Technical Aspects

Many studies have been undertaken on the technical aspects of the Bakun HEP, particularly those relating to the safety of the dam and structures as well as the feasibility of transmitting electricity through long submarine cables Although both the dam and the submarine cables are larger and longer than those associated with pro!ects e"isting today, the Bakun HEP does not represent a #$uantum leap# The technical studies completed to%date and the final design, which will be carried out during pro!ect implementation, will ensure that the Bakun HEP will be safe and efficient Evolution Of The Bakun HEP Dam Design Master Plan Studies, 1981 The Bakun HEP site, proposed on the Balui &iver, 'arawak, as shown in Map (, was first identified and studied as part of the )*+) ,Master Plan for the Power 'ystem -evelopment of 'arawak,, the third of a series of studies following those carried out in )*./0.1 and )*2202* This comprehensive study identified more than )34 potential pro!ects, of which the largest was Bakun 5urther, a multistage screening of technical, economic and other relevant merits of the identified power pro!ects was performed leading to the selection of the Bakun pro!ect as the best hydroelectric pro!ect in terms of its hydrological efficiency 5ollowing the initial pro!ect screening, the 6overnment directed that further investigations be based on a ma"imum power demand scenario involving High 7oltage -irect 8urrent 9H7-8: bulk transmission to Peninsula Malaysia The Bakun HEP, along with ten other pro!ects, was subse$uently selected for more detailed investigations reaching a pre%feasibility level 6eological and topographical assessments led to the conclusion that the Bakun site would allow a dam of about /44 metres high, for which only a rockfill or arch dam would be suitable Pending further geological investigations, the study concluded that a /4.%metre%high concrete arch dam would be cheaper than the rockfill dam alternative for the narrow, 7%shaped valley at the Bakun dam site Bakun H droele!tri! Pro"e!t #easi$ilit %e&ort, 198' The overall feasibility study initiated by 'E'8o and carried out by a consortium of 6erman consultants, commenced in ;ctober )*+) Three types of dams were considered anew to determine the optimal height of the dam, vi< a rockfill dam, a concrete gravity dam, and a concrete arch dam The concrete arch dam was selected for the detailed feasibility design studies based on 9): feasibility%level layouts and cost estimates prepared for each dam type alternative, and 9/: the length of time to complete each alternative

BAKUN HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT SITE

The significant features, resulting from the detailed feasibility studies of the general layout and ma!or components of the pro!ect, are highlighted below= a /4>%metre high concrete arch dam with a crest length of about ),)44 metres and a total concrete volume of 1 * million cubic metres 9mcm: 5our bottom outlets with a combined outflow capacity of .,244 cubic metres per second 9cumecs: were incorporated in the middle section of the arch dam, controlled by four radial gates? an underground powerhouse with eight 144%M@ 5rancis units, giving a total generating capacity of /,>44 M@ The main transformers and the switchgear were housed in a separate cavern situated downstream of the powerhouse cavern? an inlet bay in front of the intake structure consisting of eight steel%lined pressure shafts and an outlet bay downstream comprising eight tailrace tunnels? a concrete chute spillway with si" radial gates situated at the left abutment The spillway would have capacity of )2,4>4 cumecs? and a river diversion scheme comprising upstream and downstream cofferdams and two concrete%lined diversion tunnels located at the left abutment The two tunnels have a combined discharge capacity of 3,)23 cumecs Panel Evaluation in Mid(198)s A panel of e"perts, comprising -r Aohn Bewberry, (vor Pinkerton, et al , issued four reports between )*+3 and )*+. regarding the design of the hydropower component of the Bakun pro!ect and the preparation of bid documents for the construction of these works The Panel assisted in the design evolution during this period -uring the design development under the Panel#s review, additional geological e"ploration showed the site to be less favourable for an arch dam than earlier e"plorations had indicated The Panel preferred an earth core rockfill dam 9E8&-:,

provided suitable core material within economic haulage distance of the dam site could be found ;therwise, the Panel suggested the adoption of a concrete face rockfill dam 985&-: (n view of the geological conditions, the revised layout incorporated both the power facilities 9including a surface powerhouse: and the spillway on the left bank -iversion capacity was raised to allow for a )%in%344%year flood The design at this point incorporated three )/%metre%diameter concrete lined diversion tunnels with the main cofferdam 9which forms part of the upstream rockfill <one of the main dam: some +3 metres in height Pro"e!t *on!e&tualisation +sing *#%D ,nstead Of E*%D, 1991 ( 199E"cept for the undertaking of an Environmental (mpact Assessment 9E(A: in )*+*, the pro!ect was essentially dormant until )**4, when a revised cost estimate was prepared This was followed in )**) by a proposal from a private sector consortium to build, own and operate the Bakun pro!ect This proposal included a number of recommendations to accelerate the implementation and lower costs, among which the principal one was that the dam be a 85&- instead of an E8&'E'8o employed the same panel of e"perts to review this proposal in 'eptember )**) Although the Panel concluded that the 85&- was as good as the E8&-, the technology for the latter was ,well proven, for a /)4 metre%high dam At the same time, the Panel reiterated its stand that an E8&- had always been contingent upon the availability of suitable core material and that the possibility of a 85&- was not technically ruled out

