1-Introduction To Financial Statements

Introduction
chapter 1
Introduction to Financial
Statements
Accounting Matters!
Need Milk?
Every time you bite into President’s Choice chocolate-chip cookies, or buy milk at an Independent
Grocer, Loblaws, or dozens of other grocery stores, you are shopping at Canada’s #1 grocery retailer and
wholesaler: Loblaw Companies Limited.
How does a company become one of the biggest names in Canadian business? Through well-planned
operating and financial strategies, such as owning its own real estate, re-investing in the business,
introducing non-traditional departments and services, and maintaining a strong balance sheet.
Strategic acquisitions have also played an important role. In 1956, Garfield Weston acquired a majority
of shares in Toronto-based Loblaw Groceterias, and changed its name to Loblaw Companies Limited.
Over the next two decades, he steadily acquired dozens of food distributors and wholesalers in both the
U.S. and Canada.
When Garfield died in 1978, his son Galen took over, continuing Loblaw’s expansion in the 1980s and
early 1990s. In 1995 and 1996, Loblaw opened 50 new Canadian locations and moved into the Quebec
market by buying the Montreal-based Provigo chain. It also bought more than 80 stores from Agora
Foods in Atlantic Canada. Careful not to spread the company too thin, however, Weston let go of the
company’s U.S. holdings to focus on this Canadian expansion.
Another aspect of Loblaw’s success has been innovation in retailing. Many new stores are massive,
boasting flower shops, pharmacies, photo developers, and financial services pavilions, and some even
include interior markets, restaurants, and fitness clubs.
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Introduction
Loblaw also introduced private labels in Canada, first with the 1978 launch of the no-name brand, then
with President’s Choice, G-R-E-E-N, and Too Good To Be True! In 2001, the company added
President’s Choice Organics, followed by President’s Choice general merchandise in 2002. Some 3,500
PC products are available today.
President’s Choice products are now sold in the United States, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Colombia,
Israel, Hong Kong, Trinidad, Jamaica, and several other Caribbean islands.
Through innovation, and by ensuring cost-effective operations, the company has enjoyed long-term
stable growth. Today, Loblaw Companies Limited is one of Canada’s largest private employers, with
nearly 1,700 stores and more than 126,000 employees.
None of this happened overnight. The path a huge corporation takes involves many decisions. Should
Loblaw purchase a particular distributing operation or introduce a new frozen entrée? Should it sell
groceries on-line? Exit a particular market and reallocate assets elsewhere? There are also decisions that
executives do not control, such as investors choosing whether or not to purchase Loblaw shares. To
make any of these financial decisions, all parties rely on one key tool—accounting.

Introduction
Loblaw Companies Limited: www.loblaw.com
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Study Objectives and Preview
Study Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain why accounting is important.

2. Identify the uses and users of accounting
3. Explain the three main types of business activity.
4. Describe the content and purpose of each of the financial statements.
Preview of Chapter 1
How do you start a business? How do you make it grow into a widely recognized brand name like Loblaw? How
do you determine whether your business is making or losing money? When you need to expand your operations,
where do you get money to finance the expansion— should you borrow, issue shares, or use your own funds? How
do you convince lenders to lend you money or investors to buy your shares? To be successful in business,
countless decisions have to be made—and decisions require financial information.
The purpose of this chapter is to show you accounting’s role in providing reliable financial information. The
chapter is organized as follows:
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Accounting Matters!
Accounting Matters!
study objective 1
Explain why accounting
is important.
In the early 2000s, North America saw the collapse of the high-tech industry, a falling stock market,
employee layoffs, and the bankruptcy of many well-known companies. Corporate scandals made
headlines almost every week. The impact was staggering and it was felt around the world. For example,
when the global communications company WorldCom lowered its stated earnings by U.S. $3.8 billion,
this restatement contributed to investor losses of U.S. $179.3 billion and 17,000 lost jobs. As tales of
fraud unfolded, WorldCom became the biggest bankruptcy in corporate history. Energy trader Enron’s
schemes that falsely increased its earnings by U.S. $568 million, leading to financial restatements and
bankruptcy, caused investor losses of U.S. $66.4 billion and 6,100 job losses. Improper accounting
practices at Nortel Networks Corporation resulted in a U.S. $434-million reduction in its earnings, and
in one of Canada’s most widely held shares losing most of its value.
These are only three of the many high-profile companies that in a few short years were investigated in
different countries because of accusations of accounting misstatements, bogus securities trading, or
misleading investors. Regulators, the investment community, and the accounting profession
recommended changes to business practices, corporate governance, public oversight, and accountability.
The end result of all this is that new requirements now guide business behaviour, as well as accounting
and auditing practices.
One thing is very evident from all these embarrassing, illegal, and unethical business events—
accounting is important. Good accounting is essential to sound business and investing decisions. Bad
accounting will not be tolerated. If there is the slightest hint that a company’s accounting practices
cannot be trusted, investors sell their holdings and the company’s share price falls dramatically.
The world’s economic systems depend on highly transparent, reliable, and accurate financial reporting.
Accounting has long been labelled “the language of business.” That language must be understandable,
useful, and truthful if it is to be of any value. Recent events such as these reinforce the worth of
studying, understanding, and using accounting information. This textbook is your introduction to
accounting as a valuable tool for business record keeping, communication, and analysis. Make the most
of this course—it will serve you for a lifetime in ways you cannot now imagine.
Ethics in Accounting

Accounting Matters!
The corporate scandals of the early 2000s made it very clear that reliable accounting information is
essential. These scandals also highlighted the importance of ethics in accounting.
The standards of conduct by which one’s actions are judged as right or wrong, honest or dishonest, fair
or not fair, are ethics. We have seen what happens when you cannot depend on the individuals you deal
with to be honest. If managers, customers, investors, co-workers, and creditors act dishonestly, effective
communication and economic activity are impossible and information lacks credibility.
To help you become aware of ethical situations and to give you practice at solving ethical dilemmas, we
look at ethics in a number of ways in this book: (1) Many of the feature stories, as well as other parts of
the text, discuss the central importance of ethical behaviour to financial reporting. (2) Accounting
Matters! boxes with an ethics perspective highlight ethics questions and issues in actual business
situations. (3) In the end-of-chapter material, an ethics case asks you to put yourself in the position of a
decision-maker in a particular business situation. As you analyze these ethics cases and your own ethical
experiences, you should apply the three steps outlined in Illustration 1-1.
1. Recognize an 2. Identify and analyze 3. Identify the

ethical situation and the main elements in alternatives, and
the ethical issues the situation. weigh the impact of
involved. each alternative on
various stakeholders.
Use your personal Identify the stakeholders Select the most ethical
ethics or an —persons or groups alternative, considering
organization’s code of who may be harmed or all the consequences.
ethics to identify benefited. Ask the Sometimes there will
ethical situations and question: What are the be one right answer.
issues. responsibilities and Other situations
obligations of the parties involve more than one
involved? possible solution.
These situations
require an evaluation
of each alternative and
the selection of the best
one.
Illustration 1-1
Steps used to analyze ethical dilemmas

Accounting Matters!
Accounting Matters! Ethics Perspective
Nortel Networks Corporation hired Susan Shepard, a lawyer with 30 years of experience in
investigating crime and ethical behaviour, to be the new sheriff in its troubled corporate town.
When Nortel’s CEO, Bill Owens, announced the hiring, he described Shepard’s appointment to
the newly created post of chief ethics and compliance officer as tangible evidence that the
company intends to set a “new tone at the top of this organization.”
Recent surveys indicate that about half of North America’s major corporations have ethics
officers. This number is expected to rise with the introduction of new requirements that boards
of directors and management must be actively involved in monitoring corporate ethics.
Source: Shawn McCarthy, “Hiring Ethics Guru Evidence of ‘New Tone’ CEO Says,” The Globe
and Mail, January 12, 2005, B7.

Uses and Users of Accounting

study objective 2
Identify the uses and
users of accounting.
Accounting is the information system that identifies and records the economic events of an organization, and then
communicates them to interested users. There are three different types of organizations—proprietorships,
partnerships, and corporations—and two types of interested users—internal users and external ones.
Forms of Business Organization

Suppose you open your own marketing agency. One of your first decisions is what organizational form your
business should take. You have three choices—proprietorship, partnership, or corporation. A business owned by
one person is a proprietorship. A business owned by more than one person is a partnership. A business
organized as a separate legal entity owned by shareholders is a corporation.
You will probably choose the proprietorship form for your marketing agency. It is simple to set up and gives you
control over the business. Small owner-operated businesses such as hair salons, service stations, and restaurants
are often proprietorships, as are most home-based businesses.
Another possibility is for you to join forces with other individuals to form a partnership. Partnerships are often
formed because one individual does not have enough economic resources to initiate or expand the business, or
because partners bring unique skills or resources to the partnership. Partnerships are used to organize retail and
service-type businesses, including professional practices (lawyers, doctors, architects, engineers, and accountants).
Alternative Terminology
Shares are also known as
stock.
As a third alternative, you might organize as a corporation. As an investor in a corporation, you receive shares to
indicate your ownership claim. Buying shares in a corporation is often more attractive than investing in a
partnership because shares are easier to sell. Selling a proprietorship or partnership interest is much more
complicated. Also, individuals can become shareholders by investing relatively small amounts of money. This
advantage makes it is easier for corporations to raise funds. Successful corporations like Loblaw often have
thousands of shareholders, and their shares are traded on organized stock exchanges, such as the Toronto Stock
Exchange. Many businesses start as proprietorships or partnerships and eventually incorporate.

Helpful Hint You can usually

tell if a company is a
corporation by looking at its
name. The words Limited
(Ltd.), Incorporated (Inc.), or
Corporation (Corp.) normally
follow its name.
There are other factors that need to be considered when deciding which organizational form to choose. These
include legal liability and income taxes. If you choose a proprietorship or partnership, you are personally liable
for all debts of the business, whereas corporate shareholders are not. Proprietors and partners pay personal income
tax on their respective share of the profits, while corporations pay income taxes as separate legal entities on any
corporate profits. Corporations may also receive a more favourable tax treatment than other forms of business
organization. We will discuss these issues in more depth in a later chapter.
Although the combined number of proprietorships and partnerships in Canada is more than the number of
corporations, the revenue produced by corporations is far greater. Most of the largest companies in Canada—for
example, General Motors of Canada Ltd., BCE Inc., Nortel Networks Corporation, George Weston Limited,
Bombardier Inc., and Loblaw Companies Limited—are corporations. Because the majority of Canadian business is
transacted by corporations, this book focuses mostly on the corporate form of organization.
Types of Users
Many people have an interest in knowing about the ongoing activities of a business organization. These people are
users of accounting information. Users can be divided broadly into two types: internal users and external users.
Internal Users
Internal users of accounting information are managers who plan, organize, and run a business. These include
marketing managers, production supervisors, finance directors, and company officers. In running a business,
internal users must answer many important questions, as shown in Illustration 1-2.

Illustration 1-2
Questions asked by Internal Users
To answer these and other questions, users need detailed information on a timely basis. For internal users,
accounting provides internal reports, such as financial comparisons of operating alternatives, projections of
earnings from new sales campaigns, and forecasts of cash needs for the next year.
External Users
There are several types of external users of accounting information. Investors (shareholders) use accounting
information to make decisions to buy, hold, or sell their shares. Creditors, such as suppliers and bankers, use
accounting information to evaluate the risks of granting credit or lending money. Some questions that may be
asked by investors and creditors about a company are shown in Illustration 1-3.

Illustration 1-3
Questions asked by external Users
The information needs and questions of other external users vary a lot. Taxing authorities, such as the Canada
Revenue Agency, want to know whether the company respects the tax laws. Regulatory agencies, such as
provincial securities commissions, want to know whether the company is operating within prescribed rules.
Customers are interested in whether a company will continue to honour product warranties and support its product
lines. Labour unions want to know whether the company has the ability to pay increased wages and benefits.
Economic planners use accounting information to analyze and forecast economic activity.

Before You Go On #1
Before You Go On . . .
Review It
1. Why is good accounting important to decision-making?

