t1 = 3 days 20 hours 32 minutes 0.6 seconds while the total cost of maneuver is equal to V1 = 1.8793 km . s
Titan orbit current position final orbit Ascending node point of maneuver orbit after maneuver
x 10 4 2 0 2 4
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 x 10

6
Figure 3: Plane change maneuver 5
2.3
Pericentre anomaly change
The second manuever changes pericentre anomaly keeping all geometrical properties unaltered. This maneuver can be done in the two points of intersection between the current orbit the spacecraft is located on and the orbit with the nal requested pericentre anomaly; as before, for sake of convenience in terms of time, the selected point is the one closer to the current position of the satellite. The waiting period in order to perform the maneuver of pericentre anomaly change is t2 = 4 days 11 hours 39 minutes 0.8 seconds and total cost of maneuver is equal to V2 = 0.3185 km . s
orbit after plane change pericenter orbit after change of pericenter anomaly pericenter point of maneuver
x 10 4 2 0 2 4 1
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 x 10

6
1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 0.5 0 0.5 x 10

6
Figure 4: Change of pericenter anomaly
2.4
Hohmann maneuver
The orbit the probe is moving on has ascending node anomaly, inclination and pericentre anomaly of the nal requested orbit. Now it is necessary to obtain the desired shape and this operation is done exploiting a Hohmann transfer between the apocentre of the current orbit and the pericentre of the nal one. This maneuver is the most ecient one and the decision to perform it from apocentre to pericentre and not in the reversed order is justied from the fact that the aim of this maneuver is a reduction of orbit shape (in fact nal orbit is smaller than the current one). The Hohmann manuever is a bi-tangent elliptic maneuver represented by two dierent V , both negative because of velocity decreasing, done respectively at apocentre of current orbit and pericentre of nal orbit. The time between the previous maneuver point and the apocentre is t3 = 4 days 10 hours 3 minutes 0.7 seconds whereas the cost (negative because it is a braking maneuver) is V3 = 1.9132 km s
The time required to reach the pericentre of the nal orbit is equal to the semi-period of Hohmann transfer orbit, t4 = 4 days 3 hours 13 minutes 0.6 seconds whereas the cost (negative because it causes a reduction of velocity) is V4 = 1.7224 km s
final orbit pericenter point of previous maneuver point of Hohmann maneuver Hohmann transfer
x 10 4 2 0 2 4 1
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 x 10

6
1 0.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 0.5 0 x 10

6
Figure 5: Hohmann maneuver
2.5
Results
Maneuver Departure hyperbola Plane change maneuver Pericentre anomaly change Hohmann transfer Total Cost [km/s] 1.3662 1.8793 0.3185 3.6356 7.1996
Table 3: Maneuvers costs
Titan orbit final orbit 1st burnout orbit after plane change 2nd burnout orbit after change of pericentre anomaly 3rd burnout Hohmann transfer 4th burnout
x 10 4 2 0 2
1 0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 x 10