The Kenyir HEP, Terengganu

Ekran Berhad Pro&osal, 199(n April )**>, Ekran Berhad submitted to the 6overnment a conceptual proposal to implement the Bakun HEP on a privatised basis The 6overnment responded with an invitation for a detailed proposal from Ekran Berhad to develop and operate the pro!ect and its associated facilities The proposal was submitted to the Economic Planning Cnit 9EPC: of the Prime Minister#s -epartment in Bovember )**>

The selection on the type of dam to be constructed at the Bakun site was sub!ected to e"tensive study in the proposal because the dam type is of paramount importance to the cost of the pro!ect and the completion schedule Another consideration was that although a 85&- at Bakun may still be the highest of its type in the world, in the period since )*+2, many such dams approaching the height of the Bakun dam have been completed The study focused on a comparison between a slightly modified E8&- and a 85&-, finally supporting the choice of a 85&- 5urther modifications were made to the rest of the pro!ect design presented in the earlier bid documents mainly to reduce construction costs and0or the construction period Te!hni!al Evaluation Of Ekran Berhad.s Pro&osal The 6overnment, with the assistance of Har<a Engineering, undertook a detailed review of technical, financial, economic and management aspects of the proposal The guiding principles behind the review were the control of risk, the ma"imisation of predictability, the enhancement of the bidding process and the ma"imisation of the long%term benefits of the pro!ect to the Malaysian economy (n respect of the technical aspects, the review recommended the following= CFRD Design De ai!s 'ignificant elements of the design of 85&-s include 9): the details of the peripheral !oint between the deck and the plinth, 9/: the rockfill in that area, and 91: the longitudinal !oint details The review emphasised a need to outline these details carefully in the bid documents because of the necessity to minimise deformation and !oint openings (n the variable foundation, there are some areas where geological conditions re$uire positive measures to e"tend the seepage path and to protect the structure against erosion of material under high water head A programmed of additional drilling along the line of the proposed plinth would be useful to provide bidders with further insight concerning the e"tent of special measures that would be re$uired to address potentially unfavourable orientations of the plinth line 'trict delineation of materials <oning compound the stockpiling and blending problems associated with the construction of the dam and would make the construction schedule more critical (nstead, the use of fewer and more liberal <ones was proposed to enhance the ability of the contractor to complete the pro!ect on time and at lower cost Di"ersi#n (t was suggested that construction of the integrated cofferdam be moved from upstream to within the ,central, area of the dam, allowing its formation to comprise less high $uality rockfill in that <one

BAKUN HYDRO CO$PONENT LAYOUT

8&;'' 'E8T(;B ;5 THE BADCB -AM

P#%er In a&e An' S(i!!%ay 8oncerns about large e"cavation $uantities, slope stability and support re$uirements were raised in connection with these components of the pro!ect Modifications were suggested to reduce the $uantities and height of the cuts including shifting both the power intake and the spillway toward the left abutment of the dam, with less space between them Di"ersi#n Tunne!s Leng h An' P#r a!s By modifying the alignment, the length of each diversion tunnel could be reduced by about /44 metres

P#%erh#use Ty(e An' L#)a i#n 5urther improvement by optimising the layout is possible, including 9): choosing a powerhouse orientation more parallel with the river, resulting in less e"cavation in the steep%sided valley? and 9/: using si" units of >44 M@ each rather than eight units of 144 M@, resulting in a reduction of the length of the powerhouse and also e"cavation Pens #)& Si*e ;ptimisation of the penstock si<e could result in a smaller diameter, thus realising additional cost savings

Te!hni!al #easi$ilit /nd Safet Of The H dro *om&onent

Evolution Of %o!kfill Dam Designs The rockfill dam is defined as an embankment dam that relies on rockfill as the ma!or structural element The principal types of rockfill dams are the 85&- and the E8&Although the use of rock in dams dates back to ancient times, the rockfill dam, as it is known, is generally considered to have evolved from rock crib and timber face rockfill dams created by miners during the 8alifornia gold rush in the C ' in the )+.4s and )+24s These dams were later taken over by irrigation and power companies and supplemented by higher dams, with dumped rockfill, and with face membranes constructed of concrete rather than of timber The development of the 85&- began primarily in the C ' in the early )*44s By the late )*14s, the E8&- became popular and for about /4 years very few 85&-s were constructed After the )*34s, when dam construction of all types increased throughout the world, significant advances were made both in the concrete face and earth core dam types The following section presents the evolution of the 85&Ear!y Peri#' +,-.. / ,-0.1 The rockfill dams built before )*)4 were primarily timber faced, dumped rockfills up to 14 metres in height with very steep slopes 94 3H=)7 to 4 23H=)7:, with a thin layer of hand placed rock on each face to maintain the steep slope during dumping These dams demonstrated the very high sheer strength of dumped rockfill under low confining pressures and the usefulness of rockfill as a dam building material By )*)4, the practice of hand placing rocks on steep slopes was abandoned for economic reasons and the dumped rockfill slope was adopted, thus eliminating e"pensive manual labour Early rockfill dams performed satisfactorily up to a height of 23 metres Higher dams, however, developed face cracks and e"cessive leakage, because of the high compressibility of the dumped rockfill The dams were still safe, nonetheless, e"cept when overtopped, and nearly all are in service today However, the high cost of repairing the face cracks and leakage in the higher

