Criminal Law Book2 UP Sigma Rho

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA
TITLE ONE CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY Crimes against national security 1. Treason (Art. 114); 2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason (Art. 115); 3. Misprision of treason (Art. 116); and 4. Espiona e (Art. 11!). Crimes against the law o nations 1. "ncitin to #ar or i$in moti$es for reprisals (Art. 11%); 2. &iolation of ne'trality (Art. 11(); 3. Correspondin #it) )ostile co'ntry (Art. 12*); 4. +li )t to enemy,s co'ntry (Art. 121); and 5. -iracy in eneral and m'tiny on t)e )i ) seas (Art. 122). T)e crimes 'nder t)is title can .e prosec'ted e$en if t)e criminal act or acts #ere committed o'tside t)e -)ilippine territorial /'risdiction. 0o#e$er1 prosec'tion can proceed only if t)e offender is #it)in -)ilippine territory or .ro' )t to t)e -)ilippines p'rs'ant to an e2tradition treaty. T)is is one of t)e instances #)ere t)e 3e$ised -enal Code may .e i$en e2tra4territorial application 'nder Article 2 (5) t)ereof. "n t)e case of crimes against the law of nations1 t)e offender can .e prosec'ted #)ene$er )e may .e fo'nd .eca'se t)e crimes are re arded as committed a ainst )'manity in eneral. Article !!" TREASON ELEMENTS# a. That the offender owes allegiance to the Government of the Philippines b. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved c. That the offender either 1) Levies war against the government, 1. .reec) of alle iance 2. act'al assem.lin of men 3. for t)e p'rpose of e2ec'tin a treasona.le desi n 2) Adheres to the enemies, giving them aid and comfort 1. .reec) of alle iance 2. ad)erence 3. i$in aid or comfort to t)e enemy Re$uirements o le%ying war 1) Act'al assem.lin of men; 2) To e2ec'te a treasona.le desi n .y force; 3) "ntent is to deli$er t)e co'ntry in #)ole or in part to t)e enemy; and 4) Colla.oration #it) forei n enemy or some forei n so$erei n * Success is not important. 5)at matters is t)e act'al assem.ly of men and t)e e2ec'tion of treasona.le desi n .y force. a!s of proving treason" a. 2 witnesses testif!ing to same overt act 6 T)e testimonies m'st refer to t)e same act1 place and moment of time. Treason cannot .e pro$ed .y circ'mstantial e$idence or .y e2tra/'dicial confession. Example7 8 sa# arms landed in 9a :nion and loaded into a motor $e)icle. At t)is sta e1 not s'fficient to con$ict yet. ; later sa# t)e arms 'nloaded in a #are)o'se. 5ill 8 < ; .e s'fficient #itnesses to con$ict= Ans#er7 >?. @eca'se t)e la# reA'ires t)at 2 #itnesses see t)e BAME ?&E3T ACT.
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&' #onfession of the acc$sed in open co$rt' Arrai nment1 pre4trial1 trial C ?D. 6 "f )e )as pleaded >?T 'ilty already d'rin arrai nment1 )e can still confess in open co'rt .y statin t)e partic'lar acts constit'tin treason. 6 E'rin trial1 simply sayin F"Gm 'iltyH is not eno' ). 6 5it)dra#in plea of Fnot 'iltyH d'rin arrai nment not necessary 6 "f d'rin arrai nment )e pleads 'ilty1 co'rt #ill asI if t)e acc'sed 'nderstands is plea. B'.mission of affida$it d'rin trial1 e$en if assisted .y co'nsel is not eno' ). TREASON# .reac) of alle iance to t)e o$ernment1 committed .y a person #)o o#es alle iance to it. Alle iance7 o.li ation of fidelity and o.edience. "t is permanent or temporary dependin on #)et)er t)e person is a citiJen or an alien. E$ident premeditation1 s'perior stren t) and treac)ery are circ'mstances inherent in treason1 and are1 t)erefore1 not a ra$atin . Treason cannot .e committed in times of peace1 only in times of war C act'al )ostilities. @'t no need for declaration of #ar %ot Treasono$s" a. Acceptance of p'.lic office and disc)ar e of official d'ties 'nder t)e enemy does not constit'te per se t)e felony of treason (exception: #)en it is policy determinin ) .. Ber$in in a p'ppet o$ernment (ministerial f'nctions) and in order to ser$e t)e pop'lace is >?T treasono's. But it is treason if7 a) t)ere is discretion in$ol$ed; .) inflicts )arm on +ilipinos; c) it is disad$anta eo's to t)em. c. -'rpose of offender7 to deli$er t)e -)ilippines to enemy co'ntry; if merely to c)an e officials C not treason &n #iti'enship 6 +ilipino citiJens can commit treason o'tside t)e -)ilippines. @'t t)at of an alien m'st .e committed in t)e -)ilippines. 6 ?nly +ilipino citiJens or permanent resident aliens can .e )eld lia.le > ALIEN# #it) permanent resident stat's from t)e @"E C it is neit)er t)e len t) of stay in t)e -)ilippines nor t)e marria e #it) a +ilipino t)at matters. Act'al )ostilities may determine t)e date of t)e commencement of #ar >o s'c) t)in as attempted treason; mere attempt cons'mmates t)e crime GI(ING AI) OR COM*ORT C material element1 en)ances forces of t)e enemy co'ntry.
6 Acts #)ic) stren t)en or tend to stren t)en t)e enemy in t)e cond'ct of #ar a ainst t)e traitorGs co'ntry or t)at #)ic) #eaIen and tend to #eaIen t)e po#er of t)e same. Example7 +inancin arms proc'rement of enemy co'ntry. @'t i$in of s)elter is not necessarily F i$in aid and comfort.H Adherence and giving aid or comfort must concur together. A)+ERENCE# #)en a citiJen intellect'ally or emotionally fa$ors t)e enemy and )ar.ors con$ictions disloyal to )is co'ntryGs policy. @'t mem.ers)ip in t)e police force d'rin t)e occ'pation is >?T treason. Example7 Ki$in information to1 or commandeerin foodst'ffs for t)e enemy.

Adherence ma! be proved b! 7 (1) one #itness; (2) from t)e nat're of t)e act itself; (3) from t)e circ'mstances s'rro'ndin t)e act. L When this adherence or sympathies are converted into aid and comfort, only then they ta e material form. T)is material form is no# #)at is made p'nis)a.le. "t is 's'ally manifested .y t)e offender in i$in information1 commandeerin foodst'ffs1 ser$in as spy and s'pplyin t)e enemy #it) #ar materials. !reason is a "#$!%$&%$' "(%)E* E$en after t)e #ar1 offender can .e prosec'ted.
L !reason is a continuing offense. "t can .e committed .y a sin le act or .y a series of acts. "t can .e committed in one sin le time or at different times and only one criminal intent. "n constr'in t)e pro$isions relatin to t)e commission of se$eral acts1 t)e same m'st .e done in p'rs'ance or f'rt)erance of t)e act of treason. L >o matter )o# many acts of treason are committed .y t)e offender1 )e #ill .e lia.le for only one crime of treason. "f yo' con$ict a person for treason .y reason of irresisti.le force or 'ncontrolla.le fear1 yo' may 'se Art.12. $o treason through negligence
L "n t)e imposition of t)e penalty for t)e crime of treason1 t)e co'rt may disre ard t)e presence of miti atin and a ra$atin circ'mstances. "t may consider only t)e n'm.er1 nat're and ra$ity of t)e acts esta.lis)ed d'rin t)e trial. T)e imposition of t)e penalty rests lar ely on t)e e2ercise of /'dicial discretion. )e enses that may &e a%aile, o &y the accuse,' 1. E'ress or 'ncontrolla.le fear of immediate deat); and 2. 9a#f'l o.edience to a de facto o$ernment. 5)en Iillin s and ot)er common crimes are c)ar ed as o$ert act of treason1 t)ey cannot .e re arded as (1) separate crimes or (2) as complex with treason*
L "n t)e act of le$yin #ar or i$in aid or comfort to t)e enemy1 m'rder1 ro..ery1 arson or falsification may .e committed .y t)e offender. @:T t)e offender does not commit t)e crime of treason comple2ed #it) common crimes .eca'se s'c) crimes are in)erent to treason1 .ein an indispensa.le element of t)e same. Treason ,istinguishe, rom Re&ellion' !he manner in which +oth crimes are committed in the same . "n treason )o#e$er1 t)e p'rpose of t)e offender is to deli$er t)e o$ernment to t)e enemy co'ntry or to a forei n po#er. "n rebellion1 t)e p'rpose of t)e re.els is to s'.stit'te t)e o$ernment #it) t)eir o#n form of o$ernment. >o forei n po#er is in$ol$ed. Treason ,istinguishe, rom Se,ition' "n treason1 t)e offender rep'diates )is alle iance to t)e o$ernment .y means of force or intimidation. 0e does not reco niJe t)e s'preme a't)ority of t)e Btate. 0e $iolates )is alle iance .y fi )tin t)e forces of t)e d'ly constit'ted a't)orities. "n sedition1 t)e offender disa rees #it) certain policies of t)e Btate and seeIs to dist'r. p'.lic peace .y raisin a commotion or p'.lic 'prisin . Article !!CONS.IRACY TO COMMIT TREASON ELEMENTS# a. (n time of war b. 2 or more persons come to an agreement to 1. lev! war against the government, or

2. adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort, c. The! decide to commit it ELEMENTS O* .RO.OSAL TO COMMIT TREASON a. (n time of war b. A person who has decided to lev! war against the government, or to adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort, proposes its e)ec$tion to some other person*s. Mere a reement and decisions to commit treason is p'nis)a.le Mere proposal e$en #it)o't acceptance is p'nis)a.le too. "f t)e ot)er accepts1 it is already conspiracy.
L 5)ile Treason as a crime s)o'ld .e esta.lis)ed .y t)e t#o4#itness r'le1 t)e same is not o.ser$ed #)en t)e crime committed conspiracy to commit treason or #)en it is only a proposal to commit treason. Article !!/ MIS.RISION O* TREASON ELEMENTS# a. That the offender m$st be owing allegiance to the government, and not a foreigner b. That he has +nowledge of an! conspirac! ,to commit treason) against the government c. That he conceals or does not disclose and ma+e +nown the same as soon as possible to the governor or fiscal of the province or the ma!or or fiscal of the cit! in which he resides
* While in treason, even aliens can commit said crime +ecause of the amendment to the article, no such amendment was made in misprision of treason* )isprision of treason is a crime that may +e committed only +y citi,ens of the -hilippines* ?ffender is p'nis)ed as an accessory to t)e crime of treason
L TaIe note t)at t)e offender is a principal to t)e crime of misprision of treason1 yet )e is penaliJed only as an accessory. "n t)e imposition of t)e penalty1 t)e co'rt is not .o'nd .y t)e pro$isions of Article 63 and 641 referrin to indi$isi.le penalties. "n t)e presence of miti atin and a ra$atin circ'mstances1 t)e offender is p'nis)ed t#o de rees lo#er t)an t)e penalty for t)e crime of treason. * !he criminal lia+ility arises if the treasonous activity was still at the conspiratorial stage T)is crime does not apply if t)e crime of treason is already committed Crime of omission
* !his is a felony +y omission although committed with dolo, not with culpa* F!o report within a reasona+le timeH C depends on time1 place and circ'mstance C t)e 3-C did not fi2 time. 3-C states 4 indi$id'als1 #)at if yo' report to some ot)er )i )4ranIin Eirector= M'd e -imentel says any o$Gt official of t)e E"9K is ?D. o$ernment official= E2. ->-
* Whether the conspirators are parents or children, and the ones who learn the conspiracy is a parent or child, they are re.uired to report the same* T)e reason is t)at alt)o' ) .lood is t)icIer t)an #ater so to speaI1 #)en it comes to sec'rity of t)e state1 .lood relations)ip is al#ays s'.ser$ient to national sec'rity * Article /0 does not apply here +ecause the persons found lia+le for this crime are not considered accessories1 they are treated as principals*

Article !!0 Es1ionage &y entering2 without authority there or2 warshi12 ort2 or na%al or military esta&lishments or reser%ation to o&tain any in ormation2 1lans2 1hotogra1hs or other ,ata o a con i,ential nature relati%e to the ,e ense o the .hili11ines' ELEMENTS# a. 1. That the offender enters an! of the places mentioned therein 2 3 2. That he has no a$thorit! thereforeb. That his p$rpose is to obtain information, plans, photographs or other data of a confidential nat$re relative to the defense of the Philippines L :nder t)e first mode of committin espiona e1 t)e offender m'st )a$e t)e intention to o.tain information relati$e to t)e defense of t)e -0"9. "t is s'fficient t)at )e entered t)e pro)i.ited premises. 0ere1 t)e offender is any pri$ate indi$id'al1 #)et)er an alien or a citiJen of t)e -)ilippines1 or a p'.lic officer. Es1ionage &y ,isclosing to the re1resentati%e o a oreign nation the contents o the articles2 ,ata2 or in ormation re erre, to in 1aragra1h ! o Article !!02 which he ha, in his 1ossession &y reason o the 1u&lic o ice hol,s ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer b. That he has in his possession the articles, data or information referred to in par 1 of art 11., b! reason of the p$blic office he holds c. That he discloses their contents to a representative of a foreign nation P$rpose" to at)er data
L :nder t)e second mode1 t)e offender m'st .e a p'.lic officer #)o )as in possession t)e articles1 data or information .y reason of t)e office )e )olds. TaIin ad$anta e of )is official position1 )e re$eals or discloses t)e information #)ic) are confidential and are rele$ant to t)e defense of t)e -)ilippines. ES.IONAGE# t)e offense of at)erin 1 transmittin 1 or losin information respectin t)e national defense #it) t)e intent or reason to .elie$e t)at t)e information is to .e 'sed to t)e in/'ry of t)e -)ilippines or t)e ad$anta e of any forei n nation. "t is not conditioned on citiJens)ip. >ot necessary t)at -)ilippines is at #ar #it) t)e co'ntry to #)ic) t)e information #as re$ealed. 5)at is important is t)at t)e information related is connected #it) t)e defense system of t)e -)ilippines. Wiretapping is $#! espionage if t)e p'rpose is not somet)in connected #it) t)e defense
Commonwealth Act No' /!/ 3 An Act to .unish Es1ionage an, Other O enses against National Security Acts 1unishe, 1. :nla#f'lly o.tainin or permittin to .e o.tained information affectin national defense; 2. :nla#f'l disclosin of information affectin national defense; 3. Eisloyal acts or #ords in times of peace; 4. Eisloyal acts or #ords in times of #ar; 5. Conspiracy to $iolate precedin sections; 6. 0ar.orin or concealin $iolators of la#. and !. -)oto rap)in $ital military information CRIMES AGAINST LA4S O* NATIONS * %n crimes against the law of nations1 t)e offenders can .e prosec'ted any#)ere in t)e #orld .eca'se t)ese crimes are considered as a ainst )'manity in eneral1 liIe piracy and m'tiny * "rimes against national security can +e tried only in the -hilippines, as t)ere is a need to .rin t)e offender )ere .efore )e

can .e made to s'ffer t)e conseA'ences of t)e la#* !he acts against national security may +e committed a+road and still +e punisha+le under our law, +ut it can not +e tried under foreign law* Article !!5 INCITING TO 4AR OR GI(ING MOTI(ES *OR RE.RISALS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender performs $nlawf$l or $na$thori'ed acts b. That s$ch acts provo+e or give occasion for a war involving or liable to involve the Philippines or e)pose /ilipino citi'ens to reprisals on their persons or propert!
Crime is committed in time of peace1 intent is immaterial %nciting to war C offender is any person (eprisals is not limited to military action 1 it co'ld .e economic reprisals1 or denial of entry into t)eir co'ntry.
E8AM-9E. 8 .'rns C)inese fla . "f C)ina .ans t)e entry of +ilipinos into C)ina1 t)at is already reprisal. Article !!6 (IOLATION O* NEUTRALITY ELEMENTS# a. That there is war in which the Philippines is not involved b. That there is a reg$lation iss$ed b! competent a$thorit! for the p$rpose of enforcing ne$tralit! c. That the offender violates s$ch reg$lation Ko$Gt m'st )a$e declared t)e ne'trality of t)e -)il in a #ar .et#een 2 ot)er co'ntries
L T)e re 'lation m'st .e iss'ed .y a competent a't)ority liIe t)e -resident of t)e -)ilippines or t)e C)ief of Btaff of t)e Armed +orces of t)e -)ilippines1 d'rin a #ar .et#een different co'ntries in #)ic) t)e -)ilippines is not taIin sides. "t is ne'trality of t)e -)il t)at is $iolated Con ress )as t)e ri )t to declare ne'trality
L T)e $iolations can .e done eit)er .y means of dolo or .y means of culpa. Bo $iolation of ne'trality can .e committed t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence.
Article !78 CORRES.ON)ENCE 4IT+ +OSTILE COUNTRY ELEMENTS# a. That it is in time of war in which the Philippines is involved b. That the offender ma+es correspondence with an enem! co$ntr! or territor! occ$pied b! enem! troops c. That the correspondence is either 1. prohibited b! the government, or 2. carried on in ciphers or conventional signs, or 0. containing notice or information which might be $sef$l to the enem!

1 2 3 #irc$mstances 1$alif!ing the offense" a. notice or information mi )t .e 'sef'l to t)e enemy .. offender intended to aid t)e enemy 0ostile co'ntry e2ist only d'rin )ostilities or after t)e declaration of #ar #orrespondence to enem! co$ntr! C correspondence to officials of enemy co'ntry C e$en if related to yo'. "t is not correspondence #it) pri$ate indi$id'al in enemy co'ntry "f cip)ers #ere 'sed1 no need for pro)i.ition "f cip)ers #ere not 'sed1 t)ere is a need for pro)i.ition "n any case1 it m'st .e correspondence #it) t)e enemy co'ntry EoesnGt matter if correspondence contains innocent matters C if pro)i.ited1 p'nis)a.le
Article !7! *LIG+T TO ENEMY9S COUNTRY ELEMENTS a. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved b. That the offender ,/ilipino or resident alien) m$st be owing allegiance to the government c. That the offender attempts to flee or go to enem! co$ntr! d. That going to enem! co$ntr! is prohibited b! competent a$thorit! Mere attempt cons'mmates t)e crime T)ere m'st .e a pro)i.ition. "f none1 e$en if #ent to enemy co'ntry C no $iolation Alien resident may .e 'ilty )ere.
Article !77 .IRACY 2 a!s of #ommitting Pirac! a. @y attacIin or seiJin a $essel on t)e )i ) seas or in t)e -)ilippine #aters (-E 532) .. @y seiJin t)e #)ole or part of t)e car o of said $e)icles1 its eA'ipment or personal .elon in s of its complement or passen ers Elements# a. That a vessel is on the high seas*Philippine waters b. That the offenders are not members of its complement or passengers of the vessel c. That the offenders 2* attac+ or sei'e that vessel or , hence, if committed +y crew or passengers, the crime is not piracy +ut ro++ery in the high seas) 2. sei'e the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its e1$ipment or personal belongings of its complement or passengers

+igh seas" any #aters on t)e sea coast #)ic) are #it)o't t)e .o'ndaries of t)e lo# #ater marI alt)o' ) s'c) #aters may .e in t)e /'risdictional limits of a forei n o$Gt .IRACY IN +IG+ SEAS C /'risdiction is #it) any co'rt #)ere offenders are fo'nd or arrested .IRACY IN INTERNAL 4ATERS C /'risdiction is only #it) -)ilippine co'rts +or p'rpose of Anti4+encin 9a#1 piracy is part of ro..ery and t)eft MUTINY :nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer1 or t)e raisin of commotion and dist'r.ances on .oard a s)ip a ainst t)e a't)ority of its commander >o criminal intent AttacI from t)e inside.
.IRACY 3o..ery or forci.le de radation on t)e )i ) seas1 #it)o't la#f'l a't)ority and done #it) animo l'crandi and in t)e spirit and intention of 'ni$ersal )ostility. "ntent to ain is an element. AttacI from o'tside. ?ffenders are stran ers to t)e $essel.
'nder t)e amended article, piracy can only +e committed +y a person who is not a passenger nor mem+er of the complement of the vessel irrespective of venue . 2o if a passenger or complement of the vessel commits acts of robber! in the high seas1 the crime is ro++ery, not piracy* "f in t)e -)il. #aters still piracy
L 0o#e$er1 despite t)e amendment1 -.E. >o. 532 may still apply #)ere t)e offender is not stran er to t)e $essel since it pro$ides7 3Any attac upon or sei,e of any vessel, or the ta ing away of the whole of part thereof or its cargo, e.uipment or the personal +elongings of its complement or passengers, irrespective of the value hereof, +y means of violence against or intimidation of persons or force upon things, committed +y any person, including a passenger or mem+er of the complement of said vessel, in Philippine waters, shall +e considered as piracy* !he offenders shall +e considered as pirates and punished as hereinafter provided*4 After all1 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 for one to .e called a pirate1 t)e offender m'st .e a stran er to t)e $essel. 5)ile t)e Article 122 limits t)e offenders to non4passen ers or non4mem.ers of t)e cre#1 -.E. 532 states t)at t)e attacI 'pon or seiJ're of any $essel1 or taIin a#ay t)e #)ole or part t)ereof or its car o1 eA'ipment or personal .elon in s of its complement or passen ers committed .y any person incl'din a passen er or mem.er of t)e complement of said $essel s)all .e considered -iracy.
L >ote1 )o#e$er1 t)at in Bection 4 of -residential Eecree >o. 532 , the act of aiding pirates or a+etting piracy is penali,ed as a crime distinct from piracy* Said section penali,es any person who nowingly and in any manner aids or protects pirates, such as giving them information a+out the movement of the police or other peace officers of the government, or ac.uires or receives property ta en +y such pirates, or in any manner derives any +enefit therefrom1 or who directly or indirectly a+ets the commission of piracy* Also, it is expressly provided in the same section that the offender shall +e considered as an accomplice of the principal offenders and punished in accordance with the (evised -enal "ode* T)is pro$ision of -residential Eecree >o. 532 #it) respect to piracy in -)ilippine #ater )as not .een incorporated in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. >eit)er may it .e considered repealed .y 3ep'.lic Act >o. !65( since t)ere is not)in in t)e amendatory la# is inconsistent #it) said section. Apparently, there is still the crime of a+etting piracy in -hilippine waters under -residential 5ecree $o* 67/* * "onsidering that the essence of piracy is one of ro++ery 1 any taIin in a $essel #it) force 'pon t)in s or #it) $iolence or intimidation a ainst person is employed #ill al#ays .e piracy * %t cannot co8exist with the crime of ro++ery. 3o..ery1 t)erefore1 cannot .e committed on .oard a $essel * But if the ta ing is without violence or intimidation on persons or force upon things, the crime of piracy cannot +e committed, +ut only theft* ELEMENTS O* MUTINY 1) The vessel is on the high seas or Philippine waters2) &ffenders are either members of its complement, or passengers of the vessel0) &ffenders either

a. b. attac+ or sei'e the vessel- or sei'e the whole or part of the cargo, its e1$ipment, or personal belongings of the crew or passengers.
MUTINY is t)e 'nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer1 or t)e raisin of commotions and dist'r.ances a.oard a s)ip a ainst t)e a't)ority of its commander. Article !7: ;UALI*IE) .IRACY ;UALI*YING CIRCUMSTANCES# a. henever the! have sei'ed a vessel b! boarding or firing $pon the same b. c. henever the pirates have abandoned their victims witho$t means of saving themselves henever the crime is accompanied b! m$rder, homicide, ph!sical in3$ries, or rape. ,the above ma! res$lt to 1$alified m$tin!)
* )urder, rape, homicide, physical in9uries are mere circumstances .ualifying piracy and cannot +e punished as separate crimes, nor can they +e complexed with piracy* -arricideNinfanticide s)o'ld .e incl'ded (M'd e -imentel) M'rderNrapeN)omicideNp)ysical in/'ries m'st )a$e .een committed on t)e passen ers or complement
L "n piracy1 #)ere rape1 m'rder or )omicide is committed1 t)e mandatory penalty of deat) is imposa.le. T)is means t)at e$en if t)e acc'sed enters a plea of 'ilty1 t)e penalty of deat) #ill still .e imposed .eca'se deat) is a sin le and indispensa.le penalty. <People vs. 4odrig$e', 105 2#4A 675= L T)e penalty for A'alified piracy is recl'sion perpet'a to deat). "f any of t)e circ'mstances en'merated 'nder t)e la# is pro$en or esta.lis)ed1 t)e mandatory penalty of deat) s)o'ld .e imposed. T)e presence of miti atin or a ra$atin circ'mstances #ill .e i nored .y t)e co'rt. Although in Article 2/7 merely refers to .ualified piracy, there is also the crime of .ualified mutiny* )utiny is .ualified under the following circumstances: :2; :/; When the offenders a+andoned the victims without means of saving themselves1 or When the mutiny is accompanied +y rape, murder, homicide, or physical in9uries*
$ote that the first circumstance which .ualifies piracy does not apply to mutiny* Re1u&lic Act No' /7:- <The Anti +i>?ac@ing Law= Anti )i4/acIin is anot)er Iind of piracy #)ic) is committed in an aircraft. "n ot)er co'ntries1 t)is crime is Ino#n as aircraft piracy* /o$r sit$ations governed b! anti hi83ac+ing law" :2; :/; :7; :<; usurping or sei,ing control of an aircraft of -hilippine registry while it is in flight, compelling the pilots thereof to change the course or destination of the aircraft1 usurping or sei,ing control of an aircraft of foreign registry while within -hilippine territory, compelling the pilots thereof to land in any part of -hilippine territory1 carrying or loading on +oard an aircraft operating as a pu+lic utility passenger aircraft in the -hilippines, any flamma+le, corrosive, explosive, or poisonous su+stance1 and loading, shipping, or transporting on +oard a cargo aircraft operating as a pu+lic utility in the -hilippines, any flamma+le, corrosive, explosive, or poisonous su+stance if this was done not in

accordance with the rules and regulations set and promulgated +y the Air !ransportation #ffice on this matter* @et#een n'm.ers 1 and 21 t)e point of distinction is #)et)er t)e aircraft is of -)ilippine re istry or forei n re istry. T)e common .ar A'estion on t)is la# 's'ally in$ol$es n'm.er 1. !he important thing is that +efore the anti hi89ac ing law can apply, the aircraft must +e in flight* %f not in flight, whatever crimes committed shall +e governed +y the (evised -enal "ode . T)e la# maIes a distinction .et#een aircraft of a forei n re istry and of -)ilippine re istry ' (f the aircraft s$b3ect of the hi83ac+ is of Philippine registr! , it should +e in flight at the time of the hi89ac ing* #therwise, the anti hi89ac ing law will not apply and the crime is still punished under the (evised -enal "ode* T)e correlati$e crime may .e one of ra$e coercion or ra$e t)reat. "f some.ody is Iilled1 t)e crime is )omicide or m'rder1 as t)e case may .e. "f t)ere are some e2plosi$es carried t)ere1 t)e crime is destr'cti$e arson. E2plosi$es are .y nat're pyro4tec)niA'es. Eestr'ction of property #it) t)e 'se of pyro4tec)niA'e is destr'cti$e arson. "f t)ere is ille ally possessed or carried firearm1 ot)er special la#s #ill apply. ?n t)e ot)er )and, if the aircraft is of foreign registr! , the law does not re.uire that it +e in flight +efore the anti hi89ac ing law can apply* !his is +ecause aircrafts of foreign registry are considered in transit while they are in foreign countries . Alt)o' ) t)ey may )a$e .een in a forei n co'ntry1 tec)nically t)ey are still in fli )t1 .eca'se t)ey )a$e to mo$e o't of t)at forei n co'ntry. Bo e$en if any of t)e acts mentioned #ere committed #)ile t)e e2terior doors of t)e forei n aircraft #ere still open1 t)e anti )i4 /acIin la# #ill already o$ern. >ote t)at 'nder t)is la#, an aircraft is considered in flight from the moment all exterior doors are closed following em+ar ation until such time when the same doors are again opened for disem+ar ation* !his means that there are passengers that +oarded* Bo if t)e doors are closed to .rin t)e aircraft to t)e )an ar1 t)e aircraft is not considered as in fli )t. T)e aircraft s)all .e deemed to .e already in fli )t e$en if its en ine )as not yet .een started.
;uestions A Answers 1. T)e pilots of t)e -an Am aircraft #ere accosted .y some armed men and #ere told to proceed to t)e aircraft to fly it to a forei n destination. T)e armed men #alIed #it) t)e pilots and #ent on .oard t)e aircraft. @'t .efore t)ey co'ld do anyt)in on t)e aircraft1 alert mars)als arrested t)em. 5)at crime #as committed= !he criminal intent definitely is to ta e control of the aircraft, which is hi89ac ing* %t is a .uestion now of whether the anti8hi89ac ing law shall govern* !he anti hi89ac ing law is applica+le in this case* Even if the aircraft is not yet a+out to fly, the re.uirement that it +e in flight does not hold true when in comes to aircraft of foreign registry* Even if the pro+lem does not say that all exterior doors are closed, the crime is hi89ac ing* Since the aircraft is of foreign registry, under the law, simply usurping or sei,ing control is enough as long as the aircraft is within -hilippine territory, without the re.uirement that it +e in flight* $ote, however, that there is no hi89ac ing in the attempted stage* !his is a special law where the attempted stage is not punisha+le* 2. A -)ilippine Air 9ines aircraft is .o'nd for Ea$ao. 5)ile t)e pilot and co4pilot are taIin t)eir snacIs at t)e airport lo'n e1 some of t)e armed men #ere also t)ere. T)e pilots #ere follo#ed .y t)ese men on t)eir #ay to t)e aircraft. As soon as t)e pilots entered t)e cocIpit1 t)ey p'lled o't t)eir firearms and a$e instr'ctions #)ere to fly t)e aircraft. Eoes t)e anti )i4/acIin la# apply= $o* !he passengers have yet to +oard the aircraft* %f at that time, the offenders are apprehended, the law will not apply +ecause the aircraft is not yet in flight* $ote that the aircraft is of -hilippine registry* 3. 5)ile t)e ste#ardess of a -)ilippine Air 9ines plane .o'nd for Ce.' #as #aitin for t)e passen er manifest1 t#o of its passen ers seated near t)e pilot s'rreptitio'sly entered t)e pilot cocIpit. At 'npoint1 t)ey directed t)e pilot to fly t)e aircraft to t)e Middle East. 0o#e$er1 .efore t)e pilot co'ld fly t)e aircraft to#ards t)e Middle East1 t)e offenders #ere s'.d'ed and t)e aircraft landed. 5)at crime #as committed= !he aircraft was not yet in flight* "onsidering that the stewardess was still waiting for the passenger manifest, the doors were still open* =ence, the anti hi89ac ing law is not applica+le* %nstead,
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the (evised -enal "ode shall govern* !he crime committed was grave coercion or grave threat, depending upon whether or not any serious offense violence was inflicted upon the pilot* =owever, if the aircraft were of foreign registry, the act would already +e su+9ect to the anti hi8 9ac ing law +ecause there is no re.uirement for foreign aircraft to +e in flight +efore such law would apply* !he reason for the distinction is that as long as such aircraft has not returned to its home +ase, technically, it is still considered in transit or in flight* As to n'm.ers 3 and 4 of 3ep'.lic Act >o. 62351 t)e distinction is #)et)er t)e aircraft is a passen er aircraft or a car o aircraft. %n +oth cases, however, the law applies onl! to p$blic $tilit! aircraft in the Philippines* -rivate aircrafts are not su+9ect to the anti hi89ac ing law, in so far as transporting prohi+ited su+stances are concerned* %f the aircraft is a passenger aircraft, the prohi+ition is a+solute . Carryin of any pro)i.ited1 flamma.le1 corrosi$e1 or e2plosi$e s'.stance is a crime 'nder 3ep'.lic Act >o. 6235 * But if the aircraft is only a cargo aircraft, t)e la# is $iolated only #)en t)e transportin of t)e pro)i.ited s'.stance #as not done in accordance #it) t)e r'les and re 'lations prescri.ed .y t)e Air Transportation ?ffice in t)e matter of s)ipment of s'c) t)in s. T)e @oard of Transportation pro$ides t)e manner of pacIin of s'c) Iind of articles1 t)e A'antity in #)ic) t)ey may .e loaded at any time1 etc. ?t)er#ise1 t)e anti )i4/acIin la# does not apply. 0o#e$er1 'nder Bection !1 any physical in9ury or damage to property which would result from the carrying or loading of the flamma+le, corrosive, explosive, or poisonous su+stance in an aircraft, the offender shall +e prosecuted not only for violation of (epu+lic Act $o* >/76, +ut also for the crime of physical in9uries or damage to property, as the case may +e, under the (evised -enal "ode* !here will +e two prosecutions here* ?t)er t)an t)is sit'ation1 t)e crime of p)ysical in/'ries #ill .e a.sor.ed. "f t)e e2plosi$es #ere planted in t)e aircraft to .lo# 'p t)e aircraft1 t)e circ'mstance #ill A'alify t)e penalty and t)at is not p'nis)a.le as a separate crime for m'rder. T)e penalty is increased 'nder t)e anti )i4 /acIin la#. All other acts outside of the four are merely .ualifying circumstances and would +ring a+out higher penalty* Such acts would not constitute another crime . Bo t)e Iillin or e2plosion #ill only A'alify t)e penalty to a )i )er one. ;uestions A Answers 1. "n t)e co'rse of t)e )i4/acI1 a passen er or complement #as s)ot and Iilled. 5)at crime or crimes #ere committed= !he crime remains to +e a violation of the anti hi89ac ing law, +ut the penalty thereof shall +e higher +ecause a passenger or complement of the aircraft had +een illed* !he crime of homicide or murder is not committed* 2. T)e )i4/acIers t)reatened to detonate a .om. in t)e co'rse of t)e )i4/acI. 5)at crime or crimes #ere committed= Again, the crime is violation of the anti hi89ac ing law* !he separate crime of grave threat is not committed* !his is considered as a .ualifying circumstance that shall serve to increase the penalty* TITLE T4O CRIMES AGAINST T+E *UN)AMENTAL LA4S O* T+E STATE Crimes against the un,amental laws o the State 1. Ar.itrary detention (Art. 124); 2. Eelay in t)e deli$ery of detained persons to t)e proper /'dicial a't)orities (Art. 125); 3. Eelayin release (Art. 126); 4. E2p'lsion (Art. 12!); 5. &iolation of domicile (Art. 12%); 6. Bearc) #arrants malicio'sly o.tained and a.'se in t)e ser$ice of t)ose le ally o.tained (Art. 12(); !. Bearc)in domicile #it)o't #itnesses (Art. 13*); %. -ro)i.ition1 interr'ption1 and dissol'tion of peacef'l meetin s (Art. 131); (. "nterr'ption of reli io's #ors)ip (Art. 132); and 1*. ?ffendin t)e reli io's feelin s (Art. 133);
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* &nder this title, the offenders are pu+lic officers, except as to the last crime ? offending the religious feelings under Article 277, which refers to any person* !he pu+lic officers who may +e held lia+le are only those acting under supposed exercise of official functions, al+eit illegally* But private persons may also +e lia+le under this title as when a private person conspires with a pu+lic officer* What is re.uired is that the principal offender must +e a pu+lic officer* !hus, if a private person conspires with a pu+lic officer, or +ecomes an accessory or accomplice, the private person also +ecomes lia+le for the same crime* But a private person acting alone cannot commit the crimes under Article 2/< to 27/ of this title* CLASSES O* ARBITRARY )ETENTION# a. @y detainin a person #it)o't le al ro'nd .. Eelay in t)e deli$ery of detained persons to t)e proper /'dicial a't)orities c. Eelayin release Article !7" ARBITRARY )ETENTION ELEMENTS# a* That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee :whose official duties include the authority to ma e an arrest and detain persons1 9urisdiction to maintain peace and order;* +* That he detains a person :actual restraint;* c* That the detention was witho$t legal gro$nds :cannot +e committed if with warrant;* )ETENTION# #)en a person is placed in confinement or t)ere is a restraint on )is person.