6
Figure 6: Transfer overview
Perturbation analysis
Once that nominal orbits have been computed, we will now approach perturbation section, that will be performed only over nal orbit path. Three kinds of them have been modelled: Solar wind pressure, that in our case has been particularly intense due to the high exposed surface (22.10 m2 ); Inuence of masses of Saturn, Titan, Jupiter, Uranus, Sun on the spacecraft; Non uniformity of the Saturn mass distribution, where only the rst harmonic of the gravitational potential has been considered. It has been not considered the perturbation eects due to atmospheric drag. Indeed at nal orbit pericentre the spacecraft is 320267 km high on Saturn surface and at such a height atmospheric drag eects are completely negligible. Computation has relied on Cowells method, that is actually the direct integration of Keplers equation with addiction of perturbation term. Simulation of perturbation eects will be performed over three dierent periods: a nal orbit period, an Earth revolution orbit period and over a Saturn revolution orbit period. Proper details will be given on each section.
3.1
Final orbit period
Data relative of the destination orbit has been specied in Table 1. Resulting orbit period amounts to 3 days 2 hours 27 min 36 seconds. 3.1.1 Solar wind pressure
Solar wind perturbing acceleration term to be inserted in Keplers equation has been modelled as: psun Cr Asc asw = r sunsc (1) m where: psun is solar pressure; Cr = 1 + takes into account optical reectivity of the spacecraft that in this case = 0.7; Asc = 22.10 m2 is the area of each side of the spacecraft, that is modelled as cube; m spacecraft mass amounts to 2000 kg;
10
r sunsc is position versor from Sun to spacecraft. It is the sum between Sun-Saturn and Saturn-spacecraft versors, and because the rst was in Sun-centred inertial frame it has been rotated in Saturn-centred equatorial inertial frame with a Saturns tilt angle of 26.73 and a north pole right ascension equal to 40.6 It has been neglected eclipses occurrence. In the following pages are shown keplerian orbital parameters variations in time.
Titans orbit Final orbit Perturbed orbit
Orbit variation due to solar wind pressure
x 10 [km] 1 0 1 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6
semimajor axis variation

410270
410269
410268
410267 [km] 410266 410265 410264 410263
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
11
eccentricity variation
0.219400
0.219395
0.219390
0.219385 [] 0.219380 0.219375 0.219370 0.219365
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
inclination variation
20.2704
20.2703
20.2702 [deg] 20.2701 20.27 20.2699
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
12
pericentre anomaly variation

15.001
15
14.999
14.998 [deg] 14.997 14.996 14.995 14.994
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
ascending node anomaly variation

15.0003
15.0002
15.0001
15
14.9999 [deg]
14.9998
14.9997
14.9996
14.9995
14.9994
14.9993
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
13
3.1.2
Inuence of other bodies
Other celestial bodies considered in the simulation are: Saturn, Titan, Jupiter, Uranus, Sun. They have been modelled as dot masses.
Orbit variation due to the most influencing nearby bodies
x 10 [km] 1 0 1 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6

410268.8
410268.6
410268.4
410268.2
[km]
410268.0
410267.8
410267.6
410267.4
410267.2
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
14
0.219378
0.219377
0.219376
0.219375
0.219374 []
0.219373
0.219372
0.219371
0.219370
0.219369
0.219368
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
20.270010
20.270005
20.270000
20.269995
[deg]
20.269990
20.269985
20.269980
20.269975
20.269970
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
15

15.00010
15.00005
15.00000
14.99995
14.99990 [deg] 14.99985 14.99980 14.99975 14.99970 14.99965
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5

15.00003
15.00002
15.00001
15.00000
14.99999 [deg] 14.99998 14.99997 14.99996 14.99995 14.99994
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
16
3.1.3
Non uniformity of Saturn mass distribution
To model the non uniform mass of Saturn, perturbing acceleration components on the spacecraft in body reference frame are: 3 R2 ar = J2 Saturn Saturn [1 3sin2 (i) sin2 ( + )] 2 r4 a = 3J2 Saturn
2 RSaturn sin2 (i) sin( + ) cos( + ) r4 2 RSaturn sin(i) cos(i) sin( + ) r4
ah = 3J2 Saturn
being J2 = 16298x106 the rst term of gravitational potential harmonics. Obviously, to be added into Keplers equation it has been necessary to rotate body coordinates onto the Saturn-centred equatorial inertial frame.
Orbit variation due to non uniform mass of Saturn
x 10 [km] 1 0 1 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6
17

410268.004
410268.002
410268.000
410267.998
410267.996 [km] 410267.994 410267.992 410267.990 410267.988 410267.986
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
0.21936881
0.21936880
0.21936879
0.21936878 [] 0.21936877 0.21936876 0.21936875 0.21936874
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
18
20.2700002
20.2700000
20.2699998
20.2699996 [deg] 20.2699994 20.2699992 20.2699990 20.2699988
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5

15.00004
15.00003
15.00003
15.00002
15.00002 [deg] 15.00001 15.00001 15.00000 15.00000 14.99999
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
19

15.000000
14.999998
14.999996
14.999994
14.999992 [deg]
14.999990
14.999988
14.999986
14.999984
14.999982
14.999980
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
3.1.4
All perturbations
Hereby the whole set of perturbation is taken into account.