dams led to the poor reputation of 85&-s This dramatically slowed the use of high as well as low 85&-s in the following period Transi i#n Peri#' +,-0. / ,-2.1 8onstruction of 85&-s resumed in the )*34s However, once again the higher dams with dumped rockfill e"perienced leakage problems and costs were e"cessive A ma!or breakthrough occurred when dumped rockfill was replaced with compacted rockfill This transition began in )*33, and since )*.2, no dams of the dumped rockfill type have been constructed The compacted rockfill achieved the higher modulus of compressibility that was desired to enable the concrete face to perform better To obtain the higher modulus, the smooth drum vibratory roller 9used earlier in highway construction: was employed, and soon became a standard piece of e$uipment in 85&- construction (n addition to reviving the construction of 85&-s, compacted rockfill enabled small rocks of low compressive strength to be utilised $#'ern Peri#' +,-2. / Presen 1 The use of compacted rockfill enabled dams to be designed with limited deformation and as a result many 85&-s were constructed throughout the world in increasing numbers and for increasing heights -uring this period, a ma!or new development in their design was the use of a slipformed, nearly monolithic face slab, with no hori<ontal contraction !oints This feature was first employed in the >4%metre%high Piedras -am in 'pain, completed in )*24 5ollowing the successful use of this monolithic face slab in three Australian -ams 9Pindari in )*24, Dangaroo 8reek in )*24, and 8ethana in )*2):, all subse$uent dams worldwide were designed with it 5ollowing the construction of the ))4%metre%high 8ethana -am, the development of 85&-s progressed rapidly throughout the world The completed modern 85&-s, that broke previously set height precedents, in the )*24s, )*+4s and )**4s were Alto Anchicaya in 8olombia, 5o< de Areia in Bra<il and Aguamilpa in Me"ico, respectively The performance of the many and increasingly high 85&-s during this modern period has demonstrated that a substantial pool of e"perience e"ists which can be used to construct with confidence dams of more than /44 metres in height 8urrently, several 85&-s, up to //4 metres in height, are under consideration throughout the world A list of the world#s highest 85&-s 9higher than )44 metres: either completed or under construction

0orld.s Highest *#%Ds

Name of Dam Aguamilpa Country Me"ico Year Of Completion )**1 Height (metre) )+2

Tiansheng$iao 5o< de Areia Eingo 'alva!ina 'egredo Alto Anchicaya 8hu<a Messochora Doman Bew E"che$uer 6olillas Dhao Faem 'hiroro 8irata &eece Beveri Paradela &ama 8ethana Batang /i, Sara1ak

8hina Bra<il Bra<il 8olombia Bra<il 8olombia 8olombia 6reece Albania C'A 8olombia Thailand Bigeria (ndonesia Australia 7ene<uela Portugal Gugoslavia Australia Mala sia

)**2 )*+4 )**> )*+1 )**) )*2> )*2+ )**> )*+. )*.. )*2+ )*+> )*+> )*+2 )*+. )*+) )*3+ )*.2 )*2) 1982

)+4 ).4 )34 )>+ )>3 )>4 )13 )13 )11 )14 )14 )14 )14 )/3 )// ))3 ))4 ))4 ))4 11)

O&timisation Of The Bakun HEP Design The pro!ect layout included in the tender documents has been reviewed by competent engineers with worldwide e"perience to develop a pro!ect that would provide optimum benefit and ensure safety The reviews were oriented towards the evaluation of the design concept, constructibility, implementation schedule and cost As a result of these reviews, several changes in the design and pro!ect layout have already been made and substantial cost and construction time reductions have been realised Safet Of Dam Design -am designers have recognised for many years that the common sense approach to dam safety is to provide redundant lines of defense against abnormal behaviour -esigners of modern dams follow this ,defensive design, approach The ,defensive design, approach uses engineering !udgment and e"perience to select and incorporate in the design of the dam, measures that provide protection against catastrophic failure, mitigate the effects of unforeseen events and provide multiple lines of defense (n general, the redundant safety measures are incorporated in the

dam without incurring e"cessive additional costs or introducing construction schedule delays The main function of a dam is to retain the reservoir This is accomplished by incorporating a watertight element in the embankment (n the case of a 85&-, watertightness depends on the upstream concrete face and the foundation These two elements interface in the plinth or perimeter slab A brief description of these details is as follows=

the concrete face is not monolithic but composed of vertical strips or slabs The !oints between these vertical strips are carefully designed to accommodate movement between slabs and preserve the continuity of the face? the concrete face%plinth !oint, also called the perimetric !oint, receives careful attention during design, and later during construction, to control leakage The !oint detail includes a <one of cohesionless silty soil or fly ash above, waterstops and a !oint filler within the !oint, a sandasphalt pad and selected granular fill underneath the !oint? the plinth, or base slab is a watertight concrete connection of the face slab to the foundation, and is top of the grout curtain The plinth increases the seepage path below the concrete face? and the foundation for the embankment and plinth of the 85&- are treated to prevent leakages and erosion of the foundation Treatment includes e"cavation to competent rock, cleaning of the e"cavated surface before casting the plinth on site, preserving the integrity of the rock foundation and in!ecting under pressure, a cement%water grout into the foundation rock mass to e"tend the monolithic action of the plinth into the rock