L ?nly t)ose p'.lic officers #)ose official d'ties carry #it) it t)e a't)ority to maIe an arrest and detain persons can .e 'ilty of t)is crime * So, if the offender does not possess such authority, the crime committed +y him is illegal detention* T)o' ) t)e elements specify t)at t)e offender .e a p'.lic officer or employee1 pri$ate indi$id'als #)o conspire #it) p'.lic officers can also .e lia.le.
L "n a case decided .y t)e B'preme Co'rt a Barangay "hairman #)o 'nla#f'lly detains anot)er #as )eld to .e 'ilty of t)e crime of ar.itrary detention. T)is is .eca'se )e is a person in a't)ority $ested #it) t)e /'risdiction to maintain peace and order #it)in )is .aran ay. "n t)e maintenance of s'c) peace and order1 )e may ca'se t)e arrest and detention of tro'.lemaIers or t)ose #)o dist'r. t)e peace and order #it)in )is .aran ay. @'t if t)e le al .asis for t)e appre)ension and detention does not e2ist1 t)en t)e detention .ecomes ar.itrary. Legal gro$nds for the detention of an! person" a. commission of a crime .. $iolent insanity or ot)er ailment reA'irin comp'lsory confinement of t)e patient in a )ospital c. escaped prisoner L 5)en t)e peace officers acted in ood fait) e$en if t)e t)ree (3) ro'nds mentioned a.o$e are not o.tainin 1 t)ere is no Ar.itrary Eetention. itho$t legal gro$nds" a. )e )as not committed any crime or no reasona.le ro'nd of s'spicion t)at )e )as committed a crime .. not s'fferin from $iolent insanity or any ot)er ailment reA'irin comp'lsory confinement in a )ospital Gro$nds for warrantless arrest" a. Crime is a.o't to .e1 is .ein 1 )as .een committed in )is presence .. ?fficer m'st )a$e pro.a.le ca'se to .elie$e .ased on personal Ino#led e of facts and circ'mstances t)at t)e person pro.a.ly committed t)e crime @or escaped prisoner C no need for #arrant
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Example: ; #as Iilled .y 'nIno#n assailant. ?fficers ot a tip and arrested 8. 8 $ol'ntarily admitted to t)e officers t)at )e did it alt)o' ) )e #as not asIed. 8 #as detained immediately. Accordin to t)e BC1 t)ere #as >? ar.itrary detention. 5)y= @eca'se once 8 made a confession1 t)e officers )ad a ri )t to arrest )im.
L Ar.itrary detention can .e committed t)r' simple impr'dence or ne li ence. ,People vs. 9isa) .erio,s o )etention 1enaliCe,# 1. Eetention not e2ceedin t)ree days; 2. Eetention for more t)an t)ree days .'t not more t)an 15 days; 3. Eetention for more t)an 15 days .'t not more t)an 6 mont)s; and 4. Eetention for more t)an 6 mont)s. "ontinuing crime is different from a continuous crime 4amos v. :nrile# 3e.els later on retire. Accordin to t)e BC1 once yo' )a$e committed re.ellion and )a$e not .een p'nis)ed or amnestied1 t)en t)e re.els contin'e to en a e in re.ellion1 'nless t)e re.els reno'nce )is affiliation. Arrest can .e made #it)o't a #arrant .eca'se t)is is a contin'in crime.
)istinction &etween ar&itrary ,etention an, illegal ,etention !' In ar&itrary ,etention >> !he principal offender must +e a pu+lic officer* "ivilians cannot commit the crime of ar+itrary detention except when they conspire with a pu+lic officer committing this crime, or +ecome an accomplice or accessory to the crime committed +y the pu+lic officer1 and !he offender who is a pu+lic officer has a duty which carries with it the authority to detain a person* 7' In illegal ,etention >> !he principal offender is a private person* But a pu+lic officer can commit the crime of illegal detention when he is acting in a private capacity or +eyond the scope of his official duty, or when he +ecomes an accomplice or accessory to the crime committed +y a private person* !he offender, even if he is a pu+lic officer, does not include as his function the power to arrest and detain a person, unless he conspires with a pu+lic officer committing ar+itrary detention* * Whether the crime is ar+itrary detention or illegal detention, it is necessary that there must +e an actual restraint of li+erty of the offended party* %f there is no actual restraint, as the offended party may still go to the place where he wants to go, even though there have +een warnings, the crime of ar+itrary detention or illegal detention is not committed* !here is either grave or light threat* =owever, if the victim is under guard in his movement such that there is still restraint of li+erty, then the crime of either ar+itrary or illegal detention is still committed* )istinction &etween ar&itrary ,etention an, unlaw ul arrest :2; As to offender %n ar+itrary detention, t)e offender is a p'.lic officer possessed #it) a't)ority to maIe arrests. %n unlawful arrest1 t)e offender may .e any person* :/; As to criminal intent %n ar+itrary detention1 t)e main reason for detainin t)e offended party is to deny )im of )is li.erty.
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%n unlawful arrest1 t)e p'rpose is 1) to acc'se t)e offended party of a crime )e did not commit; 2) to deli$er t)e person to t)e proper a't)ority; and 3) to file t)e necessary c)ar es in a #ay tryin to incriminate )im. * When a person is unlawfully arrested, his su+se.uent detention is without legal grounds* Article !7)ELAY IN T+E )ELI(ERY O* )ETAINE) .ERSONS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee b. That he has detained a person for some legal gro$nds c. That he fails to deliver s$ch person to the proper 3$dicial a$thorit! within" 1. 12 ho$rs1 if detained for crimesNoffenses p'nis)a.le .y light penalties1 or t)eir eA'i$alent 2. 17 ho$rs1 for crimesNoffenses p'nis)a.le .y correctional penalties1 or t)eir eA'i$alent or 3. 0; ho$rs1 for crimesNoffenses p'nis)a.le .y capital p$nishment or afflictive penalties1 or t)eir eA'i$alent L Article 125 co$ers sit'ations #)erein t)e person detained )as .een arrested #it)o't a #arrant .'t )is arrest is nonet)eless la#f'l. "t is a felony committed .y omission .eca'se of t)e fail're of t)e offender to deli$er t)e detained person to t)e proper /'dicial a't)ority #it)in 12 )o'rs1 1% )o'rs and 36 )o'rs as t)e case may .e. L At t)e .e innin 1 t)e detention is le al since it is in t)e p'rs'ance of a la#f'l arrest. 0o#e$er1 t)e detention .ecomes ar.itrary #)en t)e period t)ereof e2ceeds 121 1% or 36 )o'rs1 as t)e case may .e1 dependin on #)et)er t)e crime is p'nis)ed .y li )t1 correctional or afflicti$e penalty or t)eir eA'i$alent. 3eally means delay in filin necessary information or c)ar in of person detained in co'rt. )ay +e waived if a preliminary investigation is as ed for*
L :nder t)e 3e$ised 3'les of Co'rt1 #)en t)e person arrested is arrested for a crime #)ic) i$es )im t)e ri )t to preliminary in$esti ation and )e #ants to a$ail )is ri )t to a preliminary in$esti ation1 )e #o'ld )a$e to #ai$e in #ritin )is ri )ts 'nder Article 125 so t)at t)e arrestin officer #ill not immediately file t)e case #it) t)e co'rt t)at #ill e2ercise /'risdiction o$er t)e case. "f )e does not #ant to #ai$e t)is in #ritin 1 t)e arrestin officer #ill )a$e to comply #it) Article 125 and file t)e case immediately in co'rt #it)o't preliminary in$esti ation. "n s'c) case1 t)e arrested person1 #it)in fi$e days after learnin t)at t)e case )as .een filed in co'rt #it)o't preliminary in$esti ation1 may asI for preliminary in$esti ation. "n t)is case1 t)e p'.lic officer #)o made t)e arrest #ill no lon er .e lia.le for $iolation of Article 125. Eoes not contemplate act'al p)ysical deli$ery .'t at least t)ere m'st .e a complaint filed. E'ty complied #it) 'pon t)e filin of t)e complaint #it) t)e /'dicial a't)ority (co'rts1 prosec'tors C t)o' ) tec)nically not a /'dicial a't)ority1 for p'rposes of t)is article1 )eGs considered as one.)
L Eeli$ery of detained person consists in maIin c)ar e of filin a compliant a ainst t)e prisoner #it) t)e proper /'dicial a't)ority. "t does not in$ol$e t)e p)ysical deli$ery of t)e prisoner .efore t)e /'d e ,2a!o vs. #hief of Police). T)e filin of t)e information in co'rt does not c're ille ality of detention. >eit)er does it affect t)e le ality of t)e confinement 'nder process iss'ed .y t)e co'rt. To escape from t)is1 officers 's'ally asI acc'sed to e2ec'te a #ai$er #)ic) s)o'ld .e 'nder oat) and #it) assistance of co'nsel. B'c) #ai$er is not $iolati$e of t)e acc'sed constit'tional ri )t. hat is length of waiver= Aight offense C 5 days. Serious and less serious offenses C ! to 1* days. (M'd e -imentel) Article does not apply #)en arrest is $ia a #arrant of arrest
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;' 5it)in #)at period s)o'ld a police officer #)o )as arrested a person 'nder a #arrant of arrest t'rn o$er t)e arrested person to t)e /'dicial a't)ority= A. !here is no time limit specified except that the return must +e made within a reasona+le time* !he period fixed +y law under Article 2/6 does not apply +ecause the arrest was made +y virtue of a warrant of arrest* "f offender is a private person1 crime is ille al detention @efore Article 125 may .e applied1 it is necessary t)at initially1 t)e detention of t)e arrested person m'st .e la#f'l .eca'se t)e arrest is .ased on le al ro'nds. "f t)e arrest is made #it)o't a #arrant1 t)is constit'tes an 'nla#f'l arrest. Article 26(('nla#f'l arrest)1 not Article 1251 #ill apply. "f t)e arrest is not .ased on le al ro'nds1 t)e arrest is p're and simple ar.itrary detention. Article 125 contemplates a sit'ation #)ere t)e arrest #as made #it)o't #arrant .'t .ased on le al ro'nds. T)is is Ino#n as citiJenGs arrest. A police officer )as no a't)ority to arrest and detain a person on t)e .asis merely of t)e complaint of t)e offended party1 e$en if after in$esti ation )e .ecomes con$inced t)at t)e acc'sed is 'ilty of t)e offense c)ar ed. 5)at t)e complainant may do is to file a complaint #it) t)e co'rt and asI for t)e iss'ance of a #arrant of arrest. )elay in )eli%ery o )etaine, <!7-= Eetention is le al in t)e .e innin 1 .'t ille ality starts from t)e e2piration of t)e specified periods #it)o't t)e persons detained )a$in .een deli$ered to t)e proper /'dicial a't)ority.
Ar&itrary )etention <!7"= Eetention is ille al from t)e .e innin .
Article !7/ )ELAYING RELEASE ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee b. That there is a 3$dicial or e)ec$tive order for the release of a prisoner or detention prisoner, or that there is a proceeding $pon a petition for the liberation of s$ch person c. That the offender witho$t good reason dela!s" 1. the service of the notice of s$ch order to the prisoner, or 2. the performance of s$ch 3$dicial or e)ec$tive order for the release of the prisoner, or 0. the proceedings $pon a petition for the release of s$ch person Three acts are 1unisha&le# a. delayin t)e performance of a /'dicial or e2ec'ti$e order for t)e release of a prisoner .. delayin t)e ser$ice of notice of s'c) order to said prisoner c. delayin t)e proceedin s 'pon any petition for t)e li.eration of s'c) person Wardens and 9ailers are t)e persons most liIely to $iolate t)is pro$ision -ro$ision does not incl'de le islation
Article !70 ED.ULSION ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee b. That he e)pels an! person from the Philippines, or compels a person to change his residence
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c. That the offender is not a$thori'ed to do so b! law 7 acts 1unisha&le# a. .y e2pellin a person from t)e -)ilippines .. .y compellin a person to c)an e )is residence L T)e essence of t)is crime is coercion .'t t)e specific crime is Fe2p'lsionH #)en committed .y a p'.lic officer. %f committed +y a private person, the crime is grave coercion* L "n t)e -)ilippines1 only t)e -resident of t)e 3ep'.lic )as t)e po#er to deport aliens #)ose contin'ed stay in t)e co'ntry constit'tes a menace to t)e peace and safety of t)e comm'nity. L "n t)e case of +ilipino citiJens1 only t)e co'rt1 .y final /'d ment1 can order a person to c)an e )is residence. "n (illa%icencio %' Lu@&an2 :6 .hil 0051 t)e mayor of t)e City of Manila #anted to maIe t)e city free from prostit'tion. 0e ordered certain prostit'tes to .e transferred to Ea$ao1 #it)o't o.ser$in d'e processes since t)ey )a$e not .een c)ar ed #it) any crime at all. "t #as )eld t)at t)e crime committed #as e2p'lsion. Eoes not incl'de 'ndesira.le aliens; destierro; or #)en sent to prison
;uestions A Answers 1. Certain aliens #ere arrested and t)ey #ere /'st p't on t)e first aircraft #)ic) .ro' )t t)em to t)e co'ntry so t)at t)ey may .e o't without due process of law. 5as t)ere a crime committed= Bes* Expulsion* 2. aliens* "f 8 (+ilipino) after )e $ol'ntarily left1 is ref'sed re4entry C is considered forcin )im to c)an e )is address )ere T)reat to national sec'rity is not a ro'nd to e2pel or c)an e )is address. "f a +ilipino citiJen is sent o't of t)e co'ntry1 #)at crime is committed=
'rave coercion, not expulsion, +ecause a @ilipino cannot +e deported* !his crime refers only to
Article !75 (IOLATION O* )OMICILE ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee b. That he is not a$thori'ed b! 3$dicial order to enter the dwelling and*or to ma+e a search therein for papers or other effects c. That he commits an! of the following acts" 1. entering an! dwelling against the will of the owner thereof 2. searching papers or other effects fo$nd therein witho$t the previo$s consent of s$ch owner 0. ref$sing to leave the premises, after having s$rreptitio$sl! entered said dwelling and after having been re1$ired to leave the same <$alif!ing #irc$mstances :medium and maximum of penalty imposed;: a. ?ffense committed at ni )ttime
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.. -apers or effects not constit'tin e$idence of a crime .e not ret'rned immediately L "n order to commit t)is crime1 t)e entry m'st .e a ainst t)e #ill of t)e o#ner. "f t)e entry is only #it)o't t)e consent of t)e o#ner1 t)e crime of $iolation of domicile is not committed. T)e pro)i.ition may .e e2pressed or implied. "f t)e si ns F 5o not enterH and FStrangers eep outH are posted in front of t)e )o'se or d#ellin 1 t)en t)e pro)i.ition is e2press. "f t)e door is locIed1 or e$en if it is open .'t t)ese are .arriers to indicate t)e manifest intention of t)e o#ner to .ar stran ers from enterin 1 t)ere is implied pro)i.ition. L T)e primary o./ect of t)e la# is to preser$e t)e pri$acy of a.ode of t)e offended party. 0ence1 if t)e pri$acy is already lost1 as #)en t)e offender )as .een allo#ed .y t)e o#ner to enter t)e d#ellin to et)er #it) ot)er persons1 any s'.seA'ent c)an e of attit'de #ill not restore t)e pri$acy #)ic) #as already lost. 5)en pri$acy is #ai$ed1 trespass to d#ellin or $iolation of domicile cannot .e committed. "f t)e offender #)o enters t)e d#ellin a ainst t)e #ill of t)e o#ner t)ereof is a private individual1 t)e crime committed is trespass to d#ellin (Art 2%*) 5)en a p'.lic officer searc)ed a person Fo'tside )is d#ellin H #it)o't a searc) #arrant and s'c) person is not le ally arrested for an offense1 t)e crime committed .y t)e p'.lic officer is grave coercion1 if $iolence or intimidation is 'sed (Art 2%6)1 or un9ust vexation1 if t)ere is no $iolence or intimidation (Art 2%!) A p'.lic officer #it)o't a searc) #arrant cannot la#f'lly enter t)e d#ellin a ainst t)e #ill of t)e o#ner1 e$en if )e Ine# t)at someone in t)at d#ellin is )a$in 'nla#f'l possession of opi'm :nder 3'le 113(sec. 11) of t)e 3e$ised 3'les of Co'rt1 when a person to +e arrested enters a premise and closes it thereafter, the pu+lic officer, after giving notice of an arrest, can +rea into the premise* 0e s)all not .e lia.le for $iolation of domicile. : acts 1unisha&le# a. person enters dwelling w*o consent or against the will %n the plain view doctrine1 p'.lic officer s)o'ld .e le ally entitled to .e in t)e place #)ere t)e effects #ere fo'nd. "f )e entered t)e place ille ally and )e sa# t)e effects1 doctrine inapplica.le; t)'s1 )e is lia.le for $iolation of domicile. b. person enters and searches for papers and effects -'.lic officer #)o enters #it) consent searc)es for paper and effects #it)o't t)e consent of t)e o#ner. E$en if )e is #elcome in t)e d#ellin 1 it does not mean )e )as permission to searc). c. person entered secretl! and ref$ses to leave after being as+ed to T)e act p'nis)ed is not t)e entry .'t t)e refusal to leave. "f t)e offender 'pon .ein directed to lea$e1 follo#ed and left1 t)ere is no crime of $iolation of domicile. Entry must +e done surreptitiously; #it)o't t)is1 crime may .e 'n/'st $e2ation. But if entering was done against the will of the occupant of the house1 meanin t)ere #as e2press or implied pro)i.ition from enterin t)e same1 e$en if t)e occ'pant does not direct )im to lea$e1 t)e crime of $iolation of domicile is already committed .eca'se it #o'ld fall in n'm.er 1. EBEING AUT+ORIFE) BY LA4G C means #it) searc) #arrant1 to sa$e )imself or do some t)in s ood for )'manity
!here are only three recogni,ed instances when search without a warrant is considered valid, and, therefore, the sei,ure of any evidence done is also valid . ?'tside of t)ese1 searc) #o'ld .e in$alid and t)e o./ects seiJed #o'ld not .e admissi.le in e$idence. :2; :/; Search made incidental to a valid arrest1 Where the search was made on a moving vehicle or vessel such that the exigency of he situation prevents the searching officer from securing a search warrant1
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:7; When the article sei,ed is within plain view of the officer ma ing the sei,ure without ma ing a search therefore*
Article !76 SEARC+ 4ARRANTS MALICIOUSLY OBTAINE) AN) ABUSE IN T+E SER(ICE O* T+OSE LEGALLY OBTAINE) Acts -'nis)ed7 1. -roc'rin a searc) #arrant #it)o't /'st ca'se Elements7 a. .. c. T)at t)e offender is a p'.lic officer or employee; T)at )e proc'res a searc) #arrant; T)at t)ere is no /'st ca'se.
2. E2ceedin )is a't)ority or .y 'sin 'nnecessary se$erity in e2ec'tin a searc) #arrant le ally proc'red Elements7 a. .. c. T)at t)e offender is a p'.lic officer or employee; T)at )e )as le ally proc'red a searc) #arrant; T)at )e e2ceeds )is a't)ority or 'ses 'nnecessary se$erity in e2ec'tin t)e same. %n order that a search warrant may +e issued1 it m'st .e .ased on pro.a.le ca'se in connection #it) one offense1 to .e determined .y a /'d e after e2amination 'nder oat) of t)e complainant and t)e #itnesses )e may prod'ce1 and partic'larly descri.in t)e place to .e searc)ed and t)e persons or t)in s to .e seiJed.
L T)is means t)ere #as no pro.a.le ca'se determined in o.tainin t)e searc) #arrant. Although void, the search warrant is entitled to respect +ecause of presumption of regularity . ?ne remedy is a motion to .uash the search warrant1 not ref'sal to a.ide .y it. T)e p'.lic officer may also .e prosec'ted for per/'ry1 .eca'se for )im to s'cceed in o.tainin a searc) #arrant #it)o't a pro.a.le ca'se1 )e m'st )a$e per/'red )imself or ind'ced someone to commit per/'ry to con$ince t)e co'rt.
L T)e true test of lac of 9ust cause is #)et)er t)e s#orn statement filed in s'pport of t)e application for searc) #arrant )as .een done in s'c) a manner t)at per/'ry co'ld .e c)ar ed and t)e affiant can .e )eld lia.le for maIin s'c) false statement. T)e oat) reA'ired refers to t)e tr't) of t)e facts #it)in t)e personal Ino#led e of t)e applicant and )is #itnesses. ABUSE IN T+E SER(ICE O* 4ARRANT OR EDCEE)ING AUT+ORITY OR USING UNNECESSARY SE(ERITY IN EDECUTING A SEARC+ 4ARRANT LEGALLY .ROCURE) ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee b. That he has legall! proc$red a search warrant c. That he e)ceeds his a$thorit! or $ses $nnecessar! severit! in e)ec$ting the same Bearc) #arrant is $alid for 1* days from its date 2earch warrant is an order in #ritin iss'ed in t)e name of t)e -eople1 si ned .y t)e /'d e and directed to a p'.lic officer1 commandin )im to searc) for personal property descri.ed t)erein and .rin it .efore t)e co'rt $o 9ust cause C #arrant is 'n/'stified 2earch C limited to #)at is descri.ed in t)e #arrant1 all details m'st .e #it) partic'larity
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!he officer exceeded his authority under the warrant C To ill'strate1 let 's say t)at t)ere #as a p's)er in a condo 'nit. T)e ->- >arcotics Kro'p o.tained a searc) #arrant .'t t)e name of person in t)e searc) #arrant did not tally #it) t)e address stated. E$ent'ally1 t)e person #it) t)e same name #as fo'nd .'t in a different address. T)e occ'pant resisted .'t t)e p'.lic officer insisted on t)e searc). Er' s #ere fo'nd and seiJed and occ'pant #as prosec'ted and con$icted .y t)e trial co'rt. T)e B'preme Co'rt acA'itted )im .eca'se t)e p'.lic officers are reA'ired to follo# t)e searc) #arrant to t)e letter. T)ey )a$e no discretion on t)e matter. -lain $ie# doctrine is inapplica.le since it pres'pposes t)at t)e officer #as le ally entitled to .e in t)e place #)ere t)e effects #)ere fo'nd. Bince t)e entry #as ille al1 plain $ie# doctrine does not apply. )alicious warrant* E2ample. 8 #as a respondent of a searc) #arrant for ille al possession of firearms. A ret'rn #as made. T)e 'n did not .elon to 8 and t)e #itness )ad no personal Ino#led e t)at t)ere is a 'n in t)at place. A+use examples: a. 8 o#ner #as )andc'ffed #)ile searc) #as oin 4on. .. TanI #as 'sed to ram ate prior to anno'ncement t)at a searc) #ill .e made T)e searc) #arrant is not a license to commit destr'ction. c. -ersons #)o #ere not respondents #ere searc)ed Article !:8 SEARC+ING )OMICILE 4IT+OUT 4ITNESSES ELEMENTS # a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee b. That he is armed with a search warrant legall! proc$red c. That he searches the domicile, papers or other belongings of an! person d. That the owner, or an! member of his famil!, or two witnesses residing in the same localit! are not present &rder of those who m$st witness the search" a. 0omeo#ner .. Mem.ers of t)e family of s'fficient a e and discretion c. 3esponsi.le mem.ers of t)e comm'nity (canGt .e infl'enced .y t)e searc)in party) Calidity of the search warrant can +e .uestioned only in / courts 7 1) #)ere iss'ed or 2) #)ere t)e case is pendin . 9atter is preferred for o./ecti$e determination.
L Article 13* )as no application to searc) and seiJ're made on mo$in $e)icles .eca'se t)e application of t)is la# is limited to d#ellin and personal properties s'c) as papers and effects fo'nd t)erein. L T)ere are searc)es and seiJ'res #)ic) are a't)oriJed .y la# and #)ic) can .e done #it)o't t)e attendance of #itnesses. +or instance1 t)e !ariff and "ustoms "ode a't)oriJes persons #it) police a't)ority 'nder Bec. 22*31 to enter; pass t)ro' ) or searc) any land1 enclos're1 #are)o'se1 store or .'ildin 1 not .ein 'sed as a d#ellin )o'se; and to inspect1 searc) and e2amine any $essel or aircraft1 and any tr'nI1 pacIa e1 .o2 or en$elope1 or any person on .oard1 or to stop and searc) and e2amine any $e)icle1 .east or person s'spected of )oldin or con$eyin any d'tia.le or pro)i.ited article introd'ced into t)e -)ilippines contrary to la#. Article !:! .RO+IBITION2 INTERRU.TION2 AN) )ISSOLUTION O* .EACE*UL MEETINGS ELEMENTS# a. &ffender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee
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b. =e performs an! of the ff. acts" 2* prohibiting or interr$pting, witho$t legal gro$nd the holding of a peacef$l meeting, or dissolving the same :e*g* denial of permit in ar+itrary manner;. 2. hindering an! person from 3oining an! lawf$l association or from attending an! of its meetings. 0. prohibiting or hindering an! person from addressing, either alone or together with others, an! petition to the a$thorities for the correction of ab$ses or redress of grievances Two criteria to determine whether Article 101 wo$ld be violated" :2; :/; 5angerous tendency rule ? applica.le in times of national 'nrest s'c) as to pre$ent co'p dGetat. "lear and present danger rule C applied in times of peace. Btricter r'le. "f t)e offender is a private individual1 t)e crime is dist'r.ance of p'.lic order (Art 153) Meetin m'st .e peacef'l and t)ere is no le al ro'nd for pro)i.itin 1 dissol$in or interr'ptin t)at meetin "f in t)e co'rse of t)e assem.ly t)e participants commit ille al acts liIe oral defamation or incitin to sedition1 a p'.lic officer or la# enforcer can stop or dissol$e t)e meetin * !he permit given is not a license to commit a crime* Meetin is s'./ect to re 'lation
* %f the permit is denied ar+itrarily, Article 272 is violated . "f t)e officer #o'ld not i$e t)e permit 'nless t)e meetin is )eld in a partic'lar place #)ic) )e dictates1 s'c) defeats t)e e2ercise of t)e ri )t to peacea.ly assem.le1 Article 131 is $iolated. ?ffender m'st .e a stran er1 not a participant1 in t)e peacef'l meetin ; ot)er#ise1 itGs 'n/'st $e2ation "nterr'ptin and dissol$in a meetin of t)e m'nicipal co'ncil .y a p'.lic officer is a crime a ainst t)e le islati$e .ody1 not p'nis)a.le 'nder t)is article T)e person talIin on a pro)i.ited s'./ect at a p'.lic meetin contrary to a reement t)at no speaIer s)o'ld to'c) on politics may .e stopped @'t stoppin t)e speaIer #)o #as attacIin certain c)'rc)es in p'.lic meetin is a $iolation of t)is article -ro)i.ition m'st .e #it)o't la#f'l ca'se or #it)o't la#f'l a't)ority T)ose )oldin peacef'l meetin s m'st comply #it) local ordinances. E2ample7 ?rdinance reA'ires permits for meetin s in p'.lic places. But if police stops a meeting in a private place +ecause thereDs no permit, officer is lia.le for stoppin t)e meetin .
>istinctions between prohibition, interr$ption, or dissol$tion of peacef$l meetings $nder Article 101, and t$m$lts and other dist$rbances, $nder Article 150 :2; As to the 1artici1ation o the 1u&lic o icer %n Article 2721 t)e p'.lic officer is not a participant. As far as t)e at)erin is concerned1 t)e p'.lic officer is a t)ird party. "f t)e p'.lic officer is a participant of t)e assem.ly and )e pro)i.its1 interr'pts1 or dissol$es t)e same1 Article 267 is violated if the same is conducted in a pu+lic place*
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:/; As to the essence o the crime %n Article 272, t)e offender m'st .e a p'.lic officer and1 #it)o't any le al ro'nd1 )e pro)i.its1 interr'pts1 or dissol$es a peacef'l meetin or assem.ly to pre$ent t)e offended party from e2ercisin )is freedom of speec) and t)at of t)e assem.ly to petition a rie$ance a ainst t)e o$ernment. %n Article 267, t)e offender need not .e a p'.lic officer. T)e essence of t)e crime is t)at of creatin a serio's dist'r.ance of any sort in a p'.lic office1 p'.lic .'ildin or e$en a pri$ate place #)ere a p'.lic f'nction is .ein )eld* Article !:7 INTERRU.TION O* RELIGIOUS 4ORS+I. ELEMENTS# a. That the officer is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee b. That religio$s ceremonies or manifestations of an! religion are abo$t to ta+e place or are going on c. That the offender prevents or dist$rbs the same Circumstance $uali ying the o ense# if committed with violence or threats 3eadin of @i.le and t)en attacIin certain c)'rc)es in a p'.lic plaJa is not a ceremony or manifestation of reli ion1 .'t only a meetin of a reli io's sect. But if done in a private home, itDs a religious service 4eligio$s orship" people in t)e act of performin manifestation of reli ion. E2. Mass1 .aptism1 marria e reli io's rites for a reli io's ceremony; a
81 a pri$ate person1 .o2ed a priest #)ile t)e priest #as i$in )omily and #)ile t)e latter #as mali nin a relati$e of 8. "s 8 lia.le= 8 may .e lia.le 'nder Art 133 .eca'se 8 is a pri$ate person. 5)en priest is solemniJin marria e1 )e is a person in a't)ority1 alt)o' ) in ot)er cases1 )eGs not.
Article !:: O**EN)ING RELIGIOUS *EELINGS ELEMENTS# a. That the acts complained of were performed 2* in a place devoted to religio$s worship, or , for this element, no need of religious ceremony, only the place is material) 2. d$ring the celebration of an! religio$s ceremon! +* That the acts m$st be notorio$sl! offensive to the feelings of the faithf$l , deli+erate intent to hurt the feelings) c. The offender is an! person d. There is a deliberate intent to h$rt the feelings of the faithf$l, directed against religio$s tenet "f in a place de$oted to reli io's p'rpose1 t)ere is no need for an on oin reli io's ceremony :)ample of religio$s ceremon! (acts performed o'tside t)e c)'rc)). -rocessions and special prayers for .'ryin dead persons .'t >?T prayer rallies Acts m'st .e directed a ainst reli io's practice or do ma or rit'al for t)e p'rpose of ridic'le1 as mocIin or scoffin or attemptin to dama e an o./ect of reli io's $eneration T)ere m'st .e deli.erate intent to )'rt t)e feelin s of t)e fait)f'l1 mere arro ance or r'deness is not eno' )
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L "n determinin #)et)er an act is offensi$e to t)e feelin s of t)e fait)f'l1 t)e same m'st .e $ie#ed or /'d ed from t)e standpoint of t)e offended reli ion and not from t)e point of $ie# of t)e offender ,People vs. ?aes, ;7 Phil. 2@0).