2. Why are ethics a fundamental business concept?
3. What are the three forms of business organization and the advantages of each?
4. What are the two main types of users of accounting information? Give examples of each.
Business Activities
Business Activities
study objective 3
Explain the three main
types of business activity.
All businesses are involved in three types of activity—financing, investing, and operating. For
example, Galen Weston needed financing in the 1980s to revitalize and expand Loblaw. To finance this
expansion, Loblaw sold shares to investors and borrowed money from outside sources, like banks. The
cash obtained was then invested in new supermarkets. These new supermarkets helped increase
Loblaw’s operating activities of buying and selling food and other products. Let’s now look at these
three types of business activity in more detail.
Financing Activities
It takes money to make money. The two primary ways of raising outside funds for corporations are
borrowing money and issuing (selling) shares in exchange for cash.
Loblaw may borrow money in a variety of ways. For example, it can take out a loan at a bank or borrow
money from other lenders. The persons or companies that Loblaw owes money to are its creditors.
Amounts owed to creditors—in the form of debt and other obligations—are called liabilities.
Specific names are given to different types of liabilities, depending on their source. For instance, Loblaw
may have taken funds from an operating line of credit with its bank, which results in bank
indebtedness. Loblaw may also have a short-term note payable to a bank for the money borrowed to
purchase its display cabinets, for example. Loblaw may also have long-term debt, which can include
notes payable, mortgages payable, and other types of debt securities borrowed for longer periods of
time.
A corporation may also obtain financing by selling shares of ownership, or share capital, to investors.
As mentioned in the chapter-opening feature story, Garfield Weston purchased shares of ownership in
Loblaw Groceterias, which was later renamed Loblaw Companies Limited. Loblaw has issued common
shares to other interested investors over the years to raise the cash that was needed to help the business
grow. Common shares is the term used to describe the amount paid by investors for shares of
ownership in a company. Common shares are just one class or type of share capital that a company can
issue.
The claims of creditors differ from those of shareholders. If you loan money to a company, you are one

Business Activities
of its creditors. In loaning money, you specify a repayment schedule—for example, payment at the end
of each month. In addition, interest is normally added to the amount due. As a creditor, you have a legal
right to be paid at the agreed time. In the event of nonpayment, you may force the company to sell its
property to pay its debts. The law requires that creditor claims be paid before shareholder claims.
Shareholders have no claim to corporate resources until the claims of creditors are satisfied. If you buy a
company’s shares instead of loaning it money, you have no legal right to expect any payments until all
of its creditors are paid. Also, once shares are issued, the company has no obligation to buy them back,
whereas debt obligations must be repaid. Many companies pay shareholders a return on their investment
on a regular basis, as long as there is enough cash to cover required payments to creditors. Payments to
shareholders are called dividends.
Investing Activities
After Loblaw raises money through financing activities, it then uses that money for investing activities.
Investing activities involve the purchase of the long-lived resources—called assets—that a company
needs to operate. For example, display cabinets, computers, delivery trucks, buildings, and land are all
examples of assets that result from investing activities. Together, they are referred to as property, plant,
and equipment.
Cash is one of the more important assets owned by Loblaw, or any other business. If a company has
excess cash that it does not need for a while, it might choose to invest it in debt or equity securities of
other corporations or organizations. Investments are another example of an asset and an investing
activity.
Operating Activities
Most of the company’s longer-lived assets are purchased through investing activities as described above.
Other assets with shorter lives, however, result from operating activities. For example, if Loblaw sells
goods to a customer and does not receive cash immediately, then the company has a right to expect
payment from that customer in the near future. This right to receive money in the future is called an
account receivable. Goods available for future sales to customers are assets called inventory.
Loblaw is in the business of selling goods such as groceries and household products. We call the amount
earned from the sale of these goods revenues. In accounting language, revenues are increases in
economic resources—normally an increase in an asset but sometimes a decrease in a liability—that
result from a business’s operating activities.
Revenues come from different sources and are identified by various names, depending on the nature of
the business. For instance, Loblaw’s main source of revenue is the money it earns from grocery sales to

Business Activities
consumers. However, it also earns interest revenue on securities held as short-term investments. Sources
of revenue that are common to many businesses are sales revenue, service revenue, and interest
revenue.
Before Loblaw can sell any groceries, it must buy produce, meat, and other food items. It also incurs
costs like salaries, utilities, and income taxes. All of these costs, referred to as expenses, are necessary to
sell the product. In accounting language, expenses are the cost of assets that are consumed or services
that are used in the process of generating revenues.
Amortization expense is also
called depreciation expense.
There are many kinds of expenses and they are identified by various names, depending on the type of
asset consumed or service used. For example, Loblaw keeps track of these types of expenses: cost of
sales, selling and administrative expenses (such as the cost of food products, wages of store
employees, advertising costs, office supplies, and utilities), amortization expense (allocation of the cost
of using property, plant, and equipment), interest expense (amounts of interest paid on various debts),
and income taxes (corporate taxes paid to the provincial and federal governments).
Loblaw may also have liabilities that come from these expenses. For example, it may purchase produce
on credit from suppliers; the obligations to pay for these goods available for sale to its customers are
called accounts payable. Additionally, Loblaw may have interest payable on the outstanding (unpaid)
amounts owed to the bank. It may also have wages payable, provincial sales taxes and property taxes
payable to the provincial government, and goods and services taxes payable to the federal
government. Income tax payable is an example of another liability that is payable to the federal and
provincial governments.
Alternative Terminology Net

earnings are also commonly
known as net income.
To determine whether it earned a profit, Loblaw compares the revenues of a period with the expenses of
that period. When revenues are more than expenses, net earnings result. When expenses exceed
revenues, a net loss results.

Before You Go On #2
Review It
1. What are the three types of business activity?

2. What are assets, liabilities, share capital, dividends, revenues, and expenses?
Do It
Classify each item first as a financing, investing, or operating activity, and then as an asset, liability,
share capital, revenue, or expense:
(a) an amount paid to an employee for work performed

(b) an amount earned from providing a service
(c) an issue of shares
(d) a truck that is purchased
(e) an amount owed to a bank
(f) excess cash invested in a long-term investment
Action Plan
Distinguish between financing, investing, and operating activities.

Understand the distinction between assets, liabilities, share capital, revenues, and expenses.
Classify each item based on its economic characteristics.
Solution
(a) Operating activity; expense

(b) Operating activity; revenue
(c) Financing activity; share capital
(d) Investing activity; asset
(e) Financing activity; liability
(f) Investing activity; asset

Before You Go On #2

Communicating with Users

study objective 4
Describe the content and
purpose of each of the
financial statements.
Users of accounting information are interested in a company’s assets, liabilities, shareholders’ equity, revenues,
and expenses. For reporting purposes, it is customary to arrange this information in four different financial
statements that are the backbone of financial reporting:
Statement of earnings: A statement of earnings reports revenues and expenses to show how successfully a
company performed during a period of time.
Statement of retained earnings: A statement of retained earnings indicates how much was distributed to you
and the other shareholders of a company in the form of dividends, and how much was retained in the business to
allow for future growth.
Balance sheet: A balance sheet presents a picture of what a company owns (its assets), what it owes (its
liabilities), and its net worth (its shareholders’ equity) at a specific point in time.
Cash flow statement: A cash flow statement shows where a company obtained cash during a period of time and
how that cash was used.
To introduce you to these statements, in the following sections we have prepared the financial statements for a
fictitious marketing agency called Sierra Corporation.
Statement of Earnings
Alternative Terminology The
statement of earnings is also
commonly known as the
income statement.
The statement of earnings reports the success or failure of the company’s operations for a period of time. To
indicate that Sierra’s statement of earnings reports the results of operations for a period of time, the statement is
dated “Month Ended October 31, 2006.” The statement of earnings lists the company’s revenues followed by its
expenses. Expenses are deducted from revenues to determine earnings before income tax (commonly abbreviated
as EBIT). Income tax expense is usually shown separately, immediately following earnings before income tax.
Finally, the net earnings (or net loss) are determined by deducting the income tax expense.
Why are financial statement users interested in net earnings? Investors are interested in a company’s past earnings
because they provide information which suggests future earnings. Investors buy and sell shares based on their
beliefs about the future performance of a company. If you believe that Sierra will be even more successful in the

future, and that this success will translate into a higher share price, you should buy Sierra’s shares. Creditors also
use the statement of earnings to predict the future. When a bank loans money to a company, it does this because it
believes it will be repaid in the future. If it thought it was not going to be repaid, it would not loan the money.
Thus, before making the loan, the bank loan officer must try to predict whether the company will be profitable
enough to repay it.
Note that the issue of shares and distribution of dividends do not affect net earnings. For example, if Sierra
Corporation received $10,000 of cash from issuing new shares, it would not be reported as revenue in the statement
of earnings. Rather, this transaction would increase cash and common shares in the balance sheet. If dividends of
$500 were paid, it would not be regarded as a business expense, because it was not incurred to generate revenue.
Instead, dividends are reported as a reduction of retained earnings in the statement of retained earnings.
A sample statement of earnings for Sierra Corporation is shown in Illustration 1-4.
Illustration 1-4
Statement of earnings

Helpful Hint The heading of

every statement identifies the
company, the type of
statement, and the time period
covered by the statement.
Sometimes another line is
added to indicate the unit of
measure. When it is used, this
fourth line usually indicates that
the data are presented in
thousands or in millions of
dollars.
Note that cents are not included in the dollar figures recorded in financial statements, such as those illustrated for
Sierra Corporation. In reality, it is important to understand that cents should be and are used in recording
transactions in a company’s internal accounting records. In contrast, for financial reporting purposes, financial
statement amounts are normally rounded to the nearest dollar, thousand dollars, or million dollars, depending on
the size of the company. External reporting condenses and simplifies information so that it is easier for the reader
to understand.
As well, it really does not matter whether the figures are listed in two columns, as they are for Sierra Corporation,
or in one column. Companies use a variety of presentation formats, depending on their preference and what they
think is easiest for the reader to understand.
Decision Toolkit
Info Needed for Tools to Use for How to Evaluate
Decision Checkpoints Decision Decision Results
Are the company’s Statement of The statement of If the company’s

operations profitable? earnings earnings indicates revenues exceed
the success or its expenses, it
failure of the will report net
company’s earnings;
operating otherwise, it will
activities by report a net loss.
reporting its
revenues and
expenses.

Statement of Retained Earnings

If Sierra is profitable, at the end of each period it must decide what portion of earnings to pay to shareholders in
dividends. In theory, it could pay all of its current period earnings, but few companies choose to do this. Why?
Because they want to retain part of the earnings or profits in the business so that the company can expand when it
chooses to. Retained earnings are the cumulative earnings that have been retained in the corporation; in other
words, they are the earnings that have not been paid out to shareholders.
The statement of retained earnings shows the amounts and causes of changes in retained earnings during the
period. The time period is the same as for the statement of earnings. The beginning retained earnings amount is
shown on the first line of the statement. Then net earnings are added and dividends (if any) are deducted to
calculate the retained earnings at the end of the period. If a company has a net loss, it is deducted (rather than
added) in the statement of retained earnings.
By monitoring the statement of retained earnings, financial statement users can evaluate dividend payment
practices. Some investors look for companies that pay high dividends. For example, companies such as BCE, Duke
Energy, Scotiabank, and Sun Life pay a high dividend rate. Other investors seek companies that pay no dividends
and instead reinvest earnings to increase the company’s growth. Companies such as Amazon.com, Biovail, Geac,
Indigo Books & Music, and WestJet do not normally pay a dividend. Lenders monitor dividend payments because
any money paid in dividends reduces a company’s ability to repay its debts. Illustration 1-5 presents Sierra
Corporation’s sample statement of retained earnings.
Illustration 1-5
Statement of retained earnings

Decision Toolkit
How to
Decision Info Needed for Tools to Use for Evaluate
Checkpoints Decision Decision Results
What is the Statement of How much did the A company

company’s policy on retained earnings company pay out in looking for
dividends and growth? dividends to rapid growth
shareholders? will pay no, or
a low, dividend.
Balance Sheet
The balance sheet reports assets and claims to those assets at a specific point in time. These claims are subdivided
into two categories: claims of creditors and claims of shareholders. As noted earlier, claims of creditors are called
liabilities. Claims of shareholders, the owners of the company, are called shareholders’ equity. This relationship
is shown in equation form in Illustration 1-6. This equation is referred to as the basic accounting equation.
Illustration 1-6
Basic accounting equation
This relationship is where the name balance sheet comes from. Assets must be in balance with the claims to the
assets. The right-hand side of the equation—the liabilities and equity—shows how the assets have been financed
(borrowing from creditors, investing by shareholders, or self-financing through earnings retained in the company).
As you can see from looking at Sierra’s balance sheet in Illustration 1-7, assets are listed first, followed by
liabilities and shareholders’ equity. Sierra’s assets total $21,867 and include cash, accounts receivable, advertising
supplies, prepaid insurance (insurance paid in advance but not yet used), and office equipment. Of these assets,
only office equipment would be presented as an investing activity in the cash flow statement, as we will see in the
next section. The others (except for cash) are examples of assets coming from operating activities.