(n addition to the main features discussed above, several lines of defense are incorporated in the design=

an impervious blanket of compacted soil is constructed in the lower part of the concrete face and plinth This blanket provides e"tra protection against leakage through the !oints in the slab and at the slab%plinth connection? processed rock transition <ones located below the slab provide support to the slab and act as filters to control leakage through the concrete slab !oints? the rockfill body of the dam provides stability, and, because the rockfill is free draining and highly resistant to erosion, provides a safe outlet to any leakage? shotcrete or concrete is used to treat the foundation rock surfaces both upstream and downstream from the plinth to preserve the integrity of the rock? trenches backfilled with concrete are constructed beneath the plinth when the foundation rock is weathered or previous? and filter layers are placed on the foundation downstream of the plinth to control any seepage emerging from the foundation

Sta$ilit Of The Em$ankment

&ockfill dams, with an impervious upstream face, have been constructed for over )44 years Their inherent stability has been established by their long service record without failures

The Kha# Lae3 C#n)re e Fa)e R#)&4i!! Da3, Thai!an'

8ompaction of the rockfill in layers of specified thickness, proper selection of materials, careful treatment of the foundation and appropriate embankment slopes can only improve their stability At Bakun, detailed stability analysis of the dam has been performed -uring the final design phase and construction of the dam, additional analyses will be performed to verify and confirm the stability Seismi! Sta$ilit Of Bakun *#%D The dam is located in an area of low to very low natural seismic activity This is confirmed by the fact that only twelve tremors have been felt in the area in the last )44 years The pro!ect area is located in a stable block far from the seismically active plate boundaries The seismic ha<ard assessment indicates that the ma"imum credible event 9an event of Modified Mercalli (ntensity )oH7((: for the site would generate a peak ground acceleration 9for design purposes: corresponding to 4 )g 9gravitational pull: Modern 85&-s can safely withstand the ground shaking associated with accelerations higher than this (n conclusion, seismicity at the site does not constitute a safety issue nor a ma!or design issue Although the dam and reservoir are both very large, the probability that the pro!ect might trigger an earth$uake is small because of the low natural seismicity of the area, and the watertightness of the reservoir Even if an earth$uake were triggered by the reservoir, that event will occur within the framework of the pre%e"isting low seismic activity Any reservoir%triggered earth$uake will be smaller than the ma"imum naturally occurring earth$uake discussed above ;ccurrence of an earth$uake would tend to cause small settlements of the dam Although no modern 85&- has been sub!ected to strong earth$uake shaking, 8ogoti -am, in 8hile, an earlier dumped rockfill 85&- e"perienced shaking generated by a large 9magnitute + 1: earth$uake centred ). kilometres away from the site The dam settled 1+ centimetres at the crest Bo damage of significance was e"perienced The earth$uake shaking e"perience at 8ogoti greatly e"ceeds the ground movements that might be e"pected to occur at Bakun during an earth$uake

A modern well%compacted 85&-, such as Bakun, undergoing an earth$uake would e"perience smaller settlements that would not endanger the stability of the dam 'everal high 85&-s have been constructed in areas of moderate to high seismicity ;f the above, only 5o< do Areia, Bra<il, is in an area low seismicity similar to Bakun All others are located in moderate to high seismicity areas These 85&-s have been designed and constructed using many of the defensive measures discussed above

3ist of *#%Ds in Seismi! /reas

Dam Bakun, Malaysia 9u0d: 'ogamoso, 8olombia 9u0d: Aguamilpa, Me"ico Tiangsheng$iao, 8hina 9u0c: 5o< do Areia, Bra<il Messochora, 6reece 9u0c: 'alva!ina, 8olombia Alto Anchicaya, 8olombia 6olillas, 8olombia 8irata, (ndonesia %eservoir ,ndu!ed Seismi!it (t is generally accepted that changes in water pressure within the rock mass supporting the reservoir are the primary causes of observed reservoir induced seismicity 9&(': (t is also accepted, based on the available data on &(', that reservoir induced earth$uakes re$uire the e"istence of an active fault along which the tectonic stresses can be relieved The water pressure reduces the strength of pre%e"isting fractures bringing their strength closer to the stress field e"isting within the rock mass, facilitating the release of tectonic stresses through an earth$uake E"isting data also indicated that the &(' events are smaller than the ma"imum naturally occurring earth$uake 8onditions favouring &(' are not present at the Bakun site e"cept for the si<e and depth of the reservoir The conditions at the pro!ect site are as follows=

Height 4metre5 /43 )*3I )+2 )+4 ).4 )34 )>3 )>4 )14 )/3

Seismi!it of Site low moderate to high high moderate low moderate moderate moderate moderate high

N# e5 u6' 7 un'er 'esign8 u6) 7 un'er )#ns ru) i#n

regional faults have not been detected in the reservoir area and the local faults do not show significant displacements? local historic seismicity is very low to non%e"isting, as discussed above?

the rock mass, formed by greywacke and shale0mudstone se$uences, presents low permeability? and the groundwater elevations are high at the pro!ect site and within the pro!ected reservoir