CRIME Prohibition, (nterr$ption and >issol$tion of Peacef$l 9eeting ,101) (nterr$ption of 4eligio$s orship ,102)
Nature o Crime 4ho are Lia&le I Element Missing Crime a ainst t)e -'.lic officers1 "f not .y p'.lic officer O f'ndamental la# of ?'tsiders t'm'lts t)e state Crime a ainst t)e -'.lic officers1 "f .y insider O 'n/'st f'ndamental la# of ?'tsiders $e2ation t)e state "f not reli io's O t'm'lt or alarms "f not notorio'sly offensi$e O 'n/'st $e2ation Crime a ainst p'.lic -'.lic officers1 "f not t'm'lts O alarms and order pri$ate persons1 scandal o'tsiders "f meetin ille al at onset O incitin to sedition or re.ellion
&ffending the 4eligio$s /eeling ,100)
TITLE T+REE CRIMES AGAINST .UBLIC OR)ER Crimes against 1u&lic or,er 1. 3e.ellion or ins'rrection (Art. 134); 1.a Co'p dG etat (Art. 1344A) 2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit re.ellion (Art. 136); 3. Eisloyalty to p'.lic officers or employees (Art. 13!); 4. "ncitin to re.ellion (Art. 13%); 5. Bedition (Art. 13(); 6. Conspiracy to commit sedition (Art. 141); !. "ncitin to sedition (Art. 142); %. Acts tendin to pre$ent t)e meetin of Con ress and similar .odies (Art. 143); (. Eist'r.ance of proceedin s of Con ress or similar .odies (Art. 144); 1*. &iolation of parliamentary imm'nity (Art. 145); 11. "lle al assem.lies (Art. 146); 12. "lle al associations (Art. 14!); 13. Eirect assa'lts (Art. 14%); 14. "ndirect assa'lts (Art. 14(); 15. Eiso.edience to s'mmons iss'ed .y Con ress1 its committees1 etc.1 .y t)e constit'tional commissions1 its committees1 etc. (Art. 15*); 16. 3esistance and diso.edience to a person in a't)ority or t)e a ents of s'c) person (Art. 151); 1!. T'm'lts and ot)er dist'r.ances of p'.lic order (Art. 153); 1%. :nla#f'l 'se of means of p'.lication and 'nla#f'l 'tterances (Art. 154); 1(. Alarms and scandals (Art. 155); 2*. Eeli$erin prisoners from /ails (Art. 156); 21. E$asion of ser$ice of sentence (Art. 15!); 22. E$asion on occasion of disorders (Art. 15%); 23. &iolation of conditional pardon (Art. 15(); and 24. Commission of anot)er crime d'rin ser$ice of penalty imposed for anot)er pre$io's offense (Art. 16*). Article !:" REBELLION OR INSURRECTION ELEMENTS# a. That there be
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1. p$blic $prising and /* ta+ing arms against the government ,forceEviolence) b. That the p$rpose of the $prising or movement is either 1. to remove from the allegiance to said government or its laws 6 5 i. the territor! of the Philippines or an! part thereof, or ; . ii. an! bod! of land, naval or other armed forces, or 2 To deprive the chief e)ec$tive or congress, wholl! or partiall!, of an! of their powers or prerogatives .ersons lia&le or re&ellion a. Any person who: 1. promotes 2. maintains1 or 3. )eads a re.ellion or ins'rrection; or +* Any person who, while holding any pu+lic office or employment, ta es part therein +y: 1. en a in in #ar a ainst t)e forces of t)e o$ernment 2. destroyin property or committin serio's $iolence 3. e2actin contri.'tions or di$ertin p'.lic f'nds from t)e la#f'l p'rpose for #)ic) t)ey )a$e .een appropriated (>ote7 Fdi$ertin p'.lic f'ndsH is mal$ersation a.sor.ed in re.ellion); 4. Any person merely participatin or e2ec'tin t)e command of ot)ers in re.ellion L T)e essence of this crime is a p'.lic 'prisin #it) t)e taIin 'p of arms. "t reA'ires a m'ltit'de of people. "t aims to o$ert)ro# t)e d'ly constit'ted o$ernment. "t does not reA'ire t)e participation of any mem.er of t)e military or national police or aniJation or p'.lic officers and enerally carried o't .y ci$ilians. 9astly1 t)e crime can only .e committed t)ro' ) force and $iolence. L T)e crime of re+ellion cannot +e committed +y a single individual . "n$aria.ly1 it is committed .y se$eral persons for t)e p'rpose of o$ert)ro#in t)e d'ly constit'ted or or aniJed o$ernment. "n t)e -)ilippines1 #)at is Ino#n to t)e ordinary citiJen as a sym.ol of Ko$ernment #o'ld .e t)e .aran ay1 represented .y its officials; t)e local o$ernment represented .y t)e pro$incial and m'nicipal officials; and t)e national o$ernment represented .y t)e -resident1 t)e C)ief M'stice and t)e Benate -resident and t)e BpeaIer of t)e 0o'se of 3epresentati$es. Success is immaterial1 purpose is al#ays political
L T)e crime of re.ellion is essentially a political crime. T)e intention of t)e re.el is to s'.stit'te )imself in place of t)ose #)o are in po#er. 0is met)od of placin )imself in a't)ority #it) t)e 'se of $iolence1 d'ress or intimidation1 assassination or t)e commission of common crimes liIe m'rder1 Iidnappin 1 arson1 ro..ery and ot)er )eino's crimes in #)at #e call re+ellion. REBELLION 'sed #)ere t)e o./ect of t)e mo$ement is completely to o$ert)ro# and s'persede t)e e2istin o$ernment INSURRECTION refers to a mo$ement #)ic) seeIs merely to effect some c)an e of minor importance to pre$ent t)e e2ercise of o$Gt a't)ority #N respect to partic'lar matters or s'./ects T)e p)rase Fto remove allegiance from the government G is 'sed to emp)asiJe t)at t)e o./ect of t)e 'prisin co'ld .e limited to certain areas1 liIe isolatin a .aran ay or m'nicipality or a pro$ince in its loyalty to t)e d'ly constit'ted o$ernment or t)e national o$ernment.
* Allegiance is a eneric term #)ic) incl'des loyalty1 ci$il o.edience and ci$il ser$ice. L T)e la# on re.ellion )o#e$er1 does not speaI only of alle iance or loss of territory. "t also incl'des t)e efforts of t)e re.el to depri$e t)e -resident of t)e -)ilippines of t)e e2ercise of )is po#er to enforce t)e
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la#1 to e2act o.edience of la#s and re 'lations d'ly enacted and prom'l ated .y t)e d'ly constit'ted a't)orities. Act'al clas) of arms #N t)e forces of t)e o$Gt1 not necessary to con$ict t)e acc'sed #)o is in conspiracy #N ot)ers act'ally taIin arms a ainst t)e o$Gt -'rpose of t)e 'prisin m'st .e s)o#n .'t it is not necessary t)at it .e accomplis)ed A c)an e of o$ernment #No e2ternal participation 3"B">K -:@9"C9; and TAD">K A3MB AKA">BT K?&E3>ME>T C actual participation. "f t)ere is no pu+lic uprising1 t)e crime is of direct assault.
L 5)en any of t)e o./ecti$es of re.ellion is p'rs'ed .'t t)ere is no p'.lic 'prisin in t)e le al sense , the crime is direct assault of the first form* @'t if t)ere is re.ellion1 #it) p'.lic 'prisin , direct assault cannot +e committed* Mere i$in of aid or comfort is not criminal in t)e case of re.ellion. Merely sympat)iJin is not participation1 t)ere m'st .e ACT:A9 participation
L T)ere m'st .e a p'.lic apprisin and taIin 'p of arms for t)e specified p'rpose or p'rposes mentioned in Article 134. T)e acts of t)e acc'sed #)o is not a mem.er of t)e 0'I.ala)ap or aniJation of sendin ci arettes and food s'pplies to a 0'I leader; t)e c)an in of dollars into pesos for a top le$el comm'nist; and t)e )elpin of 0'Is in openin acco'nts #it) t)e .anI of #)ic) )e #as an official1 do not constit'te 3e.ellion. ,#arino vs. People, et al., . 2#4A A@@). >ot necessary t)at t)ere is Iillin 1 mere t)reat of remo$in -)il is s'fficient
* (e+ellion may +e committed even without a single shot +eing fired* $o encounter needed* )ere pu+lic uprising with arms enough* 4ebellion cannot be comple)ed with an! other crime.
6 Common crimes perpetrated in f'rt)erance of a political offense are di$ested of t)eir c)aracter as FcommonH offenses and assume the political complexion of the main crime which they are mere ingredients, and conseA'ently1 cannot .e p'nis)ed separately from t)e principal offense1 or comple2ed #it) t)e same. ORTEGA O.INION# 4ebellion can now be comple)ed with common crimes . >ot lon a o1 t)e B'preme Co'rt1 in Enrile %' SalaCar2 !5/ SCRA 7!01 reiterated and affirmed t)e r'le laid do#n in .eo1le %' +ernan,eC2 66 .hil -!-1 t)at re.ellion may not .e comple2ed #it) common crimes #)ic) are committed in f'rt)erance t)ereof .eca'se t)ey are a.sor.ed in re.ellion. "n $ie# of said reaffirmation1 some .elie$e t)at it )as .een a settled doctrine t)at re.ellion cannot .e comple2ed #it) common crimes1 s'c) as Iillin and destr'ction of property1 committed on t)e occasion and in f'rt)erance t)ereof. !his thin ing is no longer correct1 there is no legal +asis for such rule now* T)e statement in -eople $. 0ernandeJ t)at common crimes committed in f'rt)erance of re.ellion are a.sor.ed .y t)e crime of re.ellion1 #as dictated .y t)e pro$ision of Article 135 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code prior to its amendment .y t)e 3ep'.lic Act >o. 6(6% (An Act -'nis)in t)e Crime of Co'p EGetat)1 #)ic) .ecame effecti$e on ?cto.er 1((*. -rior to its amendment .y 3ep'.lic Act >o. 6(6%1 Article 135 p'nis)ed t)ose F#)o #)ile )oldin any p'.lic office or employment1 taIe part t)ereinH .y any of t)ese acts7 en a in in #ar a ainst t)e forces of Ko$ernment; destroyin property; committin serio's $iolence; e2actin contri.'tions1 di$ertin f'nds for t)e la#f'l p'rpose for #)ic) t)ey )a$e .een appropriated. Bince a )i )er penalty is prescri.ed for t)e crime of re.ellion #)en any of t)e specified acts are committed in f'rt)erance t)ereof1 said acts are p'nis)ed as components of re.ellion and1 t)erefore1 are not to .e treated as distinct crimes. T)e same acts constit'te distinct crimes #)en committed on a different occasion and not in f'rt)erance of re.ellion. "n s)ort1 it #as .eca'se Article 135 t)en p'nis)ed said acts as components of t)e crime of re.ellion t)at precl'des t)e application of Article 4% of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code t)ereto. "n t)e eyes of t)e la# t)en1 said acts constit'te only one crime and t)at is re.ellion. T)e 0ernandeJ doctrine #as reaffirmed in Enrile $. BalaJar .eca'se t)e te2t of Article 135 )as remained t)e
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same as it #as #)en t)e B'preme Co'rt resol$ed t)e same iss'e in t)e -eople $. 0ernandeJ. Bo t)e B'preme Co'rt in$ited attention to t)is fact and t)'s stated7 3!here is a an apparent need to restructure the law on re+ellion, either to raise the penalty therefore or to clearly define and delimit the other offenses to +e considered a+sor+ed there+y, so that it cannot +e conveniently utili,ed as the um+rella for every sort of illegal activity underta en in its name* !he court has no power to effect such change, for it can only interpret the law as it stands at any given time, and what is needed lies +eyond interpretation* =opefully, "ongress will perceive the need for promptly sei,ing the initiative in this matter, which is purely within its province*4 ?.$io'sly1 Con ress tooI notice of t)is prono'ncement and1 t)'s1 in enactin 3ep'.lic Act >o. 6(6%1 it did not only pro$ide for t)e crime of co'p dGetat in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code .'t moreo$er1 deleted from the provision of Article 276 that portion referring to those ? 3Fwho, while holding any pu+lic office or employment ta es part therein Gre+ellion or insurrectionH, engaging in war against the forces of government, destroying property or committing serious violence, exacting contri+utions or diverting pu+lic funds from the lawful purpose for which they have +een appropriated F4 =ence, overt acts which used to +e punished as components of the crime of re+ellion have +een severed therefrom +y (epu+lic Act $o* >I>J* !he legal impediment to the application of Article <J to re+ellion has +een removed* After the amendment, common crimes involving illings, andEor destructions of property, even though committed +y re+els in furtherance of re+ellion, shall +ring a+out complex crimes of re+ellion with murderEhomicide, or re+ellion with ro++ery, or re+ellion with arson as the case may +e* To reiterate1 .efore Article 135 #as amended1 a )i )er penalty is imposed #)en t)e offender en a es in #ar a ainst t)e o$ernment. P5arP connotes anyt)in #)ic) may .e carried o't in p'rs'ance of #ar. T)is implies t)at all acts of #ar or )ostilities liIe serio's $iolence and destr'ction of property committed on occasion and in p'rs'ance of re.ellion are component crimes of re.ellion #)ic) is #)y Article 4% on comple2 crimes is inapplica.le. %n amending Article276, the acts which used to +e component crimes of re+ellion, li e serious acts of violence, have +een deleted* !hese are now distinct crimes* !he legal o+stacle for the application of Article <J, therefore, has +een removed* ?rte a says le islators #ant to p'nis) t)ese common crimes independently of re.ellion. &rtega cites no case overt$rning :nrile v. 2ala'ar. 0o#e$er1 ille al possession of firearms in f'rt)erance of re.ellion is distinct from t)e crime of re.ellion.
L T)e offense of ille al possession of firearm is a mal'm pro)i.it'm1 in #)ic) case1 ood fait) and a.sence of criminal intent are not $alid defenses. +'rt)ermore1 it is a contin'in crime s'c) alon #it) t)e crime of conspiracy or proposal to commit s'c) A private crime may +e committed during re+ellion. E2amples7 Iillin 1 possessions of firearms1 ille al association are a.sor.ed. 3ape1 e$en if not in f'rt)erance of re.ellion cannot .e comple2ed "f Iillin 1 ro..in #ere done for pri$ate p'rposes or for profit1 #it)o't any political moti$ation1 t)e crime #o'ld .e separately .e p'nis)ed and #o'ld not .e em.raced .y re.ellion ,People v. /ernando) -erson deemed leader of re+ellion in case )e is 'nIno#n7 Any person #)o in fact7 a. directed t)e ot)ers .. spoIe for t)em c. si ned receipts and ot)er doc'ments iss'ed in t)eir name d. performed similar acts on .e)alf of t)e re.els
)istinctions &etween re&ellion an, se,ition :2; As to nat$re %n re+ellion, t)ere m'st .e taIin 'p or arms a ainst t)e o$ernment. %n sedition1 it is s'fficient t)at t)e p'.lic 'prisin .e t'm'lt'o's.
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:/; As to p$rpose %n re+ellion, t)e p'rpose is al#ays political. * %n sedition1 t)e p'rpose may .e political or social. E2ample7 t)e 'prisin of sA'atters a ainst +or.es parI residents. T)e p'rpose in sedition is to o a ainst esta.lis)ed o$ernment1 not to o$ert)ro# it. Article !:">A COU. )9 ETAT ELEMENTS# a. 2wift attac+ b. Accompanied b! violence, intimidation, threat, strateg! or stealth c. >irected against" 1. 2. 0. 6. d$l! constit$ted a$thorities an! militar! camp or installation comm$nication networ+s or p$blic $tilities other facilities needed for the e)ercise and contin$ed possession of power
d. 2ingl! or sim$ltaneo$sl! carried o$t an!where in the Philippines d. e. f. #ommitted b! an! person or persons belonging to the militar! or police or holding an! p$blic office or emplo!ment- with or witho$t civilian s$pport or participation ith or witho$t civilian s$pport or participation P$rpose of sei'ing or diminishing state power
L T)e essence of the crime is a s#ift attacI 'pon t)e facilities of t)e -)ilippine o$ernment1 military camps and installations1 comm'nication net#orIs1 p'.lic 'tilities and facilities essential to t)e contin'ed possession of o$ernmental po#ers* %t may +e committed singly or collectively and does not re.uire a multitude of people* !he o+9ective may not +e to overthrow the government +ut only to desta+ili,e or paraly,e the government through the sei,ure of facilities and utilities essential to the continued possession and exercise of governmental powers . %t re.uires as principal offender a mem+er of the A@- or of the -$- organi,ation or a pu+lic officer with or without civilian support* +inally1 it may +e carried out not only +y force or violence +ut also through stealth, threat or strategy*
=ow do !o$ disting$ish between co$p dBetat and rebellionC (e+ellion is committed .y any person #)et)er a pri$ate indi$id'al or a p'.lic officer #)ereas in coup dDetat, t)e offender is a mem.er of t)e military or police force or )oldin a p'.lic office or employment. "n re+ellion1 t)e o./ect is to alienate t)e alle iance of a people in a territory1 #)et)er #)olly or partially1 from t)e d'ly constit'ted o$ernment; in coup dDetat, t)e o./ect or p'rpose is to seiJe or diminis) state po#er. "n .ot) instances1 t)e offenders intend to s'.stit'te t)emsel$es in place of t)ose #)o are in po#er.
Treason <!!"=
Re&ellion <!:"=
Cou1 ,9etat Se,ition <!:6= <!:">A=
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%at$re of Crime a ainst # >ational Bec'rity r i m e &vert Acts le$yin #ar a ainst t)e o$Gt; ?3 ad)erence and i$in aid or comfort to enemies P$rpose Eeli$er t)e o$Gt to of enemy d'rin #ar ob3ective Article !:.ENALTIES ho are liableC a* Any person who: 1. -romotes 2. Maintains 3. )eads a re.ellion or ins'rrection +* Any person who, while holding any pu+lic office or employment, ta es part therein 1. en a in in #ar a ainst t)e forces of t)e o$Gt 2. destroyin property or committin serio's $iolence 3. e2actin contri.'tions or di$ertin p'.lic f'nds from t)e la#f'l p'rpose for #)ic) t)ey )a$e .een appropriated c* Any person merely participating or executing the command of other in a re+ellion L 5)en conspiracy is present in t)e commission of t)e crime1 t)e act of one is t)e act of all. "n committin re.ellion and co'p dGetat1 e$en if conspiracy as a means to commit t)e crime is esta.lis)ed1 t)e principal of criminal lia.ility 'nder Article 1! of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code is not follo#ed. (n Government 2ervice Anyone #)o leads1 directs1 commands ot)ers to 'ndertaIe a co'p. %ot in Government 2ervice Anyone #)o participates or in an manner1 s'pports1 finances1 a.ets1 aids in a co'p. Crime a ainst Crime a ainst Crime a ainst -'.lic -'.lic ?rder -'.lic ?rder ?rder
-'.lic 'prisin A>E TaIin 'p arms a ainst t)e o$Gt Bee article.
Bee article.
3isin p'.licly or t'm'lt'o'sly (ca'sed .y more t)an 3 armed men or pro$ided #it) means of $iolence)
BeiJin or Bee en'meration in diminis)in article. state po#er.
Berio's $iolence is t)at inflicted 'pon ci$ilians1 #)ic) may res'lt in )omicide. "t is not limited to )ostilities a ainst t)e armed force. Ei$ertin p'.lic f'nds is mal$ersation a.sor.ed in re.ellion
NOTES# 6 -'.lic officer m'st taIe acti$e part .eca'se mere silence or omission not p'nis)a.le in re.ellion 6 "t is not a defense in re.ellion t)at t)e acc'sed ne$er tooI t)e oat) of alle iance to1 or t)at t)ey ne$er reco niJed t)e o$ernment 6 3e.ellion cannot .e comple2ed #it) m'rder and ot)er common crimes committed in p'rs'ance of t)e mo$ement to o$ert)ro# t)e o$ernment L B'.$ersion1 /'st liIe t)e crimes of re.ellion1 conspiracy or proposal to commit t)e crimes of re.ellion or s'.$ersion and crimes or offenses committed in f'rt)erance t)ereof constit'te direct assa'lts a ainst t)e Btate and are in t)e nat're of contin'in crimes , Dmil vs. 4amos). 6 Dillin 1 ro..in etc for pri$ate persons or for profit1 #it)o't any political moti$ation1 #o'ld .e separately p'nis)ed and #o'ld not .e a.sor.ed in t)e re.ellion. Article !:/
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CONS.IRACY TO COMMIT COU. )9 ETAT2 REBELLION OR INSURRECTION ELEMENTS# a. 2 more persons come to an agreement to rise p$blicl! and ta+e arms against the government b. /or an! of the p$rposes of rebellion c. The! decide to commit it .RO.OSAL TO COMMIT COU. )9 ETAT2 REBELLION OR INSURRECTION <!:/= ELEMENTS# a. A person who has decided to rise p$blicl! and ta+e arms the government b. /or an! of the p$rposes of rebellion c. Proposes its e)ec$tion to some other person*s ?r aniJin a ro'p of soldiers1 solicitin mem.ers)ip in1 and solicitin f'nds for t)e or aniJation s)o# conspiracy to o$ert)ro# t)e o$Gt T)e mere fact of i$in and renderin speec)es fa$orin Comm'nism #o'ld not maIe t)e acc'sed 'ilty of conspiracy if t)ereGs no e$idence t)at t)e )earers t)en and t)ere a reed to rise 'p in arms a ainst t)e o$Gt Conspiracy m'st .e immediately prior to re.ellion "f it is d'rin t)e re.ellion1 t)en it is already taIin part in it.
Article !:0 )ISLOYALTY O* .UBLIC O**ICERS AN) EM.LOYEES ACTS .UNIS+E)# a. /ailing to resist rebellion b! all the means in their power b. #ontin$ing to discharge the d$ties of their offices $nder the control of rebels c. Accepting appointment to office $nder rebels -res'pposes e2istence of re.ellion M'st not .e in conspiracy #it) re.els or co'p plotters "f t)ere are means to pre$ent t)e re.ellion .'t did not resist it1 t)en t)ereGs disloyalty. "f t)ere are no means1 no fa'lt "f position is accepted in order to protect t)e people1 not co$ered .y t)is T)e colla.orator m'st not )a$e tried to impose t)e #is)es of t)e re.els on t)e people.
L Eisloyalty as a crime is not limited to re.ellion alone .'t s)o'ld no# incl'de t)e crime of coup dDetat* (e+ellion is essentially a crime committed .y pri$ate indi$id'als #)ile coup dDetat is a crime t)at s)o'ld .e classified as a crime committed .y p'.lic officers liIe mal$ersation1 .ri.ery1 dereliction of d'ty and $iolations of t)e anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act. L "f t)e p'.lic officer or employee1 aside from .ein disloyal1 does or commits acts constit'tin t)e crime of re.ellion or coup dDetat, )e #ill no lon er .e c)ar ed for t)e simple crime of disloyalty .'t )e s)all .e proceeded a ainst for t)e ra$e offense of re.ellion or coup dDetat*
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Article !:5 INCITING TO REBELLION OR INSURRECTION ELEMENTS# a. That the offender does not ta+e arms or is not in open hostilit! against the government b. That he incites others to the e)ec$tion of an! of the acts of rebellion c. That the inciting is done b! means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners or other representations tending to the same end "ntentionally calc'lated to sed'ce ot)ers to re.ellion T)ere m'st .e 'prisin to taIe 'p arms and rise p'.licly for t)e p'rposes indicated in Art 134
L ?ne #)o promotes1 maintains or )eads a re.ellion and #)o act at t)e same time incites or infl'ences ot)ers to /oin )im in )is #ar efforts a ainst t)e d'ly constit'ted o$ernment cannot .e )eld criminally lia.le for t)e crime of incitin to re.ellion .eca'se1 as t)e principal to t)e crime of re.ellion1 t)e act of incitin to commit a re.ellion is in)erent to t)e ra$er crime of re.ellion. .ro1osal to Commit Re&ellion <!:/= T)e person #)o proposes )as decided to commit re.ellion. T)e person #)o proposes t)e e2ec'tion of t)e crime 'ses secret means. Article !:6 SE)ITION ELEMENTS# a. That the offenders rise 2* P$blicl! ,if no pu+lic uprising K tumult and other distur+ance of pu+lic order) /* T$m$lt$o$sl! ,vis8L8vis re+ellion where there must +e a ta ing of arms ) b. That the! emplo! force, intimidation, or other means o$tside of legal methods c. That the offenders emplo! an! of those means to attain an! of the following ob3ects" 1. to prevent the prom$lgation or e)ec$tion of an! law or the holding of an! pop$lar election 2. to prevent the national government, or an! provincial or m$nicipal government, or an! p$blic thereof from freel! e)ercising its or his f$nctions, or prevent the e)ec$tion of an! administrative order 0. to inflict an! act or hate or revenge $pon the person or propert! of an! p$blic officer or emplo!ee <* to commit for an! political or social end, an! act of hate or revenge against private persons or an! social class ,hence, even private persons may +e offended parties ) 5. to despoil, for an! political or social end, an! person, m$nicipalit! or province, or the national government of all its propert! or an! part thereof Se,ition# raisin of commotion or dist'r.ances in t)e Btate. "ts 'ltimate o./ect is a $iolation of t)e p'.lic peace or at least s'c) meas'res t)at e$idently en enders it. T)e crime of sedition is committed .y risin p'.licly and t'm'lt'o'sly. T)e t#o elements m'st conc'r. Inciting to Re&ellion <!:5= >ot reA'ired t)at t)e offender )as decided to commit re.ellion. T)e incitin is done p'.licly.
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!he crime of sedition does not contemplate the ta ing up of arms against the government +ecause the purpose of this crime is not the overthrow of the government* >otice from t)e p'rpose of t)e crime of sedition t)at t)e offenders rise p'.licly and create commotion and dist'r.ance .y #ay of protest to e2press t)eir dissent and o.edience to t)e o$ernment or to t)e a't)orities concerned. T)is is liIe t)e so4called civil diso+edience except that the means employed, which is violence, is illegal* >ifference from rebellion C o./ect or p'rpose of t)e 'prisin .
@or sedition C s'fficient t)at 'prisin is t'm'lt'o's. %n re+ellion C t)ere m'st .e taIin 'p of arms a ainst t)e o$ernment. Sedition C p'rpose may .e eit)er political or social. %n re+ellion C al#ays political FTUMULTUOUSH is a sit'ation #)erein t)e dist'r.ance or conf'sion is ca'sed .y at least fo'r persons. T)ere is no reA'irement t)at t)e offenders s)o'ld .e armed. -re$entin p'.lic officers from freely e2ercisin t)eir f'nctions %n sedition C offender may .e a pri$ate or p'.lic person (E2. Boldier) -'.lic 'prisin and t)e o./ect of sedition m'st conc'r ;# Are common crimes a.sor.ed in sedition=
"n - v* &mali1 BC )eld t)at >?. Crimes committed in t)at case #ere independent of eac) ot)er. -re$entin election t)ro' ) le al means C >?T sedition @'t #)en s' ar farmers demonstrated and destroyed t)e properties of s' ar .arons C sedition Persons liable for sedition" a. leader of t)e sedition1 and .. ot)er persons participatin in t)e sedition L T)e o./ecti$e of t)e la# in criminaliJin sedition is to p't a limit to t)e freedom of e2pression or t)e ri )t of t)e people to assem.le and petition t)e o$ernment for redress of rie$ance. T)e demonstrations cond'cted or )eld .y t)e citiJenry to protest certain policies of t)e o$ernment is not a crime. @'t #)en t)e protest in manifested in t)e form of rallies #)ere t)e participants1 in order to attain t)eir o./ecti$e of o$ercomin t)e #ill of t)e o$ernment1 resort to force or $iolence1 t)e mantle of protection 'aranteed 'nder t)e Constit'tion to e2press t)eir dissent peacef'lly1 s)all cease to e2ist1 as in t)e meantime1 t)e participants )a$e encroac)ed or stayed in t)e domain or realm of criminal la#.
Article !"!' Cons1iracy to Commit Se,ition L "n t)is crime1 t)ere m'st .e an a reement and a decision to rise p'.licly and t'm'lt'o'sly to attain any of t)e o./ects of sedition. H There is no 1ro1osal to commit se,ition' L T)e conspiracy m'st .e to pre$ent t)e prom'l ation or e2ec'tion of any la# or t)e )oldin of any pop'lar election. "t may also .e a conspiracy to pre$ent national and local p'.lic officials from freely e2ercisin t)eir d'ties and f'nctions1 or to pre$ent t)e e2ec'tion of an administrati$e order. Article !"7 INCITING TO SE)ITION ELEMENTS# a. That the offender does not ta+e a direct part in the crime of sedition
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b. That he incites others to the accomplishment of an! of the acts which constit$te sedition ,106) c* That the inciting is done b! means of speeches, proclamations, writing, emblems, cartoons, banners, or other representations tending to the same end , purpose: cause commotion not exactly against the government1 actual distur+ance not necessary ) )i erent acts o inciting to se,ition# a. "ncitin ot)ers to t)e accomplis)ment of any of t)e acts #)ic) constit'te sedition .y means of speec)es1 proclamations1 #ritin s1 em.lems etc. .. :tterin seditio's #ords or speec)es #)ic) tend to dist'r. t)e p'.lic peace or #ritin 1 p'.lis)in 1 or circ'latin sc'rrilo's Q$'l ar1 mean1 li.elo'sR li.els a ainst t)e o$ernment or any of t)e d'ly constit'ted a't)orities t)ereof1 #)ic) tend to dist'r. t)e p'.lic peace c. Dno#in ly concealin s'c) e$il practices hen p$nishable" a. #)en t)ey tend to dist'r. or o.str'ct any la#f'l officer in e2ec'tin t)e f'nctions of )is office; or .. #)en t)ey tend to insti ate ot)ers to ca.al and meet to et)er for 'nla#f'l p'rposes; or c. #)en t)ey s' est or incite re.ellio's conspiracies or riots; or d. #)en t)ey lead or tend to stir 'p t)e people a ainst t)e la#f'l a't)orities or to dist'r. t)e peace of t)e comm'nity1 t)e safety and order of t)e o$ernment * #nly non8participant in sedition may +e lia+le. L "ncitin to sedition is an element of sedition. "t cannot .e treated as a separate offense a ainst one #)o is a part of a ro'p t)at rose 'p p'.licly and t'm'lt'o'sly and fo' )t t)e forces of o$ernment. L Considerin t)at t)e o./ecti$e of sedition is to e2press protest a ainst t)e o$ernment and in t)e process creatin )ate a ainst p'.lic officers1 any act that will generate hatred against the government or a pu+lic officer concerned or a social class may amount to %nciting to sedition* Article 142 is1 t)erefore1 A'ite .road. L T)e mere meetin for t)e p'rpose of disc'ssin )atred a ainst t)e o$ernment is incitin to sedition. 9am.astin o$ernment officials to discredit t)e o$ernment is "ncitin to sedition. But if the o+9ective of such preparatory actions is the overthrow of the government, the crime is inciting to re+ellion* CRIMES AGAINST .O.ULAR RE.RESENTATION Article !": ACTS TEN)ING TO .RE(ENT T+E MEETING O* CONGRESS AN) SIMILAR BO)IES ELEMENTS# a. That there be a pro3ected or act$al meeting of #ongress or an! of its committees or s$bcommittees, constit$tional commissions or committees or division thereof, or of an! provincial board or cit! or m$nicipal co$ncil or board b. That the offender who ma! be an! persons prevents s$ch meeting b! force or fra$d L T)e crime is a ainst pop'lar representation .eca'se it is directed a ainst officers #)ose primary f'nction is to meet and enact la#s. 5)en t)ese le islati$e .odies are pre$ented from meetin and performin t)eir d'ties1 t)e system of o$ernment is dist'r.ed. T)e t)ree .ranc)es of o$ernment m'st contin'e to e2ist and perform t)eir d'ties. C)ief of -olice and mayor #)o pre$ented t)e meetin of t)e m'nicipal co'ncil are lia.le 'nder Art 1431 #)en t)e defect of t)e meetin is not manifest and reA'ires an in$esti ation .efore its e2istence can .e determined.
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Article !"" )ISTURBANCE O* .ROCEE)INGS ELEMENTS# a. That there be a meeting of #ongress or an! of its committees, constit$tional commissions or committees or divisions thereof, or of an! provincial board or cit! or m$nicipal co$ncil or board b. That the offender does an! of the following acts 1. =e dist$rbs an! of s$ch meetings 2. =e behaves while in the presence of an! s$ch bodies in s$ch a manner as to interr$pt its proceedings or to impair the respect d$e it L T)e dist'r.ance can .e in t)e form of 'tterances1 speec)es or any form of e2pressin dissent #)ic) is not done peacef'lly .'t implemented in s'c) a #ay t)at it s'.stantially interr'pts t)e meetin of t)e assem.ly or ad$ersely affects t)e respect d'e to t)e assem.ly of its mem.ers. Complaint m'st .e filed .y mem.er of t)e 9e islati$e .ody. Acc'sed may also .e p'nis)ed for contempt.