Illustration 1-7
Balance sheet
Helpful Hint The balance

sheet is dated at a specific
point in time. The statement of
earnings, statement of retained
earnings, and cash flow
statement cover a period of
time.
Sierra’s liabilities total $11,375 and consist of notes payable, accounts payable, interest payable, unearned revenue
(cash received in advance for which the service has not yet been provided and is therefore still owed), salaries
payable, and income tax payable. Of these liabilities, only the notes payable are an example of a financing activity.
The others are examples of liabilities coming from operating activities.
Shareholders’ equity consists of two parts: (1) share capital and (2) retained earnings. Share capital represents
the shareholders’ investments and includes all the classes of shares that a company has issued. If only one class of

shares is issued, it is always common shares. Retained earnings are the cumulative net earnings retained in the
corporation. Sierra has common shares of $10,000 and retained earnings of $492, for total shareholders’ equity of
$10,492.
Creditors analyze a company’s balance sheet to determine the likelihood that they will be repaid. They carefully
evaluate the nature of the company’s assets and liabilities. For example, does the company have assets that could
easily be sold, if required, to repay its debts? Managers use the balance sheet to determine whether inventory is
adequate to support future sales and whether cash on hand is sufficient for immediate cash needs. Managers also
look at the relationship between total liabilities and shareholders’ equity to determine whether they have the best
proportion of debt and equity financing.
Decision Toolkit
Decision Info Needed Tools to Use for How to Evaluate
Checkpoints for Decision Decision Results
Does the company Balance sheet The balance sheet Compare the
rely mainly on debt reports the amount of liabilities
or equity to finance company’s versus the amount of
its assets? resources and shareholders’ equity
claims to those to determine
resources. There are whether the
two types of claims: company relies more
liabilities and on creditors or
shareholders’ equity. shareholders for its
financing.
Cash Flow Statement

The main function of a cash flow statement is to provide financial information about the cash receipts and cash
payments of a business for a specific period of time. To help investors, creditors, and others in their analysis of a
company’s cash position, the cash flow statement reports the effects on cash of a company’s (1) operating
activities, (2) investing activities, and (3) financing activities. Operating activities are normally presented first,
followed by either investing or financing activities. In addition, the statement shows the net increase or decrease in
cash during the period, and the cash amount at the end of the period.
Users are interested in the cash flow statement because they want to know what is happening to a company’s most
important resource. The cash flow statement provides answers to these simple but important questions:
Where did cash come from during the period?

How was cash used during the period?

What was the change in the cash balance during the period?
The cash flow statement for Sierra, in Illustration 1-8, shows that cash increased by $15,200 during the month.
This increase resulted because operating activities (services to clients) increased cash by $5,700, and financing
activities increased cash by $14,500. Investing activities used $5,000 of cash for the purchase of office equipment.
Note that the positive numbers indicate cash inflows. Numbers in parentheses indicate cash outflows. Parentheses
are often used in financial statements to indicate negative amounts.
Illustration 1-8
Cash flow statement
For now, you should not worry too much about where the numbers came from. We will learn more about the
preparation of cash flow statements in a later chapter.

Decision Toolkit
Info Needed for Tools to Use for How to Evaluate
Decision Checkpoints Decision Decision Results
Does the company Cash flow The cash flow Compare the
generate enough cash statement statement shows amount of cash
from operating activities the amount of provided by
to fund its investing cash provided or operating
activities? used by activities with the
operating amount of cash
activities, used by investing
investing activities. Any
activities, and deficiency in cash
financing from operating
activities. activities must be
made up with
cash provided by
financing
activities.
Relationships Between the Statements

Because the results on some statements are used as data for other statements, the statements are said to be
interrelated (related to each other). These interrelationships are evident in Sierra’s financial statements:
1. The statement of retained earnings depends on the results of the statement of earnings. Sierra reported net
earnings of $992 for the period, as shown in Illustration 1-4. This amount is added to the beginning amount of
retained earnings as part of the process of determining ending retained earnings in Illustration 1-5.
2. The balance sheet and statement of retained earnings are interrelated because the ending amount of $492 on the
statement of retained earnings in Illustration 1-5 is reported as the retained earnings amount on the balance
sheet in Illustration 1-7.
3. The cash flow statement and the balance sheet are also interrelated. The cash flow statement presented in
Illustration 1-8 shows how the cash account changed during the period by stating the amount of cash at the
beginning of the period, the sources and uses of cash during the period, and the amount of cash at the end of the
period, $15,200. The ending amount of cash shown on the cash flow statement must agree with the amount of
cash on the balance sheet shown in Illustration 1-7.
Study these interrelationships carefully. To prepare financial statements, you must understand the sequence in

which these amounts are determined and how each statement affects the next. Because each financial statement
depends on information contained in another, financial statements must be prepared in a certain order: (1)
statement of earnings; (2) statement of retained earnings; (3) balance sheet; and (4) cash flow statement.

Before You Go On #3
Review It
1. What questions might each of the following decision-makers ask that could be answered by
financial information: a bank loan officer, an investor, a labour union, and a government?
2. What are the content and purpose of each statement: the statement of earnings, balance sheet,
statement of retained earnings, and cash flow statement?
Do It
CSU Corporation began operations on January 1, 2006. The following account information is available
for CSU Corporation on December 31, 2006: Service Revenue $22,200; Accounts Receivable $4,000;
Accounts Payable $2,000; Rent Expense $9,000; Notes Payable $5,000; Common Shares $10,000;
Equipment $16,000; Insurance Expense $1,000; Supplies $1,800; Supplies Expense $200; Cash
$1,400; Income Tax Expense $5,200; and Dividends $600. Using this information, prepare a statement
of earnings, statement of retained earnings, balance sheet, and cash flow statement for the year.
For the operating activities section of the cash flow statement, cash receipts from operating activities
were $18,200 ($22,200 − $4,000) and cash payments for operating activities were $15,200 ($9,000 +
$1,000 + $200 + $5,200 + $1,800 − $2,000). You will have to determine the cash receipts and cash
payments for each of the investing and financing activities sections. Assume that all transactions for
these activities were cash transactions.
Action Plan
Classify each account into the following categories: revenues, expenses, dividends, assets, liabilities,
and shareholders’ equity.
Report revenues and expenses for the period in the statement of earnings.
Show the amounts and causes (net earnings and dividends) of the changes in retained earnings for the
period in the statement of retained earnings.
Present assets and claims to those assets (liabilities and shareholders’ equity) at a specific point in
time in the balance sheet.
Show the changes in cash for the period, classified as an operating, investing, or financing activity in
the cash flow statement.
Solution

Before You Go On #3
See facing page.

A Quick Look at Loblaws Financial Statements
A Quick Look at Loblaw’s Financial Statements

The same relationships that you observed among the financial statements of Sierra Corporation can be seen in the
2003 simplified financial statements of Loblaw Companies Limited, presented in Illustrations 1-9 through 1-12.
Loblaw’s actual financial statements are presented in Appendix A at the end of the book. We have simplified the
financial statements to assist your learning—but they may look complicated to you anyway. Do not be alarmed by
this. By the end of the book, you will have a lot of experience in reading and understanding financial statements
such as these, and they will no longer look so complicated.
Before examining them, we need to explain a few points:
1. An accounting time period that is one year in length is called a fiscal year. Loblaw’s fiscal year ends on the
Saturday nearest the end of the calendar year. Consequently, its year end does not fall on the same date each
year. For example, its 2003 year end was actually January 3, 2004.
2. Loblaw, like most companies, presents its financial statements for more than one year. Financial statements that
report information for more than one period are called comparative statements. Comparative statements allow
users to compare the financial position of a business at the end of one accounting period to the positions of
previous periods.
3. Loblaw presents consolidated financial statements. This simply means that Loblaw’s financial results include
the results from all the companies owned by Loblaw Companies Limited—Loblaws, Atlantic Superstore,
Provigo, Independent Grocer, and other companies representing the 1,700 stores Loblaw owns across Canada.
4. Note that numbers are reported in millions of dollars on Loblaw’s financial statements— that is, the last six
zeros (000,000) are omitted. Thus, Loblaw’s net earnings in 2003 are $845,000,000 not $845.
Helpful Hint The arrows in this

illustration show the
relationships between the four
financial statements.


Accounting Matters! Management Perspective
About 70% of Canadian companies use December 31 for their year end. Why doesn’t every company
use December 31 as its accounting year end? Many companies choose to end their accounting year
when the inventory or operations are at a low. This is advantageous because compiling accounting
information requires much time and effort by managers. They would rather do it when they aren’t too
busy operating the business. Also, inventory is easier and less costly to count when it is low. Some
companies whose year ends differ from December 31 are Sears (last Saturday in December),
Bombardier (January 31), Intrawest (June 30), and CanWest Global Communications (August 31). Most
universities and governments use March 31 for their fiscal year end.
A simplified version of Loblaw’s statement of earnings is presented in Illustration 1-9. Sierra is a service company:
it provides services to earn its revenue. Loblaw sells a product: its main source of revenue is called sales. For 2003,
Loblaw reports sales of $25,220 million. It then subtracts a variety of expenses related to operating the business.
These expenses, totalling $23,949 million, include the cost of sales, selling and administrative expenses,
amortization expense, and interest expense (payment of interest on debt) to arrive at earnings before income taxes
of $1,271 million. After subtracting the income tax expense of $426 million, the company reports net earnings for
the period of $845 million. Net earnings represent a 16-percent increase over the results of the previous year.

Illustration 1-9
Loblaw statement of earnings

Loblaw presents information about its retained earnings in the statement of retained earnings in Illustration 1-10.
Unlike Loblaw, some companies use a single statement to present their earnings and retained earnings. Find the
line “Retained earnings, beginning of year,” in Illustration 1-10 and you will see that retained earnings at the
beginning of 2003 were $2,929 million. Note that this amount agrees with the end-of-year balance for 2002. The
next figure for 2003 is net earnings of $845 million. This figure was taken from Loblaw’s statement of earnings,
presented in Illustration 1-9. Loblaw paid $165 million in dividends to its shareholders. The 2003 ending balance
of retained earnings, after a $71-million adjustment for other items (which we will learn about in a later chapter), is
$3,538 million. Find this amount of retained earnings in the shareholders’ equity section near the bottom of
Loblaw’s 2003 balance sheet, presented in Illustration 1-11.