/n!illar *om&onents The pro!ect works are designed taking into consideration state%of%the%practice procedures for each of the pro!ect elements 'afety concerns during operation and construction are the primary influence on the selection of the technical solutions adopted This design process will continue during the construction phase, when the detailed design will be prepared To assure that the construction takes place according to the design philosophy, detailed $uality control procedures will be established These $uality control procedures will encompass all construction activities including environmental protection, river diversion, e"cavation, fill placement, concrete construction, road construction, e$uipment fabrication, e$uipment erection, initial filling of the reservoir and e$uipment start%up The procedures will include inspection and audit of construction procedures and activities, including surveillance before work, in some cases, during work, after work, and testing To aid the process, instrumentation will be installed within the dam, its foundation and at other ma!or structures -ata provided by the instrumentation will be evaluated during construction, first filling and initial operation, and during the continued operation of the pro!ect 'pecific technical and safety aspects for the most important of the civil structures are discussed in the following paragraphs

The Segre'# C#n)re e Fa)e R#)&4i!! Da3, Bra*i!

Ri"er Di"ersi#n 9#r&s The river diversion works provide protection to the construction site, the contractor#s e$uipment and personnel, the pro!ect#s civil works and mechanical and electrical e$uipment during construction The diversion will consist of upstream and downstream cofferdams, three river diversion tunnels and other ancillary structures The river diversion works are designed to provide protection from floods of up to 344%year recurrence interval Three )/%metre internal diameter diversion tunnels, appro"imately )>44 metres long, will be used to evacuate the flood waters during

construction The tunnels will be stabilised using rock bolts and drainholes as well as through a process of consolidation grouting and concrete lining The concrete lining will also contribute to the safety of the tunnels, protecting the rock e"cavation against erosion due to the high flow velocities ;ne of the tunnels will be converted to a bottom outlet after construction of the pro!ect The intake structures are designed to convey the flood waters in the tunnels with minimum losses The outlet structures are designed to protect the tunnels from retrogressing erosion

Kenyir HEP:s s(i!!%ay

S(i!!%ay The spillway is composed of a gated ogee, an open concrete chute, a flip bucket and a plunge pool The ogee, with crest elevation of /4* metres, is divided into four )3 metre wide bays separated by . 3 metre% wide piers The spillway will be founded on competent rock in a large e"cavation The slopes of this e"cavation will be designed for long%term stability The stabilisation measures will include regularly spaced rock benches, a surface drainage system, drainholes and rock anchors The spillway is the safety valve of the reservoir dam system @hen inflows to the reservoir are larger than the outflows re$uired for generation, and the reservoir is full, these inflows need to be discharged through the spillway by opening the gates The amount of opening depends on the volume of inflow, and is determined following an operation rule designed to ma"imise the flows available for generation but always considering the general safety of the dam The dimensions of the spillway are selected based on the Probable Ma"imum 5lood 9PM5: The probability of occurrence of the PM5 in any single year approaches <ero (ts recurrence interval is indeterminate but is at least many thousands of years The flip bucket and plunge pool are designed to safely discharge the flood waters away from the toe of the dam and the powerhouse The flip bucket is designed to be stable under the hydrodynamic forces applied to it by the discharge flows, and the plunge pool is designed to

control the erosive forces of the discharged waters (ts sides will be protected with a concrete slab anchored in the rock 9a er C#n'u) #rs The water conductors include the power intakes and the pressure shafts and tunnels The eight power intakes are !oined together and located in an e"cavation ne"t to the spillway, in the left abutment of the dam The eight pressure shafts and tunnels convey the water from the intake to the turbines in the powerhouse Power (ntake The power intake structures are designed to safely withstand the forces applied to them by the reservoir and inflow The e"ternal dimensions of the structures are selected to be stable under static and earth$uake conditions The internal dimensions of the intake structure are chosen based on the re$uirements for the hydraulic passages and the dimensions of the mechanical e$uipment housed in them Power 'hafts And Tunnels The power shafts and tunnels are designed to convey the water from the reservoir to the turbines without large head losses The geotechnical parameters of the rock mass surrounding the tunnels, the relative position of each tunnel, the groundwater regime in the tunnel area, both present and future, after the pro!ect is in operation were considered during the design process and will be continuously monitored during the construction phase to obtain a safe and economical power corridor Additional tests within the rock mass will be undertaken to provide appropriate parameters for detailed design P#%erh#use The powerhouse will be of the surface type, located on the left bank of the river, near the toe of the dam but separate from it The powerhouse will provide enough space to install and later operate all the e$uipment necessary to generate energy using an installed capacity of /,>44 M@ The powerhouse will be e$uipped with cranes of sufficient capacity to handle the erection and later the maintenance of the e$uipment (n general, although providing the spacing re$uirements for the electro% mechanical e$uipment, and a safe and comfortable working environment, the powerhouse will be a very compact building to decrease construction costs The substructure of the powerhouse will be founded on sound rock The dimensions of the substructure besides being controlled by the space re$uirements of the e$uipment, will be selected to provide sufficient weight for static and seismic stability, and to resist the stresses imposed by gravitational, hydraulic and mechanical forces, and the vibration of the e$uipment The slopes of the e"cavation will be designed for long%term stability 5or this purpose, the e"cavation walls will incorporate regularly spaced rock benches and a surface drainage system, and drainholes and rock anchors will be placed where re$uired for stability The substructure will also provide safety against flooding due to a rising tailwater level