Article !"(IOLATION O* .ARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITY Acts 1unisha&le# a. ?! $sing force, intimidation, threats, or fra$ds to prevent an! member of #ongress from 1. attending the meeting of the assembl! or an! of its committees, constit$tional commissions or committees or divisions thereof, or from 2. e)pressing his opinions or 0. casting his vote b. ?! arresting or searching an! member thereof while #ongress is in a reg$lar or special session, e)cept in case s$ch member has committed a crime p$nishable $nder the code b! a penalt! higher than prision ma!or , ; !ears $p ) Elements# 1. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee 2. That he arrests or searches an! member of #ongress 0. That #ongress, at the time of arrest or search, is in a reg$lar or special session <* That the member searched has not committed a crime p$nishable $nder the code b! a penalt! higher than prision ma!or ,2IJM constitution: privilege from arrest while congress in session in all offenses punisha+le +y not more than > years imprisonment ). L :nder Bection 111 Article &" of t)e Constit'tion1 a p'.lic officer #)o arrests a mem.er of Con ress #)o )as committed a crime p'nis)a.le .y prision mayor (si2 years and one day1 to 12 years) is not lia.le Article 145. L Accordin to 3eyes1 to .e consistent #it) t)e Constit'tion1 t)e p)rase P.y a penalty )i )er t)an prision mayorP in Article 145 s)o'ld .e amended to read7 P.y t)e penalty of prision mayor or )i )er.P L T)e offender is any person and t)e offended party #)o is a mem.er of Con ress1 )as not committed any crime to /'stify t)e 'se of force1 t)reat1 intimidation or fra'd to pre$ent )im from attendin t)e meetin of Con ress.
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ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES AN) ASSOCIATIONS Article !"/ ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES Two <7= Ty1es o illegal assem&lies# a. 9eeting of the first form 1. Meetin 1 at)erin or ro'p of persons #)et)er in a fi2ed place or mo$in 2. purpose : to commit any of crimes p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e code 3. meetin attended .y armed persons .. 9eeting of the second form 1. Meetin 1 at)erin or ro'p of persons #)et)er in a fi2ed place or mo$in 2. A'dience #)et)er armed or not1 is incited to t)e commission of t)e crime of treason1 re.ellion or ins'rrection1 sedition or direct assa'lt. >ot all t)e persons present at t)e meetin of t)e first form of ille al assem.ly m'st .e armed Persons liable for illegal assembl! a. t)e or aniJers or leaders of t)e meetin .. persons merely present at t)e meetin (e2cept #)en presence is o't of c'riosity C not lia.le) 4esponsibilit! of persons merel! present at the meeting a. if t)ey are not armed1 penalty is arresto mayor .. if t)ey carry arms1 liIe .olos or Ini$es1 or licensed firearms1 penalty is prision correccional Pres$mptions if person present at the meeting carries an $nlicensed firearm" a. p'rpose of t)e meetin is to commit acts p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e 3-C .. considered as leader or or aniJer of t)e meetin L T)ose #)o incite t)e a'dience1 .y means of speec)es1 printed matters1 and ot)er representation1 to commit treason1 re.ellion or ins'rrection1 sedition or assa'lt a person in a't)ority1 s)all .e deemed leaders or or aniJers of said meetin . !he gravamen of the offense is mere assem+ly of or gathering of people for illegal purpose punisha+le +y the (evised -enal "ode* 5it)o't at)erin 1 t)ere is no ille al assem.ly. "f 'nla#f'l p'rpose is a crime 'nder a special la#1 t)ere is no ille al assem.ly. @or example1 t)e at)erin of dr' p's)ers to facilitate dr' trafficIin is not ille al assem.ly .eca'se t)e p'rpose is not $iolati$e of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code .'t of T)e Ean ero's Er' s Act of 1(!21 as amended1 #)ic) is a special la#.
Two forms of illegal assembl! (1) $o attendance of armed men, +ut persons in the meeting are incited to commit treason, re+ellion or insurrection, sedition or assault upon a person in authority . 5)en t)e ille al p'rpose of t)e at)erin is to incite people to commit t)e crimes mentioned a.o$e1 t)e presence of armed men is 'nnecessary. T)e mere at)erin for t)e p'rpose is s'fficient to .rin a.o't t)e crime already. Armed men attending the gathering C "f t)e ille al p'rpose is ot)er t)an t)ose mentioned a.o$e1 t)e presence of armed men d'rin t)e at)erin .rin s a.o't t)e crime of ille al assem.ly. E2ample7 -ersons conspirin to ro. a .anI #ere arrested. Bome #ere #it) firearms. 9ia.le for ille al assem.ly1 not for conspiracy1 .'t for at)erin #it) armed men.
(2)
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>istinction between illegal assembl! and illegal association %n illegal assem+ly1 t)e .asis of lia.ility is t)e at)erin for an ille al p'rpose #)ic) constit'tes a crime 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. %n illegal association1 t)e .asis is t)e formation of or or aniJation of an association to en a e in an 'nla#f'l p'rpose #)ic) is not limited to a $iolation of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. "t incl'des a $iolation of a special la# or t)ose a ainst p'.lic morals. Meanin of p'.lic morals7 inimical to p'.lic #elfare; it )as not)in to do #it) decency.1 not acts of o.scenity. Article !"0 ILLEGAL ASSOCIATIONS ELEMENTS# a. &rgani'ed totall! or partiall! for the p$rpose of committing an! of the crimes in 4P# &r b. /or some p$rpose contrar! to p$blic morals .ersons lia&le# a. fo'nders1 directors and president of t)e association .. mere mem.ers of t)e association ILLEGAL ASSEMBLY <!"/= ILLEGAL ASSOCIATION <!"0= M'st .e an act'al meetin of armed persons to >o need for s'c) commit any of t)e crimes p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e 3-C1 or of indi$id'als #)o1 alt)o' ) not armed1 are incited to t)e commission of treason1 re.ellion1 sedition or assa'lt 'pon a person in a't)ority of )is a ent. "t is t)e meetin and t)e attendance at s'c) t)at Act of formin or or aniJin and are p'nis)ed mem.ers)ip in t)e association -ersons lia.le7 leaders and t)ose present +o'nders1 directors1 president and mem.ers
.u&lic morals refers to crimes p'nis)ed 'nder Title Bi2 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 namely1 am.lin 1 ra$e scandal1 prostit'tion and $a rancy. ASSAULT2 RESISTANCE AN) )ISOBE)IENCE Article !"5 )IRECT ASSAULT ELEMENTS O* T+E !ST *ORM O* )IRECT ASSAULT a. That the offender emplo!s force or intimidation. +* That the aim of the offender is to attain an! of the p$rposes of the crime of rebellion or an! of the ob3ects of the crimes of sedition. ,victim need not +e person in authority) c. That there is no p$blic $prising. Example of the first form of direct assault: T)ree men .roIe into a >ational +ood A't)ority #are)o'se and lamented s'fferin s of t)e people. T)ey called on people to )elp t)emsel$es to all t)e rice. T)ey did not e$en )elp t)emsel$es to a sin le rain. !he crime committed was direct assault* !here was no ro++ery for there was no intent to gain* !he crime is direct assault +y committing acts of sedition under Article 27I :6;, that is, spoiling of the property, for any political or social end, of any person municipality or province or the national government of all or any its property, +ut there is no pu+lic uprising* ELEMENTS O* T+E 7N) *ORM O* )IRECT ASSAULT# a. That the offender ,a) ma+es an attac+, ,b) emplo!s force, ,c) ma+es a serio$s intimidation, or ,d) ma+es a serio$s resistance.
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b. That the person assa$lted is a person in a$thorit! or his agent. c* That at the time of the assa$lt the person in a$thorit! or his agent ,a) is engaged in the act$al performance of official d$ties ,motive is not essential), or that he is assa$lted ,b) b! reason of the past performance of official d$ties ,motive is essential). d* That the offender +nows that the one he is assa$lting is a person in a$thorit! or his agent in the e)ercise of his d$ties ,with intention to offend, in9ure or assault). e. That there is no p$blic $prising. L Crime of direct assa'lt can only .e committed .y means of dolo. "t cannot .e committed .y culpa. Always complexed with the material conse.uence of the act (e. . direct assa'lt #it) m'rder) except if resulting in a light felony1 in #)ic) case1 t)e conseA'ence is a.sor.ed
L T)e crime is not .ased on t)e material conseA'ence of t)e 'nla#f'l act * !he crime of direct assault punishes the spirit of lawlessness and the contempt or hatred for the authority or the rule of law* L To .e specific1 if a /'d e #as Iilled #)ile )e #as )oldin a session1 t)e Iillin is not t)e direct assa'lt1 .'t m'rder. !here could +e direct assault if the offender illed the 9udge simply +ecause the 9udge is so strict in the fulfillment of his duty* "t is t)e spirit of )ate #)ic) is t)e essence of direct assa'lt. * So, where the spirit is present, it is always complexed with the material conse.uence of the unlawful act . "f t)e 'nla#f'l act #as m'rder or )omicide committed 'nder circ'mstance of la#lessness or contempt of a't)ority1 t)e crime #o'ld .e direct assa'lt #it) m'rder or )omicide1 as t)e case may .e. "n t)e e2ample of t)e /'d e #)o #as Iilled1 t)e crime is direct assa'lt #it) m'rder or )omicide. * !he only time when it is not complexed is when material conse.uence is a light felony, that is, slight physical in9ury. Eirect assa'lt a.sor.s t)e li )ter felony; t)e crime of direct assa'lt can not .e separated from t)e material res'lt of t)e act. So, if an offender who is charged with direct assault and in another court for the slight physical %n9ury which is part of the act, ac.uittal or conviction in one is a +ar to the prosecution in the other* 0ittin t)e policeman on t)e c)est #it) fist is not direct assa'lt .eca'se if done a ainst an a ent of a person in a't)ority1 t)e force employed m'st .e of serio's c)aracter T)e force employed need not .e serio's #)en t)e offended party is a person in a't)ority (e2. 9ayin of )ands) T)e intimidation or resistance m'st .e serio's #)et)er t)e offended party is an a ent only or a person in a't)ority (e2. -ointin a 'n) *orce Em1loye, >eed not .e serio's M'st .e of serio's c)aracter Intimi,ationIResistance Berio's Berio's
Person in A$thorit! Agent
.ERSON IN AUT+ORITY# any person directly $ested #it) /'risdiction (po#er or a't)ority to o$ern and e2ec'te t)e la#s) #)et)er as an indi$id'al or as a mem.er of some co'rt or o$ernmental corporation1 .oard or commission A .aran ay captain is a person in a't)ority1 so is a Ei$ision B'perintendent of sc)ools1 -resident of Banitary Ei$ision and a teac)er
L "n applyin t)e pro$isions of Articles 14% and 151 , teachers, professors, and persons charged with the supervision of pu+lic or duly recogni,ed private schools, colleges and universities and lawyers in the actual performance of their duties or on the occasion of such performance, shall +e deemed a person in authority* AGENT# is one #)o1 .y direct pro$ision of la# or .y election or .y appointment .y competent a't)ority1 is c)ar ed #it) t)e maintenance of p'.lic order and t)e protection and sec'rity of life and property. (Example* @arrio co'ncilman and any person #)o comes to t)e aid of t)e person in
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a't)ority1 policeman1 m'nicipal treas'rer1 postmaster1 s)eriff1 a ents of t)e @"31 MalacaSan confidential a ent) E$en #)en t)e person in a't)ority or t)e a ent a rees to fi )t1 still direct assa'lt. 5)en t)e person in a't)ority or t)e a ent pro$oIedNattacIed first1 innocent party is entitled to defend )imself and cannot .e )eld lia.le for assa'lt or resistance nor for p)ysical in/'ries1 .eca'se )e acts in le itimate self4defense
L T)e offended party in assa'lt m'st not .e t)e a ressor. "f t)ere is 'nla#f'l a ression employed .y t)e p'.lic officer1 any form of resistance #)ic) may .e in t)e nat're of force a ainst )im #ill .e considered as an act of le itimate defense. ,People vs. =ernande', 5A Phil. 060) T)ere can .e no assa'lt 'pon or diso.edience to one a't)ority .y anot)er #)en t)ey .ot) contend t)at t)ey #ere in t)e e2ercise of t)eir respecti$e d'ties.
L T)e offender and t)e offended party are .ot) p'.lic officers. T)e B'preme Co'rt said t)at assa'lt may still .e committed1 as in fact t)e offender is e$en s'./ected to a reater penalty ,D.2. vs. Ealle3o, 11 Phil. 1A0)' 5)en assa'lt is made .y reason of t)e performance of )is d'ty t)ere is no need for act'al performance of )is official d'ty #)en attacIed %n direct assault of the first form, t)e stat're of t)e offended person is immaterial * !he crime is manifested +y the spirit of lawlessness* %n the second form, yo' )a$e to distin 'is) a sit'ation #)ere a person in a't)ority or )is a ent #as attacIed #)ile performin official f'nctions1 from a sit'ation #)en )e is not performin s'c) f'nctions * %f attac was done during the exercise of official functions, the crime is always direct assault* "t is eno' ) t)at t)e offender Ine# t)at t)e person in a't)ority #as performin an official f'nction #)ate$er may .e t)e reason for t)e attacI1 alt)o' ) #)at may )a$e )appened #as a p'rely pri$ate affair.
L ?n t)e ot)er )and1 if the person in authority or the agent was illed when no longer performing official functions, the crime may simply +e the material conse.uence of he unlawful act: murder or homicide* +or t)e crime to .e direct assa'lt1 t)e attacI m'st .e .y reason of )is official f'nction in t)e past. Moti$e .ecomes important in t)is respect. Example, if a 9udge was illed while resisting the ta ing of his watch, there is no direct assault* "n t)e second form of direct assa'lt1 it is also important that the offended new that the person he is attac ing is a person in authority or an agent of a person in authority, performing his official functions* >o Ino#led e1 no la#lessness or contempt * @or example, if t#o persons #ere A'arrelin and a policeman in ci$ilian clot)es comes and stops t)em1 .'t one of t)e prota onists sta.s t)e policeman1 t)ere #o'ld .e no direct assa'lt 'nless t)e offender Ine# t)at )e is a policeman. "n t)is respect it is eno' ) t)at t)e offender s)o'ld Ino# t)at t)e offended party #as e2ercisin some form of a't)ority. %t is not necessary that the offender nows what is meant +y person in authority or an agent of one +ecause ignorantia legis non excusat* Circumstances $uali ying the o ense <;uali ie, Assault=# a. #)en t)e assa'lt is committed #it) a #eapon .. #)en t)e offender is a p'.lic officer or employee c. #)en t)e offender lays )and 'pon a person in a't)ority Comple2 crime of direct assa'lt #it) )omicide or m'rder1 or #it) serio's p)ysical in/'ries.
L "f t)e crime of direct assa'lt is committed #it) t)e 'se of force and it res'lted in t)e infliction of sli )t p)ysical in/'ries1 t)e latter s)all not .e considered as a separate offense. "t s)all .e a.sor.ed .y t)e reater crime of direct assa'lt. ,People vs. Acierto, 5. Phil. ;16)
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Eirect assa'lt cannot .e committed d'rin re.ellion.
9a! direct assa$lt be committed $pon a private individ$alC Yes. 5)en a pri$ate person comes to t)e aid of a person in a't)ority1 and )e is liIe#ise assa'lted. :nder 4ep$blic Act %o. 1A.7, a pri$ate person #)o comes to t)e aid of a person in a't)ority is .y fiction of la# deemed or is considered an a ent of a person in a't)ority.
Article !"6 IN)IRECT ASSAULT ELEMENTS# a. That a person in a$thorit! or his agent is the victim of an! of the forms of direct assa$lt defined in A4T. 167. b. That a person comes to the aid of s$ch a$thorit! or his agent. c. That the offender ma+es $se of force or intimidation $pon s$ch person coming to the aid of the a$thorit! or his agent. (ndirect assa$lt can be committed onl! when a direct assa$lt is also committed To be indirect assa$lt, the person who sho$ld be aided is the agent (not t)e person in a't)ority .eca'se it is already direct assa'lt1 t)e person comin to t)e aid of t)e person in a't)ority .ein considered as an a ent and an attacI on t)e latter is already direct assa'lt). E2ample. Aidin a policeman 'nder attacI.
* !he victim in indirect assault should +e a private person who comes in aid of an agent of a person in authority* T)e assa'lt is 'pon a person #)o comes in aid of t)e a ent of a person in a't)ority. T)e $ictim cannot .e t)e person in a't)ority or )is a ent. * !a e note that under Article 26/, as amended, when any person comes in aid of a person in authority, said person at that moment is no longer a civilian ? he is constituted as an agent of the person in authority* %f such person were the one attac ed, the crime would +e direct assault Article !-8 )ISOBE)IENCE TO SUMMONS Acts 1unisha&le# a. ref$sing witho$t legal e)c$se to obe! s$mmons b. ref$sing to be sworn or placed $nder affirmation c. ref$sing to answer an! legal in1$ir! to prod$ce boo+s, records etc. d. restraining another from attending as witness in s$ch bod! e. ind$cing disobedience to a s$mmons or ref$sal to be sworn L T)e act p'nis)ed is ref'sal1 #it)o't le al e2c'se1 to o.ey s'mmons iss'ed .y t)e 0o'se of 3epresentati$es or t)e Benate. "f a Constit'tional Commission is created1 it s)all en/oy t)e same pri$ile e. L T)e e2ercise .y t)e le islat're of its contempt po#er is a matter of self4preser$ation1 independent of t)e /'dicial .ranc). T)e contempt po#er of t)e le islat're is in)erent and sui generis. L T)e power to punish is not extended to the local executive +odies . T)e reason i$en is t)at local le islati$e .odies are .'t a creation of la# and t)erefore1 for t)em to e2ercise t)e po#er of contempt1 t)ere m'st .e an e2press rant of t)e same. Article !-!
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RESISTANCEI)ISOBE)IENCE TO A .ERSON IN AUT+ORITY OR T+E AGENT O* SUC+ .ERSON <1ar' != ELEMENTS# a. That a person in a$thorit! or his agent is engaged in the performance of official d$t! or gives a lawf$l order to the offender. b. That the offender resists or serio$sl! disobe!s s$ch person in a$thorit! or his agent. c. That the act of the offender is not incl$ded in the provisions of arts. 167, 16A and 15@. SIM.LE )ISOBE)IENCE <1ar' 7= ELEMENTS# a. That an agent of a person in a$thorit! is engaged in the performance of official d$t! gives a lawf$l order to the offender. b. That the offender disobe!s s$ch agent of a person in a$thorit!. c. That s$ch disobedience is not of a serio$s nat$re. US %s' Ramayrat2 77 .hil' !5: T)e B'preme Co'rt )eld t)at7 Ft he violation does not refer to resistance or diso+edience to the legal provisions of the law, nor to 9udicial decisions defining or declaring the rights and o+ligations of the parties for the same give reliefs only in the form of civil actions* (ather, the diso+edience or resistance is to the orders directly issued +y the authorities in the exercise of their official duties*4 )irect Assault <!"5= -"A or )is a ent m'st .e en a ed in t)e performance of official d'ties or t)at )e is assa'lted Eirect assa'lt is committed in 4 #ays C .y attacIin 1 employin force1 and serio'sly resistin a -"A or )is a ent. :se of force a ainst an a ent of -"A m'st .e serio's and deli.erate. Resistant an, )iso&e,ience to a .erson in Authority or Agents o such .erson <!-!= -"A or )is a ent m'st .e in t)e act'al performance of )is d'ties. Committed .y resistin or serio'sly diso.eyin a -"A or )is a ent. :se of force a ainst an a ent of a -"A is not so serio's; no manifest intention to defy t)e la# and t)e officers enforcin it.
* %n +oth resistance against an agent of a person in authority and direct assault +y resisting an agent of a person in authority, there is force employed 1 .'t t)e use of force in resistance is not so serio's1 as t)ere is no manifest intention to defy t)e la# and t)e officers enforcin it. * !he attac or employment of force which gives rise to the crime of direct assault must +e serious and deli+erate; ot)er#ise1 e$en a case of simple resistance to an arrest1 #)ic) al#ays reA'ires t)e 'se of force of some Iind1 #o'ld constit'te direct assa'lt and t)e lesser offense of resistance or diso.edience in Article 151 #o'ld entirely disappear. But when the one resisted is a person in authority 1 t)e 'se of any Iind or de ree of force #ill i$e rise to direct assa'lt. %f no force is employed +y the offender in resisting or diso+eying a person in authority 1 t)e crime committed is resistance or serio's diso.edience 'nder t)e first para rap) of Article 151. Article !-7 .ERSONS IN AUT+ORITYIAGENTS O* .ERSONS IN AUT+ORITY# .ERSONS IN AUT+ORITY C any person directly $ested #it) /'risdiction1 #)et)er as an indi$id'al or as a mem.er of some co'rt or o$ernmental corporation1 .oard or commission. EJam1les o .ersons in Authority 7 a. @aran ay captain .. @aran ay c)airman
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c. d. e. f. . ). i. /. M'nicipal mayor -ro$incial fiscal M'stice of t)e peace M'nicipal co'ncilor Teac)ers -rofessors -ersons c)ar ed #it) t)e s'per$ision of p'.lic or d'ly reco niJed pri$ate sc)ools1 colle es and 'ni$ersities 9a#yers in t)e act'al performance of t)eir professional d'ties or on t)e occasion of s'c) performance
AGENT O* .ERSON IN AUT+ORITY C any person #)o1 .y direct pro$ision of la# or .y election or .y appointment .y competent a't)ority1 is c)ar ed #it) t)e maintenance of p'.lic order and t)e protection and sec'rity of life and property. EJam1les o agents o .IA 7 a. @arrio co'ncilman .. @arrio policeman c. @aran ay leader d* Any person who comes to the aid of persons in authority Section 7JJ of the Aocal 'ovDt "ode pro$ides t)at Ffor p'rposes of t)e 3-C1 t)e p'non .aran ay1 san 'nian .aran ay mem.ers and mem.ers of t)e l'pon ta apamayapa in eac) .aran ay s)all .e deemed as persons in authority in t)eir /'risdictions1 #)ile ot)er .aran ay officials and mem.ers #)o may .e desi nated .y la# or ordinance and c)ar ed #it) t)e maintenance of p'.lic order1 protection and t)e sec'rity of life1 property1 or t)e maintenance of a desira.le and .alanced en$ironment1 and any .aran ay mem.er #)o comes to t)e aid of persons in a't)ority s)all .e deemed A'E$! of persons in authority* 5)en t)e offended party is a person in a't)ority and #)ile .ein assa'lted1 a pri$ate indi$id'al comes to )is resc'e1 s'c) pri$ate indi$id'al1 .y operation of la#1 mutates mutandis .ecomes an a ent of a person in a't)ority. Any assa'lt committed a ainst s'c) person is direct assa'lt1 and not indirect assa'lt. @'t if t)e person assa'lted is an a ent of a person in a't)ority1 and a pri$ate indi$id'al comes to )is resc'e and is )imself assa'lted #)ile i$in t)e assistance1 as earlier disc'ssed1 t)e crime committed is indirect assa'lt. CRIMES AGAINST .UBLIC )ISOR)ERS
Article !-: TUMULTS AN) OT+ER )ISTURBANCES O* .UBLIC OR)ER TY.ES# a. #a$sing an! serio$s dist$rbance in a p$blic place, office or establishment +* (nterr$pting or dist$rbing p$blic performances, f$nctions, gatherings or peacef$l meetings, if the act is not incl$ded in Art 101 and 102 , -u+lic #fficers interrupting peaceful meetings or religious worship). c. 9a+ing an! o$tcr! tending to incite rebellion or sedition in an! meeting, association or p$blic place d. >ispla!ing placards or emblems which provo+e a dist$rbance of p$blic order in s$ch place e. ?$r!ing with pomp the bod! of a person who has been legall! e)ec$ted. "f t)e act of dist'r.in or interr'ptin a meetin or reli io's ceremony is >?T committed .y p'.lic officers1 or if committed .y p'.lic officers #)o are not participants t)erein1 t)is article applies. Art 272 and 27/ punishes the same acts if committed +y pu+lic officers who are$#! participants in the meeting T)e o'tcry is merely a p'.lic disorder if it is an 'nconscio's o't.'rst #)ic)1 alt)o' ) re.ellio's or seditio's in nat're1 is not intentionally calc'lated to ind'ce ot)ers to commit re.ellion or sedition1 ot)er#ise1 its incitin to re.ellion or sedition.
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T)is article s)o'ld .e distin 'is)ed from incitin to re.ellion or sedition as disc'ssed 'nder Article 13% and 142. "n t)e former1 t)e meetin is le al and peacef'l. "t .ecomes 'nla#f'l only .eca'se of t)e o'tcry made1 #)ic) tends to incite re.ellion or sedition in t)e meetin . "n t)e latter case1 t)e meetin is 'nla#f'l from t)e .e innin and t)e 'tterances made are deli.erately artic'lated to incite ot)ers to rise p'.licly and re.el a ainst t)e o$ernment. 5)at maIes it incitin to re.ellion or sedition is t)e act of incitin t)e a'dience to commit re.ellion or sedition. TUMULTUOUS C if ca'sed .y more t)an 3 persons #)o are armed or pro$ided #it) means of $iolence (circ'mstance A'alifyin t)e dist'r.anceNinterr'ption) C Ft'm'lt'o's in c)aracterH
* !he essence is creating pu+lic disorder* T)is crime is .ro' )t a.o't .y creatin serio's dist'r.ances in p'.lic places1 p'.lic .'ildin s1 and e$en in pri$ate places #)ere p'.lic f'nctions or performances are .ein )eld. @or a crime to +e under this article, it must not fall under Articles 272 :prohi+ition, interruption, and dissolution of peaceful meetings; and 27/ :interruption of religious worship;*
L "n t)e act of maIin o'tcry d'rin speec) tendin to incite re.ellion or sedition1 t)e sit'ation m'st .e distin 'is)ed from incitin to sedition or re.ellion. %f the spea er, even +efore he delivered his speech, already had the criminal intent to incite the listeners to rise to sedition, the crime would +e inciting to sedition* 0o#e$er1 if the offender had no such criminal intent, +ut in the course of his speech, tempers went high and so the spea er started inciting the audience to rise in sedition against the government, the crime is distur+ance of the pu+lic order*
* !he distur+ance of the pu+ic order is tumultuous and the penalty is increased if it is +rought a+out +y armed men. T)e term FarmedH does not refer to firearms .'t incl'des e$en .i stones capa.le of ca'sin ra$e in/'ry. %t is also distur+ance of the pu+lic order if a convict legally put to death is +uried with pomp . 0e s)o'ld not .e made o't as a martyr; it mi )t incite ot)ers to )atred. T)e crime of dist'r.ance of p'.lic order may .e committed in a p'.lic or pri$ate place. "f committed in a pri$ate place1 t)e la# is $iolated only #)ere t)e dist'r.ance is made #)ile a p'.lic f'nction or performance is oin on. 5it)o't a p'.lic at)erin in a pri$ate place1 t)e crime cannot .e committed.
Article !-" UNLA4*UL USE O* MEANS O* .UBLICATION AN) UNLA4*UL UTTERANCES TY.ES# a. P$blishing or ca$sing to be p$blished, b! means of printing, lithograph! or an! other means of p$blication as news an! false news which ma! endanger the p$blic order, or ca$se damage to the interest or credit of the 2tate. b. :nco$raging disobedience to the law or to the constit$ted a$thorities or b! praising, 3$stif!ing or e)tolling an! act p$nished b! law, b! the same means or b! words, $tterances or speeches 9alicio$sl! p$blishing or ca$sing to be p$blished an! official resol$tion or doc$ment witho$t proper a$thorit!, or before the! have been p$blished officiall! Printing, p$blishing or distrib$ting or ,ca$sing the same) boo+s, pamphlets, periodicals or leaflets which do not bear the real printerBs name or which are classified as anon!mo$s.
c. d.
L T)e p'rpose of t)e la# is to p'nis) t)e spreadin of false information #)ic) tends to ca'se panic1 conf'sion1 distr'st and di$ide people in t)eir loyalty to t)e d'ly constit'ted a't)orities. L Act'al p'.lic disorder or act'al dama e to t)e credit of t)e Btate is not necessary. Re1u&lic Act No' 7"5 pro)i.its t)e reprintin 1 reprod'ction or rep'.lication of o$ernment p'.lications and official doc'ments #it)o't pre$io's a't)ority
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T)e article also p'nis)es any person #)o Ino#in ly p'.lis)es official acts or doc'ments #)ic) are not officially prom'l ated. Article !-ALARMS AN) SCAN)ALS TY.ES# a. >ischarging an! firearm, roc+et, firecrac+er, or other e)plosive within an! town or p$blic place, calc$lated to ca$se alarm or danger b. (nstigating or ta+ing active part in an! charivari or other disorderl! meeting offensive to another or pre3$dicial to p$blic tran1$ilit! c. >ist$rbing the p$blic peace while wandering abo$t at night or while engaged in an! other noct$rnal am$sement d. #a$sing an! dist$rbance or scandal in p$blic places while into)icated or otherwise, provided the act is not covered b! Art 150 ,t$m$lt). :nderstand t)e nature of the crime of alarms and scandals as one t)at dist'r.s p'.lic tranA'ility or p'.lic peace. "f t)e annoyance is intended for a partic'lar person1 t)e crime is un9ust vexation* #harivari C mocI serenade or discordant noises made #it) Iettles1 tin )orns etc1 desi ned to deride1 ins'lt or annoy
4+EN A .ERSON )ISC+ARGES A *IREARM IN .UBLIC , the act may constitute any of the possi+le crimes under the (evised -enal "ode: :2; :/; :7; Alarms and scandals if t)e firearm #)en disc)ar ed #as not directed to any partic'lar person; (llegal discharge of firearm under Article /6< if t)e firearm is directed or pointed to a partic'lar person #)en disc)ar ed .'t intent to Iill is a.sent; Attempted homicide, m$rder, or parricide if t)e firearm #)en disc)ar ed is directed a ainst a person and intent to Iill is present.
"n t)is connection1 'nderstand t)at it is not necessary t)at t)e offended party .e #o'nded or )it. )ere discharge of firearm towards another with intent to ill already amounts to attempted homicide or attempted murder or attempted parricide* %t can not +e frustrated +ecause the offended party is not mortally wounded* "n Araneta v. #o$rt of Appeals1 it #as )eld t)at if a person is s)ot at and is #o'nded1 t)e crime is a'tomatically attempted )omicide. %ntent to ill is inherent in the use of the deadly weapon* (4; (5) Grave Threats ? "f t)e #eapon is not disc)ar ed .'t merely pointed to anot)er &ther Light Threats C "f dra#n in a A'arrel .'t not in self defense 5)at o$erns is t)e res'lt1 not t)e intent 4ho are Lia&le -ri$ate persons1 o'tsider -ri$ate persons1 o'tsider
CRIME Nature o Crime T'm'lts and ot)er Crime a ainst -'.lic ?rder Eist'r.ances (153) Alarms and Bcandals (155) Crime a ainst -'.lic ?rder
Article !-/ )ELI(ERING .RISONERS *ROM ?AILS ELEMENTS # a. That there is a person confined in a 3ail or penal establishment.
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+* That the offender removes therefor s$ch person, or helps the escape of s$ch person , if the escapee is serving final 9udgement, he is guilty of evasion of sentence ). c. &ffender is a private individ$al -risoner may .e detention prisoner or one sentenced .y $irt'e of a final /'d ment
L E$en if t)e prisoner is in t)e )ospital or asyl'm or any place for detention of prisoner1 as lon as )e is classified as a prisoner1 t)at is1 a formal complaint or information )as .een filed in co'rt1 and )e )as .een officially cate oriJed as a prisoner1 t)is article applies1 as s'c) place is considered e2tension of t)e penal instit'tion. A policeman assi ned to t)e city /ail as 'ard #)o #)ile off4d'ty released a prisoner is lia.le )ere
L E$en if t)e prisoner ret'rned to t)e /ail after se$eral )o'rs1 t)e one #)o remo$ed )im from /ail is lia.le. "t may .e committed t)ro' ) ne li ence #irc$mstances 1$alif!ing the offense C is committed .y means of $iolence1 intimidation or .ri.ery. 9itigating circ$mstance C if it taIes place o'tside t)e penal esta.lis)ment .y taIin t)e 'ards .y s'rprise
L correlate t)e crime of deli$erin person from /ail #it) infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners p'nis)ed 'nder Articles 2231 224 and 225 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code * %n +oth acts, the offender may +e a pu+lic officer or a private citi,en* Eo not t)inI t)at infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners can only .e committed .y a p'.lic officer and deli$erin persons from /ail can only .e committed .y pri$ate person. @ot) crimes may .e committed .y p'.lic officers as #ell as pri$ate persons.