Illustration 1-10
Loblaw statement of retained earnings

Illustration 1-11
Loblaw balance sheet
Balance Sheet
Fixed assets is another term for
property, plant, and equipment.
As shown in Loblaw’s balance sheet in Illustration 1-11, Loblaw’s assets include the types of assets mentioned in
this chapter, such as cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, inventories, and fixed assets, plus other
types of assets that we will discuss in later chapters, such as prepaid expenses and goodwill.
Similarly, its liabilities include bank indebtedness, notes payable, accounts payable, income taxes payable, and
long-term debt, as well as items not yet discussed, such as accrued liabilities. Loblaw’s balance sheet shows that
total assets increased from $11,110 million on December 28, 2002 (2002 fiscal year), to $12,177 million on
January 3, 2004 (2003 fiscal year).
You can see that Loblaw relies more on debt financing than equity—it has nearly 60 percent more total liabilities
than it has shareholders’ equity. As you learn more about financial statements, we will discuss how to interpret the
relationships and changes in financial statement items.
Cash Flow Statement

Loblaw’s cash and cash equivalents decreased by $205 million from 2002 to 2003. Cash equivalents are “near”
cash items, such as highly liquid short-term investments that can be cashed quickly if there is a sudden need for
cash. The reasons for Loblaw’s decline in cash can be determined by examining the cash flow statement in
Illustration 1-12. This statement presents Loblaw’s sources and uses of cash during the period.

Illustration 1-12
Loblaw cash flow statement
Loblaw is in expansion mode. Consequently, it spent considerable cash—$1,448 million—on investing activities.
For example, it spent $1,271 million on new fixed assets in order to expand. Note that the cash provided by
operating activities—$1,032 million—was enough to finance a large part of this expansion. The rest of its
expansion was financed by borrowing and issuing shares. An examination of the $211 million in cash provided by
financing activities shows that Loblaw received $763 million from debt financing and $2 million from equity
financing. Proceeds from this financing were used to repay some of Loblaw’s other debt and to retire shares. In
addition, Loblaw paid $198 million of dividends to its shareholders. The net result of the sources and uses of cash
during the year was a cash decrease of $205 million.
Other Elements of an Annual Report

Publicly traded companies must give their shareholders an annual report each year. The annual report is a
document that includes useful nonfinancial information about the company, as well as financial information.

Nonfinancial information may include the company’s mission, goals and objectives, products, and people.
Financial information normally includes a management discussion and analysis, a statement of management
responsibility for the financial statements, an auditors’ report, the comparative financial statements introduced in
this chapter, notes to the financial statements, and a historical summary of key financial ratios and indicators. No
analysis of a company’s financial situation and prospects is complete without a review of each of these items.
The elements of Loblaw’s annual report are reviewed in detail on the Toolkit website accompanying this text.
Accounting Matters! Investor Perspective
Companies preparing their annual reports have been piling on the paper lately. The reason is simple.
They’re trying to ease Enron-type worries on the part of investors. In Canada, Nortel Networks
Corporation added an extra two dozen pages to its annual report. Other companies have done the same
and annual reports today generally range from 75 to 95 pages.
The trend toward open, frank, and transparent reporting has been a long time coming. However, it is
important to remember that annual reports are just one piece of the puzzle that should be scrutinized by
investors.

Before You Go On #4
Review It
1. What financial information, in addition to the financial statements, might you expect to find in
an annual report?
2. The basic accounting equation is: assets = liabilities + shareholders’ equity. Replacing words
with dollar amounts, what is Loblaw’s accounting equation as at January 3, 2004? The answer
to this question is at the end of this chapter.
Loblaw’s accounting equation as at January 3, 2004, is (in millions):
Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity

$12,177 = $7,445 + $4,732
Using the Decision Toolkit

Sobeys Inc. is Canada’s second largest grocery chain, after Loblaw. Imagine that you are asking yourself if
you should buy some of Sobeys’ common shares as an investment.
Instructions
(a) What financial statements should you request from the company that would help you decide whether to
invest or not?
(b) What should each of these financial statements tell you? Which financial statement will you likely be
most interested in?
(c) Loblaw has a fiscal year end of January 3, 2004. Sobeys’ fiscal year end is May 1, 2004. Is it possible to
compare financial statements of these companies since they have different fiscal year ends?
(d) Simplified financial statements for Sobeys Inc. are shown below. What comparisons can you make
between Sobeys and Loblaw in terms of their financial positions and results of operations?



Solution
(a) Before you invest, you should investigate the statement of earnings, statement of retained earnings, cash
flow statement, balance sheet, and the accompanying notes.
(b) You would probably be most interested in the statement of earnings because it shows past performance
and this gives an indication of future performance. The statement of retained earnings shows the impact
that current earnings and dividends have on the company’s retained earnings. The cash flow statement
reveals where the company is getting and spending its cash. This is especially important for a company
that wants to grow. Finally, the balance sheet reveals the financial position of the company and the
relationship between assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity.
(c) Both financial statements cover a one-year period, with Loblaw’s fiscal year overlapping Sobeys’ for
eight months (May through December 2003). If there have been no substantial changes during the
periods that Loblaw’s financial results cover but Sobeys’ do not or vice versa, it really does not matter
when each company’s fiscal year ends. It is more important that we compare what each company was
able to achieve within an equivalent period of time—whether it be one year, six months, or one quarter.
If, however, a major change does occur in the intervening period (the period where the statements do
not overlap), such a change would likely reduce the usefulness of a comparison of the financial
statements of the two companies. Say, for example, that the mad cow disease scare had happened during
the non-overlapping period (it did not). The impact of this change would be reflected in Sobeys’ current
statements, but not in Loblaw’s until the following fiscal year. It is important for users to be aware of
relevant nonfinancial information such as this before they start their comparisons.
(d) Many interesting comparisons can be made between the two companies. Sobeys is much smaller, about
one quarter the size of Loblaw. For example, Sobeys has total assets of $3,274.7 million versus $12,177
million for Loblaw. Also, Sobeys has lower revenue—sales of $11,046.8 million versus $25,220 million
for Loblaw. Sobeys reported net earnings for its current fiscal year of $167.5 million, compared to
Loblaw’s net earnings of $845 million. Sobeys has a balance of $667.9 million of accumulated retained
earnings, while Loblaw’s retained earnings of $3,538 million are more than five times this amount. In
2003, Loblaw generated cash from operating activities of $1,032 million whereas Sobeys generated only
$364.4 million.
While these comparisons are useful, these basic measures are not enough to determine whether one
company will be a better investment than the other. In later chapters, you will acquire more tools to help
you compare the relative profitability and financial health of these, and other, companies.

Summary of Study Objectives
Summary of Study Objectives

1. Explain why accounting is important. Good accounting is necessary for making sound business and
investing decisions. The world’s economic systems depend on reliable and ethical accounting and
financial reporting.
2. Identify the uses and users of accounting. The purpose of accounting is to provide useful
information for decision-making. There are three types of organizations that use accounting
information: proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. A proprietorship is a business owned by
one person. A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. A corporation is a separate
legal entity whose shares provide evidence of ownership.
There are two types of user groups who use accounting information: internal and external users.
Internal users work for the business and need accounting information to plan, organize, and run
operations. The primary external users are investors and creditors. Investors (present and future
shareholders) use accounting information to help decide whether to buy, hold, or sell shares.
Creditors (sup-pliers and bankers) use accounting information to evaluate the risk of granting credit
or loaning money to a business.
3. Explain the three main types of business activity. Financing activities involve collecting the
necessary funds (through debt or equity) to support the business. Investing activities involve
acquiring the resources (such as property, plant, and equipment) that are needed to run the business.
Operating activities involve putting the resources of the business into action to generate a profit.
4. Describe the content and purpose of each of the financial statements. A statement of earnings
presents the revenues and expenses of a company for a specific period of time. A statement of
retained earnings summarizes the changes in retained earnings that have occurred for a specific
period of time. Retained earnings are the cumulative earnings (less losses) over the company’s life,
less any dividends paid to shareholders. A balance sheet reports the assets, liabilities, and
shareholders’ equity of a business at a specific date. A cash flow statement summarizes information
on the cash inflows (receipts) and outflows (payments) for a specific period of time
Decision ToolkitA Summary
Decision Toolkit—A Summary

Decision Info Needed Tools to Use for How to Evaluate
Checkpoints for Decision Decision Results
Are the Statement of The statement of If the company’s

company’s earnings earnings indicates revenues exceed
operations the success or its expenses, it
profitable? failure of the will report net
company’s earnings;
operating activities otherwise, it will
by reporting its report a net loss.
revenues and
expenses.
What is the Statement of How much did the A company
company’s policy retained company pay out looking for rapid
on dividends and earnings in dividends to growth will pay
growth? shareholders? no, or a low,
dividend.
Does the Balance The balance sheet Compare the
company rely sheet reports the amount of
mainly on debt or company’s liabilities versus
equity to finance resources and the amount of
its assets? claims to those shareholders’
resources. There equity to
are two types of determine
claims: liabilities whether the
and shareholders’ company relies
equity. more on creditors
or shareholders
for its financing.

Decision ToolkitA Summary
Does the Cash flow The cash flow Compare the

company statement statement shows amount of cash
generate enough the amount of provided by
cash from cash provided or operating
operating used by operating activities with the
activities to fund activities, investing amount of cash
its investing activities, and used by investing
activities? financing activities. activities. Any
deficiency in cash
from operating
activities must be
made up with
cash provided by
financing
activities.

Demonstration Problem
Jeff Andringa, a former university hockey player, quit his job and started Ice Camp Ltd., a hockey camp for
kids from ages 8 to 18. Eventually he would like to open hockey camps nationwide. Jeff has asked you to
help him prepare financial statements at the end of his first year of operations. He tells you the following
facts about his business activities.
In order to get the business off the ground, he decided to incorporate. He sold common shares to a few close
friends and bought some of the shares himself on January 1, 2006. He initially raised $25,000 through the
sale of these shares. In addition, the company borrowed $10,000 from a local bank. A used bus for
transporting kids was purchased for $12,000 cash. Hockey nets and other miscellaneous equipment were
purchased with $1,500 cash. The company earned camp tuition of $100,000 during the year but had
collected only $80,000 of this amount. Thus, at the end of the year it was still owed $20,000. The company
rents time at a local rink for $50 per hour. Total rink rental costs during the year were $8,000, insurance was
$10,000, salaries were $20,000, administrative expenses totalled $9,000, and income taxes amounted to
$15,000—all of which were paid in cash. The company incurred $800 in interest expense on the bank loan,
which it still owed at the end of the year.
The company paid dividends during the year of $5,000 cash. The balance in the corporate bank account at
December 31, 2006, was $34,500 ($25,000 + $10,000 − $12,000 − $1,500 + $80,000 − $8,000 + $10,000 −
$20,000 − $9,000 − $15,000 − $5,000). Cash payments for operating activities totalled $62,000 ($8,000 +
$10,000 + $20,000 + $9,000 + $15,000).
Instructions
Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained earnings, balance sheet, and cash flow statement for
the year.
Action Plan
On the statement of earnings, show revenues and expenses for a period of time.
On the statement of retained earnings, show the changes in retained earnings for a period of
time.
On the balance sheet, report assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity at a specific date.
On the cash flow statement, report sources and uses of cash provided or used by operating,
investing, and financing activities for a period of time.
Solution to Demonstration Problem




Self-Study Questions
Answers are at the end of the chapter.
(SO 1) 1. Bad accounting can result in:
(a) investors purchasing the company’s shares.

(b) the company’s share price falling.
(c) sound business and investing decisions.
(d) reliable and accurate financial reporting.
(SO 2) 2. Ethics are the standards of conduct by which one’s actions are judged to be:
(a) decent or indecent.

(b) successful or unsuccessful.
(c) profitable or unprofitable.
(d) right or wrong.
(SO 2) 3. Which is not one of the three forms of business organization?
(a) Proprietorship
(b) Creditorship
(c) Partnership
(d) Corporation
(SO 2) 4. What is an advantage of corporations compared to partnerships and proprietorships?
(a) Harder to raise funds

(b) Harder to transfer ownership
(c) Harder to organize
(d) Reduced legal liability

(SO 2) 5. Which statement about users of accounting information is incorrect?
(a) Management is an internal user.

(b) The Canada Revenue Agency is an external user.
(c) Creditors are external users.
(d) Investors are internal users.
(SO 3) 6. Which is not one of the three primary business activities?
(a) Financing
(b) Operating
(c) Planning
(d) Investing
(SO 3) 7. Which of the following is not an example of a financing activity?
(a) Borrowing money from a bank

(b) Repaying money to a bank
(c) Selling goods on credit
(d) Paying dividends
(SO 3) 8. Net earnings will result during a time period when:
(a) assets exceed liabilities.