Orbit variation due to the whole perturbation set
x 10 [km] 1 0 1 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6
20

410269
410268
410267
[km]
410266
410265
410264
410263
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
0.219388
0.219386
0.219384
0.219382
0.219380 []
0.219378
0.219376
0.219374
0.219372
0.219370
0.219368
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
21
20.2704
20.2703
20.2702 [deg] 20.2701 20.27 20.2699
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5

15.001
15
14.999
14.998 [deg] 14.997 14.996 14.995 14.994
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
22

15.0003
15.0002
15.0001
15
14.9999 [deg]
14.9998
14.9997
14.9996
14.9995
14.9994
14.9993
0.5
1.5 days
2.5
3.5
3.2
Earth revolution orbit period
Revolution year orbit period has been approximated to Gregorian year of 365 mean solar days. 3.2.1 Solar wind pressure
x 10 [km] 1 0 1 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6
23

410270
410269
410268
410267 [km] 410266 410265 410264 410263
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
0.223000
0.222500
0.222000
0.221500
[]
0.221000
0.220500
0.220000
0.219500
0.219000
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
24
20.305
20.3
20.295
20.29
[deg]
20.285
20.28
20.275
20.27
20.265
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400

15
14.9
14.8
14.7 [deg] 14.6 14.5 14.4 14.3 0
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
25

15.025
15.02
15.015
[deg]
15.01
15.005
15
14.995
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
3.2.2

x 10 [km] 1 0 1 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6
26

410268.8
410268.6
410268.4
410268.2
[km]
410268.0
410267.8
410267.6
410267.4
410267.2
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
0.220400
0.220200
0.220000
[]
0.219800
0.219600
0.219400
0.219200
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
27
20.271000
20.270500
20.270000
20.269500 [deg] 20.269000 20.268500 20.268000 20.267500
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400

15.00500
15.00000
14.99500
14.99000
[deg]
14.98500
14.98000
14.97500
14.97000
14.96500
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
28

15.00100
15.00000
14.99900
14.99800
[deg]
14.99700
14.99600
14.99500
14.99400
14.99300
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
3.2.3

x 10 [km] 1 0 1 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6
29

410268.160
410268.140
410268.120
410268.100
410268.080 [km] 410268.060 410268.040 410268.020 410268.000 410267.980
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
0.21936960
0.21936950
0.21936940
0.21936930
0.21936920 [] 0.21936910 0.21936900 0.21936890 0.21936880 0.21936870
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
30
20.2700002
20.2700000
20.2699998
20.2699996 [deg] 20.2699994 20.2699992 20.2699990 20.2699988
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400

15.00400
15.00350
15.00300
15.00250
15.00200 [deg] 15.00150 15.00100 15.00050 15.00000 14.99950
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
31

15.000000
14.999500
14.999000 [deg] 14.998500 14.998000 14.997500
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
3.2.4
All perturbations
x 10 [km] 1 0 1 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6
32

410269
410268
410267
[km]
410266
410265
410264
410263
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
0.222500
0.222000
0.221500
0.221000 [] 0.220500 0.220000 0.219500 0.219000
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
33
20.305
20.3
20.295
20.29
[deg]
20.285
20.28
20.275
20.27
20.265
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400

15
14.9
14.8
[deg]
14.7
14.6
14.5
14.4
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
34

15.035
15.03
15.025
15.02
[deg]
15.015
15.01
15.005
15
14.995
50
100
150
200 days
250
300
350
400
35
3.3
Saturn revolution orbit period
Saturn revolution orbit period has been approximated to 29.7 earth years. 3.3.1 Solar wind pressure
x 10 [km] 1 0 1 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6