6 "n .ot) crimes1 the person involved may +e a convict or a mere detention prisoner* L T)e only point of distinction .et#een t)e t#o crimes lies on #)et)er t)e offender is t)e c'stodian of t)e prisoner or not at t)e time t)e prisoner #as made to escape. %f the offender is the custodian at that time 1 t)e crime is infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners. But if the offender is not the custodian of the prisoner at that time 1 e$en t)o' ) )e is a p'.lic officer1 t)e crime )e committed is deli$erin prisoners from /ail.
LIABILITY O* T+E .RISONER OR )ETAINEE 4+O ESCA.E) C 5)en t)ese crimes are committed1 #)et)er infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners or deli$erin prisoners from /ail1 t)e prisoner so escapin may also )a$e criminal lia.ility and t)is is so if t)e prisoner is a con$ict ser$in sentence .y final /'d ment. T)e crime of evasion of service of sentence is committed +y the prisoner who escapes if such prisoner is a convict serving sentence +y final 9udgment . %f the prisoner who escapes is only a detention prisoner 1 )e does not inc'r lia.ility from escapin if )e does not Ino# of t)e plan to remo$e )im from /ail. But if such prisoner nows of the plot to remove him from 9ail and cooperates therein +y escaping, )e )imself .ecomes lia.le for deli$erin prisoners from /ail as a principal .y indispensa.le cooperation. * %f three persons are involved ? a stranger, the custodian and the prisoner ? three crimes are committed7 (1) "nfidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners; (2) Eeli$ery of t)e prisoner from /ail; and (3) E$asion of ser$ice of sentence. (t is possible that several crimes ma! be committed in one set of facts . +or instance1 ass'min t)at -edro1 t)e /ail #arden1 a reed #it) M'an to allo# Maria to escape .y not locIin t)e ate of t)e city /ail. -ro$ided t)at M'an comes across #it) -51***.** pesos as .ri.e money. T)e arran ement #as not Ino#n to Maria .'t #)en s)e noticed t)e 'nlocIed ate of t)e city /ail s)e tooI ad$anta e of t)e sit'ation and escaped. +rom t)e facts i$en1 t)ere is no A'estion t)at -edro1 as t)e /ail #arden1 is lia.le for t)e crime of infidelity in t)e c'stody of t)e prisoner. 0e #ill also .e a.le for t)e crime of .ri.ery. M'an #ill .e lia.le for t)e crime of deli$erin a prisoner from /ail and for corr'ption of p'.lic official 'nder Art. 212. "f Maria is a sentenced prisoner1 s)e #ill .e lia.le for e$asion of ser$ice of sentence 'nder Article 15!. if s)e is a detention prisoner1 s)e commits no crime.
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E(ASION O* SENTENCE OR SER(ICE E(ASION O* SER(ICE O* SENTENCE +AS T+REE *ORMS# :2; @y simply lea$in or escapin from t)e penal esta.lis)ment under Article 26M1 :/; +ail're to ret'rn #it)in 4% )o'rs after )a$in left t)e penal esta.lis)ment .eca'se of a calamity1 confla ration or m'tiny and s'c) calamity1 confla ration or m'tiny )as .een anno'nced as already passed under Article 26J1 :7; &iolatin t)e condition of conditional pardon under Article 26I* Article !-0 E(ASION O* SER(ICE O* SENTENCE ELEMENTS # a. That the offender is a convict b! final 3$dgment. +* That he is serving his sentence which consists in deprivation of libert! , destierro included) c* That he evades the service of his sentence b! escaping d$ring the term if his sentence. , fact of return immaterial). @y t)e $ery nat're of t)e crime1 it cannot .e committed #)en t)e prisoner in$ol$ed is merely a detention prisoner. @'t it applies to persons con$icted .y final /'d ment #it) a penalty of destierro*
* A detention prisoner even if he escapes from confinement has no criminal lia+ility . T)'s1 escapin from )is prison cell #)en )is case is still on appeal does not maIe said prisoner lia.le for E$asion of Ber$ice of Bentence. %n leaving or escaping from 9ail or prison, that the prisoner immediately returned is immaterial . "t is eno' ) t)at )e left t)e penal esta.lis)ment .y escapin t)erefrom. =is voluntary return may only +e mitigating, +eing analogous to voluntary surrender* But the same will not a+solve his criminal lia+ility* A continuing offense. &ffenders C not minor delinA'ents nor detention prisoners "f escaped #it)in t)e 15 day appeal period C no e$asion >o applica.le to deportation as t)e sentence !he crime of evasion of service of sentence may +e committed even if the sentence is destierro, and t)is is committed if t)e con$ict sentenced to destierro #ill enter t)e pro)i.ited places or come #it)in t)e pro)i.ited radi's of 25 Iilometers to s'c) places as stated in t)e /'d ment.
* %f the sentence violated is destierro, the penalty upon the convict is to +e served +y way of destierro also, not imprisonment* T)is is so .eca'se t)e penalty for t)e e$asion can not .e more se$ere t)an t)e penalty e$aded. #irc$mstances 1$alif!ing the offense ,done thr$)" a. 'nla#f'l entry (.y Fscalin H) .. .reaIin doors1 #indo#s1 ates1 #alls1 roofs or floors c. 'sin picIlocIs1 false Ieys1 dis 'ise1 deceit1 $iolence or intimidation d. conni$ance #it) ot)er con$icts or employees of t)e penal instit'tion L A1 a forei ner1 #as fo'nd 'ilty of $iolation of t)e la#1 and #as ordered .y t)e co'rt to .e deported. 9ater on1 )e ret'rned to t)e -)ilippines in $iolation of t)e sentence. 0eld7 0e is not 'ilty of E$asion of Ber$ice of Bentence as t)e la# is not applica.le to offenses e2ec'ted .y deportation. <D.2. vs. Loo =oe, 0; Phil. 7;.='
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Article !-5 E(ASION O* SER(ICE O* SENTENCE ON T+E OCCASION CON*LAGRATIONS2 EART+;UAKES OR OT+ER CALAMITIES
O*
)ISOR)ERS2
ELEMENTS # a. That the offender is a convict b! final 3$dgement who is confined in a penal instit$tion. b. That there is disorder, res$lting from8 1. conflagration, 2. earth1$a+e, or 0. e)plosion, or 6. similar catastrophe, or 5. m$tin! , not participated. c. That the offender evades the service of his sentence b! leaving the penal instit$tion where he is confined, on the occasion of s$ch disorder or d$ring the m$tin!. d. That the offender fails to give himself $p to the a$thorities within 67 ho$rs following the iss$ance of a proclamation b! the chief e)ec$tive anno$ncing the passing awa! of s$ch calamit!.
T)e lea$in from t)e penal esta.lis)ment is not t)e .asis of criminal lia.ility. %t is the failure to return within <J hours after the passing of the calamity, conflagration or mutiny had +een announced* :nder Article 15%1 those who return within <J hours are given credit or deduction from the remaining period of their sentence e.uivalent to 2E6 of the original term of the sentence* But if the prisoner fails to return within said <J hours, an added penalty, also 2E6, shall +e imposed +ut the 2E6 penalty is +ased on the remaining period of the sentence, not on the original sentence* %n no case shall that penalty exceed six months* #ffender must escape to +e entitled to allowance
6 T)ose #)o did not lea$e t)e penal esta.lis)ment are not entitled to t)e 1N5 credit. #nly those who left and returned within the <J8hour period* +or s'c) e$ent to .e considered as a calamity1 t)e -resident must declared it to +e so . 0e m'st iss'e a proclamation to t)e effect t)at t)e calamity is o$er. E$en if t)e e$ents )erein mentioned may .e considered as calamity1 t)ere is a need for t)e C)ief E2ec'ti$e to maIe s'c) anno'ncement. A.sent s'c) declaration. E$en if t)e prisoner #ill ret'rn to t)e penal instit'tion #)ere )e #as confined1 t)e same is of no moment as in t)e meantime )e )as committed a $iolation of t)e la#1 not 'nder t)e present article .'t for p're e$asion of ser$ice of sentence 'nder Article 15!. 9$tin! C or aniJed 'nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer1 a sedition1 a re$olt T)e m'tiny referred to in t)e second form of e$asion of ser$ice of sentence does not include riot. T)e m'tiny referred to )ere in$ol$es s'.ordinate personnel risin a ainst t)e s'per$isor #it)in t)e penal esta.lis)ment. #ne who escapes during a riot will +e su+9ect to Article 26M 1 t)at is1 simply lea$in or escapin t)e penal esta.lis)ment. Eisarmin t)e 'ards is not m'tiny
L &iolation attri.'ted to t)e acc'sed is no lon er referred to t)e co'rt for /'dicial inA'iry or resol'tion. T)e la# )as pro$ided s'fficient 'idelines for t)e /ail #arden to follo#. L T)is disA'isition #ill not apply if t)e offender #)o escapes taIin ad$anta e of t)e calamities en'merated )erein is appre)ended .y t)e a't)orities after 4% )o'rs from t)e declaration t)at t)e calamity is o$er. "t is only e2tended to one #)o ret'rns .'t made inside t)e 4% )o'rs delimited .y t)e proclamation. At t)is sta e1 t)e $iolation is not s'.stanti$e .'t administrati$e in nat're. Article !-6 (IOLATION O* CON)ITIONAL .AR)ON ELEMENTS#
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a. That the offender was a convict. b. That he was granted a conditional pardon b! the chief e)ec$tive. c. That he violated an! of the conditions of s$ch pardon. Condition e2tends to special la#s C $iolation of ille al $otin T)e condition imposed 'pon t)e prisoner not to .e 'ilty of anot)er crime is not limited to t)ose p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. "t incl'des t)ose p'nis)ed 'nder Bpecial 9a#. <People vs. #orral, .6 Phil. 05.=' L "n $iolation of conditional pardon1 as a r'le1 the violation will amount to this crime only if the condition is violated during the remaining period of the sentence* L "f t)e condition of t)e pardon is $iolated1 t)e remedy a ainst t)e acc'sed may .e in t)e form of prosec'tion 'nder Article 15(. it may also .e an administrati$e action .y referrin t)e $iolation to t)e co'rt of ori in and prayin for t)e iss'ance of a #arrant of arrest /'stified 'nder Bection 64 of t)e 3e$ised Administrati$e Code. T)e administrative lia+ility of the convict under the conditional pardon is different and )as not)in to do #it) )is criminal lia.ility for t)e e$asion of ser$ice of sentence in t)e e$ent t)at t)e condition of t)e pardon )as .een $iolated. Exception7 #)ere t)e $iolation of t)e condition of t)e pardon #ill constit'te e$asion of ser$ice of sentence1 e$en t)o' ) committed .eyond t)e remainin period of t)e sentence. T)is is #)en t)e conditional pardon e2pressly so pro$ides or t)e lan 'a e of t)e conditional pardon clearly s)o#s t)e intention to maIe t)e condition perpet'al e$en .eyond t)e 'nser$ed portion of t)e sentence* %n such case, the convict may +e re.uired to serve the unserved portion of the sentence even though the violation has ta en place when the sentence has already lapsed* ?ffender m'st )a$e .een fo'nd 'ilty of t)e s'.seA'ent offense .efore )e can .e prosec'ted 'nder t)is Article. @'t if 'nder 3e$ised Admin Code1 no con$iction necessary. -resident )as po#er to arrest1 reincarnate offender #it)o't trial
* Article 26I is a distinct felony* %t is a su+stantive crime . +or one to s'ffer t)e conseA'ence of its $iolation1 t)e prisoner m'st .e formally c)ar ed in co'rt. 0e #ill .e entitled to a f'll .lo#n )earin 1 in f'll en/oyment of )is ri )t to d'e process. ?nly after a final /'d ment )as .een rendered a ainst )im may )e s'ffer t)e penalty prescri.ed 'nder Article 15( ,Torres vs. Gon'ales, et al., 152 2#4A 2A2) (IOLATION O* .AR)ON "nfrin ement of conditionsNterms -resident OR)INARY E(ASION of To e$ade t)e penalty i$en .y t)e co'rts C dist'r.s t)e p'.lic order
Two 1enalties 1ro%i,e,# a. prision correccional in its minimum period C if t)e penalty remitted does not e2ceed 6 years .. the unexpired portion of his original sentence C if t)e penalty remitted is )i )er t)an 6 years COMMISSION O* ANOT+ER CRIME
Article !/8 COMMISSION O* ANOT+ER CRIME )URING SER(ICE O* .ENALTY IM.OSE) *OR ANOT+ER .RE(IOUS O**ENSE>.ENALTY# <1$asi8recidivism= ELEMENTS a. That the offender was alread! convicted b! final 3$dgement of one offense. b. That he committed a new felon! before beginning to serve s$ch sentence or while serving the same. <$asi8recidivism " a person after )a$in .een con$icted .y final /'d ement s)all commit a ne# felony .efore .e innin to ser$e s'c) sentence1 or #)ile ser$in t)e same. Becond crimes m'st .elon to t)e 3-C1 not special la#s. +irst crime may .e eit)er from t)e 3-C or special la#s
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4eiteracion" offender s)all )a$e ser$ed o't )is sentence for t)e prior offense A A'asi4recidi$ist may .e pardoned at a e !*. Except: :n#ort)y or 0a.it'al EelinA'ent %f new felony is evasion of sentence C offender is not a A'asi4recidi$ist Penalt!" ma2im'm period of t)e penalty for t)e ne# felony s)o'ld .e imposed
L T'asi4recidi$ism is a special a ra$atin circ'mstance #)ic) directs t)e co'rt to impose t)e ma2im'm period of t)e penalty prescri.ed .y la# for t)e ne# felony. T)e co'rt #ill do a#ay or #ill i nore miti atin and a ra$atin circ'mstances in considerin t)e penalty to .e imposed. T)ere #ill .e no occasion for t)e co'rt to consider imposin t)e minim'm1 medi'm or ma2im'm period of t)e penalty. T)e mandate is a.sol'te and is /'stified .y t)e findin t)at t)e acc'sed is s'fferin from some de ree of moral per$ersity if not total incorri i.ility. ,People vs. Alicia, et al., A5 2#4A 22.) L T'asi4recidi$ism is an a ra$atin circ'mstance #)ic) cannot .e offset .y any miti atin circ'mstance * To .e appreciated as a special a ra$atin circ'mstance1 it m'st .e alle ed in t)e information. ,People vs. ?a$tista, ;5 2#4A 6;@) T'asi43ecidi$ism may .e offset .y a special pri$ile ed miti atin circ'mstance (e2. Minority)
TITLE *OUR CRIMES AGAINST .UBLIC INTEREST Crimes against 1u&lic interest 1. Co'nterfeitin t)e reat seal of t)e Ko$ernment of t)e -)ilippines (Art. 161); 2. :sin for ed si nat're or co'nterfeitin seal or stamp (Art. 162); 3. MaIin and importin and 'tterin false coins (Art. 163); 4. M'tilation of coins1 importation and 'tterin of m'tilated coins (Art. 164); 5. Bellin of false or m'tilated coins1 #it)o't conni$ance (Art. 165); 6. +or in treas'ry or .anI notes or ot)er doc'ments paya.le to .earer1 importin and 'tterin of s'c) false or for ed notes and doc'ments (Art. 166); !. Co'nterfeitin 1 importin and 'tterin instr'ments not paya.le to .earer (Art. 16!); %. "lle al possession and 'se of for ed treas'ry or .anI notes and ot)er instr'ments of credit (Art. 16%); (. +alsification of le islati$e doc'ments (Art. 1!*); 1*. +alsification .y p'.lic officer1 employee or notary (Art. 1!1); 11. +alsification .y pri$ate indi$id'als and 'se of falsified doc'ments (Art. 1!2); 12. +alsification of #ireless1 ca.le1 tele rap) and telep)one messa es and 'se of said falsified messa es (Art. 1!3); 13. +alse medical certificates1 false certificates of merit or ser$ice (Art. 1!4); 14. :sin false certificates (Art. 1!5); 15. Man'fact'rin and possession of instr'ments or implements for falsification (Art. 1!6); 16. :s'rpation of a't)ority or official f'nctions (Art. 1!!); 1!. :sin fictitio's name and concealin tr'e name (Art. 1!%); 1%. "lle al 'se of 'niforms or insi nia (Art. 1!(); 1(. +alse testimony a ainst a defendant (Art. 1%*); 2*. +alse testimony fa$ora.le to t)e defendant (Art. 1%1); 21. +alse testimony in ci$il cases (Art. 1%2); 22. +alse testimony in ot)er cases and per/'ry (Art. 1%3); 23. ?fferin false testimony in e$idence (Art. 1%4); 24. Mac)inations in p'.lic a'ction (Art. 1%5); 25. Monopolies and com.inations in restraint of trade (Art. 1%6); 26. "mportation and disposition of falsely marIed articles or merc)andise made of old1 sil$er1 or ot)er precio's metals or t)eir alloys (Art. 1%!); 2!. B'.stit'tin and alterin trade marIs and trade names or ser$ice marIs (Art. 1%%); 2%. :nfair competition and fra'd'lent re istration of trade marI or trade name1 or ser$ice marI; fra'd'lent desi nation of ori in1 and false description (Art. 1%(). L T)e crimes in t)is title are in t)e nat're of fra'd or falsity to t)e p'.lic. T)e essence of t)e crime 'nder t)is title is t)at #)ic) defra'd t)e p'.lic in eneral. T)ere is deceit perpetrated 'pon t)e p'.lic. T)is is t)e act t)at is .ein p'nis)ed 'nder t)is title.
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Article !/! COUNTER*EITING GREAT SEAL O* GO(ERNMENT TY.ES# a. /orging the great seal of the Government b. /orging the signat$re of the President c. /orging the stamp of the President 5)en t)e si nat're of t)e -resident is for ed1 it is not falsification .'t for in of si nat're 'nder t)is article Bi nat're m'st .e for ed1 ot)ers si ned it C not t)e -resident.
Article !/7 USING *ORGE) SIGNATURE OR COUNTER*EIT SEAL OR STAM. ELEMENTS# a. That the great seal of the rep$blic was co$nterfeited or the signat$re or stamp of the chief e)ec$tive was forged b! another person. b. That the offender +new of the co$nterfeiting or forger!. c. That he $sed the co$nterfeit seal or forged signat$re or stamp. ?ffender is >?T t)e for erNnot t)e ca'se of t)e co'nterfeitin
Article !/: MAKING AN) IM.ORTING AN) UTTERING *ALSE COINS ELEMENTS # a* That there be false or co$nterfeited coins ,need not +e legal tender). b. That the offender either made, imported or $ttered s$ch coins. c. That in case of $ttering s$ch false or co$nterfeited coins, he connives with co$nterfeiters or importers. #oin is co$nterfeit C if it is for an article of t)e o$ernment as le al tender1 re ardless if it is of no $al'e ed1 or if it is not
Kin,s o coins the counter eiting o which is 1unishe, 1. 2. 3. Bil$er coins of t)e -)ilippines or coins of t)e Central @anI of t)e -)ilippines; Coins of t)e minor coina e of t)e -)ilippines or of t)e Central @anI of t)e -)ilippines; Coin of t)e c'rrency of a forei n co'ntry. Counter eiting C imitation of le al or en'ine coin (may contain more sil$er1 different desi n) s'c) as to decei$e an ordinary person in .elie$in it to .e en'ine Utter C to pass co'nterfeited coins1 deli$er or i$e a#ay Im1ort C to .rin to port t)e same @ot) -)ilippine and forei n state coins Applies also to coins #it)dra#n from circ'lation
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:ssence of article" maIin of coins #it)o't a't)ority
Acts 1unishe, 1. 2. M'tilatin coins of t)e le al c'rrency1 #it) t)e f'rt)er reA'irements t)at t)ere .e intent to dama e or to defra'd anot)er; "mportin or 'tterin s'c) m'tilated coins1 #it) t)e f'rt)er reA'irement t)at t)ere m'st .e conni$ances #it) t)e m'tilator or importer in case of 'tterin .
The first acts of falsification or falsit! are :2; :/; :7; "ounterfeiting ? refers to money or c'rrency; @orgery ? refers to instr'ments of credit and o.li ations and sec'rities iss'ed .y t)e -)ilippine o$ernment or any .anIin instit'tion a't)oriJed .y t)e -)ilippine o$ernment to iss'e t)e same; @alsification ? can only .e committed in respect of doc'ments.
%n so far as coins in circulation are concerned, there are two crimes that may +e committed: :2; #o$nterfeiting coins 88 !his is the crime of rema ing or manufacturing without any authority to do so*
L "n t)e crime of co'nterfeitin 1 t)e la# is not concerned #it) t)e fra'd 'pon t)e p'.lic s'c) t)at even though the coin is no longer legal tender, the act of imitating or manufacturing the coin of the government is penali,ed. "n p'nis)in t)e crime of co'nterfeitin 1 t)e la# #ants to pre$ent people from tryin t)eir in en'ity in t)eir imitation of t)e man'fact're of money. :/; 9$tilation of coins 88 !his refers to the deli+erate act of diminishing the proper metal contents of the coin either +y scraping, scratching or filling the edges of the coin and the offender gathers the metal dust that has +een scraped from the coin*
Re$uisites o mutilation un,er the Re%ise, .enal Co,e :2; (2) (3) Coin m'tilated is of le al tender; ?ffender ains from t)e precio's metal d'st a.stracted from t)e coin; and "t )as to .e a coin. T)ere is no e2pertise in$ol$ed )ere * %n mutilation of coins under the (evised -enal "ode, the offender does nothing +ut to scrape, pile or cut the coin and collect the dust and, thus, diminishing the intrinsic value of the coin*
* )utilation of coins is a crime only if the coin mutilated is legal tender . "f it is not le al tender anymore1 no one #ill accept it1 so no.ody #ill .e defra'ded. @'t if t)e coin is of le al tender1 and t)e offender minimiJes or decreases t)e precio's metal d'st content of t)e coin1 t)e crime of m'tilation is committed. L T)e offender m'st deli.erately red'ce t)e precio's metal in t)e coin. Eeli.erate intent arises only #)en t)e offender collects t)e precio's metal d'st from t)e m'tilated coin. %f the offender does not collect such dust, intent to mutilate is a+sent, +ut -residential 5ecree $o* /<M will apply* Article !/" MULTILATION O* COINS 3 IM.ORTATION AN) UTTERANCE# This has been repealed b! P> 26. . <)e acement2 Mutilation2 Tearing2 Burning or )estroying Central Ban@ Notes an, Coins= Un,er this .)2 the acts 1unisha&le are# a. .. #illf'l defacement m'tilation
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c. d. e. tearin .'rnin destr'ction of Central @anI notes and coins
Mutilation C to taIe off part of t)e metal eit)er .y fillin it or s'.stit'tin it for anot)er metal of inferior A'ality1 to diminis) .y inferior means (to diminis) metal contents). +orei n notes and coins not incl'ded. M'st .e le al tender. M'st .e intention to m'tilate.
)utilation under the (evised -enal "ode is true only to coins . "t cannot .e a crime 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code to m'tilate paper .ills .eca'se t)e idea of m'tilation 'nder t)e code is collectin t)e precio's metal d'st. =owever, under -residential 5ecree $o* /<M, mutilation is not limited to coins* ;uestions A Answers 1. T)e people playin cara y cr'J1 .efore t)ey t)ro# t)e coin in t)e air #o'ld r'. t)e money to t)e side#alI t)ere.y diminis)in t)e intrinsic $al'e of t)e coin. "s t)e crime of m'tilation committed= )utilation, under the (evised -enal "ode, is not committed +ecause they do not collect the precious metal content that is +eing scraped from the coin* =owever, this will amount to violation of -residential 5ecree $o* /<M* 2. 5)en t)e ima e of Mose 3iJal on a fi$e4peso .ill is transformed into t)at of 3andy Bantia o1 is t)ere a $iolation of -residential Eecree >o. 24!= Bes* -residential 5ecree $o* /<M is violated +y such act* 4. An old #oman #)o #as a ci arette $endor in T'iapo ref'sed to accept one4centa$o coins for payment of t)e $endee of ci arettes )e p'rc)ased. T)en came t)e police #)o ad$ised )er t)at s)e )as no ri )t to ref'se since t)e coins are of le al tender. ?n t)is1 t)e old #oman accepted in )er )ands t)e one4centa$o coins and t)en t)re# it to t)e face of t)e $endee and t)e police. 5as t)e old #oman 'ilty of $iolatin -residential Eecree >o. 24!= She was guilty of violating -residential 5ecree $o* /<M +ecause if no one ever pic s up the coins, her act would result in the diminution of the coin in circulation* 5. A certain c'stomer in a resta'rant #anted to s)o# off and 'sed a - 2*.** .ill to li )t )is ci arette. 5as )e 'ilty of $iolatin -residential Eecree >o. 24!= =e was guilty of arrested for violating of -residential 5ecree $o* /<M* Anyone who is in possession of defaced money is the one who is the violator of -residential 5ecree $o* /<M* !he intention of -residential 5ecree $o* /<M is not to punish the act of defrauding the pu+lic +ut what is +eing punished is the act of destruction of money issued +y the "entral Ban of the -hilippines* $ote that persons ma ing +racelets out of some coins violate -residential 5ecree $o* /<M* !he primary purpose of -residential 5ecree $o* /<M at the time it was ordained was to stop the practice of people writing at the +ac or on the edges of the paper +ills, such as Nwanted: pen palN* So, if the act of mutilating coins does not involve gathering dust li e playing cara y cru,, that is not mutilation under the (evised -enal "ode +ecause the offender does not collect the metal dust* But +y ru++ing the coins on the sidewal , he also defaces and destroys the coin and that is punisha+le under -residential 5ecree $o* /<M* Article !/SELLING O* *ALSE OR MUTILATE) COIN2 4IT+OUT CONNI(ANCE 7 Ty1es a' Possession of coin, co$nterfeited or m$tilated b! another person, with intent to $tter the same, +nowing that it is false or m$tilated'
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ELEMENTS# 1. possession 2. with intent to $tter, and 0. +nowledge b. Act$all! $ttering s$ch false or m$tilated coin, +nowing the same to be false or m$tilated. ELEMENTS# 1. act$all! $ttering, and 2. +nowledge. -ossession does not reA'ire le al tender in forei n coins "ncl'des constr'cti$e possession
L ?n co'nterfeitin coins1 it is immaterial #)et)er t)e coin is le al tender or not .eca'se t)e intention of t)e la# is to p't an end to t)e practice of imitatin money and to disco'ra e anyone #)o mi )t entertain t)e idea of imitatin money ,People vs. Fong Leon). Article !// *ORGING TREASURY OR BANK NOTES 3 IM.ORTING AN) UTTERING Acts 1unisha&le# a. /orging or falsit! of treas$r!*ban+ notes or doc$ments pa!able to bearer b. (mporting of s$ch notes c. Dttering of s$ch false or forged obligations and notes in connivance with forgers and importers *ORGING C .y i$in a treas'ry or .anI note or doc'ment paya.le to .earerNorder an appearance of a tr'e and en'ine doc'ment *ALSI*ICATION C .y erasin 1 s'.stit'tin 1 co'nterfeitin or alterin .y any means t)e fi 'res and letters1 #ords1 si ns contained t)erein E. . falsifyin C lotto or s#eepstaIes ticIet. Attempted estafa t)ro' ) falsification of an o.li ation or sec'rity of t)e -)il -$B chec s not included here C itGs falsification of commercial doc'ment 'nder Article 1!2 &bligation or sec$rit! incl$des" .onds1 certificate of inde.tedness1 .ills1 national .anI notes1 co'pons1 treas'ry notes1 certificate of deposits1 c)ecIs1 drafts for money1 s#eepstaIes money
L "f t)e falsification is done on a doc'ment t)at is classified as a o$ernment sec'rity1 t)en t)e crime is p'nis)ed 'nder Article 166. ?n t)e ot)er )and1 if it is not a o$ernment sec'rity1 t)en t)e offender may eit)er )a$e $iolated Article 1!1 or 1!2. Article !/0 COUNTER*EITING2 IM.ORTING2 AN) UTTERING INSTRUMENTS NOT .AYABLE TO BEARER ELEMENTS # a. That there be an instr$ment pa!able to order or other doc$ment of credit not pa!able to bearer. b. That the offender either forged, imported or $ttered s$ch instr$ments.
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c. That in case of $ttering, he connived with the forger or importer. Article !/5 ILLEGAL .OSSESSION AN) USE O* *ALSE TREASURY OR BANK NOTES AN) OT+ER INSTRUMENT O* CRE)IT ELEMENTS# a. That an! treas$r! or ban+ note or certificate or other obligation and sec$rit! pa!able to bearer, or an! instr$ment pa!able to order or other doc$ment of credit not pa!able to bearer is forged or falsified b! another person. b. That the offender +nows that an! of those instr$ments is forged or falsified. c. That he performs an! of these acts 1. $sing an! of s$ch forged or falsified instr$ment, or 2. possessing with intent to $se an! of s$ch forged or falsified instr$ment. Act so' )t to .e p'nis)ed7 Dno#in ly possessin #it) intent to 'se any of s'c) for ed treas'ry or .anI notes
Article !/6 *ORGERY +ow orgery is committe,# a. b! giving to a treas$r! or ban+ note or an! instr$ment pa!able to bearer or to order, the appearance of a tr$e and gen$ine doc$ment b. b! erasing, s$bstit$ting, co$nterfeiting, altering b! an! means the fig$res, letters or words, or signs contained therein. if all acts done .'t en'ine appearance is not i$en1 t)e crime is fr'strated
* @orgery under the (evised -enal "ode applies to papers, which are in the form of o+ligations and securities issued +y the -hilippine government as its own o+ligations, which is given the same status as legal tender. Kenerally1 t)e #ord Fco'nterfeitin H is not 'sed #)en it comes to notes; #)at is 'sed is Ffor ery.H Co'nterfeitin refers to money1 #)et)er coins or .ills. L >otice t)at mere c)an e on a doc'ment does not amo'nt to t)is crime * !he essence of forgery is giving a document the appearance of a true and genuine document . >ot any alteration of a letter1 n'm.er1 fi 're or desi n #o'ld amo'nt to for ery. At most, it would only +e frustrated forgery* * When what is +eing counterfeited is o+ligation or securities 1 #)ic) 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code is i$en a stat's of money or le al tender, the crime committed is forgery* ;uestions A Answers 1. "nstead of t)e peso si n (-)1 some.ody replaced it #it) a dollar si n (U). 5as t)e crime of for ery committed= $o* @orgery was not committed* !he forged instrument and currency note must +e given the appearance of a true and genuine document* !he crime committed is a violation of -residential 5ecree $o* /<M* Where the currency note, o+ligation or security has +een changed to ma e it appear as one which it purports to +e as genuine, the crime is forgery* %n chec s or commercial documents, this crime is committed when the figures or words are changed which materially alters the document* 2. An old man1 in )is desire to earn somet)in 1 scraped a di it in a losin s#eepstaIes ticIet1 c't o't a di it from anot)er ticIet and pasted it t)ere to matc) t)e series of di its correspondin to t)e #innin s#eepstaIes ticIet. 0e presented t)is ticIet to t)e -)ilippine C)arity B#eepstaIes ?ffice. @'t t)e alteration is so cr'de t)at e$en a c)ild can notice t)at t)e s'pposed di it is merely s'perimposed on t)e di it t)at #as scraped. 5as t)e old man 'ilty of for ery=
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$# Because of the impossi+ility of deceiving whoever would +e the person to whom that tic et is presented, the Supreme "ourt ruled that what was committed was an impossi+le crime* $ote, however, that the decision has +een critici,ed* %n a case li e this, the Supreme "ourt of Spain ruled that the crime is frustrated* Where the alteration is such that no+ody would +e deceived, one could easily see that it is a forgery, the crime is frustrated +ecause he has done all the acts of execution which would +ring a+out the felonious conse.uence +ut nevertheless did not result in a consummation for reasons independent of his will* 3. A person )as a t#enty4peso .ill. 0e applied toot)ac)e drops on one side of t)e .ill. 0e )as a mimeo rap) paper similar in te2t're to t)at of t)e c'rrency note and placed it on top of t)e t#enty4 peso .ill and p't some #ei )t on top of t)e paper. After sometime1 )e remo$ed it and t)e printin on t)e t#enty4peso .ill #as reprod'ced on t)e mimeo paper. 0e tooI t)e re$erse side of t)e -2* .ill1 applied toot)ac)e drops and re$ersed t)e mimeo paper and pressed it to t)e paper. After sometime1 )e remo$ed it and it #as reprod'ced. 0e c't it o't1 scraped it a little and #ent to a sari4sari store tryin to .'y a ci arette #it) t)at .ill. 5)at )e o$erlooIed #as t)at1 #)en )e placed t)e .ill1 t)e printin #as in$erted. 0e #as appre)ended and #as prosec'ted and con$icted of for ery. 5as t)e crime of for ery committed= !he Supreme "ourt ruled that it was only frustrated forgery +ecause although the offender has performed all the acts of execution, it is not possi+le +ecause +y simply loo ing at the forged document, it could +e seen that it is not genuine* %t can only +e a consummated forgery if the document which purports to +e genuine is given the appearance of a true and genuine document* #therwise, it is at most frustrated* *i%e classes o alsi ication# :2; :/; :7; :<; :6; @alsification of legislative documents1 @alsification of a document +y a pu+lic officer, employee or notary pu+lic1 @alsification of a pu+lic or official, or commercial documents +y a private individual1 @alsification of a private document +y any person1 @alsification of wireless, telegraph and telephone messages*
L T)e crime of falsification m'st in$ol$e a #ritin t)at is a doc'ment in t)e le al sense. T)e #ritin m'st .e complete in itself and capa.le of e2tin 'is)in an o.li ation or creatin ri )ts or capa.le of .ecomin e$idence of t)e facts stated t)erein. :ntil and 'nless t)e #ritin )as attained t)is A'ality1 it #ill not .e considered as doc'ment in t)e le al sense and1 t)erefore1 t)e crime of falsification cannot .e committed in respect t)ereto. )istinction &etween alsi ication an, orgery# /alsification is t)e commission of any of t)e ei )t acts mentioned in Article 1!1 on le islati$e (only t)e act of maIin alteration)1 p'.lic or official1 commercial1 or pri$ate doc'ments1 or #ireless1 or tele rap) messa es. T)e term forger! as 'sed in Article 16( refers to t)e falsification and co'nterfeitin of treas'ry or .anI notes or any instr'ments paya.le to .earer or to order. L >ote t)at for in and falsification are crimes 'nder +or eries. Article !08 *ALSI*ICATION O* LEGISLATI(E )OCUMENTS ELEMENTS # a. That these be a bill, resol$tion or ordinance enacted or approved or pending approval b! the national assembl! or an! provincial board or m$nicipal co$ncil. b. That the offender ,an! person) alters the same. c. That he has no proper a$thorit! therefor. d. That the alteration has changed the meaning of the doc$ment.