(b) assets exceed revenues.
(c) expenses exceed revenues.
(d) revenues exceed expenses.
(SO 3) 9. Which financial statement reports assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity?
(a) Statement of earnings

(b) Statement of retained earnings
(c) Balance sheet
(d) Cash flow statement

(SO 4) 10. As at December 31, Stoneland Corporation has assets of $3,500 and shareholders’
equity of $2,000. What are the liabilities for Stoneland Corporation as at December 31?
(a) $1,500
(b) $2,000
(c) $3,500
(d) $5,500
Answers to Self-Study Questions

1.b 2.d 3.b 4.d 5.d 6.c 7.c 8.d 9.c 10.a

Questions
Questions
(SO 1) 1. “Accounting is ingrained in our society and is vital to our economic system.” Do you
agree? Explain.
(SO 1) 2. Why are ethics important to the accounting profession? To statement users?
(SO 1) 3. Improper accounting practices can result in stock market losses and employee layoffs.
Do you agree? Explain.
(SO 2) 4. (a) What are the three basic forms of business organization?
(b) Identify the advantages and disadvantages of each.
(SO 2) 5. (a) Who are the internal users of accounting data? Give examples.
(b) Who are the external users? Give examples.
(SO 2) 6. Financial reporting is aimed mostly at two external user groups of accounting—
investors and creditors. Distinguish between the needs of each of these groups of users
of financial information.
(SO 3) 7. (a) Explain the differences between operating, investing, and financing activities.
(b) Give two examples of each kind of activity.
(SO 3) 8. Explain why accounts receivable, an asset, is classified as an operating activity on the
cash flow statement and not as an investing activity.
(SO 3) 9. Why would a bank want to monitor the dividend payment practices of the
corporation it lends funds to?
(SO 4) 10. André is puzzled reading Loblaw’s financial statements. He notices that the numbers
have all been rounded to the nearest million. He thought financial statements were
supposed to be accurate and wonders what happened to the rest of the money. Respond
to André’s concern.
(SO 4) 11. Why do you think a balance sheet is prepared as at a specific point in time, while the
other financial statements cover a period of time?
(SO 4) 12. What are retained earnings? What items increase the balance in retained earnings?
What items decrease the balance in retained earnings?

Questions
(SO 4) 13. (a) What is the purpose of the cash flow statement?
(b) What are the three main categories in the cash flow statement?
(SO 4) 14. How are each of the following pairs of financial statements related?
(a) Statement of earnings and statement of retained earnings

(b) Statement of retained earnings and balance sheet
(c) Balance sheet and cash flow statement
(SO 4) 15. A company’s net earnings appear directly on the statement of earnings and the
statement of retained earnings. They are also included indirectly on the company’s
balance sheet. Do you agree? Explain.
(SO 4) 16. (a) What is the basic accounting equation?
(b) How does the accounting equation relate to the balance sheet?
(SO 4) 17. (a) Define the terms assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity.
(b) What items affect shareholders’ equity?
(SO 4) 18. Which of these items are liabilities for Kool Stores Inc.?
(a) Cash
(b) Accounts payable
(c) Dividends
(d) Accounts receivable
(e) Supplies
(f) Equipment
(g) Income tax payable
(h) Service revenue
(i) Rent expense
(j) Long-term debt

Questions
(SO 4) 19. Here are some items found in the financial statements of D’Anjou, Inc. Indicate in
which financial statement each item would appear.
(a) Service revenue

(b) Equipment
(c) Advertising expense
(d) Accounts receivable
(e) Common shares
(f) Wages payable
(g) Cash provided by operating activities
(h) Dividends
(SO 4) 20. Loblaw’s year end is not a fixed date; rather, it can vary slightly from one
year to the next. What possible problems does this pose for financial statement users?

Brief Exercises
Brief Exercises
BE1-1 The company accountant is counting the office supplies on hand Discuss ethical issues.
at the end of the period. She realizes there are more supplies in
stock than recorded in the books and decides to take some of the (SO 1)
extra supplies home. In her own mind, this is not stealing because
it will correct a book error. In addition, she is owed by the
company for all the extra unpaid work she has been doing lately
anyway.
(a) Are the accountant’s actions ethical? Explain why or why not.
(b) What could the company do to ensure that all employees use
appropriate ethical behaviour?
BE1-2 Write the correct form of business organization—proprietorship Describe forms of

(P), partnership (PP), or corporation (C)—beside each set of business organization.
characteristics.
(SO 2)
(a) _________ Simple to set up; founder retains control
(b) _________ Shared control; increased skills and resources
(c) _________ Easier to transfer ownership and raise funds; no
personal liability
BE1-3 The following list presents different types of evaluations made by Identify users of
various users of accounting information: accounting information.
1. Determining if the company respected income tax regulations (SO 2)

2. Determining if the company can pay its obligations
3. Determining if a marketing proposal will be cost-effective
4. Determining if the company’s net earnings will result in a
share price increase
5. Determining if the company should use debt or equity
financing

Brief Exercises
(a) Write the number of the type of evaluation (1–5) beside the
appropriate user of accounting information.
(b) Indicate if the user is internal or external.
(a) Type of (b) Type of User

Evaluation
Investors _________ _________
Marketing _________ _________
managers
Creditors _________ _________
Chief financial _________ _________
officer
Canada Revenue _________ _________
Agency
BE1-4 Indicate the section of the cash flow statement—operating Classify items by activity.
activities (O), investing activities (I), or financing activities (F)—
in which each of the following items would appear. In addition, (SO 3)
indicate whether each item would be reported as a cash inflow (+)
or cash outflow (−) on the cash flow statement.
(a) _________ Cash received from customers

(b) _________ Cash dividends paid to shareholders
(c) _________ Cash received from issuing common shares
(d) _________ Cash received from borrowing money
(e) _________ Cash paid to purchase an office building
(f) _________ Cash paid for income taxes

Brief Exercises
BE1-5 The Calgary Exhibition and Stampede Limited has the Determine on which
following selected accounts included in its financial statements. financial statement items
In each case, identify whether the item would appear on the appear.
balance sheet (BS) or statement of earnings (SE).
(SO 4)
(a) _________ Accounts receivable
(b) _________ Inventories
(c) _________ Amortization expense
(d) _________ Common shares
(e) _________ Building
(f) _________ Stampede revenue
(g) _________ Horse racing revenue
(h) _________ Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
(i) _________ Cash and short-term deposits
(j) _________ Administration, marketing, and park services
expenses
(k) _________ Interest expense
(l) _________ Prepaid expenses
BE1-6 Indicate which statement—statement of earnings (SE), balance Determine on which

sheet (BS), statement of retained earnings (RE), or cash flow financial statement items
statement (CF)—you would examine to find each of the appear.
following items:
(SO 4)
(a) _________ Revenue earned during the period
(b) _________ Supplies on hand at the end of the year
(c) _________ Cash received from borrowing money during the
period
(d) _________ Total debt at the end of the period
(e) _________ Dividends paid to shareholders during the period

Brief Exercises
BE1-7 Use the accounting equation to determine the missing amounts Use accounting equation.
below:
(SO 4)
Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity
$80,000 $50,000 (a)
(b) $45,000 $60,000
$94,000 (c) $52,000
BE1-8 Use the accounting equation to answer these questions: Use accounting equation.
(a) The shareholders’ equity of Sansom Corporation is $100,000. (SO 4)

Its total liabilities are $45,000. What is the amount of
Sansom’s total assets?
(b) The liabilities of Houle Corporation are $90,000. Houle’s
share capital is $150,000 and retained earnings $100,000.
What is the amount of Houle’s total assets?
(c) The total assets of Pitre Limited are $170,000. Its share
capital is $35,000 and retained earnings $65,000. What is the
amount of its total liabilities?
(d) The total assets of Budovitch Inc. are $500,000 and its
liabilities are equal to half of its total assets. What is the
amount of Budovitch’s shareholders’ equity?
BE1-9 At the beginning of the year, Lam Ltd. had total assets of Use accounting equation.
$700,000 and total liabilities of $500,000.
(SO 4)
(a) If total assets increased by $150,000 during the year and total
liabilities decreased by $80,000, what is the amount of
shareholders’ equity at the end of the year?
(b) During the year, total liabilities increased by $100,000. The
company reported net earnings of $50,000, sold additional
shares for $10,000, and paid no dividends during the year.
What is the amount of total assets at the end of the year?
(c) If total assets decreased by $90,000 during the year and
shareholders’ equity increased by $120,000, what is the
amount of total liabilities at the end of the year?

Brief Exercises
BE1-10 Indicate whether each of these items is an asset (A), a liability Identify assets, liabilities,
(L), or shareholders’ equity (SE): and shareholders’ equity.
(a) _________ Accounts receivable (SO 4)

(b) _________ Salaries payable
(c) _________ Equipment
(d) _________ Office supplies
(e) _________ Common shares
(f) _________ Notes payable
(g) _________ Retained earnings
(h) _________ Cash
BE1-11 Some transactions are presented below. Determine whether each Determine effect of
transaction affects common shares (C), dividends (D), revenue transactions on
(R), expenses (E), or has no effect on any of these shareholders’ shareholders’ equity.
equity components (NE).
(SO 4)
(a) _________ Purchase of equipment
(b) _________ Issue of common shares
(c) _________ Services performed for cash
(d) _________ Services performed on account
(e) _________ Costs incurred for income tax
(f) _________ Amounts earned by employees
(g) _________ Dividends paid to shareholders
(h) _________ Interest incurred on note payable

Exercises
Exercises
E1-1 Here is a list of words or phrases discussed in this chapter: Match words with
descriptions.
1. Accounts payable
2. Creditor (SO 1, 2, 3)
3. Financing activities
4. Retained earnings
5. Dividends
6. Corporation
7. Common shares
8. Accounts receivable
9. Ethics
10. Assets
Instructions
Match each word or phrase with the best description of it below:
(a) _________ A company that raises money by issuing shares

(b) _________ Amounts owed to suppliers of goods
(c) _________ Resources owned by a company
(d) _________ A party a company owes money to
(e) _________ Obtaining cash from borrowing money or issuing
shares
(f) _________ Standards of conduct by which one’s actions are
judged as right or wrong
(g) _________ Cumulative earnings that have been retained in the
company
(h) _________ The ownership interest of shareholders in the
company
(i) _________ Amounts due from customers
(j) _________ Distributions of earnings to shareholders
http://edugen.wiley.com/edugen/courses/crs1562/pc/c01/content/kimmel6792c01_1_19.xform?course=crs1562&id=ref (1 of 8)11/02/2008 12:24:41 PM

Exercises
E1-2 Indicate in which section of the cash flow statement—operating Classify items by activity.
activities (O), investing activities (I), or financing activities (F)—
for Fairmont Hotels & Resorts Inc. each of the following items (SO 3)
would appear. In addition, indicate whether each item would be
reported as a cash inflow (+) or cash outflow (−) on the cash flow
statement.
(a) Additions to property and equipment

(b) Repurchase of common shares
(c) Issue of long-term debt
(d) Collection of accounts receivable
(e) Issue of common shares
(f) Sale of investments and properties
(g) Dividends
(h) Repayment of long-term debt
E1-3 Indicate on which statement—statement of earnings (SE), balance Determine on which

sheet (BS), statement of retained earnings (RE), or cash flow financial statement items
statement (CF)—you would find each of the following accounts or appear.
items:
(SO 4)
(a) _________ Cash
(b) _________ Advertising expense
(c) _________ Service revenue
(d) _________ Inventory
(e) _________ Cash paid for income tax
(f) _________ Income tax expense
(g) _________ Accounts receivable
(h) _________ Interest expense
(i) _________ Common shares
(j) _________ Sales
(k) _________ Dividends
(l) _________ Cash collected from customers
(m) _________ Cash received from the sale of equipment
(n) _________ Notes payable

Exercises
(o) _________ Equipment

(p) _________ Cash borrowed on a note payable
E1-4 Summaries of data from the balance sheets and statements of Use financial statement
earnings for three corporations are presented below: relationships to determine
missing amounts.
Chiasson Maxim K-Os
Corporation Enterprises, Corporation (SO 4)
Ltd.
Beginning of year
Total assets $95,000 $125,000 $60,000
Total liabilities 80,000 (c) 25,000
Total (a) 95,000 35,000
shareholders’
equity
End of year
Total assets 160,000 180,000 (e)
Total liabilities 120,000 50,000 65,000
Total 40,000 130,000 (f)
shareholders’
equity
Changes in
shareholders’
equity during year
Issue of shares (b) 25,000 4,000
Dividends 24,000 (d) 30,000
Total revenues 215,000 100,000 54,000
Total expenses 175,000 85,000 40,000
Instructions
Determine the missing amounts for (a) to (f).