410270
410269
410268
410267 [km] 410266 410265 410264 410263
10
15 years
20
25
30
36
0.320000
0.300000
0.280000
[]
0.260000
0.240000
0.220000
0.200000
10
15 years
20
25
30
21.6
21.4
21.2
21 [deg] 20.8 20.6 20.4 0
10
15 years
20
25
30
37

16
14
12
10 [deg] 8 6 4 2 0
10
15 years
20
25
30

15.45
15.4
15.35
15.3
15.25 [deg]
15.2
15.15
15.1
15.05
15
14.95
10
15 years
20
25
30
38
3.3.2

x 10 [km] 1 0 1 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6

410268.8
410268.6
410268.4
410268.2
410268.0 [km] 410267.8 410267.6 410267.4 410267.2 410267.0
10
15 years
20
25
30
39
0.250000
0.245000
0.240000
0.235000 [] 0.230000 0.225000 0.220000 0.215000
10
15 years
20
25
30
20.280000
20.270000
20.260000
20.250000
20.240000 [deg] 20.230000 20.220000 20.210000 20.200000 20.190000
10
15 years
20
25
30
40

15.20000
15.10000
15.00000
14.90000
14.80000 [deg]
14.70000
14.60000
14.50000
14.40000
14.30000
14.20000
10
15 years
20
25
30

15.10000
15.05000
15.00000
14.95000 [deg] 14.90000 14.85000 14.80000 14.75000
10
15 years
20
25
30
41
3.3.3

x 10 [km] 1 0 1 1
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6

410274.000
410273.000
410272.000
410271.000 [km] 410270.000 410269.000 410268.000 410267.000
10
15 years
20
25
30
42
0.21940000
0.21939500
0.21939000
0.21938500 [] 0.21938000 0.21937500 0.21937000 0.21936500
10
15 years
20
25
30
20.2700002
20.2700000
20.2699998
20.2699996 [deg] 20.2699994 20.2699992 20.2699990 20.2699988
10
15 years
20
25
30
43

15.14000
15.12000
15.10000
15.08000
[deg]
15.06000
15.04000
15.02000
15.00000
14.98000
10
15 years
20
25
30

15.010000
15.000000
14.990000
14.980000
[deg]
14.970000
14.960000
14.950000
14.940000
14.930000
10
15 years
20
25
30
44
3.3.4
All perturbations
x 10 1 0 1 1 [km]
0.5 x 10
6
1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

6

410270
410260
410250
410240
410230 [km] 410220 410210 410200 410190 410180
10
15 years
20
25
30
45
0.290000
0.280000
0.270000
0.260000
[]
0.250000
0.240000
0.230000
0.220000
0.210000
10
15 years
20
25
30
21.6
21.4
21.2
21 [deg] 20.8 20.6 20.4 0
10
15 years
20
25
30
46