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L T)e #ords Pm'nicipal co'ncilP s)o'ld incl'de t)e city co'ncil or m'nicipal .oard C 3eyes. Acc'sed m'st not .e a p'.lic official entr'sted #it) t)e c'stody or possession of s'c) doc'ment ot)er#ise Art 1!1 applies .
L T)e falsification m'st .e committed on a en'ine1 tr'e and a't)entic le islati$e doc'ment. "f committed on a sim'lated1 sp'rio's or fa.ricated le islati$e doc'ment1 t)e crime is not p'nis)ed 'nder t)is article .'t 'nder Article 1!1 or 1!2. Article !0! *ALSI*ICATION O* )OCUMENTS BY .UBLIC O**ICER2 EM.LOYEE2 OR NOTARY OR ECCLESTASTICAL MINISTER ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer, emplo!ee, or notar! p$blic. b. c. That he ta+es advantage of his official position. That he falsifies a doc$ment b! committing an! of the following acts" 1. #o$nterfeiting or imitating an! handwriting, signat$re or r$bric. 4e1$isites" i. T)at t)ere .e an intent to imitate1 or an attempt to imitate ii. T)at t)e t#o si nat'res or )and#ritin s1 t)e en'ine and t)e for ed1 .ear some resem.lance1 to eac) ot)er (lacI of similit'deNimitation of a en'ine si nat're #ill not .e a ro'nd for con$iction 'nder par. 1 .'t s'c) is not an impediment to con$iction 'nder par. 2)
2. #a$sing it to appear that persons have participated in an! act or proceeding when the! did not in fact so participate. 0. Attrib$ting to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statements other than those in fact made b! them. 4e1$isites" i. T)at t)e offender ca'sed it to appear in a doc'ment t)at a personNs participated in an act or a proceedin ; and ii. T)at s'c) personNs did not in fact so participate in t)e act or proceedin
6. 9a+ing $ntr$thf$l statements in a narration of facts4e1$isites" i. T)at t)e offender maIes in a doc'ment statements in a narration of facts ii. T)at )e )as a le al o.li ation to disclose t)e tr't) of t)e facts narrated .y )im; (reA'ired .y la# to .e done) and iii. T)at t)e facts narrated .y t)e offender are a.sol'tely false; and i$. T)at t)e per$ersion or tr't) in t)e narration of facts #as made #it) t)e #ron f'l intent of in/'rin a t)ird person T)ere m'st .e a narration of facts1 not a concl'sion of la#. M'st .e on a material matter
L +or one to .e )eld criminally lia.le for falsification 'nder para rap) 41 t)e 'ntr't)f'l statement m'st .e s'c) as to effect t)e inte rity of t)e doc'ment or to c)an e t)e effects #)ic) it #o'ld ot)er#ise prod'ce.
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9e al o.li ation means t)at t)ere is a la# reA'irin t)e disclos're of t)e tr't) of t)e facts narrated. E2. 3esidence certificates T)e person maIin t)e narration of facts m'st .e a#are of t)e falsity of t)e facts narrated .y )im. T)is Iind of falsification may .e committed .y omission
5. Altering tr$e dates. C date m'st .e essential L +or falsification to taIe place 'nder t)is para rap)1 t)e date of t)e doc'ment m'st .e material to t)e ri )t created or to t)e o.li ation t)at is e2tin 'is)ed. ;. 9a+ing an! alteration or intercalation in a gen$ine doc$ment which changes its meaning. 4e1$isites" i. T)at t)ere .e an alteration (c)an e) or intercalation (insertion) on a doc'ment ii. iii. i$. T)at it #as made on a en'ine doc'ment T)at t)e alterationNintercalation )as c)an ed t)e meanin of t)e doc'ment T)at t)e c)an e made t)e doc'ment speaI somet)in false.
!. (ss$ing in an a$thenticated form a doc$ment p$rporting to be a cop! of an original doc$ment when no s$ch original e)ists, or incl$ding in s$ch cop! a statement contrar! to, or different from, that of the gen$ine original- , if no nowledge, falsification through negligence) or L T)e acts of falsification mentioned in t)is para rap) are committed .y a p'.lic officer or .y a notary p'.lic #)o taIes ad$anta e of )is official position as c'stodian of t)e doc'ment. "t can also refer to a p'.lic officer or notary #)o prepared and retained a copy of t)e doc'ment. !he falsification can +e done in two ways. "t can .e a certification p'rportin to s)o# t)at t)e doc'ment iss'ed is a copy of t)e ori inal on record #)en no s'c) ori inal e2ists. "t can also .e in t)e form of a certification to t)e effect t)at t)e doc'ment on file contains statements or incl'din in t)e copy iss'ed1 entries #)ic) are not fo'nd on contrary to1 or different from t)e ori inal en'ine doc'ment on file. 7. (ntercalating an! instr$ment or note relative to the iss$ance thereof in a protocol, registr!, or official boo+. ,gen$ine doc$ment) L "n case t)e offender is an ecclesiastical minister1 t)e act of falsification is committed #it) respect to any record or doc'ment of s'c) c)aracter t)at its falsification may affect t)e ci$il stat's of persons. !here is no crime of attempted or frustrated falsification of pu+lic document
L Alteration or c)an es to maIe t)e doc'ment speaI t)e tr't) do not constit'te falsification. ,D2 vs. 9ateo, 25 Phil. 026) .ersons lia&le C p'.lic officer1 employee or notary p'.lic or ecclesiastical minister 6 Eit)er )e )as d'ty to inter$ene in t)e preparation of t)e doc'ment or it may .e a sit'ation #)erein t)e p'.lic officer )as official c'stody of t)e doc'ment. Bo e$en if t)e offender is a p'.lic officer1 if )er ca'ses t)e falsification of a doc'ment #)ic) is not in )is official c'stody or if t)e falsification committed .y )im is not related #)atsoe$er to t)e performance of )is d'ties1 )e #ill still .e lia.le for falsification .'t definitely not 'nder t)is Article .'t 'nder Article 1!2. (falsification of doc'ments .y a pri$ate person)
)OCUMENT# Any #ritten instr'ment #)ic) esta.lis)es a ri )t or .y #)ic) an o.li ation is e2tin 'is)ed. A deed or a reement e2ec'ted .y a person settin fort) any disposition or condition #)erein ri )ts and o.li ations may arise. * Writing may +e on anything as long as it is a product of the handwriting, it is considered a document* >ot necessary t)at #)at is falsified is a en'ine or real doc'ment1 eno' ) t)at it i$es an appearance of a en'ine article
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As long as any of the acts of falsification is committed, whether the document is genuine or not, the crime of falsification may +e committed* Even totally false documents may +e falsified* COUNTER*EITING C imitatin any )and#ritin 1 si nat're or r'.ric *EIGNING C sim'latin a si nat're1 )and#ritin 1 or r'.ric o't of one of #)ic) does not in fact e2ist
* %t does not re.uire that the writing +e genuine* Even if the writing was through and through false, if it appears to +e genuine, the crime of falsification is nevertheless committed* T+ERE ARE *OUR KIN)S O* )OCUMENTS# :2; -u+lic document in the execution of which, a person in authority or notary pu+lic has ta en part1 :/; #fficial document in the execution of which a pu+lic official ta es part1 :7; "ommercial document or any document recogni,ed +y the "ode of "ommerce or any commercial law1 and :<; -rivate document in the execution of which only private individuals ta e part* L -u+lic document is +roader than the term official document . @efore a doc'ment may .e considered official1 it m'st first .e a p'.lic doc'ment. @'t not all p'.lic doc'ments are official doc'ments. To .ecome an official doc'ment1 t)ere m'st .e a la# #)ic) reA'ires a p'.lic officer to iss'e or to render s'c) doc'ment. E2ample7 A cas)ier is reA'ired to iss'e an official receipt for t)e amo'nt )e recei$es. T)e official receipt is a p'.lic doc'ment #)ic) is an official doc'ment. Liabilit! of a private individ$al in falsification b! a p$blic officer when there is conspirac!. &nder 4ep$blic Act .A.51 #)en a p'.lic officer #)o )olds a position classified as Krade 2! or )i )er1 commits a crime in relation to t)e performance of )is official f'nctions1 t)e case a ainst )im #ill fall 'nder t)e /'risdiction of t)e Bandi an.ayan. %f a private person is included in the accusation +ecause of the existence of conspiracy in the commission of the crime 1 t)e Bandi an.ayan s)all maintain /'risdiction o$er t)e person of t)e co4acc'sed1 not#it)standin t)e fact t)at said co4acc'sed is a pri$ate indi$id'al. %f the pu+lic officer is found guilty, the same lia+ility and penalty shall +e imposed on the private individual . ,D.2. vs. Ponce, 2@ Phil. 0.A) Article !07 *ALSI*ICATION O* .UBLIC2 O**ICIAL2 OR COMMERCIAL )OCUMENT BY A .RI(ATE IN)I(I)UAL <1ar != ELEMENTS a. That the offender is a private individ$al or a p$blic officer or emplo!ee who did not ta+e advantage of his official position. b. That he committed an! of the acts of falsification en$merated in A4T. 1.1. 1. #o$nterfeiting or imitating an! handwriting, signat$re or r$bric. 2. #a$sing it to appear that persons have participated in an! act or proceeding when the! did not in fact so participated. 0. Attrib$ting to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statements other than those in fact made b! them. 6. 9a+ing $ntr$thf$l statements in a narration of facts5. Altering tr$e dates. ;. 9a+ing an! alteration or intercalation in a gen$ine doc$ment which changes its meaning. c. That the falsification was committed in an! p$blic or official or commercial doc$ment.
:nder t)is para rap)1 damage is not essential1 it is pres'med
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L "f t)e falsification of p'.lic1 official or commercial doc'ments1 #)et)er t)ey .e p'.lic official or .y pri$ate indi$id'als1 it is not necessary that there +e present the idea of gain or the intent to in9ure a third person. 5)at is p'nis)ed 'nder t)e la# is t)e $iolation of p'.lic fait) and t)e per$ersion of t)e tr't) as solemnly proclaimed .y t)e nat're of t)e doc'ment. ,2arep vs. 2andiganba!an) )e ense# lacI of malice or criminal intent The following writings are p$blic" a. t)e #ritten acts or records of acts of t)e so$erei n a't)ority of official .odies and tri.'nals1 and of t)e p'.lic officers1 le islati$e1 /'dicial and e2ec'ti$e1 #)et)er of t)e -)ilippines or of a forei n co'ntry. .. -'.lic records Iept in t)e -)ilippines. Examples of commercial documents C #are)o'se receipts1 air#ay .ills1 .anI c)ecIs1 cas) files1 deposit slips and .anI statements1 /o'rnals1 .ooIs1 led ers1 drafts1 letters of credit and ot)er ne otia.le instr'ments T)ere is a comple) crime of estafa thro$gh falsification of p$blic, official or commercial doc$ment. "n t)e crime of estafa1 dama e or intent to ca'se dama e is not an element. "t is s'fficient t)at t)e offender committed or performed t)e acts of falsification as defined and p'nis)ed 'nder Article 1!1. T)e t#o offenses can co4e2ist as t)ey )a$e distinct elements pec'liar to t)eir nat're as a crime. 5)en t)e falsification is committed .eca'se it is necessary to commit estafa1 #)at #e )a$e is a comple2 crime defined and p'nis)ed 'nder Article 4% of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. T)ere is a complex crime of falsification of pu+ic documents through rec less imprudence* Cas) dis.'rsement $o'c)ers or receipts e$idencin payments are not commercial doc'ments A mere .lanI form of an official doc'ment is not in itself a doc'ment T)e possessor of falsified doc'ment is pres'med to .e t)e a't)or of t)e falsification
*ALSI*ICATION UN)ER .ARAGRA.+ 7 O* ART' !07' O* .RI(ATE )OCUMENT ELEMENTS # a. That the offender committed an! of the acts of falsification, e)cept those in paragraph . and 7, en$merated in art. 1.1. +* That the falsification was committed in an! private doc$ment ,must affect the truth or integrity of the document) c* That the falsification ca$sed damage ,essential element1 hence, no crime of estafa thru falsification of private document) to a third part! or at least the falsification was committed with intent to ca$se s$ch damage. >ot necessary t)at t)e offender profited or )oped to profit from t)e falsification
L +alsification of a pri$ate doc'ment is cons'mmated #)en s'c) doc'ment is act'ally falsified #it) t)e intent to pre/'dice a t)ird person #)et)er s'c) falsified doc'ment is or is not t)ereafter p't to ille al 'se for #)ic) it is intended. ,Lope' vs. Paras, 0; Phil. 16;) L 5)at is emp)asiJed at t)is point is t)e element of falsification of pri$ate doc'ment. !here must +e intent to cause damage or damage is actually caused . T)e intention is t)erefore m'st .e malicio's or t)ere is deli.erate intent to commit a #ron . (ec less imprudence is incompati+le with malicious intent* +alsification is not a contin'in offense
L T)ere is no falsification through rec less imprudence if the document is a private document . +alsification .y omission
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L Mere falsification of a pri$ate doc'ment is not eno' ) to commit crime 'nder para rap) 2 of Article 1!2. T#o acts m'st .e done .y t)e offender. 1) 0e m'st )a$e performed in t)e pri$ate doc'ment t)e falsification contemplated 'nder Article 1!1. 2) 0e m'st )a$e performed an independent act #)ic) operates to ca'se dama e or pre/'dice to a t)ird person. T)e t)ird person mentioned )erein may incl'de t)e o$ernment. Eama e is not limited to money or pec'niary pre/'dice. Eama e to oneGs )onor1 rep'tation or ood name is incl'ded. A doc'ment falsified as a necessary means to commit anot)er crime m'st .e p'.lic1 official or commercial T)ere is no comple) crime of estafa thro$gh falsification of a private doc$ment .eca'se t)e immediate effect of t)e latter is t)e same as t)at of estafa
L "f a pri$ate doc'ment is falsified to ca'se dama e to t)e offended party1 t)e crime committed is falsification of a pri$ate doc'ment. 3emem.er t)at in estafa1 dama e or intent to ca'se dama e is an indispensa.le element of t)e crime. T)e same element is necessary to commit t)e crime of falsification of pri$ate doc'ment. Bince t)ey )a$e a common element1 s'c) element cannot .e di$ided into t)e t#o parts and considered as t#o separate offenses. L T)ere is no comple2 crime of estafa #it) falsification .eca'se deceit is a common element of +oth. ?ne and t)e same deceit or dama e cannot i$e rise to more t)an one crime. "t is eit)er estafa or falsification. Criteria to ,etermine whether the crime is esta a only or alsi ication only # "+ t)e falsification of t)e pri$ate doc'ment #as essential in t)e commission of estafa .eca'se t)e falsification1 estafa cannot .e committed1 t)e crime is falsification; estafa .ecomes t)e conseA'ence of t)e crime. "+ t)e estafa can .e committed e$en #it)o't resortin to falsification1 t)e latter .ein resorted only to facilitate estafa1 t)e main crime is estafa; falsification is merely incidental1 since e$en #it)o't falsification1 estafa can .e committed. "f t)e estafa #as already cons'mmated at t)e time of t)e falsification of a pri$ate doc'ment #as committed for t)e p'rpose of concealin t)e estafa1 t)e falsification is not p'nis)a.le1 .eca'se as re ards t)e falsification of t)e pri$ate doc'ment t)ere #as no dama e or intent to ca'se dama e.
L A pri$ate doc'ment #)ic) is falsified to o.tain money from offended party is a falsification of pri$ate doc'ment only. A pri$ate doc'ment may acA'ire t)e c)aracter of a p'.lic doc'ment #)en it .ecomes part of an official record and is certified .y a p'.lic officer d'ly a't)oriJed .y la# T)e crime is falsification of p'.lic doc'ments e$en if falsification tooI place .efore t)e pri$ate doc'ment .ecomes part of t)e p'.lic records
Examples: An employee of a pri$ate company #)o p'nc)es t)e .'ndy clocI on .e)alf on a co4employee is 'ilty of falsification of a pri$ate doc'ment. ?ne #)o #ill taIe t)e ci$il ser$ice e2amination for anot)er and maIes it appear t)at )e is t)e e2aminee is 'ilty of falsification of a p'.lic doc'ment. USE O* *ALSI*IE) )OCUMENT <1ar' :2 art' !07= ELEMENTS# a. (ntrod$cing in a 3$dicial proceeding" 1. That the offender +new that a doc$ment was falsified b! another person. 2. That the false doc$ment is embraced in art. 1.1 or in an! s$bdivisions nos. 1 and 2 of art. 1.2. 7* That he introd$ced said doc$ment in evidence in an! 3$dicial proceeding. , intent to cause damage not necessary)
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b. Dse in an! other transaction" 1. That the offender +new that a doc$ment was falsified b! another person. 2. That the false doc$ment is embraced in art. 1.1 or in an! of s$bdivisions nos. 1 and 2 of art. 1.2. 7* That he $sed s$ch doc$ments ,not in 9udicial proceedings). 6. That the $se of the doc$ments ca$sed damage to another or at least was $sed with intent to ca$se s$ch damage. The $ser of the falsified doc$ment is deemed the a$thor of falsification, if" a. t)e 'se is so closely connected in time #it) t)e falsification .. t)e 'ser )ad t)e capacity of falsifyin t)e doc'ment *alsi ication o .ri%ate )ocuments -re/'dice to t)ird party is an element of t)e offense. *alsi ication o .u&licIO icial )ocuments -re/'dice to t)ird persons is immaterial1 #)at is p'nis)ed is t)e $iolation of p'.lic fait) and per$ersion of tr't) #)ic) t)e doc'ment proclaims.
4$les to observe in the $se of a falsified doc$ment. 1. "t is a crime #)en Ino#in ly introd'ced in a /'dicial proceedin e$en if t)ere is not intent to ca'se dama e to anot)er. Dno#in ly introd'cin a falsified doc'ment in a /'dicial proceedin 1 t)e 'se alone is not a crime. T)e mere introd'ction of t)e for ed doc'ment is t)e crime itself. @'t #)en t)e falsified doc'ment is Ino#in ly introd'ced in an administrati$e proceedin 1 t)e 'se alone is not a crime. T)ere m'st .e intent to ca'se dama e or dama e is act'ally inflicted. 2. +alsification of doc'ment is a separate and distinct offense from t)at of t)e 'se of falsified doc'ments. Bo if t)e falsification of doc'ment #as done or performed .eca'se it #as necessary to t)e 'se of t)e same and in t)e commission of t)e crime1 t)en #e may )a$e a comple2 crime defined and p'nis)ed 'nder Article 4% of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. 3. Kood fait) is a defense in falsification of p'.lic doc'ment. Article !0: *ALSI*ICATION O* 4IRELESS2 CABLE2 TELEGRA.+2 AN) TELE.+ONE MESSAGES2 AN) USE O* SAI) *ALSI*IE) MESSAGES Acts 1unisha&le# 1. Dttering fictitio$s, wireless, telegraph or telephone message 4e1$isites" a. T)at t)e offender is an officer or employee of t)e o$ernment or an officer or employee of a pri$ate corporation1 en a ed in t)e ser$ice of sendin or recei$in #ireless1 ca.le or telep)one messa e. +* !hat the accused commits any of the following acts: - 'tterin fictitio's #ireless1 ca.le1 tele rap)1 or telep)one messa e1 or - falsifyin #ireless1 ca.le1 tele rap)1 or telep)one messa e 2. /alsif!ing wireless, telegraph or telephone message 4e1$isites" a. T)at t)e offender is an officer or employee of t)e o$ernment or an officer or employee of a pri$ate corporation1 en a ed in t)e ser$ice of sendin or recei$in #ireless1 ca.le or telep)one messa e. .. !hat the accused commits any of the following acts7 - 'tterin fictitio's #ireless1 ca.le1 tele rap)1 or telep)one messa e1 or - falsifyin #ireless1 ca.le1 tele rap)1 or telep)one messa e 0. Dsing s$ch falsified message 4e1$isites"
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a. T)at t)e acc'sed Ine# t)at #ireless1 ca.le1 tele rap)1 or telep)one messa e #as falsified .y any of t)e person specified in t)e first para rap) of art. 1!3. .. T)at t)e acc'sed 'sed s'c) falsified dispatc). c. T)at t)e 'se of t)e falsified dispatc) res'lted in t)e pre/'dice of a t)ird party1 or t)at t)e 'se t)ereof #as #it) intent to ca'se s'c) pre/'dice. T)e p'.lic officer1 to .e lia.le m'st .e en a ed in t)e ser$ice of sendin or recei$in #ireless1 ca.le and tele rap) or telep)one messa e
Article !0" *ALSI*ICATION O* ME)ICAL CERTI*ICATES2 CERTI*CATES O* MERIT OR SER(ICE AN) T+E LIKE# .ersons lia&le# a* -hysician or surgeon who, in connection with the practice of his profession, issued a false certificate :note: such certificate must refer to the illness or in9ury of a person; +* -u+lic officer who issued a false certificate of merit of service, good conduct or similar circumstances c* -rivate individual who falsified a certificate under :2; and :/; Article !0USING *ALSE CERTI*ICATES ELEMENTS# a. That a ph!sician or s$rgeon has iss$ed a false medical certificate, or a p$blic officer has iss$ed a false certificate of merit or service, good cond$ct, or similar circ$mstances, or a private person had falsified an! of said certificates. b. That the offender +new that the certificate was false. c. That he $sed the same. Article !0/ MANU*ACTURING AN) .OSSESSION O* INTRUMENTS OR IM.LEMENTS *OR *ALSI*ICATION# Acts 1unisha&le# a. 9a+ing or introd$cing into the Philippines an! stamps, dies or mar+s or other instr$ments or implements for co$nterfeiting or falsification b. Possessing with intent to $se the instr$ments or implements for co$nterfeiting or falsification made in or introd$ced into the Philippines b! another person T)e implement confiscated need not form a complete set Constr'cti$e possession is also p'nis)ed OT+ER *ALSITIES Article !00 USUR.ATION O* AUT+ORITY OR O**ICIAL *UNCTIONS# 7 ways o committing the crime# a. ?! +nowingl! and falsel! representing oneself to be an officer, agent or representative of an! department or agenc! of the Philippine govBt or an! foreign govBt.
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b. ?! performing an act pertaining to an! person in a$thorit! or p$blic officer of the Phil govBt or foreign govBt $nder the pretense of s$ch official position, and witho$t being lawf$ll! entitled to do so. (n $s$rpation of a$thorit!" T)e mere act of Ino#in ly and falsely representin oneself is s'fficient. >ot necessary t)at )e performs an act pertainin to a p'.lic officer. &ffender +nowingl! and falsel! represents himselfAs an officer, agent or representative of an! department or agenc! of the Philippine government or of an! foreign government.
Elements 1. 2.
(n $s$rpation of official f$nctions" "t is essential t)at t)e offender s)o'ld )a$e performed an act pertainin to a person in a't)ority &ffender performs an! actPertaining to an! person in a$thorit! or p$blic officer of the Philippine government or an! foreign government, or an! agenc! thereofDnder pretense of official positionitho$t being lawf$ll! entitled to do so.
Elements 1. 2. 0. 6.
A pu+lic officer may also +e an offender The act performed witho$t being lawf$ll! entitled to do so m$st pertain" a. to t)e o$Gt .. to any person in a't)ority c. to any p'.lic office
L +orei n o$ernment ad$erted to in t)is article refers to p'.lic officers d'ly a't)oriJed to perform o$ernmental d'ties in t)e -)ilippines. T)e la# cannot refer to ot)er forei n o$ernments as its application may .rin 's to le al pro.lems #)ic) may infrin e on constit'tional .o'ndaries. L "f t)e offender commits t)e acts of 's'rpation as contemplated )erein1 and )e does it .eca'se )e is a re.el and p'rs'ant to t)e crime of re.ellion or ins'rrection or sedition1 )e #ill not .e lia.le 'nder t)is article .eca'se #)at is attri.'ted a ainst )im as a crime of 's'rpation is in fact one of t)e elements of committin re.ellion. L T)e elements of false pretense is necessary to commit t)e crime of 's'rpation of official f'nction. Article !05 USING *ICTITIOUS NAME AN) CONCEALING TRUE NAME ELEMENTS <using ictitious name= # a. That the offender $ses a name other than his real name. b. That he $ses that fictitio$s name p$blicl!. c. That the p$rpose of the offender is 1. To conceal a crime, 2. To evade the e)ec$tion of a 3$dgment, or 0. To ca$se damage to p$blic interest. ,e). 2igning fictitio$s name for a passport) L T)e name of a person is #)at appears in )is .irt) certificate. T)e name of a person refers to )is first name1 s'rname1 and maternal name. Any ot)er name #)ic) a person p'.licly applies to )imself #it)o't a't)ority of la# is a fictitio's name.
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ELEMENTS <concealing true name=# a. that the offender conceals 1. his tr$e name, and 2. all other personal circ$mstances. b. that the p$rpose is onl! to conceal his identit!. L 5)at t)e offender does to $iolate or commit t)is act is for )im to conceal )is tr'e name and ot)er personal circ'mstances. 0is only moti$e in doin so is to conceal )is identity. "n concealment of tr'e name1 t)e deception is done momentarily1 /'st eno' ) to conceal t)e name of t)e offender. %n the use of fictitious name1 t)e offender presents )imself .efore t)e p'.lic #it) anot)er name. L A person 'nder in$esti ation .y t)e police #)o i$es a false name and false personal circ'mstances1 'pon .ein interro ated1 is 'ilty of t)is crime. Use o *ictitious Name <!05= Element of p'.licity m'st .e present -'rpose is to conceal a crime1 to e$ade t)e e2ec'tion of a /'d ement1 or to ca'se dama e Concealing True Name <!05= -'.licity not necessary -'rpose is to conceal identity
Commonwealth Act No' !"7 <Regulating the Use o Aliases= >o person s)all 'se any name different from t)e one #it) #)ic) )e #as re istered at .irt) in t)e office of t)e local ci$il re istry1 or #it) #)ic) )e #as re istered in t)e .'rea' of immi ration 'pon entry; or s'c) s'.stit'te name as may )a$e .een a't)oriJed .y a competent co'rt. :)ception" -se'donym solely for literary1 cinema1 tele$ision1 radio1 or ot)er entertainment and in at)letic e$ents #)ere t)e 'se of pse'donym is a normally accepted practice. Article !06 ILLEGAL USE O* UNI*ORM OR INSIGNIA ELEMENTS# a. That the offender ma+es $se of insignia, $niform or dress. b. That the insignia, $niform or dress pertains to an office not held b! the offender or to a class of persons of which he is not a member. c. That said insignia, $niform or dress is $sed p$blicl! and improperl!. L T)e #earin of a 'niform1 or insi nia of a non4e2istin office or esta.lis)ment is not a crime. "t is necessary t)at t)e 'niform or insi nia represents an office #)ic) carries a't)ority1 respect1 di nity1 or infl'ence #)ic) t)e p'.lic looIs 'p to. 6 Bo also1 an exact imitation of a uniform or dress is unnecessary ; a colora.le resem.lance calc'lated to decei$e t)e common r'n of people is s'fficient. L T)e #earin of insi nia1 .ad e or em.lem of ranI of t)e mem.ers of t)e armed forced of t)e -)ilippines or consta.'lary (no# ->-) is p'nis)ed .y 3ep'.lic Act >o. 4(3. L 5)en t)e 'niform or insi nia is 'sed to emp)asiJe t)e pa eantry of a play or drama or in mo$in pict're films1 t)e crime is not committed. T+REE *ORMS O* *ALSE TESTIMONY 1. 2. 3. +alse testimony in criminal cases 'nder Article 1%* and 1%1; +alse testimony in ci$il case 'nder Article 1%2; +alse testimony in ot)er cases 'nder Article 1%3.
/alse testimon!, defined
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"t is t)e declaration 'nder oat) of a #itness in a /'dicial proceedin #)ic) is contrary to #)at is tr'e1 or to deny t)e same1 or to alter essentially t)e tr't). %at$re of the crime of false testimon!. 1. "t cannot .e committed t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence .eca'se false testimony reA'ires criminal intent or intent to $iolate t)e la# is an essential element of t)e crime. 2. "f t)e false testimony is d'e to )onest mistaIe or error or t)ere #as ood fait) in maIin t)e false testimony1 no crime is committed. Article !58 *ALSE TESTIMONY AGAINST A )E*EN)ANT ELEMENTS# a. That there be a criminal proceeding. b. c. d* That the offender testifies falsel! $nder oath against the defendant therein. That the offender who gives false testimon! +nows that it is false. That the defendant against whom the false testimon! is given is either ac1$itted or convicted in a final 3$dgment ,prescriptive period starts at this point)
(e.uires criminal intent, canDt +e committed through negligence . >eed not imp'te 'ilt 'pon t)e acc'sed T)e defendant m'st at least .e sentenced to a correctional penalty or a fine or m'st )a$e .een acA'itted T)e #itness #)o a$e false testimony is lia.le e$en if t)e co'rt did not consider )is testimony
L T)e pro.ati$e $al'e of t)e testimonial e$idence is s'./ect to t)e r'les of e$idence. "t may not .e considered at all .y t)e /'d e. @'t #)et)er t)e testimony is credi.le or not or #)et)er it is appreciated or not in t)e conte2t t)at t)e false #itness #anted it to .e1 t)e crime of false testimony is still committed1 since it is p'nis)ed not .eca'se of t)e effect it prod'ces1 .'t .eca'se of its tendency to fa$or t)e acc'sed. ,People vs. 4e!es) -enalty is dependent 'pon sentence imposed on t)e defendant
Article !5! *ALSE TESTIMONY IN *A(OR O* )E*EN)ANT in a criminal case# Elements# 1. A person gives false testimon!2. 0. (n favor of the defendant(n a criminal case. +alse testimony .y ne ati$e statement is in fa$or of t)e defendant +alse testimony need not in fact .enefit t)e defendant A statement of a mere opinion is not p'nis)a.le Con$iction or acA'ittal is not necessary (final /'d ement is not necessary). T)e false testimony need not infl'ence t)e acA'ittal A defendant #)o $ol'ntarily oes 'p on t)e #itness stand and falsely imp'tes t)e offense to anot)er person t)e commission of t)e offense is lia.le 'nder t)is article. "f )e merely denies t)e commission of t)e offense1 )e is not lia.le.
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?asis of penalt!" ra$ity of t)e felony c)ar ed a ainst t)e defendant
Article !57 *ALSE TESTIMONY IN CI(IL CASES ELEMENTS# a. That the testimon! m$st be given in a civil case. b. c. d. e. That the testimon! m$st relate to the iss$es presented in said case. That the testimon! m$st be false. That the false testimon! m$st be given b! the defendant +nowing the same to be false. That the testimon! m$st be malicio$s and given with an intent to affect the iss$es presented in the said case
>ot applica.le #)en testimony i$en in a special proceedin (in t)is case1 t)e crime is per/'ry) ?asis of penalt!" amo'nt in$ol$ed in t)e ci$il case *ALSE TESTIMONY 1. Ki$en in a /'dicial proceedin . 2. Testimony need not .e reA'ired .y la#. 3. Amo'nt in$ol$ed in ci$il cases is material. 4. "t is al#ays material in criminal cases.
Eistinctions .et#een per/'ry and false testimony7 .ER?URY 1. >on4/'dicial proceedin s. 2. Btatement or testimony is reA'ired .y la#. 3. Amo'nt in$ol$ed is not material. 4. immaterial #)et)er statement or testimony is fa$ora.le or not to t)e acc'sed.