The P#%erh#use a he J#r P#%er S a i#n, Pera&

Energ /nd Po1er 6eneration (n order to assess the energy generation of the Bakun reservoir and power plant, a simulation 0 optimisation type mathematical model was used The model applies the storage%continuity e$uation, driven by a series of reservoir inflows, taking into account net evaporation from the lake, seepage looses and the reservoir storage defined between the permissible ma"imum and minimum operating levels (n its optimisation option, the applied algorithm ma"imises the continuous power output of the reservoir The optimisation procedure is based on a well%tested dichotomous search techni$ue which uses continuos power as its ob!ective value The basic operating rule for each monthly interval was assumed as follows=

water release will be made so as to !ust meet the target continuous power? should the continuous power release cause the reservoir to fall below the minimum operating level, the water release is reduced such that this minimum operating level is !ust reached at the end of the month? and should the continuous power release cause the reservoir to rise above the ma"imum operating level, the water release is increased to !ust reach the ma"imum operating level at the end of the month? e"tra releases are turbined as much as possible and the amount in e"cess of the total turbine capacity is spilled

The reservoir operation and power generation studies were carried out for the reconstituted monthly%based hydrological period )*>* % )**1 At the ma"imum operating level of //+ metres above sea level 9m asl:, the Bakun reservoir has a surface area of .*3 s$uare kilometres and a storage capacity of >1 + billion cubic metres At the minimum operating level of )*3 m asl, the storage capacity is /> . billion cubic metres The active storage volume of )* / billion cubic metres is e$uivalent to about )2+ days of mean reservoir inflow The revised long%term mean stream flow at the Bakun -ischarge Measurement 'tation was determined to be ),1)> cumics The capacity and energy generation data for the Bakun hydroelectric power plant are summarised

The average monthly power and energy output, as well as the monthly energy production during a wet year and dry year

8apacity and Energy 6eneration of the Bakun HEP

Ma"imum 6enerating 8apacity 9at //+ /,>44 M@ metres asl: Average 6enerating 8apacity /,13* M@ Minimum 6enerating 8apacity 9at )*3 ),+/4 M@ metres asl: 5irm 8apacity 9delivered: Average Annual Energy 6eneration 5irm Annual Energy 6eneration Average Plant 5actor 5irm0Average Energy &atio ),.31 M@ ).,2+3 6@h )3,3.4 6@h +4 4J */ 3J

$AP OF THE BAKUN HEP RESER;OIR AREA

CONTINUOUS PO9ER AND $A<I$U$ =ENERATIN= CAPACITY FOR >,0.. $9 INSTALLED CAPACITY

/verage Monthl Po1er and Energ Out&ut 4,nstalled *a&a!it 7,-)) M05
Month Aanuary 5ebruary March April May Aune Auly August 'eptember ;ctober Bovember -ecember 8ear 6enerating *a&a!it 4M05 /,1.> /,1.2 /,1.. /,1.. 1,12) /,12. /,1.* /,13. /,1>/ /,113 /,11* /,131 7,'29 Plant #a!tor +> +> +) +3 +3 +) 23 2. 2* 2* +/ +> 8) /verage Produ!tion 460h5 ),>+> ),11/ ),>)+ ),>>+ ),>*+ ),1+4 ),1/+ ),11* ),1/2 ),1+) ),1+1 ),>.2 19,:82 Energ Produ!tion 460h5 0et 8ear Dr 8ear ),21> ),.)1 ),.>) ),2/. ),2+. ),3/+ ),1/1 ),1/1 ),/+4 ),1/1 ),./* ),233 18,991 ),1/) ),)*1 ),1/) ),/2* ),1/) ),/2* ),1)* ),1/) ),/2* ),1/) ),/2* ),1// 12,222

Te!hni!al /nd Safet /s&e!ts Of H;D* Su$marine *a$le

Evolution Of *a$le Design Sin!e The 198)s 5or high power H7-8 submarine cables, the principal area of development has been in developing conductor insulating material to operate at higher voltages This in turn enables higher power levels to be achieved &esearch is continuing into the behaviour of cable insulation under changing temperature 0 pressure 0 stress conditions, and both testing and operating e"periences are being accumulated The operation of the Bakun cable will enable the pro!ect to take advantage of the latest developments in this area The control fle"ibility possible with modern H7-8 converter stations can therefore be used to increase the operating voltage on the H7-8 submarine cables when the conditions in the cables permit this Modern converter control technology utilises computer techni$ues 8onse$uently, data can be continuously fed into the control system representing the conditions in the cables in such a way that the H7-8 converters will control the H7-8 system to avoid undesirable electrical conditions arising in the submarine cables At least three, and possibly four, H7-8 schemes have control features specifically to cover aspects of cable loading Although the Bakun pro!ect will have the longest and highest rated H7-8 submarine cables, this may be overtaken early ne"t century by even longer installations An (celand to 'cotland 9CD: submarine cable link is under serious study, which involves a route length of over *44 kilometres An (celand%Borway alternative, which has also been suggested, would involve a route length of over ),/44 kilometres, that is about twice the Bakun cable route length The power capacity being considered for the (celand pro!ect would re$uire cables of similar rating 9if not higher: to the Bakun cables ;riginally, submarine cables were laid from conventional ships, in which the cable was coiled in one or more holds, and paid out either over the bow or via the stern, as the ship moved along the cable route The Borwegians developed powered turntables on a large barge for a pro!ect in )*2., which enabled easier laying of large cables with satellite navigational positioning systems and a device to follow the touch%down point of the cable on the sea floor 'uch very accurate and highly controlled cable laying has become the current practice Turntable capacity is now ade$uate for over )14 kilometres of the Bakun cable, or over /44 kilometres of a slightly smaller cable 8ables have been laid in a very wide range of conditions and depths The Mersina 'traits cables were laid through an area of rocky outcrops and tidal currents up to si" knots The 8ook 'trait Bew Kealand cables were laid at depths up to /.4 metres, through a <one in which weather and tidal changes were the predominant difficulties By comparison, the Bakun cable route is shallow, without difficult rock <ones, and without strong tidal currents or rough weather conditions An unusual feature of the 'arawak%Peninsular Malaysia cable route, is the high sea floor temperature of around /*o8 Most cables to date have been installed in seas where the temperatures are below )3o8, with many below )4o8 The ma"imum