Exercises
E1-5 The following items and amounts (in thousands) were taken from Classify items and
the January 27, 2003, balance sheet of The Forzani Group Ltd., prepare accounting
Canada’s biggest sporting goods retailer: equation.
_________ Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $217,777 (SO 4)

_________ Accounts receivable 36,319
_________ Capital assets 160,625
_________ Cash 23,315
_________ Goodwill and other intangibles 39,682
_________ Inventory 267,221
_________ Long-term debt 38,295
_________ Other assets 10,105
_________ Other liabilities 54,389
_________ Prepaid and other expenses 11,292
_________ Retained earnings 106,330
_________ Share capital 131,768
Instructions
(a) Classify each item as an asset (A), liability (L), or

shareholders’ equity (SE) item.
(b) Determine Forzani’s accounting equation by calculating the
value of total assets, total liabilities, and total shareholders’
equity.
E1-6 The following items and amounts (in thousands) were taken from Identify financial
CoolBrands International Inc.’s August 31, 2004, statement of statement components
earnings and balance sheet: and prepare statement of
earnings.
(SO 4)

Exercises
_________ Cash $ 84,700 _________ $ 88,419

and short-term Receivables
investments
_________ 123,192 _________ Income 30,731
Retained earnings tax expense
_________ Cost of 438,458 _________ Sales 584,951
goods sold
_________ Selling, 115,131 _________ Income 6,499
general, and taxes payable
administrative
expenses
_________ Prepaid 7,818 _________ Accounts 49,384
expenses payable
_________ 64,618 _________ 4,786
Inventories Franchising revenues
_________ Other 7,663 _________ Drayage 53,083
expenses (transportation) and
other income
_________ Interest 1,994
expense
Instructions
(a) In each case, identify on the blank line whether the item is an
asset (A), liability (L), shareholders’ equity (SE), revenue (R),
or expense (E) item.
(b) Prepare a statement of earnings for CoolBrands for the year
ended August 31, 2004.

Exercises
E1-7 This information is for Kon Inc. for the year ended December 31, Prepare statements of
2006: earnings and retained
earnings.
Retained earnings, $57,000 Service revenue $58,000
January 1, 2006 (SO 4)
Advertising expense 1,800 Utilities expense 2,400
Dividends 7,000 Salaries expense 28,000
Rent expense 10,400 Income tax 6,000
expense
Instructions
After analyzing the data, prepare a statement of earnings and a

statement of retained earnings.
E1-8 Kit Lucas is the bookkeeper for Aurora Ltd. Kit has been trying to Correct incorrectly
get Aurora’s balance sheet to balance. He finally managed to prepared balance sheet.
balance it, as shown below, and believes it to be correct but is not
totally sure. (SO 4)
AURORA LTD.
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2006
Assets Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity

Cash $18,500 Accounts payable $16,000
Supplies 8,000 Accounts receivable (10,000)
Equipment 40,000 Common shares 40,000
Dividends 7,000 Retained earnings 27,500
Total assets $73,500 Total liabilities and $73,500
shareholders’ equity
Instructions
Prepare a correct balance sheet.

Exercises
E1-9 Sea Surf Campground, Inc. is a public camping ground in Ocean Calculate net earnings
National Park. It has the following financial information as at and prepare statement of
December 31, 2006: retained earnings and
balance sheet.
Revenues—camping $137,000 Dividends $ 4,000
fees (SO 4)
Revenues—general 25,000 Notes payable 50,000
store
Accounts payable 11,000 Operating expenses 138,000
Cash 10,500 Supplies 2,500
Equipment 119,000 Common shares 40,000
Income tax expense 7,000 Retained earnings 18,000
(Jan. 1, 2006)
Instructions
(a) Determine net earnings for the year ended December 31, 2006.
(b) Prepare a statement of retained earnings and balance sheet for
the year.
E1-10 This information is for Van Tran Corporation for the year ended Prepare cash flow
December 31, 2006: statement.
Cash received from $65,000 Cash received from $20,000 (SO 4)

customers lenders
Cash paid for new 50,000 Cash paid for 20,000
equipment expenses
Cash dividends paid 6,000 Cash, January 1, 12,000
2006
Instructions
Prepare the cash flow statement for Van Tran Corporation.

Exercises
E1-11 Consider each of the following independent situations: Interpret financial facts.
(a) The statement of retained earnings of Yu Corporation shows (SO 4)

dividends of $68,000, while net earnings for the year were
$75,000.
(b) The cash flow statement for Surya Corporation shows that
cash provided by operating activities was $10,000; cash used
by investing activities was $110,000; and cash provided by
financing activities was $130,000.
(c) Naguib Ltd.’s balance sheet reports $150,000 of total
liabilities and $250,000 of shareholders’ equity.
Instructions
For each company, write a brief interpretation of these financial

facts. For example, you might discuss the company’s financial
health or what seems to be its growth philosophy.

Problems: Set A
Problems: Set A
P1-1A Presented below are five independent situations: Determine forms of
business organization.
1. Three computer science professors have formed a business to
sell software to reduce and control spam e-mail. Each has (SO 2)
contributed an equal amount of cash and knowledge to the
venture. While their software looks promising, they are
concerned about the legal liabilities that their business might
confront.
2. Joseph LeBlanc, a student looking for summer employment,
has opened a bait shop in a small shed on a local fishing dock.
3. Robert Steven and Tom Cheng each owned a snow board
rental business. They have decided to combine their
businesses. They expect that in the coming year, they will
need funds to expand their operations.
4. Darcy Becker, Ellen Sweet, and Meg Dwyer recently
graduated with marketing degrees. Friends since childhood,
they have decided to start a marketing consulting business.
5. Hervé Gaudet wants to rent DVD players and DVDs in
airports across the country. His idea is that customers will be
able to rent equipment and DVDs at one airport, watch the
DVDs on their flight, and return the equipment and DVDs at
their destination airport. Of course, this will require a
substantial investment for equipment and DVDs, as well as
employees and locations in each airport. Hervé has no savings
or personal assets. He wants to maintain control over the
business.
Instructions
In each case, explain what form of organization the business is

likely to take: proprietorship, partnership, or corporation. Give
reasons for your choice.

Problems: Set A
P1-2A Financial decisions often depend on one financial statement more Identify uses and users of
than the others. Consider each of the following independent financial statements.
hypothetical situations:
(SO 2)
1. The North Face Inc. is considering extending credit to a new
customer. The terms of the credit would require the customer
to pay within 30 days of receiving goods.
2. An investor is considering purchasing the common shares of
Music Online, Inc. The investor plans on holding the
investment for at least five years.
3. Caisse d’Économie Base Montréal is thinking about extending
a loan to a small company. The company would be required to
make interest payments at the end of each year for five years,
and to repay the loan at the end of the fifth year.
4. The CEO of Tech Toy Limited is trying to determine whether
the company is generating enough cash to increase the amount
of dividends paid to investors in this, and future, years. He
needs to be sure that Tech Toy will still have enough cash to
buy equipment when needed.
Instructions
For each situation, state whether the individual would pay the
most attention to the information provided by the statement of
earnings, balance sheet, or cash flow statement. Choose only one
financial statement in each case, and briefly give reasons for your
choice.
P1-3A All businesses are involved in three types of activities— Identify business
operating, investing, and financing. The names and descriptions activities.
of companies in several different industries follow:
(SO 3)
Indigo Books & Music—book retailer
High Liner Foods Incorporated—processor and distributor of
seafood products
Mountain Equipment Co-op—outdoor equipment retailer
Ganong Bros. Limited—maker of candy
Royal Bank—banking and financial service provider

Problems: Set A
The Gap, Inc.—casual clothing retailer
Instructions
(a) For each of the above companies, provide examples of (1) an

operating activity, (2) an investing activity, and (3) a
financing activity that the company likely engages in.
(b) Which of the activities that you identified in (a) are common
to most businesses? Which activities are not?
P1-4A The following accounts have been selected from the financial Classify accounts.
statements of Maple Leaf Foods Inc.:
(SO 3, 4)
(a) (b)
Accounts payable and accrued charges _________ _________
Accounts receivable _________ _________
Cash and cash equivalents _________ _________
Common shares _________ _________
Income and other taxes payable _________ _________
Interest expense _________ _________
Inventories _________ _________
Long-term debt _________ _________
Property and equipment _________ _________
Sales _________ _________
Instructions
(a) Classify each of the above accounts as an asset (A), liability

(L), shareholders’ equity (SE), revenue (R), or expense (E)
item.
(b) Classify each of the above accounts as an operating (O),
investing (I), or financing (F) activity. If you believe a
particular account does not fit in any of these activities,
explain why.

Problems: Set A
P1-5A Selected information (in millions) is available for Sears Canada Use accounting equation.
Inc. and Hudson’s Bay Company for fiscal 2004:
(SO 4)
Sears Hudson’s Bay
Beginning of year
Total assets (i) $4,275.7
Total liabilities $2,414.4 (iv)
Total shareholders’ equity 1,646.9 2,394.7
End of year
Total assets 4,065.7 (v)
Total liabilities (ii) 1,680.1
Changes during year in shareholders’
equity
Issue of shares 0.7 3.8
Dividends 25.6 (vi)
Total revenues 6,222.7 7,400.1
Total expenses (iii) 7,330.8
Instructions
(a) Use the accounting equation to calculate the missing amounts

for each company.
(b) At the end of fiscal 2004, which company has a higher
proportion of debt financing? Of equity financing?
P1-6A On June 1, 2006, One Planet Cosmetics Corp. was formed. Here Prepare financial
are the assets, liabilities, and share capital of the company at June statements.
30, and the revenues and expenses for the month of June:
(SO 4)

Problems: Set A
Cash $ 6,000 Service revenue $8,000

Accounts receivable 4,000 Supplies expense 1,200
Cosmetic supplies 2,400 Gas and oil expense 900
Equipment 32,000 Advertising expense 500
Notes payable 14,000 Utilities expense 300
Accounts payable 1,375 Income tax expense 1,275
Common shares 26,200
The company paid dividends of $1,000 in June.
Instructions
Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained earnings,

and balance sheet for the month of June.
P1-7A Presented below is selected financial information for Maison Prepare cash flow
Corporation at December 31, 2006: statement.
Cash, January 1, $ 20,000 Cash paid to $ 15,000 (SO 4)

2006 purchase equipment
Inventory 25,000 Equipment 40,000
Cash paid to 100,000 Revenues 100,000
suppliers
Building 200,000 Cash received from 137,000
customers
Common shares 50,000
Cash dividends 13,000
paid
Instructions
First determine which of the above items should be included in a

cash flow statement. Then prepare the statement for Maison
Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2006.

Problems: Set A
P1-8A Here are incomplete financial statements for Baxter, Inc.: Use financial statement
relationships to calculate
missing amounts; write
BAXTER, INC. memo.
Balance Sheet
November 30, 2006 (SO 4)
Assets Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity

Cash $ 5,000 Liabilities
Accounts 10,000 Notes payable $ 69,600
receivable
Land (ii) Accounts payable (iii)
Building 45,000 Total liabilities 76,500
Total assets $ (i) Shareholders’ equity
Common shares (vi)
Retained earnings (v)
Total shareholders’ (iv)
equity
Total liabilities and $110,000
BAXTER, INC.
Year Ended November 30, 2006
Revenues $80,000
Operating expenses (vii)
Earnings before income tax 30,000
Income tax expense 10,000
Net earnings $ (viii)

Problems: Set A
BAXTER, INC.
Year Ended November 30, 2006
Beginning retained earnings $12,000

Add: Net earnings (ix)
Less: Dividends 5,000
Ending retained earnings $ (x)
Instructions
(a) Calculate the missing amounts (i) to (x).