Article!5: *ALSE TESTIMONY IN OT+ER CASES AN) .ER?URY IN SOLEMN A**IRMATION ELEMENTS# a. That an acc$sed made a statement $nder oath or made an affidavit $pon a material matter. b. That the statement or affidavit was made before a competent officer, a$thori'ed to receive and administer oath. c. That in that statement or affidavit, the acc$sed made a willf$l and deliberate assertion of a falsehood, and d. That the sworn statement or affidavit containing the falsit! is re1$ired b! law. 2 wa!s of committing per3$r!" a. .y falsely testifyin 'nder oat) .. .y maIin a false statement 2$bornation of per3$r!" proc'res anot)er to s#ear falsely. 2olemn affirmation" refers to non4/'dicial proceedin s and affida$its A false affida$it to a criminal complaint may i$e rise to per/'ry
L T#o contradictory s#orn statements are not s'fficient to con$ict t)e affiant for t)e crime of per/'ry. T)ere m'st .e e$idence to s)o# #)ic) is false. T)e same m'st .e esta.lis)ed or pro$ed from so'rces ot)er t)an t)e t#o contradictory statements. ,People vs. #apistrano, 6@ Phil. A@2) A matter is material #)en it is directed to pro$e a fact in iss'e
L T)e test of materiality is #)et)er a false statement can infl'ence t)e co'rt ,People vs. ?na'il).
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A Gcompetent person a$thori'ed to administer an oathH means a person #)o )as a ri )t to inA'ire into t)e A'estions presented to )im 'pon matters 'nder )is /'risdiction
L T)ere is no per/'ry if t)e acc'sed si ned and s#ore t)e statement .efore a person not a't)oriJed to administer oat) ,People vs. ?ella >avid). T)ere is no per9ury through negligence or imprudence since t)e assertion of false)ood m'st .e #illf'l and deli.erate
L @eca'se of t)e nat're of per/'ry1 #)ic) is t)e #illf'l and corr'pt assertion of a false)ood1 t)ere is no per/'ry committed t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence or simple ne li ence 'nder Article 365. Bince admittedly per/'ry can only .e committed .y means of dolo1 t)en good faith or lac of malice is a good defense when one is indicted for the crime of per9ury* E$en if t)ere is no la# reA'irin t)e statement to .e made 'nder oat)1 as long as it is made for a legal purpose, it is sufficient
L "f t)ere is no reA'irement of la# to place t)e statement or testimony 'nder oat)1 t)ere is no -er/'ry considerin t)e p)rases Foat) in cases in #)ic) t)e la# so reA'iresH in Article 1%3. L T)e affida$it or s#orn statement m'st .e reA'ired .y la# liIe affida$it of ad$erse claim to protect oneGs interest on real property; or an affida$it of ood moral c)aracter to taIe t)e .ar e2amination * So if the affidavit was made +ut the same is not re.uired +y law, even if the allegations are false, the crime of per9ury is not committed* ,>ia' vs. People, 1A1 2#4A 7;) -er/'ry is an offense #)ic) co$ers false oat)s ot)er t)an t)ose taIen in t)e co'rse of /'dicial proceedin s +alse testimony .efore t)e /'stice of t)e peace d'rin t)e -.". may i$e rise to t)e crime of per/'ry .eca'se false testimony in /'dicial proceedin s contemplates an act'al trial #)ere a /'d ment of con$iction or acA'ittal is rendered A person #)o Ino#in ly and #illf'lly proc'res anot)er to s#ear falsely commits su+ornation of per9ury and t)e #itness s'.orned does testify 'nder circ'mstances renderin )im 'ilty of per/'ry. T)e false testimony is not in a /'dicial proceedin
/alse testimon! vs. Per3$r! 5)en one testifies falsely .efore t)e co'rt1 t)e crime committed is false testimony. "f one testifies falsely in a non4/'dicial proceedin 1 t)e crime committed is per9ury. "n false testimony1 it is not reA'ired t)at t)e offender asserts a false)ood on a material matter. "t is eno' ) t)at )e testifies falsely #it) deli.erate intent. "n per9ury1 t)e #itness m'st testify or assert a fact on a material matter #it) a f'll Ino#led e t)at t)e information i$en is essentially contrary to t)e tr't). )aterial matter means t)e main fact #)ic) is t)e s'./ect or o./ect of t)e inA'iry.
Article !5" O**ERING *ALSE TESTIMONY IN E(I)ENCE ELEMENTS# a That the offender offered in evidence a false witness or false testimon!. b c That he +new the witness or the testimon! was false. That the offer was made in a 3$dicial or official proceeding.
T)e false #itness need not .e con$icted of false testimony. T)e mere offer is s'fficient.
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L T)e offender in t)is article Ino#s t)at t)e #itness to .e presented is a false #itness or t)at t)e #itness #ill lie #)ile testifyin . T)e proceedin s is eit)er /'dicial or official. T)ere is a formal offer of testimonial e$idence in t)e proceedin s. T)e #itness is a.le to testify and t)e offender1 Ino#in t)e testimony is i$en .y t)e #itness to .e false1 ne$ert)eless offers t)e same in e$idence. "n t)is case1 t)e person offerin t)e false testimony m'st )a$e not)in to do in t)e maIin of t)e false testimony. 0e Ino#s t)at t)e #itness is false and yet )e asIs )im to testify and t)ereafter offers t)e testimony in e$idence. Bo if t)e offeror1 aside from .ein s'c)1 is also t)e person responsi.le in ind'cin or con$incin t)e false #itness to lie1 Article 1%4 #ill not apply. T)e applica.le article #ill .e Article 1%*1 1%11 1%21 or 1%3 as t)e case may .e. T)e offenders in t)is case #ill .e c)ar ed #it) per/'ry; t)e ind'cer as principal .y ind'cement and t)e ind'ced party as t)e principal .y direct participation. L "t is for t)is reason t)at s$bornation of per3$r! is no longer treated as a specific felony with a separate article of its own. >e$ert)eless1 it is a crime defined and p'nis)ed 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. T)e crime committed .y one #)o ind'ces anot)er to testify falsely and t)e person #)o a rees and in conspiracy #it) t)e ind'cer1 testifies falsely1 is per/'ry. ,People vs. Padol, ;; Phil. 0;5) *RAU)S Article !5MAC+INATIONS IN .UBLIC AUCTION ELEMENTS# a That there be a p$blic a$ction. b c d That the acc$sed solicited an! gift or a promise from an! of the bidders. That s$ch gifts or promise was the consideration for his refraining from ta+ing part in that p$blic a$ction. That the acc$sed had the intent to ca$se the red$ction of the price of the thing a$ctioned.
ELEMENTS O* ATTEM.TING TO CAUSE BI))ERS TO STAY A4AY# a That there be a p$blic a$ction. b c d That the acc$sed attempted to ca$se the bidders to sta! awa! from that p$blic a$ction That it was done b! threats, gifts, promises, or an! other artifice. That the acc$sed had the intent to ca$se the red$ction of the price of the thing a$ctioned.
Article !5/ MONO.OLIES AN) COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT O* TRA)E# Acts 1unishe,# a. #ombination to prevent free competition in the mar+et Elements 1. 2. :ntering into an! contract or agreement or ta+ing part in an! conspirac! or combination in the form of a tr$st or otherwise(n restraint of trade or commerce or to prevent b! artificial means free competition in the mar+et.
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+* ?! entering into a contract or agreement or ta+ing part in an! conspirac! or combination in the form of a tr$st or otherwise, in restraint of trade or commerce or prevent b! artificial means free competition in the mar+et ,%t is enough that initial steps are ta en* %t is not necessary that there +e actual restraint of trade) c. 9onopol! to restrain free competition in the mar+et Elements 1. 2. 0. ?! monopoli'ing an! merchandise or ob3ect of trade or commerce, or b! combining with an! other person or persons to monopoli'e said merchandise or ob3ect(n order to alter the prices thereof b! spreading false r$mors or ma+ing $se of an! other artificeTo restrain free competition in the mar+et
d. 9an$fact$rer, prod$cer or processor or importer combining, conspiring or agreeing with an! person to ma+e transactions pre3$dicial to lawf$l commerce or to increase the mar+et price of the merchandise. Elements 1. 2. 0. 9an$fact$rer, prod$cer, processor or importer of an! merchandise or ob3ect of commerce#ombines, conspires or agrees with an! personP$rpose is to ma+e transactions pre3$dicial to lawf$l commerce or to increase the mar+et price of an! merchandise or ob3ect of commerce man$fact$red, prod$ced, processed, assembled or imported into the Philippines.
.ersonIs lia&le# a. man'fact'rer .. prod'cer c. processor d. importer Crime is committe, &y# a. com.inin .. conspirin c. a reein #it) anot)er person The 1ur1ose is# a. to maIe transactions pre/'dicial to la#f'l commerce .. to increase t)e marIet price of any merc)andise or o./ect of commerce man'fact'red1 prod'ced1 processed1 assem.led or imported into t)e -)il Also lia&le as 1rinci1als# a. corporationNassociation .. a entNrepresentati$e c. directorNmana er C #)o #illin ly permitted or failed to pre$ent commission of a.o$e offense Aggravated if items are" a. food s'.stance .. motor f'el or l'.ricants c. oods of prime necessity
Article !50
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IM.ORTATION AN) )IS.OSITION O* *ALSELY MARKE) ARTICLES OR MERC+AN)ISE MA)E O* GOL)2 SIL(ER2 OR OT+ER .RECIOUS METALS OR T+EIR ALLOYS ELEMENTS# a That the offender imports, sells or disposes of an! of those articles or merchandise. b c That the stamps, brands, or mar+s or those articles or merchandise fails to indicate the act$al fineness or 1$alit! of said metals or allo!s. That the offender +nows that the said stamp, brand, or mar+ fails to indicate the act$al fineness or 1$alit! of the metals or allo!s.
L To .e criminally lia.le1 it is important to esta.lis) t)at t)e offender Ino#s t)e fact t)at t)e imported merc)andise fails to indicate t)e act'al fineness or A'ality of t)e precio's metal. "f t)e importer )as no e2pertise on t)e matter s'c) t)at )e )as no #ay of Ino#in )o# t)e fra'd #as committed1 t)e e2istence of s'c) fact may .e serio'sly considered as a defense. L 5)at t)e la# p'nis)es )erein is t)e sellin of mis.randed oods made of old1 sil$er and ot)er precio's metals. T)erefore1 it m'st .e s)o#n t)at t)e seller Ino#s t)at t)e merc)andise is mis.randed. 0ence1 dishonesty is an essential element of the crime. Article !55 SUBSTITUTING 3 ALTERING TRA)E>MARK2 TRA)ENAME2 OR SER(ICE MARK Acts 1unisha&le# a ?! ,a) s$bstit$ting the trade name ,t*n) or trademar+ ,t*m) of some other man$fact$rer or dealer or a colorable imitation thereof, for the t*n or t*m of the real man$fact$rer or dealer $pon an! article of commerce and ,b) selling the same. b c d ?! selling or b! offering for sale s$ch article of commerce, +nowing that the t*n or t*m has been fra$d$lentl! $sed ?! $sing or s$bstit$ting the service mar+ of some other person, or a colorable imitation of s$ch mar+s, in the sale or advertising of services ?! printing, lithographing or reprod$cing t*n, t*m or service mar+ of one person, or a colorable limitation thereof, to enable another person to fra$d$lentl! $se the same, +nowing the fra$d$lent p$rpose for which it is to be $sed.
"f a partic'lar person is defra'ded .y t)e offender; as in t)e case of locally man'fact'red oods1 #)ic) t)e offender1 .y alterin t)e la.el1 are made to appear as imported articles and sold to a partic'lar person1 t)e crime committed is 'ndo'.tedly estafa as far as t)e partic'lar person is concerned. @'t if t)e falsely misla.eled oods are displayed in a store and offered for sale to t)e p'.lic in eneral1 t)e crime committed is p'nis)ed 'nder Article 1%%. Bo1 if the deception is isolated and is confined to a particular person or group of persons, estafa is committed . %f the fraud is employed against the pu+lic, Article 2JJ is violated. M'st not .e anot)er man'fact'rer ot)er#ise 'nfair competition
L TaIe note t)at after maIin t)e s'.stit'tion t)e oods are displayed in t)e store or marIet for sale1 Article 1%% is already committed e$en if no c'stomer comes to .'y any of t)e oods on display. T)e mere offer for sale to the pu+lic consummates the crime* L T)e pendency of t)e administrati$e aspect of t)e case is not a pre/'dicial A'estion in t)e resol'tion of t)e criminal case. Article !56 UN*AIR COM.ETITION2 *RAU)ULENT REGISTRATION O* TRA)ENAME2 TRA)EMARK SER(ICE MARK2 *RAU)ULENT )ESIGNATION O* ORIGIN2 AN) *ALSE )ESCRI.TION Acts 1unishe,#
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a b Dnfair competition .y sellin )is oods1 i$in t)em t)e eneral appearance of t)e oods of anot)er man'fact'rer or dealer /ra$d$lent designation of origin- false description .y (a) affi2in to )is oods or 'sin in connection #it) )is ser$ices a false desi nation of ori in; or any false description or representation1 and (.) sellin s'c) oods or ser$ices /ra$d$lent registration .y proc'rin fra'd'lently from t)e patent office t)e re istration of tNm1 tNm or ser$ice marI.
ELEMENTS# a That the offender gives his goods the general appearance of the goods of another man$fact$rer or dealer b That the general appearance is shown in the ,a) goods themselves, or in the ,b) wrapping of their pac+ages, or in the ,c) device or words therein, or in ,d) an! other feat$re of their appearance That the offender offers to sell or sells those goods or gives other persons a chance or opport$nit! to do the same with a li+e p$rpose. That there is act$al intent to deceive the p$blic or defra$d a competitor.
c d
L :nder 3ep'.lic Act >o. 1661 Bection 2(1 para rap) 21 $nfair competition is defined as follo#s7 "t consists in employin deception or any ot)er means contrary to ood fait) .y #)ic) any person s)all pass off t)e oods man'fact'red .y )im or in #)ic) )e deals1 or )is .'siness1 or ser$ices for t)ose of t)e one )a$in esta.lis)ed ood#ill1 or committin any acts calc'lated to prod'ce s'c) res'lt. L T)e tr$e test of $nfair competition is #)et)er certain oods )a$e .een clot)ed #it) an appearance #)ic) is liIely to decei$e t)e ordinary p'rc)aser e2ercisin ordinary care. ,D.2. vs. 9an$el, . Phil. 221) * @or unfair competition to ta e place1 it m'st .e t)e manufacturer of the goods #)o #ill clot) or la.el )is oods #it) t)e trade name or trademarI of anot)er man'fact'rer1 #)o )as esta.lis)ed a ood name or ood #ill in t)e mind of t)e p'.lic .eca'se of t)e A'ality of t)e merc)andise man'fact'red .y )im. !he imitator is also a manufacturer of the same ind of product +ut of inferior .uality . @y la.elin )is prod'ct #it) t)e trademarI or trade name of said man'fact'rer1 )e profits from t)e ood#ill of anot)er. * %f the la+eling or clothing of the goods is not done +y another manufacturer 1 t)e crime committed is not 'nfair competition .'t s'.stit'tion of trademarI or trade name 'nder Article 1%%. L 5)en t)e )onora.le B'preme Co'rt declared t)at 'nfair competition is .roader and more incl'si$e t)an infrin ement of trade name or trademarI. "n infringement of trade name or trademar 1 t)e offended party )as a pec'liar sym.ol or marI on )is oods #)ic) is considered a property ri )t #)ic) m'st t)erefore .e protected. "n unfair competition1 t)e offended party )as identified in t)e mind of t)e p'.lic t)e oods )e man'fact'res to distin 'is) it from t)e oods of t)e ot)er man'fact'rers. "n infringement of trade name or trademar 1 t)e offender 'ses t)e trade name or trademarI of anot)er in sellin )is oods1 #)ile in unfair competition1 t)e offender i$es )is oods t)e eneral appearance of t)e oods of anot)er man'fact'rer and sells t)e same to t)e p'.lic. ,:. 2pinner I #o. vs. %ew =esslein #orp., 56 Phil. 226) TITLE *I(E CRIMES RELATE) TO O.IUM AN) OT+ER .RO+IBITE) )RUGS <!68>!6"= COM.RE+ENSI(E )ANGEROUS )RUGS ACT O* 7887 <RA No' 6!/-= I' Acts .unisha&le# a. importation of pro)i.ited dr' s .. sale1 administration1 deli$ery1 distri.'tion and transportation of pro)i.ited dr' s c. maintenance of a den1 di$e or resort for pro)i.ited dr' 'sers d. .ein employees or $isitors of dr' den e. man'fact're of pro)i.ited dr' s f. possession or 'se . c'lti$ation of plants
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). i. /. I. fail're to comply #it) pro$isions relati$e to Ieepin of records of prescription 'nnecessary prescription possession of opi'm pipe and ot)er parap)ernalia "mportation1 sale1 etc. of re 'lated dr' s
)RUG SYN)ICATE C any or aniJed ro'p of t#o(2) or more persons formin or /oinin to et)er #it) t)e intention of committin any offense prescri.ed 'nder t)e act. .LANTING O* E(I)ENCE C t)e #illf'l act .y any person of malicio'sly and s'rreptitio'sly insertin 1 placin 1 addin or attac)in directly or indirectly1 t)ro' ) any o$ert or co$ert act1 #)ate$er A'antity of any dan ero's dr' andNor controlled prec'rsor and essential c)emical in t)e person1 )o'se1 effects1 or in t)e immediate $icinity of an innocent indi$id'al for t)e p'rpose of implicatin 1 incriminatin or imp'tin t)e commission of any $iolation of t)is Act. . ) E A C -)ilippine Er' Enforcement :nit Im1ortation o 1rohi&ite,Iregulate, ,rugs' P:%ALTJ " 9ife to deat) V fine of 5**1*** to 1* million regardless of the Ouantity involved 9AK(9D9 P:%ALTJ " 2; &se of diplomatic -assport /; @inancier and purity
Sale2 a,ministration2 ,eli%ery2 ,istri&ution an, transaction o 1rohi&ite,Iregulate, ,rugs'
8 %&T ?A(LA?L: P:%ALTJ " 9ife to deat) V fine of 5**1*** to 1* million regardless of the Ouantity and purity involved : includes B(#PE( ; <$alif!ing #irc$mstances C 1) if t)e $ictim of t)e offense is a minor or s)o'ld a pro)i.itedNre 'lated dr' in$ol$e in any offense 'nder t)is section .e t)e pro2imate ca'se of t)e deat) of a $ictim t)ereof1 t)e ma2im'm penalty )erein s)all .e imposed. 7= @inancier := Bale made #it)in 1**m from sc)ool Maintenance o a ,en2 ,i%e2 or resort or 1rohi&ite,Iregulate, ,rug users' ** -roperty escheated in favor of the government <$alif!ing #irc$mstance C #)ere a pro)i.itedNre 'lated dr' is administered1 deli$ered1 or sold to a minor #)o is allo#ed to 'se t)e same in s'c) place1 or s)o'ld a pro)i.ited dr' .e t)e pro2imate ca'se of t)e deat) of t)e person 'sin t)e same in s'c) den1 di$e or resort1 t)e ma2im'm of t)e penalty s)all .e imposed. Manu acture o 1rohi&ite,Iregulate, ,rugs' .ossession o 1rohi&ite,Iregulate, ,rugs'
P:%ALTJ " a' 9ife to deat) V fine of 5**1*** to 1* million 1* ms. ?pi'm1 morp)ine1 )eroine1 cocaine1 mari/'ana resin and Ecstasy. 5* ms. B)a.' 5** ms. Mari/'ana &' 9ife "mprisonment and a fine of -4**1***.**4-5**1***.** 1*45* ms. B)a.' c' 2* years to 9ife and a fine of 4**1***.**45**1***.** 541* ms. B)a.' ,' 12 C 2* years and a fine of 3**1***.**44**1***.** 9ess t)an 5 ms. ?f any dan ero's dr' s
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.ossession o 1ara1hernalia 6 mos. C 4 yrs. V fine of 1*1*** C 5*1*** Dse of >angero$s >r$gs C A person appre)ended or arrested1 #)o is fo'nd to .e positi$e for 'se of any dan ero's dr' 1 after a confirmatory test1 s)all .e imposed a penalty of a minim'm of si2 (6) mont)s re)a.ilitation in a o$ernment center for t)e first offense1 s'./ect to t)e pro$isions of Article &""" of t)is Act. "f appre)ended 'sin any dan ero's dr' act for t)e second time1 )eNs)e s)all s'ffer t)e penalty of imprisonment ran in from si2 (6) years and one (1) day to t#el$e(12) years and a fine ran in from +ifty t)o'sand pesos (-5*1***.**) to T#o )'ndred t)o'sand pesos (-2**1***.**); -ro$ided1 T)at t)is section s)all not .e applica.le #)ere t)e person tested is also fo'nd to )a$e in )isN)er possession s'c) A'antity of any dan ero's dr' pro$ided for 'nder Bection 11 of t)is Act1 in #)ic) case t)e pro$isions stated t)erein s)all apply. Culti%ation o 1lants which are sources o 1rohi&ite, ,rugs' .enalty 4 9ife to deat) and a fine of -5**1***.** to -1* Million a %ote" T)e landNportions t)ereof andNor reen)o'ses in #)ic) any of t)e said plants is c'lti$ated or c'lt'red s)all .e confiscated and esc)eated to t)e Btate1 'nless t)e o#ner t)ereof can pro$e t)at )e did not Ino# of s'c) c'lti$ation or c'lt're despite t)e e2ercise of d'e dili ence on )is part. <$alif!ing #irc$mstance C 1. "f t)e land in$ol$ed is part of t)e p'.lic domain1 t)e ma2im'm of t)e penalty )erein pro$ided s)all .e imposed. 2. Ma2im'm penalty imposed on financier *ailure to @ee1 recor,s o 1rescri1tion2 sales2 1urchases2 ac$uisitions an,Ior ,eli%eries o 1rohi&ite,Iregulate, ,rugs Persons liable" -)armacist1 -)ysician1 Eentist1 &eterinarian1 Man'fact'rer1 5)olesaler1 "mporter1 Eistri.'tor1 Eealer1 3etailer Unlaw ul 1rescri1tion o 1rohi&ite,Iregulate, ,rugs .enalty C life to deat) and a fine of -5**1*** to -1* Million Unnecessary 1rescri1tion o 1rohi&ite,Iregulate, ,rugs .enalty C 12 to 2* years and fine of -1**1*** to -5**1*** pl's re$ocation of license Persons Liable# -)ysician or dentist #)o s)all prescri.e any pro)i.itedNre 'lated dr' for any person #)ose p)ysicalNp)ysiolo ical condition does not reA'ire t)e 'se of t)ereof. Con iscation an, or eiture o the 1rocee,s or instruments o the unlaw ul act2 inclu,ing the 1ro1erties o the 1rocee,s ,eri%e, rom the illegal tra ic@ing o ,angerous ,rugs' +orfeited infa$or of t)e o$ernment After t)e con$iction in t)e 3e ional Trial Co'rt in t)e appropriate criminal case filed1 t)e Co'rt s)all immediately sc)ed'le a )earin for t)e confiscation and forfeit're of all t)e proceeds of t)e offense and all t)e assets and properties of t)e acc'sed eit)er o#ned or )eld .y )im or in t)e name of some ot)er persons if t)e same s)all .e fo'nd to .e manifestly o't of proportion of )isN)er income; - rovided, however1 T)at if t)e forfeited property is a $e)icle1 t)e same s)all .e a'ctioned off not later t)an fi$e (5) days 'pon order of confiscation or forfeit're. E'rin t)e pendency of t)e case in t)e 3e ional Trial Co'rt1 no property1 or income deri$ed t)erefrom1 #)ic) may .e confiscated and forfeited1 s)all .e disposed1 alienated or transferred and t)e same s)all .e in c'stodia le is and no .ond s)all .e admitted for t)e release of t)e same.
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Custo,y an, ,is1osition o con iscate,2 seiCe, an,Ior surren,ere, ,angerous ,rugs .)EA in c)ar e and c'stody for proper disposition .roce,ure in )is1osal 1. Appre)endin team immediately after seiJ're s)all maIe p)ysical in$entory and p)oto rap) t)e seiJed dr' s in t)e presence of t)e acc'sed or )is co'nsel1 a representati$e of t)e media and E?M and any elected p'.lic official #)o s)all si n t)e copies of t)e in$entory. 2. 5it)in 24 )o'rs 'pon confiscationNseiJ're of dan ero's dr' s1 s'c) dr' s)all .e s'.mitted to t)e -EEA forensic la.oratory for a A'alitati$e and A'antitati$e e2amination. 3. Certification of t)e forensic e2amination res'lts s)all .e iss'ed #it)in 24 )o'rs. 4. After t)e filin of t)e criminal case1 t)e proper co'rt s)all cond'ct and oc'lar inspection #it)in !2 )o'rs of t)e confiscated1 seiJed andNor s'rrendered dan ero's dr' s. 5. After oc'lar inspection .y t)e co'rt1 -EEA s)all destroy or .'rn t)e confiscated1 seiJed andNor s'rrendered dan ero's dr' s #it)in 24 )o'rs in t)e presence of t)e acc'sed or )is co'nsel1 representati$e of t)e media and t)e E?M1 ci$il society ro'ps and any elected p'.lic officer. 6. -EEA s)all iss'e a certification of s'c) destr'ction and samples of t)e dan ero's dr' s s)all .e s'.mitted to t)e co'rt. .lea>Bargaining Any person c)ar ed 'nder any commission of t)is act re ardless of t)e imposa.le penalty s)all not .e allo#ed to a$ail of t)e pro$ision on plea4.ar ainin . .ro&ation Law Any person con$icted for dr' trafficIin re ardless of t)e penalty imposed cannot a$ail of t)e pri$ile e ranted .y t)e pro.ation la#. ;uali ying Aggra%ating Circumstance A positi$e findin for t)e 'se of dan ero's dr' s s)all .e a A'alifyin a ra$atin circ'mstance in t)e commission of a crime .y an offender and t)e application of t)e penalty pro$ided for in t)e 3-C. -ossession of opi'm pipe1 eA'ipment1 apparat's or any parap)ernalia fit or intended for smoIin 1 cons'min 1 administerin 1 in/ectin 1 in estin 1 or ot)er#ise 'sin opi'm or any ot)er pro)i.ited dr' 1 s)all .e prima facie e$idence t)at t)e possessor )as smoIed1 cons'med1 administered to )imself1 in/ected or 'sed a pro)i.ited dr' . Attempt and conspirac! to commit the following offenses" a "mportation of dan ero's dr' s b c d e Bale1 administration1 deli$ery1 distri.'tion and transportation of dan ero's dr' s Maintenance of a den1 di$e or resort for pro)i.ited dr' s Man'fact're of dan ero's dr' s C'lti$ation or c'lt're of plants #)ic) are so'rces of pro)i.ited dr' s
Other 1ersons lia&le# a "f t)e $iolation of t)e Act is committed .y a partners)ip1 corporation1 association or any /'dicial person1 t)e partner1 president1 director1 or mana er #)o consents to or Ino#in ly tolerates s'c) $iolation s)all .e )eld criminally lia.le as co4principal. -artner1 president1 director1 mana er1 officer or stocI)older1 #)o Ino#in ly a't)oriJes1 tolerates1 or consents to t)e 'se of a $e)icle1 $essel1 or aircraft as an instr'ment in t)e importation1 sale1 deli$ery1 distri.'tion or transportation of dan ero's dr' s1 or to t)e 'se of t)eir eA'ipment1 mac)ines or ot)er instr'ments in t)e man'fact're of any dan ero's dr' s1 if s'c) $e)icle1 $essel1
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aircraft1 eA'ipment1 or ot)er instr'ment1 is o#ned or 'nder t)e control and s'per$ision of t)e partners)ip1 corporation1 association or /'dicial entity to #)ic) t)ey are affiliated. Criminal lia&ility o a 1u&lic o icer or em1loyee or misa11ro1riation2 misa11lication or ailure to account or the con iscate,2 seiCe, an,Ior surren,ere, ,angerous ,rugs .enalty 4 life to deat) and a fine of -5**1***.** to -1* Million in addition to a.sol'te perpet'al disA'alification from any p'.lic office. Any electi$e local or national official fo'nd to )a$e .enefited from t)e proceeds of t)e trafficIin of dan ero's dr' s or )a$e recei$ed any financial or material contri.'tions from persons fo'nd 'ilty of dr' trafficIin dan ero's dr' s1 s)all .e remo$ed from office and perpet'ally disA'alified from )oldin any electi$e or appointi$e positions in t)e o$ernment. .lanting o E%i,ence Any person #)o is fo'nd 'ilty of plantin any dan ero's dr' re ardless of t)e A'antity and p'rity1 s)all s'ffer t)e penalty of death. )rug Testing 1. Applicants for dri$erGs license 4 mandatory 2. Applicants for firearms license and for permit to carry 4 mandatory 3. Bt'dents of secondary and tertiary sc)ools C random (sc)ool s)all s)o'lder e2penses) 4. ?fficers and employees of pri$ate and p'.lic offices C random (employer s)all s)o'lder e2penses) Any officer or employee fo'nd positi$e for 'se of dan ero's dr' s)all .e dealt #it) administrati$ely #)ic) s)all .e a ro'nd for s'spension or termination s'./ect to Art. 2%2 of t)e 9a.or Code and pertinent pro$isions of t)e Ci$il Ber$ice 9a#. 5. ?fficers and mem.ers of t)e military1 police and ot)er la# enforcement a encies C ann'al mandatory 6. All persons c)ar ed .efore t)e prosec'torGs office #it) a criminal offense )a$in an impossi.le penalty of imprisonment of not less t)an si2 (6) years and one (1) day s)all )a$e to 'nder o a mandatory dr' test !. All candidates for p'.lic office #)et)er appointed or elected .ot) in t)e national or local o$ernment s)all 'nder o a mandatory dr' test. Issuance o *alse or rau,ulent ,rug test results <whether will ully or through gross negligence= .enalty C 6 to 12 years and fine -1**1***.** to -5**1***.** Additional penalt! C re$ocation of license to practice and clos're of t)e dr' testin center II' @or the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this Act, all school heads, supervisors and teachers shall +e deemed to +e persons in authority and, as such, are vested with the power to apprehend, arrest, or cause the apprehension or arrest of any person who shall violate any of the said provision* a. %&T:" T)ey s)all .e considered as persons in a't)ority if t)ey are in t)e sc)ool or #it)in its immediate $icinity1 or .eyond s'c) immediate $icinity if t)ey are in attendance in any sc)ool or class f'nction in t)eir official capacity as sc)ool )eads1 s'per$isors or teac)ers. .. Any teac)er or sc)ool employee #)o disco$ers or finds t)at any person in t)e sc)ool or #it)in its immediate $icinity is $iolatin t)is Act s)all )a$e t)e d'ty to report t)e $iolation to t)e sc)ool )ead or s'per$isor #)o s)all1 in t'rn1 report t)e matter to t)e proper a't)orities. +ail're to report in eit)er case s)all1 after )earin 1 constit'te s'fficient ca'se for disciplinary action. III' Rules regar,ing reha&ilitation o ,rug ,e1en,ents
(oluntary su&mission a. &ol'ntary s'.mission of a dr' dependent to confinement1 treatment and re)a.ilitation .y t)e dr' dependent )imself or t)ro' ) )is parent1 'ardian or relati$e #it)in t)e 4 t) ci$il de ree of
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consan 'inity or affinity1 in a center and compliance #it) s'c) conditions t)erefor as t)e Ean ero's Er' s @oard may prescri.e s)all e2empt from criminal lia.ility for possession or 'se of t)e pro)i.itedNre 'lated dr' . <A11lica&le only to those lia&le or use o ,angerous ,rugs an, not to 1ossession an, sale= .. B)o'ld t)e dr' dependent escape from t)e center1 )e may s'.mit )imself for confinement #it)in 1 #eeI from t)e date of )is escape1 of )is parent 'ardian or relati$e may1 #it)in t)e same period s'rrender )im for confinement. c. :pon application of t)e @oard1 t)e Co'rt s)all iss'e an order for recommitment if t)e dr' dependent does not res'.mit )imself for confinement or if )e is not s'rrendered for recommitment. d. "f1 s'.seA'ent to s'c) recommitment1 )e s)o'ld escape a ain1 )e s)all no lon er .e e2empt from criminal lia.ility for t)e 'se or possession of any dan ero's dr' . e. "f a person c)ar ed #it) an offense is fo'nd .y t)e fiscal or .y t)e Co'rt at any sta e of t)e proceedin s1 to .e a dr' dependent1 t)e fiscal or co'rt as t)e case may .e1 s)all s'spend all f'rt)er proceedin s and transmit records of t)e case to t)e @oard. f. After )is re)a.ilitation1 )e s)all .e prosec'ted for s'c) $iolation. "n case of con$iction1 t)e /'d ement s)all1 if t)e acc'sed is certified .y t)e treatment and re)a.ilitation center to )a$e maintained ood .e)a$ior1 indicate t)at )e s)all .e i$en f'll credit for t)e period )e #as confined in t)e center. %&T:# 5)en t)e offense is 'se of dan ero's dr' s and t)e acc'sed is not a recidi$ist1 t)e penalty t)ereof s)all .e deemed to )a$e .een ser$ed in t)e center 'pon )is release t)erefrom. . T)e period of prescription of t)e offense c)ar ed s)all not r'n d'rin respondentNacc'sed is 'nder detention or confinement in a center. h. 4e1$isites of s$spension of sentence for first offense in a minor" 1. "f acc'sed is a minor ('nder 1% years of a e at t)e time of t)e commission of t)e offense .'t not more t)an 21 years of a e #)en t)e /'d ement s)o'ld )a$e .een prom'l ated. 2. 0e )as not .een pre$io'sly con$icted of $iolatin any pro$ision of t)is Act or of t)e 3-C or placed on pro.ation. Bentence s)all .e deferred and t)e acc'sed s)all .e placed on pro.ation 'nder t)e s'per$ision of t)e @oard. "n case of $iolation of conditions of pardon1 co'rt s)all prono'nce /'d ment of con$iction and )e s)all ser$e sentence. "f acc'sed did not $iolate conditions of pro.ation1 case s)all .e dismissed 'pon e2piration of t)e desi nated period. t)e time t)at t)e
Com1ulsory su&mission "f a person c)ar ed #it) an offense #)ere t)e imposa.le penalty is imprisonment of not more t)an si2 (6) years and one (1) day1 and is fo'nd .y t)e prosec'tor or .y t)e co'rt1 at any sta e of t)e proceedin s1 to .e a dr' dependent1 t)e prosec'tor of t)e co'rt as t)e case may .e1 s)all s'spend all f'rt)er proceedin s and transmit copies of t)e record of t)e case to t)e @oard. ?uris,iction O%er )angerous )rug Cases 2ection A@. L$risdiction T)e B'preme Co'rt s)all desi nate special co'rts from amon t)e e2istin 3e ional Trial Co'rt in eac) /'dicial re ion to e2cl'si$ely try and )ear cases in$ol$in $iolations of t)is Act. T)e n'm.er of co'rt desi nated in eac) /'dicial re ion s)all .e .ased on pop'lation and t)e n'm.er of cases pendin in t)eir respecti$e /'risdiction. T)e E?M s)all desi nate special prosec'tors to e2cl'si$ely )andle cases in$ol$in $iolations of t)is Act.