design operating temperature for the paper insulation in the cable is usually 34o8, such a high sea floor temperature means that there is a smaller temperature range available for cable load current heating The smaller temperature range does help the insulation design and conse$uently the combined diameter of the central copper conductor and the paper insulation for the Bakun cables will be no greater than for the /34 kilometres Baltic cable which was laid between 6ermany and 'weden in )**> %elia$ilit /nd Safet Of Su$marine *a$les (nternational e"perience shows that H7-8 submarine cables are inherently reliable, and that breakdown 9or failure: is primarily the result of e"ternal causes By far the greatest cause of failure is related to shipping activities, either from anchors or fishing 0 trawling e$uipment Probably, the ne"t highest cause of failure is related to repair !oints which are sometimes made under difficult conditions and in haste Modern and specially%built repair ships and newer !oint making techni$ues are overcoming repair !oint problems The early English 8hannel cables of the )*34s achieved about 34 per cent availability because of fre$uent anchor damage 'ome of the earlier 'candinavian cables also suffered high numbers of cable failures caused by shipping The introduction of double wire armoured cables provided protection against impact damage from light to medium trawling e$uipment, but were unable to completely protect against impact damage from very large heavy anchors, or the very heavy trawling e$uipment Burial of cables in areas e"posed to large anchors and trawls commenced in the early )*+4s The newer English 8hannel cables laid in )*+. for the England%5rance /,444 M@ link were buried over their full length in trenches 9) 3 metres deep: cut into the hard sea floor, and deliberately backfilled This has been entirely successful as no damage has been reported 8able repair is performed by locating the damage area, cutting the cable close to the damaged location, lifting each end of the cut cable and inserting a new piece to replace the damaged portion by !oining it to the cut ends, then dropping the cable back to the sea bed This procedure leaves loops of cable each time it is done and is one reason why multiple cables are laid with a relatively large spacing &epair times are dependent on=

time to mobilise repair personnel and e$uipment to the fault location? time to locate the fault 9usually achieved before mobilisation is complete:? weather conditions at the fault locations? and difficulty of recovering cable from its buried 9or partially buried: state on the sea floor, that is depth of water and depth of burial

Cnder good conditions, where mobilisation of repair vessels and personnel is immediate and where the faulted cable can be easily and $uickly lifted from the sea floor, a short length of cable may be spliced in and the cable returned to service in the order of )4 days This is the typical situation in Borway where repair vessels and

personnel are immediately on hand However, the owners of the 5ennoskan cable between 'weden and 5inland e"pect the repair 0 return%to%service time for their cable to be about /3 days 5or Bakun cables, their protection and fre$uency of repair are the sub!ect of ongoing investigations &epair of the cable for Bakun will be relatively easy because of the shallow water, and the relatively mild weather ;n the other hand, the length of the cable may increase the time to find the fault location Positive measures to protect the integrity of the cable include the provision for ade$uate burial, the proposal to maintain a ship on site to repair and store spare cables on site, and the provision of false cables to prevent anchors hitting the real cable S stem Sta$ilit Modern networks of electrical power generation, distribution and consumption are ,in balance,, that is, at any given moment, the power being generated is being consumed in its entirety Because consumers are constantly connecting and disconnecting electrical e$uipment, the operator of a power system must be constantly ad!usting the generation to suit the re$uired load demand Apart from adding and subtracting consumption 9load:, there are from time to time, e$uipment failures which disturb the balance and the ability of the interconnected network to maintain a stable balance known as the ,stability, of the system A disturbance 9such as the failure of a particular power line: causes the remaining lines to be overloaded and blackouts to occur, and thus leads to a temporary problem of instability However, the resulting effect on the systems may only be a slight change in the fre$uency of the supply or voltage 9normally />4 volt, 34 cycle in Malaysia: This could only be of mild concern 9such as causing an electrical clock to lose time:, but in a modern economy there are many connected facilities that are susceptible to fre$uency and voltage variation or industries which suffer badly from power failures The ob!ective of system planners and controllers is, therefore, to achieve a ,stable, system which will not fail under the conditions of normally e"pected disturbances 8onnecting the power system of 'arawak and Peninsula Malaysia 9indirectly: by the cable will be a ma!or change in the configuration of the Malaysian system and the effects of this linkage are being carefully studied as part of the Bakun HEP The following scenarios are being studies as part of the system stability evaluations=

damage to one of the cables causing a sudden loss in the power being supplied by Bakun? the effect of e$uipment failure in Peninsula Malaysia on the generators at Bakun and on the supply of power to 'arawak? and the control re$uirements of the link to enable the system to be ade$uately protected