(b) Write a memo explaining (1) the sequence for preparing the
financial statements, and (2) the interrelationships between
the statement of retained earnings, statement of earnings, and
balance sheet.
P1-9A GG Corporation was formed on January 1, 2006. At December Prepare corrected balance
31, 2006, Guy Gélinas, the president and sole employee, decided sheet.
to prepare a balance sheet, which appeared as follows:
(SO 4)
GG CORPORATION
Balance Sheet
Year Ended December 31, 2006
Liabilities and Shareholders’

Assets Equity
Cash $ 20,000 Accounts payable $ 40,000
Accounts 55,000 Notes payable 15,000
receivable
Inventory 30,000 Boat loan payable 13,000
Boat 18,000 Shareholders’ equity 55,000
$123,000 $123,000
Guy willingly admits that he is not an accountant by training. He

Problems: Set A
is concerned that his balance sheet might not be correct. He has

provided you with the following additional information:
1. The boat actually belongs to Guy Gélinas, not to GG

Corporation. However, because he thinks he might take
customers out on the boat occasionally, he decided to list it as
an asset of the corporation. To be consistent, he also listed as a
liability of the corporation his personal loan that he took out at
the bank to buy the boat.
2. Included in the accounts receivable balance is $10,000 that
Guy Gélinas loaned to his brother two years ago. Guy included
this in the receivables of GG Corporation so he would
remember that his brother owes him money.
Instructions
(a) Identify any corrections that should be made to the balance

sheet, and explain why.
(b) Prepare a corrected balance sheet for GG Corporation. (Hint:
To get the balance sheet to balance, adjust shareholders’
equity.)

Problems: Set B
Problems: Set B
P1-1B Presented below are five independent situations: Determine forms of
business organization.
1. Dawn Addington, a student looking for summer employment,
has opened a vegetable stand along a busy local highway. Each (SO 2)
morning, she buys produce from local farmers, then sells it in
the afternoon as people return home from work.
2. Joseph Counsell and Sabra Surkis each own a bike shop. They
have decided to combine their businesses and try to expand
their operations to include skis and snowboards. They expect
that in the coming year they will need funds to expand their
operations.
3. Three chemistry professors have formed a business which uses
bacteria to clean up toxic waste sites. Each has contributed an
equal amount of cash and knowledge to the venture. The use
of bacteria in this situation is experimental, and legal
obligations could result.
4. Abdur Rahim has run a successful but small cooperative health
and organic food store for over five years. The increased sales
at his store have made him believe that the time is right to
open a chain of health and organic food stores across the
country. Of course, this will require a substantial investment
for inventory and property, plant, and equipment, as well as for
employees and other resources. Abdur has no savings or
personal assets.
5. Mary Emery, Richard Goedde, and Jigme Tshering recently
graduated with graduate degrees in international business.
They have decided to start a consulting business aimed at
helping Canadian businesses export their products
internationally.
Instructions
In each case, explain what form of organization the business is

likely to take: proprietorship, partnership, or corporation. Give
reasons for your choice.

Problems: Set B
P1-2B Financial decisions often depend on one financial statement more Identify uses and users of
than the others. Consider each of the following independent, financial statements.
hypothetical situations:
(SO 2)
1. An Ontario investor is considering purchasing the common
shares of Fight Fat Ltd., which operates 13 fitness centres in
the Toronto area. The investor plans on holding the investment
for at least three years.
2. Comeau Ltée is considering extending credit to a new
customer. The credit terms would require the customer to pay
within 45 days of receipt of the goods.
3. The CEO of the Private Label Corporation is trying to
determine whether the company is generating enough cash to
increase the amount of dividends paid to investors in this, and
future, years. He needs to ensure that there will still be enough
cash to expand operations when needed.
4. The Laurentian Bank is considering extending a loan to a
small company. The company would be required to make
interest payments at the end of each year for five years, and to
repay the loan at the end of the fifth year.
Instructions
For each situation, state whether the individual would be most

interested in the statement of earnings, balance sheet, or cash flow
statement. Choose only one financial statement in each case, and
briefly give reasons for your choice.
P1-3B All businesses are involved in three types of activities— Identify business
operating, investing, and financing. The names and descriptions activities.
of companies in several different industries follow:
(SO 3)
Abitibi Consolidated Inc.—manufacturer and marketer of
newsprint
Wilfrid Laurier University Students’ Union—university
student union
Biovail Corporation—manufacturer and distributor of
pharmaceutical products

Problems: Set B
Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd.—owner of the

Toronto Raptors basketball club
Grant Thornton LLP—professional accounting and business
advisory firm
WestJet Airlines Ltd.—discount airline
Instructions
(a) For each of the above companies, provide examples of (1) an

operating activity, (2) an investing activity, and (3) a
financing activity that the company likely engages in.
(b) Which of the activities that you identified in (a) are common
to most businesses? Which activities are not?
P1-4B The Mill Run Golf & Country Club details the following Classify accounts.
accounts in its financial statements:
(SO 3, 4)
(a) (b)
Bank overdraft _________ _________
Capital assets _________ _________
Income—food and beverage _________ _________
operations
Income—golf course operations _________ _________
Inventory _________ _________
Office and general expenses _________ _________
Payables and accruals _________ _________
Receivables _________ _________
Term debt _________ _________
Wages and benefits expense _________ _________
Instructions
(a) Classify each of the above accounts as an asset (A), liability

(L), shareholders’ equity (SE), revenue (R), or expense (E)
item.

Problems: Set B
(b) Classify each of the above accounts as an operating (O),

investing (I), or financing (F) activity. If you believe a
particular account does not fit in any of these activities,
explain why.
P1-5B Selected information (in millions) is available for The Jean Use accounting equation.
Coutu Group (PJC) Inc. and Shoppers Drug Mart
Corporation for fiscal 2004: (SO 4)
Jean Coutu Shoppers

Beginning of year
Total assets $1,716.6 (iv)
Total liabilities (i) $1,533.6
End of year
Total assets 1,837.8 (v)
Total liabilities 669.0 1,455.9
Total shareholders’ equity (ii) (vi)
Changes during year in shareholders’
equity
Issue of shares 3.2 7.8
Dividends (iii) 0
Total revenues 4,096.1 4,415.2
Total expenses 3,919.2 4,157.5
Instructions
(a) Use the accounting equation to calculate the missing amounts

for each company.
(b) Jean Coutu’s year end is May 31, 2004. Shoppers Drug Mart
Corporation’s year-end is January 3, 2004. If you were to
compare the two companies, how would these differing year-
end dates affect your assessment?

Problems: Set B
P1-6B Aero Flying School Ltd. started on May 1 with cash of $45,000 Prepare financial
and common shares of $45,000. Here are the assets and liabilities statements.
of the company on May 31, 2006, and the revenues and expenses
for the month of May, its first month of operations: (SO 4)
Cash $ 7,200 Advertising expense $ 900

Accounts receivable 11,200 Rent expense 1,200
Equipment 60,300 Repair expense 700
Accounts payable 2,400 Fuel expense 3,400
Notes payable 27,900 Insurance expense 400
Service revenue 9,600 Income tax expense 900
Additional common shares of $1,800 were issued in May, and a

cash dividend of $500 was paid.
Instructions
Prepare a statement of earnings, statement of retained earnings,

and balance sheet for the month of May.
P1-7B Presented below are selected financial statement items for Prepare cash flow
Frenette Corporation at June 30, 2006: statement.
Cash, July 1, 2005 $ 30,000 Cash dividends paid $ 7,000 (SO 4)

Inventory 55,000 Cash paid to buy 26,000
equipment
Cash paid to 89,000 Equipment 40,000
suppliers
Building 400,000 Revenues 200,000
Common shares 20,000 Cash received from 168,000
customers
Cash paid for 20,000
income tax
Instructions
Determine which of the above items should be included in a cash

flow statement, and then prepare the statement for Frenette
Corporation for the year ended June 30, 2006.

Problems: Set B
P1-8B Here are incomplete financial statements for Wu, Inc.: Use financial statement
relationships to calculate
missing amounts; write
WU, INC. memo.
Balance Sheet
August 31, 2006 (SO 4)
Liabilities and Shareholders’

Assets Equity
Cash $ (ii) Liabilities
Accounts 20,000 Accounts payable $15,000
receivable
Land 15,000 Shareholders’ equity
Building and 40,000 Common shares (iv)
equipment
Total assets $ (i) Retained earnings (iii)
Total liabilities and $85,000
WU, INC.
Year Ended August 31, 2006
Service revenue $75,000

Operating expenses (v)
Earnings before income tax 30,000
Income tax expense 9,000
Net earnings $ (vi)

Problems: Set B
WU, INC.
Year Ended August 31, 2006
Beginning retained earnings $10,000

Add: Net earnings (vii)
Less: Dividends (viii)
Ending retained earnings $26,000
Instructions
(a) Calculate the missing amounts (i) to (viii).

(b) Write a memo explaining (1) the sequence for preparing and
presenting the financial statements, and (2) the
interrelationships between the various financial statements.
P1-9B Pam Bollinger formed the Kettle Corporation late in 2005. The Prepare corrected
company’s year end is December 31. At the end of the following statement of earnings.
year, December 31, 2006, Pam prepared a statement of earnings
by looking at the financial statements of other companies. Pam (SO 4)
found it easy to prepare the statements for 2005 since it was for
such a short period of time, but she found the 2006 statement
much harder to prepare. She thinks she did a reasonable job but
has asked you for advice. Pam’s 2006 statement of earnings is as
follows:
KETTLE CORPORATION
December 31, 2006
Accounts receivable $12,000

Service revenue 60,000
Total revenues 72,000
Rent expense 13,200
Insurance expense 5,000
Vacation expense 2,000

Problems: Set B
Total expenses 20,200

Net earnings $51,800
Pam has also provided you with these facts:
1. Included in the revenue account is $7,000 of revenue that the

company earned and received payment for in 2005. Pam forgot
to include it in the 2005 statement of earnings, so she put it in
this year’s statement.
2. Income tax expense for Kettle Corporation for the year ended
December 31, 2006, was determined to be $12,000. However,
the income tax payment is not due until March 31, 2007, so
Pam decided not to record the income tax expense yet.
3. Pam operates her business out of the basement of her parents’
home. They do not charge her anything, but she thinks that if
she paid rent it would cost her about $13,200 per year. She
therefore included $13,200 of rent expense in the statement.
4. To reward herself for a year of hard work, Pam went skiing for
a week at Whistler. She did not use company funds to pay for
the trip, but she reported it as an expense on the statement of
earnings, since it was her job that made her need the vacation.
Instructions
(a) Comment on any corrections that are needed for the four
items above.
(b) Prepare a corrected statement of earnings for Kettle
Corporation.