15
10
[deg] 5 0 0
10
15 years
20
25
30

15.6
15.5
15.4
15.3 [deg] 15.2 15.1 15 14.9 0
10
15 years
20
25
30
47
Considerations about numerical and general issues encountered
To perform integration of Keplers equation with perturbation term, it has been opted for the Matlab R ode113 algorithm, a variable step Adams method, much more ecient and precise with respect to the usual Runge-Kutta method in ode45. Relative and absolute tolerances has been set to 1010 , while maintaining Matlab R s default 104 value was not enough neither to grant convergence of the method. Computational times of course strictly depends on the used machine. In our case, for an Intel R Core 2 Duo dual core processor clocked at 2.4 GHz (note that Matlab R resorts only on a single core processing capability) times requested to perform restricted two body problem orbit, velocities, times and a single case of perturbation, or all together at the same time, are hereby listed: nal orbit period: around 15 seconds Earth revolution orbit period: around 70 seconds Saturn revolution orbit period: around 1 hour and 45 minutes A minor note to users relying on a UNIX derived operative system and Matlab R : with version R2013a on both GNU/Linux Ubuntu 13.10 and Mac OS X 10.9, encoding problems for 3D plots using standard OpenGL graphic libraries raised, making Matlab R to crash. In order to avoid this problem, one should resort to the implemented zbuer graphical encoding.
48
Block diagram
Initial orbit around Titan (May 3, 2013)
Find the date of departure (May 7, 2013)
Change of inclination and ascending node anomaly First maneuver
Departure hyperbola
Find intersections First intersection (May 11, 2013) Change of pericentre anomaly Arrival at apocentre of orbit (May 15, 2013) Hohmann maneuver Final orbit around Saturn (May 19, 2013) Second intersection
Perturbation analysis
One period (3 days) Solar wind pressure Third bodies effects Non uniformity of Saturn mass distribution All perturbations considered Earth revolution orbit period (365 days) Solar wind pressure Third bodies effects Non uniformity of Saturn mass distribution All perturbations considered Saturn revolution orbit period (29.7 Earth years) Solar wind pressure Third bodies effects Non uniformity of Saturn mass distribution All perturbations considered
49
References
[1] Bate, Mueller, White (1971), Fundamentals of astrodynamics, Dover Publications Inc., New York. [2] Curtis (2005), Orbital mechanics for engineering students, Elsevier, Oxford. [3] Wikipedia website.
50

Preliminary Mission Study: Orbital Transfer From Titan To Saturn

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Preliminary Mission Study: Orbital Transfer From Titan To Saturn

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Politecnico di Milano

Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie aerospaziali

Orbital mechanics end course project

Preliminary Titan - Saturn interplanetary transfer

Authors: Marco Ciarambino Simone Colciago

4 Considerations about numerical and general issues encountered 48 5 Block diagram 49

Overview of the problem

Titans orbit Current position Final orbit

1 0 0 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 x 10

Figure 1: Overview of the problem

Figure 2: Departure hyperbola 4

Plane change maneuver

1 0 0 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 x 10

Figure 3: Plane change maneuver 5

Pericentre anomaly change

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 x 10

1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 0.5 0 0.5 x 10

Figure 4: Change of pericenter anomaly

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 x 10

1 0.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 0.5 0 x 10

Figure 5: Hohmann maneuver

Table 3: Maneuvers costs

1 0 0 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 x 10

Figure 6: Transfer overview

Final orbit period

Orbit variation due to solar wind pressure

1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

semimajor axis variation

410267 [km] 410266 410265 410264 410263

0.219385 [] 0.219380 0.219375 0.219370 0.219365

20.2702 [deg] 20.2701 20.27 20.2699

pericentre anomaly variation

14.998 [deg] 14.997 14.996 14.995 14.994

ascending node anomaly variation

Inuence of other bodies

Orbit variation due to the most influencing nearby bodies

1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

semimajor axis variation

pericentre anomaly variation

14.99990 [deg] 14.99985 14.99980 14.99975 14.99970 14.99965

ascending node anomaly variation

14.99999 [deg] 14.99998 14.99997 14.99996 14.99995 14.99994

Non uniformity of Saturn mass distribution

Titans orbit Final orbit Perturbed orbit

Orbit variation due to non uniform mass of Saturn

1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

semimajor axis variation

410267.996 [km] 410267.994 410267.992 410267.990 410267.988 410267.986

0.21936878 [] 0.21936877 0.21936876 0.21936875 0.21936874

20.2699996 [deg] 20.2699994 20.2699992 20.2699990 20.2699988

pericentre anomaly variation

15.00002 [deg] 15.00001 15.00001 15.00000 15.00000 14.99999

ascending node anomaly variation

Hereby the whole set of perturbation is taken into account.

Orbit variation due to the whole perturbation set

1 0 0.5 [km] 1 1 0 0.5 [km] 0.5 x 10

semimajor axis variation

20.2702 [deg] 20.2701 20.27 20.2699

pericentre anomaly variation

14.998 [deg] 14.997 14.996 14.995 14.994

ascending node anomaly variation

Earth revolution orbit period

Orbit variation due to solar wind pressure