The result of these studies will be incorporated into the power system 3ong Distan!e Su$marine *a$les 0orld1ide

'ince the )*+4s, at least ten H7-8 long distance cable links have been installed with cables similar si<es to the planned 'arawak%Peninsula Malaysia link E"cept for the length, the pertinent characteristic for the proposed Bakun H7-8 cables are well within the e"perience of the cable manufacturers to ensure successful installation According to records, only 5ennoskan, 'weden%5inland has had any cable faults since installation The single 5ennoskan fault, which is believed to have been caused by a ship#s anchor in an unburied part of the cable, occurred in )**) 5ennoskan is e"posed to pack ice along the coast and conse$uently, the cables were buried in a trench cut in the sea floor and covered with protective concrete slabs to the depth where pack ice ceased to be a concern The very low fre$uently of anchoring and fishing did not !ustify further burial The 8ook 'trait cables in Bew Kealand are laid across a deep canyon system and legislation has been enacted to curtail activities within the cable corridor 'o far, no faults have occurred along the cables laid in )**)

Te!hni!al /nd Safet /s&e!ts Of Overhead Transmission

Evolution Of The Design Of Transmission *a$les Sin!e The 198)s The need to transmit economically large bulk power over long distances has contributed to the development of direct current 9-8: transmission system consist of overhead conductors and shield wires O"erhea' C#n'u) #rs The evolution of conductor selection since )*+4 has been based on research pro!ects directed to the investigation of the voltage dependent phenomena, characteristics, and re$uirements of overhead -8 and alternating current 9A8: lines E"tensive research on the high voltage -8 has been carried out at the H7-8 -evelopment Programme of the Bonneville Power Authority, Portland, ;regon, C'A and the H7-8 Test 8entres of Electric Power &esearch (nstitute, C'A at -allas and ;regon, where many of the analytical methods were developed and validated through testing The parameters that influence the selection of the overhead -8 conductors are associated with three main factors, namely, electrical, economical and physical 'ome of the electrical parameters at the edge of the right%of%way, such as ground gradients, radio and T7 interferences and audible noise, have changed since the )*+4s and now there are re$uirements that transmission lines must meet The conductors are selected on the basis of a break%even economic analysis that considers the cost of corona losses and material along with the electrical limit parameters of radio noise, electric fields, ion current density, and charge density

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Shie!' 9ires The ma!or evolution in the selection of shield wires has been the development of fibre optics 'hield wires are used to protect the overhead current carrying conductors from direct lightning strikes The development of overhead shield wires with fibre optics provides significant benefits as the shield wire is used for the dual purpose of lighting protection and communications %elia$ilit Sta$ilit /nd Safet Of Transmission *a$les (n general, the words ,reliability and stability, are terms associated with a system or a network However, in terms of a conductor in a transmission system, they are associated with the physical preservation of the conductor within the system (n general, damage to conductors can occur at the attachment points where the conductors are held in place with clamps, at the locations close to the tower where proper distance from the the tower must be maintained to satisfy the minimum gap clearances for a particular voltage level, and at any point where current carrying conductors are not properly protected by shield wires 5lashes from conductor to ground have the potential of damaging the strands of conductors and will re$uire repair The reliability and stability of the line are improved by designing the line with a high degree of probability for the insulation and gap clearances to withstand the anticipated over voltages resulting from the system operations (n addition, line reliability and stability are enhanced by protecting the conductors and the line from the effects of lightning The parameters that affect the lightning performance of the line include the keraunic level of the area, tower geometry, insulation at each tower 9gap clearances and number of insulators:, and grounding at each tower location The -8 lines for the Bakun HEP have been designed for a keraunic level of )+4 days 0 year which is indicative activity that takes place in the vicinity of the line route The lines will be designed to limit the tripout rate of the -8 overhead lines to less than 4 /3 outages per pole per )44 kilometres of line per year 'afety of transmission cables are associated with ground clearances 5or the Bakun HEP, provisions will be made in the design of the line to incorporate increases in the temperature of the conductor produced as a result of circulating currents and the design will consider the worst ambient conditions for the case Appendi" (( show shows the technical characteristics of the Bakun HEP

Trans3issi#n #%ers an' !ines in Peninsu!a $a!aysia

*on!lusion The design of the Bakun HEP has evolved since the initial studies carried out in the early )*+4s, taking into account developments worldwide in design and construction technology of high dams and high voltage direct current submarine cables The design of the hydro dam has incorporated features that will ensure the highest degree of safety and economics The pro!ect will also capitalise on the vast improvements in technology in cable design and manufacture that has occurred over the last )4 years These factors will together produce an e"cellent hydroelectric pro!ect to serve both the peninsula and 'arawak