Broadening Your Perspective
Financial Reporting and Analysis

Financial Reporting Problem: Loblaw
BYP1-1 Actual financial statements (rather than the simplified financial statements presented in the
chapter) for Loblaw are presented in Appendix A at the end of this book.
Instructions
(a) What are the dates of Loblaw’s 2003 and 2002 fiscal year ends? Why do these dates
differ?
(b) What were Loblaw’s total assets at the end of fiscal 2003? At the end of 2002?
(c) What proportion of its assets does Loblaw finance with debt? With equity? Did this
proportion change a lot between 2002 and 2003?
(d) How much cash did Loblaw generate from operating activities in fiscal 2003? In 2002?
Was this amount enough to cover Loblaw’s investing activities in either year? (Note that
Loblaw presents the operating activities section of its cash flow statement differently than
how this section was presented in the chapter. We will learn more about this in Chapter
13.)
(e) What were Loblaw’s sales in 2003? In 2002? By what percentage did Loblaw’s sales
increase in 2003?
(f) Did Loblaw’s net earnings change by roughly the same percentage as sales? If not,
identify the main reason for the difference.
Comparative Analysis Problem: Loblaw and Sobeys

BYP1-2 The financial statements for Sobeys are presented in Appendix B, following the financial
statements for Loblaw in Appendix A.
Instructions
(a) Based on the information in these financial statements, determine the following for each
company:
1. Loblaw’s total assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity at January 3, 2004, and
Sobeys’ total assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity at May 1, 2004.
2. Loblaw’s and Sobeys’ sales and net earnings for the most recent fiscal year.
3. Loblaw’s and Sobeys’ increase or decrease in cash for the most recent fiscal year.
(b) What conclusions about the two companies can you draw from these data?
Research Case
BYP1-3 The April 1, 2002, issue of Canadian Business includes an article by John Grey entitled “Hide
and Seek” (vol. 75, no. 6, p. 28). The article discusses how accounting tricks make it difficult
for investors to get a true picture of a company’s finances.
Instructions
Read the article and answer the following questions:
(a) John Grey discusses ten red flags that investors should look for to ensure that the
statement of earnings reflects the company’s bottom line. Name the ten red flags.
(b) Should a shareholder read the notes to the financial statements? Explain why or why not.
(c) Name a Canadian company that was involved in a corporate scandal.
Interpreting Financial Statements

BYP1-4 Gildan Activewear Inc., headquartered in Montreal, makes T-shirts, sweatshirts, and golf
shirts for private label use. The company reports the following selected information (in U.S.
thousands) for the years ended October 3, 2004, and October 5, 2003:
2004 2003
Statement of earnings
Sales $533,368 $431,195
Cost of sales 378,696 301,341
Net earnings 60,251 53,156
Statement of retained earnings
Dividends 0 0
Ending retained earnings 222,496 162,244
Balance sheet
Total assets 489,004 429,663
Total liabilities 161,409 165,460
Total shareholders’ equity 327,595 264,203
Cash flow statement
Cash flows from operating activities 58,920 63,721
Cash flows from (used in) financing activities (14,350) 411
Cash flows used in investing activities (53,820) (39,458)
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year 60,671 69,340
Instructions
(a) Why do you think a Canadian company such as Gildan Activewear would present its
financial statements in U.S. dollars rather than Canadian dollars?
(b) Did the company’s sales improve faster or slower than its net earnings? What do you
think is the main reason for this?
(c) Why, in your opinion, did Gildan Activewear not pay a dividend to its shareholders in
fiscal 2004 or 2003?
(d) What proportion of the company’s assets is financed by debt in each fiscal year? By
equity? Does this change represent an improvement or a deterioration for the company?
(e) Why, in your opinion, did the company’s cash decline by U.S. $8,669 million in fiscal
2004?
(f) Why do you think net earnings increased in fiscal 2004 but cash decreased?

A Global Focus
BYP1-5 Zachary Wall is thinking about expanding the product offerings in his local store. He would
like to include automobile tires. In deciding which product lines to carry, Zachary knows that
it is important to consider many factors, including quality, performance rating, price, and
warranty. However, he is also interested in investigating the financial health of the tire
manufacturers and has obtained recent financial statements for The Goodyear Tire & Rubber
Company (“Goodyear”) and Compagnie Générale des Etablissements Michelin (“Michelin”).
As it turns out, however, Zachary soon discovers that he is having trouble comparing the two
companies’ financial results. Goodyear’s results are reported in US dollars and use US
accounting practices. Michelin’s headquarters are located in Clermont-Ferrand, France, and
its financial statements use Euro dollars (“Euros”) as the reporting currency. In addition,
Michelin used to prepare its financial statements in accordance with French accounting
practices. It was only in 2005 that certain things changed and the company was then required
to follow International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Zachary is confused: “I had no
idea that there were so many sets of accounting practices - or languages of business!! How
can this be useful to people outside the company?”
Instructions
(a) Who are the external users of accounting information?

(b) Will Zachary be able to find the information he needs about the quality, performance
rating, price, and warranty in the financial statements? If not, where might he find such
information?
(c) Zachary notes that Michelin explains that there are different alternatives for classifying
expenses under IFRS. What are expenses and what are some examples?
(d) Zachary understands that the purpose of accounting is to provide information for decision-
making. He understands that currencies change from country to country (e.g., Canadian
dollars, US dollars, Euros, etc.) but he would like to know whether you think that basic
decision-making changes from country-to-country. In other words, he wants to know if
you think there should be different accounting practices for Goodyear, which is based in
the United States, and for Michelin, which is based in France.
Financial Analysis on the Web

BYP1-6 When making decisions, no financial decision-maker should

ever rely solely on the financial information reported in a
company’s annual report. It is important to keep abreast of
financial news. This activity shows you how to search for
financial news about Loblaw and Sobeys using Yahoo! Canada
Finance.
Instructions
Specific requirements of this Web case can be found on the

Toolkit website.
Critical Thinking
Collaborative Learning Activity
BYP1-7 In a recent cash flow statement, the Made-in-Canada Corporation reported a $3-million
decrease in cash from its operating activities. It also reported increases in cash from investing
and financing activities of $2 million and $1 million, respectively. The largest source of cash
from investing activities was from the discontinuation and sale of one of the company’s
production facilities. The largest source of cash from financing activities was from bank
borrowings. Overall, the change in cash for the year was nil, resulting in an ending cash
balance of $250,000. Except for this year when the cash balance remained unchanged, cash
has declined in each of the past five years.
While management believes that there are sufficient financing options to fund the company’s
ongoing operations and repay its obligations, the auditors have indicated concerns about the
financial position and future viability of the company because of the continually declining
cash position.
Instructions
With the class divided into groups, answer the following questions:
(a) If you were a creditor of Made-in-Canada, what reaction might you have to the above
information?

(b) If you were an investor in Made-in-Canada, what reaction might you have to the above
information?
(c) If you were evaluating the company as either a creditor or an investor, what other
information would you be interested in seeing?
Communication Activity
BYP1-8 You are presented with the following information for two companies:
Company A Company B
Cash provided (used) by operating activities $100 ($90)
Cash provided (used) by financing activities (30) 160
Cash used by investing activities (10) (10)
Net increase in cash 60 60
Cash, beginning of period 15 15
Cash, end of period $75 $75
Instructions
(a) What is the main purpose of the cash flow statement?

(b) What are operating activities, financing activities, and investing activities?
(c) Which company is in better shape and why?
Ethics Case

BYP1-9 Chief executive officers (CEOs) and chief financial officers

(CFOs) of publicly traded companies are required to personally
certify that their companies’ financial statements and other
financial information contain no untrue statements and do not
leave out any important facts. The certification requirement was
introduced after numerous corporate scandals as a way to hold
top executives personally responsible for the integrity of their
company’s financial information.
Khan Corporation just hired a new management team, and its

members say they are too new to the company to know whether
the most recent financial reports are accurate or not. They refuse
to sign the certification.
Instructions
(a) Who are the stakeholders in this situation?

(b) Should the CEO and CFO sign the certification? Explain
why or why not.
(c) What are the CEO’s and CFO’s alternatives?
Serial Problem
BYP1-10 Natalie Koebel spent much of her childhood learning the art of cookie-making from her
grandmother. They passed many happy hours mastering every type of cookie imaginable and
later devised new recipes that were both healthy and delicious. Now at the start of her second
year in college, Natalie is investigating various possibilities for starting her own business as
part of the requirements of the Entrepreneurship program she is taking.
A long-time friend insists that Natalie has to somehow include cookies in her business plan
and, after a series of brainstorming sessions, Natalie settles on the idea of operating a cookie-
making school. She will start on a part-time basis and offer her services in people’s homes.
Now that she has started thinking about it, the possibilities seem endless. During the fall, she
will concentrate on Christmas cookies. She will offer group sessions (which will probably be
more entertainment than education for the participants) and individual lessons. Natalie also
decides to include children in her target market. The first difficult decision is coming up with
the perfect name for her business. In the end she settles on “Cookie Creations,” and she then
moves on to more important issues.

Instructions
(a) What form of business organization—proprietorship, partnership, or corporation—do

you recommend that Natalie use for her business? Discuss the benefits and weaknesses
of each form that Natalie might consider and give your reasons for choosing the form of
business organization you are recommending.
(b) Will Natalie need accounting information? If yes, what information will she need and
why? How often will she need this information?
(c) Identify specific asset, liability, and equity accounts that Cookie Creations will likely use
to record its business transactions.
(d) Should Natalie open a separate bank account for the business? Why or why not?
(e) Natalie expects she will have to use her car to drive to people’s homes and to pick up
supplies, but she also needs to use her car for personal reasons. She recalls from her first-
year accounting course something about keeping business and personal assets separate.
She wonders what she should do for accounting purposes. What do you recommend?

Glossary
Glossary
Accounting The process of identifying, recording, and communicating the economic events of a
business to interested users of the information.
Accounting equation Assets = liabilities + shareholders’ equity.
Annual report A report prepared by management that presents financial and nonfinancial information
about the company.
Assets The resources owned by a business.
Balance sheet A financial statement that reports the assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity at a
specific date.
Cash flow statement A financial statement that provides information about the cash inflows (receipts)
and cash out-flows (payments) for a specific period of time.
Comparative statements A presentation of the financial statements of a company for two or more
years.
Corporation A business organized as a separate legal entity having ownership divided into transferable
shares.
Dividends The distribution of retained earnings from a corporation to its shareholders in the form of
cash or other assets.
Ethics The standards of conduct by which one’s actions are judged as right or wrong, honest or
dishonest, fair or unfair.
Expenses The cost of assets consumed or services used in ongoing operations to generate revenues.
Fiscal year An accounting period that is one year long.
Liabilities The debts and obligations of a business. Liabilities are claims of creditors on the assets of a
business.
Net earnings (also known as net income) The amount by which revenues are more than expenses.

Glossary
Net loss The amount by which expenses are more than revenues.
Partnership A business owned by more than one person.
Proprietorship A business owned by one person.
Retained earnings The amount of accumulated net earnings (less losses, if any), from the prior and
current periods, that has been kept in the corporation for future use and not distributed to shareholders as
dividends.
Revenues The economic resources that result from the operating activities of a business, such as the
sale of a product or provision of a service.
Share capital Shares representing the ownership interest in a corporation. If only one class of shares
exists, it is known as common shares.
Shareholders’ equity The shareholders’ claim on total assets, represented by the investments of the
shareholders (share capital) and undistributed earnings (retained earnings) generated by the company.
Statement of earnings (also known as income state-ment) A financial statement that presents the
revenues and expenses and resulting net earnings or net loss of a company for a specific period of time.
Statement of retained earnings A financial statement that summarizes the changes in retained
earnings for a specific period of time.

1-Introduction To Financial Statements

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Introduction

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Loblaw Companies Limited: www.loblaw.com

Scan Study Objectives

Read Chapter Preview

Read text and answer Before You

Work Using the Decision Toolkit

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Review Summary of Study

Review the Decision Toolkit—A

Work Demonstration Problem

Answer Self-Study Questions

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After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Explain why accounting is important.

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1. Recognize an 2. Identify and analyze 3. Identify the

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Accounting Matters! Ethics Perspective

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Uses and Users of Accounting

Forms of Business Organization

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Helpful Hint You can usually

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1. Why is good accounting important to decision-making?

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Alternative Terminology Net

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1. What are the three types of business activity?

(a) an amount paid to an employee for work performed

Distinguish between financing, investing, and operating activities.

(a) Operating activity; expense

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Communicating with Users

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A sample statement of earnings for Sierra Corporation is shown in Illustration 1-4.

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Helpful Hint The heading of

Are the company’s Statement of The statement of If the company’s

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Statement of Retained Earnings

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What is the Statement of How much did the A company

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Helpful Hint The balance

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Cash Flow Statement

Where did cash come from during the period?

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How was cash used during the period?

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Relationships Between the Statements

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See facing page.