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T)e preliminary in$esti ation of cases filed 'nder t)is Act s)all .e terminated #it)in a period of t)irty (3*) days from t)e date of t)eir filin . 5)en t)e preliminary in$esti ation is cond'cted .y a p'.lic prosec'tor and a pro.a.le ca'se is esta.lis)ed1 t)e correspondin information s)all .e filed in co'rt #it)in 24 )o'rs from t)e termination of t)e in$esti ation. "f t)e preliminary in$esti ation is cond'cted .y a /'d e and a pro.a.le ca'se is fo'nd to e2ist1 t)e correspondin information s)all .e filed .y t)e proper prosec'tor #it)in 4% )o'rs from t)e receipt of t)e records of t)e case. 2ection A1. 4esponsibilit! and Liabilit! of Law :nforcement Agencies and &ther Government &fficials and :mplo!ees Testif!ing as Prosec$tion itnesses in >angero$s >r$gs #ases Any mem.er of la# enforcement a encies or any ot)er o$ernment official and employees #)o1 after d'e notice1 fails or ref'ses intentionally or ne li ently1 to appear as a #itness for t)e prosec'tion in any proceedin s1 in$ol$in $iolations of t)is Act1 #it)o't any $alid reason1 s)all .e p'nis)ed #it) imprisonment of not less t)an t#el$e (12) years and one (1) day to 2* years and a fine of not less t)an -5**1***.**1 in addition to t)e administrati$e lia.ility )eNs)e may .e meted o't .y )isN)er immediate s'perior andNor appropriate .ody. T)e immediate s'perior of a mem.er of t)e la# enforcement a ency or any ot)er o$ernment employee mentioned in t)e precedin para rap) s)all .e penaliJed #it) imprisonment of not less t)an t#o (2) mont)s and one (1) day .'t not more t)an si2 (6) years and a fine of not less t)an -1*1***.** .'t not more t)an -5*1*** and in addition1 perpet'al a.sol'te disA'alification from p'.lic office if despite d'e notice to t)em and to t)e #itness concerned1 t)e former does not e2ert reasona.le effort to present t)e latter to t)e co'rt. T)e mem.er of t)e la# enforcement a ency or any ot)er o$ernment employee mentioned in t)e precedin para rap)s s)all not .e transferred or re4assi ned to any ot)er territorial /'risdiction d'rin t)e pendency of t)e case in co'rt. 0o#e$er1 t)e concerned mem.er of t)e la# enforcement a ency or o$ernment employee may .e transferred or re4assi ned for compellin reasons; -rovided, T)at )isN)er immediate s'perior s)all notify t)e co'rt #)ere t)e case is pendin of t)e order of transfer or re4assi n1 #it)in 24 )o'rs from its appro$al; -rovided further1 T)at )isN)er immediate s'perior s)all .e penaliJed #it) imprisonment of not less t)an t#o (2) mont)s and one (1) day .'t not less t)an si2 (6) years and a fine of not less t)an -1*1***.** .'t not more t)an -5*1***.** and in addition1 perpet'al a.sol'te disA'alification from p'.lic office1 s)o'ld )eNs)e fail to notify t)e co'rt of s'c) order to transfer or re4 assi n. -rosec'tion and p'nis)ment 'nder t)is Bection s)all .e #it)o't pre/'dice to any lia.ility for $iolation of any e2istin la#. 2ection A2. >ela! and ?$ngling in the Prosec$tion of >r$g #ases. 8 Any o$ernment officer or employee tasIed #it) t)e prosec'tion of dr' 4related cases 'nder t)is Act1 #)o1 t)ro' ) patent la2ity1 ine2c'sa.le ne lect1 'nreasona.le delay or deli.erately ca'ses t)e 'ns'ccessf'l prosec'tion andNor dismissal ran in from 12 years and 1 day to 2* years #it)o't pre/'dice to )isN)er prosec'tion 'nder t)e pertinent pro$isions of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. a b c d ?$! ?$st &peration C no la# or r'le to reA'ire policemen to adopt a 'niform #ay of identifyin @:; M?>E; ,P v. Abedes) A.sence of 'ltra$iolet po#der is not fatal in t)e prosec'tion !ransportationEimportation of )Q C immaterial #)et)er t)ere may or may not .e a distinction for t)e MM >isting$ish :ntrapment and (nstigation" 1. "f prosec'tion can pro$e t)e crime #it)o't presentin t)e informer or asset C not necessary .eca'se t)eir testimonies are merely corro.orati$e. -ose'r .'yer C it depends on #)et)er t)e prosec'tion can pro$e t)e crime #it)o't t)eir testimonies ,P v. 4osalinda 4amos) 2. :nder t)e 3A1 special aggravating circumstance if a crime )as .een committed #)ile t)e acc'sed #as )i ) on dr' s ,P v. Anthon! ?elgar) 3. 5elivery or Sale of -rohi+ited 5rugs C t)e acc'sed m'st .e a#are t)at #)at )e is sellin or deli$erin #as pro)i.ited dr' . @'t t)e moment t)e fact of sale or deli$ery is pro$ed .y
74

prosec'tion1 t)e .'rden to pro$e t)at t)e acc'sed is not a#are t)at dr' s are pro)i.ited falls on t)e defense ,P v. Aranda) 4. P v. Angelito 9analo C .'rden of pro$in t)e a't)ority to possess s)a.' is a matter of defense 5. P v. =ilario 9oscaling C co'rt may taIe /'dicial notice of t)e #ord Fs)a.'H 6. "riminal lia+ilities of a policeman who sold the drugs confiscated from a pusher 7 $iolation of 3A (165 and mal$ersation 'nder 3-C. e f g h i Planting evidence C to implicate anot)er ?$! ?$st &peration C form of entrapment ,P v. Alberto) C not necessary to )a$e prior police s'r$eillance ,P v. #arlos /ranca) Possession C constr'cti$e or act'al C not necessary to add'ce t)e marIed money as e$idence ,P v. 4omeo 9acara) 2eparate crimes C saleNpossession of MM fo'nd in )is possession after )e #as frisIed .'t )e canGt .e con$icted for possession of MM t)at )e sold %f victim is minor or drug is proximate cause of death C ma2 penalty is imposed 1. @irst offense of a minor C s'spension of sentence CON)ITIONS# 'nder 1% at time of commission .'t not more t)an 21 at time #)en /'d ment #as prom'l ated fo'nd 'ilty of possession or 'se of pro)i.ited or re 'lated dr' s not .een pre$io'sly con$icted of $iolatin any pro$ision of t)is Act or t)e 3-C not .een placed on pro.ation defer sentence1 place on pro.ation for 6 mont)s to 1 year $iolation of pro.ation C prono'nce sentence C con$ict and ser$e sentence no $iolation C disc)ar e )im and dismiss t)e proceedin if minor is dr' dependent C commit to a center for treatment and re)a.ilitation
TITLE SID CRIMES AGAINST .UBLIC MORALS Crimes against 1u&lic morals 1. Kam.lin (Art. 1(5); 2. "mportation1 sale and possession of lottery ticIets or ad$ertisements (Art. 1(6); 3. @ettin in sport contests (Art. 1(!); 4. "lle al .ettin on )orse races (Art. 1(%); 5. "lle al cocIfi )tin (Art. 1((); 6. Kra$e scandal (Art. 2**); !. "mmoral doctrines1 o.scene p'.lications and e2)i.itions (Art. 2*1); and %. &a rancy and prostit'tion (Art. 2*2). Article !6-' 4hat Acts Are .unisha&le in Gam&ling Acts 1unishe,
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1. !a ing part directly or indirectly in ? a. any ame of monte1 /'eten 1 or any ot)er form of lottery1 policy1 .anIin 1 or percenta e ame1 do races1 or any ot)er ame or sc)eme t)e res'lts of #)ic) depend #)olly or c)iefly 'pon c)ance or )aJard; or #)erein #a ers consistin of money1 articles of $al'e1 or representati$e of $al'e are made; or t)e e2ploitation or 'se of any ot)er mec)anical in$ention or contri$ance to determine .y c)ance t)e loser or #inner of money or any o./ect or representati$e of $al'e;
.. 2. 3. 4.
Dno#in ly permittin any form of am.lin to .e carried on in any place o#ned or controlled .y t)e offender; @ein maintainer1 cond'ctor1 or .anIer in a ame of /'eten or similar ame; Dno#in ly and #it)o't la#f'l p'rpose possessin lottery list1 paper1 or ot)er matter containin letters1 fi 'res1 si ns or sym.ol #)ic) pertain to or are in any manner 'sed in t)e ame of /'eten or any similar ame.
hat is gamblingC "t is a ame or de$ice or met)od1 t)e res'lt of #)ic) depends #)olly or c)iefly 'pon c)ance or )aJard. Bo1 if t)e ame depends #)olly 'pon sIill or a.ility of t)e players1 t)ere is no am.lin . T)e manner of determinin #)et)er t)e ame played is pro)i.ited or not is #)et)er t)e res'lt #ill depend #)olly or c)iefly 'pon c)ance or )aJard. Bi nificantly1 if t)e ame )as .een identified and declared as a form of am.lin .y e2press pro$ision of la#1 t)ere #ill .e no need or reA'irement to o into t)e met)ods 'pon )o# t)e ame is played. hat is lotter!C "t is a sc)eme for t)e distri.'tion of priJes .y c)ance amon persons #)o )a$e paid1 or a reed to pay1 a $al'a.le consideration for a c)ance to o.tain a priJe. ,D2 vs. /ilart, et al., 0@ Phil. 7@) -in.all mac)ines or slot mac)ines are considered am.lin de$ices .eca'se t)e res'lt depends 'pon c)ance or )aJard. "f t)e priJes do not come o't of t)e f'nds or contri.'tions of t)e participants1 t)ere is no lottery. ,D! vs. Palomar, 2. 2#4A 27.) Article !6/' IM.ORTATION2 SALE AN) .OSSESSION O* LOTTERY TICKETS OR A)(ERTISEMENTS Acts 1unishe, 1. (mporting into the Philippines from an! foreign place or port an! lotter! tic+et or advertisement- or 2. 2elling or distrib$ting the same in connivance with the importer0. Possessing, +nowingl! and with intent to $se them, lotter! tic+ets or advertisements- or 6. 2elling or distrib$ting the same witho$t connivance with the importer of the same.
>ote t)at possession of any lottery ticIet or ad$ertisement is prima facie e$idence of an intent to sell1 distri.'te or 'se t)e same in t)e -)ilippines. Article !60' BETTING IN S.ORT CONTESTS T)is article )as .een repealed .y .resi,ential )ecree No' "5: <Betting2 Game> iJing or .oint>sha%ing an, Machinations in S1ort Contests=# .ENALIFING BETTING2 GAME>*IDING OR .OINT>S+A(ING AN)
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MAC+INATIONS IN S.ORTS CONTESTS .) "5: Acts .unisha&le# a. ?etting" @ettin money or any o./ect or article of $al'e of representati$e $al'e 'pon t)e res'lt of any ame1 races and ot)er sports contests. .. Game8fi)ing" any arran ement1 com.ination1 sc)eme or a reement .y #)ic) t)e res'lt of any ame1 races1 or sports contests s)all .e predicated andNor Ino#n ot)er t)an on t)e .asis of t)e )onest playin sIill or a.ility of t)e players or participants. Point8shaving" any s'c) arran ement com.ination1 sc)eme or a reement .y #)ic) t)e sIill or a.ility of any player or participant in a fame1 races1 or sports contests to maIe points of scores s)all .e limited deli.erately in order to infl'ence t)e res'lt t)ereof in fa$or of one or ot)er team1 player or participant. Game 9achination" any ot)er fra'd'lent1 deceitf'l1 'nfair or dis)onest means1 met)od1 manner or practice employed for t)e p'rpose of infl'encin t)e res'lt of any ame1 races or sports contest.
c.
d.
Article !65' ILLEGAL BETTING ON +ORSE RACE Acts 1unishe, @ettin on )orse races d'rin periods not allo#ed .y la#; Maintainin or employin a totaliJer or ot)er de$ice or sc)eme for .ettin on races or realiJin profit t)erefrom d'rin t)e periods not allo#ed .y la#. hen horse races not allowed" M'ly 4 (3ep'.lic Act >o. 13!); Eecem.er 3* (3ep'.lic Act >o. 22(); Any re istration or $otin days (3ep'.lic Act >o. 1%*1 3e$ised Election Code); and 0oly T)'rsday and Kood +riday (3ep'.lic Act >o. (46). Article !66' ILLEGAL COCK*IG+TING T)is article )as .een modified or repealed .y .resi,ential )ecree No' ""6 <The Coc@ ighting Law o !60"=# COCK*IG+TING LA4 O* !60" .) ""6 ". II' Sco1e C T)is la# s)all cocIpits. Rules# A. ?nly +ilipino citiJens not ot)er#ise in)i.ited .y e2istin la#s s)all .e allo#ed to o#n1 mana e and operated cocIpits. @. ?nly one cocIpit s)all .e allo#ed in eac) city or m'nicipality #it) a pop'lation of 1**1*** or less. o$ern t)e esta.lis)ment1 operation1 maintenance and o#ners)ip of
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C. CocIpits s)all .e constr'cted and operated #it)in t)e appropriate areas as prescri.ed in t)e Wonin 9a# or ordinance.
>.
hen allowed" 1. CocIfi )tin s)all .e allo#ed only in licensed cocIpits d'rin B'ndays and le al )olidays and d'rin local fiestas for not more t)an 3 days; or 2. E'rin pro$incial1 city or m'nicipal1 a ric'lt'ral1 commercial or ind'strial fair1 carni$al or e2position for a similar period of 3 days 'pon resol'tion of t)e pro$ince1 city or m'nicipality #)ere s'c) fair1 carni$al or e2position is to .e )eld1 s'./ect to t)e appro$al of t)e C)ief of Consta.'lary or )is a't)oriJed representati$e. Limitations" a) >o cocIfi )tin on t)e occasion of s'c) fair1 carni$al or e2position s)all .e allo#ed #it)in t)e mont) of t)e local fiesta or for more t)an 2 occasions a year in t)e same city of m'nicipality. .) >o cocIfi )tin s)all .e )eld on Eecem.er 3*1 M'ne 121>o$em.er 3*1 0oly T)'rsday1 Kood +riday1 Election Eay and d'rin re istration days for s'c) electionNreferend'm. 3. "f t)e p'rpose is for t)e entertainment of forei n di nitaries or for to'rists1 or for ret'rnin .aliI.ayans1 or for t)e s'pport of national f'nd4raisin campai ns for c)arita.le p'rposes as may .e a't)oriJed .y t)e ?ffice of t)e -resident 'pon resol'tion of a pro$incial .oard1 city or m'nicipal co'ncil1 in licensed cocIpits or in play ro'nds or parIs. Limitations" T)is pri$ile e s)all .e e2tended for only one time1 for a period not e2ceedin 3 days1 #it)in a year to a pro$ince1 city or m'nicipality.
E. >o am.lin of any Iind s)all .e permitted on t)e premises of t)e cocIpit or place of cocIfi )tin d'rin cocIfi )ts. +. City or m'nicipal mayors are a't)oriJed to iss'e licenses for t)e operation and maintenance of cocIpits. .resi,ential )ecree No' !/87 <Sim1li ying an, .ro%i,ing Sti er .enalties or (iolations o .hili11ine Gam&ling Laws= Section !' &iolations and -enalties. 44 T)e penalty of prision mayor in its medi'm de ree or a fine ran in from +i$e 0'ndred -esos to T#o T)o'sand -esos and in case of recidi$ism t)e penalty of prision correccional in its medi'm de ree or a fine of ran in from ?ne T)o'sand -esos to Bi2 T)o'sand -esos s)all .e imposed 'pon7 (a) Any person ot)er t)an t)ose referred to in t)e s'cceedin s'.section #)o in any manner1 s)all directly or indirectly taIe part in any ame of cocIfi )tin 1 /'eten 1 .ooIies (/ai4 alai or )orse racin to incl'de ame fi2in ) and ot)er lotteries1 cara y cr'J or pompian and t)e liIe1 .lacI /acI1 l'cIy nine1 Fp'soyH or 3'ssian -oIer1 monte1 .accarat and ot)er card ames1 palI A'e1 domino1 ma)/on 1 )i ) and lo#1 slot mac)ines1 ro'lette1 pin.all and ot)er mec)anical in$entories or de$ices1 do racin 1 .oat racin 1 car raisin and ot)er races1 .asIet.all1 $olley.all1 .o2in 1 se$en4ele$en dice ames and t)e liIe and ot)er contests to incl'de ame fi2in 1 point s)a$in and ot)er mac)inations .anIin or percenta e ame1 or any ot)er ame or sc)eme1 #)et)er 'pon c)ance or sIill1 #)ic) do not )a$e a franc)ise from t)e national o$ernment1 #)erein #a ers consistin of money1 articles of $al'e of representati$e of $al'e are made; (.) Any person #)o s)all Ino#in ly permit any form of am.lin referred to in t)e precedin s'.di$ision to .e carried on in in)a.ited or 'nin)a.ited places or any .'ildin 1 $essel or ot)er means of transportation o#ned or controlled .y )im. "f t)e place #)ere am.lin is carried on )as a rep'tation of a am.lin place or t)at pro)i.ited am.lin is freA'ently carried on t)erein or t)e place is a p'.lic or o$ernment .'ildin or .aran ay )all1 t)e c'lprit s)all .e p'nis)ed .y t)e penalty pro$ided for in its ma2im'm period and a fine of Bi2 T)o'sand -esos.
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T)e penalty of prision correccional in its ma2im'm de ree and a fine of Bi2 T)o'sand -esos s)all .e imposed 'pon t)e maintainer1 cond'ctor of t)e a.o$e am.lin sc)emes. T)e penalty of prision mayor in its medi'm de ree and temporary a.sol'te disA'alification and a fine of Bi2 T)o'sand -esos s)all .e imposed if t)e maintainer1 cond'ctor or .anIer is a o$ernment official1 or if a player1 promoter1 referee1 'mpire1 /'d e or coac) in cases of ame4fi2in 1 point4s)a$in and ot)er ame mac)ination. T)e penalty of prision correccional in its medi'm de ree and a fine ran in from +i$e 0'ndred pesos to T#o T)o'sand -esos s)all .e imposed 'pon any person #)o s)all Ino#in ly and #it)o't la#f'l p'rpose in any )o'r of any day s)all )a$e in )is possession any lottery list1 paper1 or ot)er matter containin letter1 fi 'res1 si ns or sym.ols #)ic) pertain to or in any manner 'sed in t)e ame of /'eten 1 /ai4alai or )orse racin .ooIies and similar ame or lottery #)ic) )as taIen place or a.o't to taIe place. Section 7' @aran ay ?fficial. C Any .aran ay official in #)ose /'risdiction s'c) am.lin )o'se is fo'nd and #)ic) )o'se )as t)e rep'tation of a am.lin place s)all s'ffer t)e penalty of prision correccional in its medi'm period and a fine ran in from +i$e 0'ndred to T#o T)o'sand -esos and temporary a.sol'te disA'alifications. 5)ile t)e acts 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code are still p'nis)ed 'nder t)e ne# la#1 yet t)e concept of am.lin 'nder it )as .een c)an ed .y t)e ne# am.lin la#. @efore1 t)e 3e$ised -enal Code considered t)e sIill of t)e player in classifyin #)et)er a ame is am.lin or not. @'t 'nder t)e ne# am.lin la#1 t)e sIill of t)e players is immaterial. Any ame is considered am.lin #)ere t)ere are .ets or #a ers placed #it) t)e )ope to #in a priJe t)erefrom. :nder t)is la#1 e$en sports contents liIe .o2in 1 #o'ld .e am.lin insofar as t)ose #)o are .ettin t)erein are concerned. :nder t)e old penal code1 if t)e sIill of t)e player o't#ei )s t)e c)ance or )aJard in$ol$ed in #innin t)e ame1 t)e ame is not considered am.lin .'t a sport. "t #as .eca'se of t)is t)at .ettin in .o2in and .asIet.all ames proliferated. F:nless a't)oriJed .y a franc)ise1 any form of am.lin is ille al.H Bo said t)e co'rt in t)e recent resol'tion of t)e case a ainst t)e operation of /ai4alai. T)ere are so4called parlor ames #)ic) )a$e .een e2empted from t)e operation of t)e decree liIe #)en t)e ames are played d'rin a #aIe to Ieep t)e mo'rners a#aIe at ni )t. -'rs'ant to a memorand'm circ'lar iss'ed .y t)e E2ec'ti$e @ranc)1 t)e offs)oot of t)e e2emption is t)e intentional prolon in of t)e #aIe of t)e dead .y am.lin lords. As a eneral r'le1 .ettin or #a erin determines #)et)er a ame is am.lin or not. E2ceptions7 T)ese are ames #)ic) are e2pressly pro)i.ited e$en #it)o't .ets. Monte1 /'eten or any form of lottery; do races; slot mac)ines; t)ese are )a.it4formin and addicti$e to players1 .rin in a.o't t)e pernicio's effects to t)e family and economic life of t)e players. Mere possession of lottery ticIets or lottery lists is a crime p'nis)ed also as part of am.lin . 0o#e$er1 it is necessary to maIe a distinction #)et)er a ticIet or list refers to a past date or to a f't're date. "ll'stration7 8 #as acc'sed one ni )t and fo'nd in )is possession #as a list of /'eten . "f t)e date t)erein refers to t)e past1 8 cannot .e con$icted of am.lin or ille al possession of lottery list #it)o't pro$in t)at s'c) ame #as indeed played on t)e date stated. Mere possession is not eno' ). "f t)e date refers to t)e f't're1 8 can .e con$icted .y t)e mere possession #it) intent to 'se. T)is #ill already .rin a.o't criminal lia.ility and t)ere is no need to pro$e t)at t)e ame #as played on t)e date stated. "f t)e possessor #as ca' )t1 c)ances are )e #ill not o on #it) it anymore. T)ere are t#o criteria as to #)en t)e lottery is in fact .ecomes a am.lin 1. ame7
"f t)e p'.lic is made to pay not only for t)e merc)andise t)at )e is .'yin 1 .'t also for t)e c)ance to #in a priJe o't of t)e lottery1 lottery .ecomes a am.lin ame. -'.lic is made to pay a )i )er price.
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2. "f t)e merc)andise is not salea.le .eca'se of its inferior A'ality1 so t)at t)e p'.lic act'ally does not .'y t)em1 .'t #it) t)e lottery t)e p'.lic starts patroniJin s'c) merc)andise. "n effect1 t)e p'.lic is payin for t)e lottery and not for t)e merc)andise1 and t)erefore t)e lottery is a am.lin ame. -'.lic is not made to pay a )i )er price.
"ll'strations7 (1) A certain s'permarIet #anted to increase its sales and sponsored a lottery #)ere $al'a.le prices are offered at staIe. To defray t)e cost of t)e prices offered in t)e lottery1 t)e mana ement increased t)eir prices of t)e merc)andise .y 1* cents eac). 5)ene$er someone .'ys from t)at s'permarIet1 )e pays 1* cents more for eac) merc)andise and for )is p'rc)ase1 )e ets a co'pon #)ic) is to .e dropped at desi nated drop .o2es to .e raffled on a certain period. T)e increase of t)e price is to ans#er for t)e cost of t)e $al'a.le prices t)at #ill .e co$ered at staIe. T)e increase in t)e price is t)e consideration for t)e c)ance to #in in t)e lottery and t)at maIes t)e lottery a am.lin ame. @'t if t)e increase in prices of t)e articles or commodities #as not eneral1 .'t only on certain items and t)e increase in prices is not t)e same1 t)e fact t)at a lottery is sponsored does not appear to .e tied 'p #it) t)e increase in prices1 t)erefore not ille al. Also1 in case of man'fact'rers1 yo' )a$e to determine #)et)er t)e increase in t)e price #as d'e to t)e lottery or .ro' )t a.o't .y t)e normal price increase. "f t)e increase in price is .ro' )t a.o't .y t)e normal price increase Qeconomic factorR t)at e$en #it)o't t)e lottery t)e price #o'ld .e liIe t)at1 t)ere is no consideration in fa$or of t)e lottery and t)e lottery #o'ld not amo'nt to a am.lin ame. "f t)e increase in t)e price is d'e partic'larly to t)e lottery1 t)en t)e lottery is a am.lin ame. And t)e sponsors t)ereof may .e prosec'ted for ille al am.lin 'nder -residential Eecree >o. 16*2. (2) T)e merc)andise is not really salea.le .eca'se of its inferior A'ality. A certain man'fact'rer1 @)ey Company1 man'fact're ci arettes #)ic) is not salea.le .eca'se t)e same is irritatin to t)e t)roat1 sponsored a lottery and a co'pon is inserted in e$ery pacI of ci arette so t)at one #)o .'ys it s)all )a$e a c)ance to participate. E'e to t)e co'pons1 t)e p'.lic started .'yin t)e ci arette. Alt)o' ) t)ere #as no price increase in t)e ci arettes1 t)e lottery can .e considered a am.lin ame .eca'se t)e .'yers #ere really after t)e co'pons not t)e lo# A'ality ci arettes. "f #it)o't t)e lottery or raffle1 t)e p'.lic does not patroniJe t)e prod'ct and starts to patroniJe t)em only after t)e lottery or raffle1 in effect t)e p'.lic is payin for t)e price not t)e prod'ct. :nder t)is decree1 a .aran ay captain #)o is responsi.le for t)e e2istence of am.lin dens in t)eir o#n locality #ill .e )eld lia.le and disA'alified from office if )e fails to prosec'te t)ese am.lers. @'t t)is is not .ein implemented. Kam.lin 1 of co'rse1 is le al #)en a't)oriJed .y la#. +'nd4raisin campai ns are not am.lin . T)ey are for c)arita.le p'rposes .'t t)ey )a$e to o.tain a permit from Eepartment of Bocial 5elfare and Ee$elopment. T)is incl'des concerts for ca'ses1 C)ristmas carolin 1 and t)e liIe. O**ENSES AGAINST )ECENCY AN) GOO) CUSTOMS Article 788 GRA(E SCAN)AL ELEMENTS# a. &ffender performs an act b. Act is highl! scandalo$s as offending against decenc! or good c$stoms
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c. =ighl! scandalo$s cond$ct does not e)pressl! fall within an! other article of the 4P# d* #ommitted in a p$blic place or within the p$blic +nowledge or view. , !he pu+lic view is not re.uired, it is sufficient if in pu+lic place* @or pu+lic nowledge, it may occur even in a private place1 the num+er of people who sees it is not material ). GRA(E SCAN)AL" consists of acts #)ic) are offensi$e to decency and ood c'stoms. T)ey are committed p'.licly and t)'s1 i$e rise to p'.lic scandal to persons #)o )a$e accidentally #itnessed t)e acts
* !he crime of grave scandal is a crime against pu+lic morals . >ecessarily1 t)e offender m'st commit t)e crime in a p'.lic place or #it)in t)e $ie# of t)e p'.lic. (n grave scandal1 t)e scandal in$ol$ed refers to moral scandal offensi$e to decency1 alt)o' ) it does not dist'r. p'.lic peace. @'t s'c) cond'ct or act m'st .e open to t)e p'.lic $ie#. (n alarms and scandals1 t)e scandal in$ol$ed refers to dist'r.ances of t)e p'.lic tranA'ility and not to acts offensi$e to decency. >ecenc!" means properly o.ser$in t)e reA'irements of modesty1 ood taste etc #$stoms" refers to esta.lis)ed 'sa e1 social con$entions carried on .y tradition and enforced .y social disappro$al in case of $iolation "f t)e acts complained of are p'nis)a.le 'nder anot)er pro$ision of t)e 3-C1 Art 2** is not applica.le
L Any act #)ic) is notorio'sly offensi$e to decency may .rin a.o't criminal lia.ility for t)e crime of ra$e scandal pro$ided s'c) act does not constit'te some ot)er crime 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. 'rave scandal is a crime of last resort* T)e essence of ra$e scandal is p'.licity and t)at t)e acts committed are not only contrary to morals and ood c'stoms .'t m'st liIe#ise .e of s'c) c)aracter as to ca'se p'.lic scandal to t)ose #itnessin it.
>istinction sho$ld be made as to the place where the offensive act was committed, whether in the p$blic place or in a private place" (1) (2) "n p$blic place1 t)e criminal lia.ility arises irrespecti$e of #)et)er t)e immoral act is open to t)e p'.lic $ie#. "n s)ort p'.lic $ie# is not reA'ired. 5)en act offensi$e to decency is done in a private place1 p'.lic $ie# or p'.lic Ino#led e is reA'ired.
* -u+lic view does not re.uire numerous persons. E$en if t)ere #as only one person #)o #itnessed t)e offensi$e act for as lon as t)e t)ird person #as not an intr'der1 ra$e scandal is committed pro$ided t)e act does not fall 'nder any ot)er crime in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. "ll'strations7 (1) A man and a #oman enters a mo$ie )o'se #)ic) is a p'.lic place and t)en oes to t)e darIest part of t)e .alcony and #)ile t)ere t)e man started performin acts of lasci$io'sness on t)e #oman. %f it is against the will of the woman, the crime would +e acts of lasciviousness* But if there is mutuality, this constitutes grave scandal* -u+lic view is not necessary so long as it is performed in a pu+lic place* (2) A man and a #oman #ent to 9'neta and slept t)ere. T)ey co$ered t)emsel$es t)eir .lanIet and made t)e rass t)eir con/' al .ed. !his is grave scandal* (3) "n a certain apartment1 a lady tenant )ad t)e )a.it of 'ndressin in )er room #it)o't s)'ttin t)e .linds. B)e does t)is e$ery ni )t at a.o't ei )t in t)e e$enin . Bo t)at at t)is )o'r of t)e ni )t1
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yo' can e2pect people o'tside at)ered in front of )er #indo# looIin at )er sil)o'ette. B)e #as c)ar ed of ra$e scandal. 0er defense #as t)at s)e #as doin it in )er o#n )o'se. %t is no defense that she is doing it in her private home* %t is still open to the pu+lic view* (4) "n a partic'lar .'ildin in MaIati #)ic) stands ri )t ne2t to t)e )o'se of a yo'n lady #)o oes s'n.at)in in )er poolside. E$ery mornin se$eral men in t)e 'pper floors #o'ld sticI t)eir )eads o't to et a f'll $ie# of said lady #)ile in )er t#o4piece s#ims'it. T)e lady #as t)en c)ar ed #it) ra$e scandal. 0er defense #as t)at it is )er o#n pri$ate pool and it is t)ose men looIin do#n at )er #)o are malicio's. !his is an act which even though done in a private place is nonetheless open to pu+lic view*
Article 78! IMMORAL )OCTRINES2 OBSCENE .UBLICATIONS AN) ED+IBITIONS# .ersons lia&le# a. Those who p$blicl! e)po$nd or proclaim doctrines that are contrar! to p$blic morals b. A$thors of obscene literat$re, p$blished with their +nowledge in an! form c. :ditors p$blishing s$ch obscene literat$re d. &wners or operators of establishments selling obscene literat$re e. Those who e)hibit indecent or immoral pla!s, scenes, acts or shows ion theaters, fairs, cinemas or an! other place f. Those who sell, distrib$te, or e)hibit prints, engraving, sc$lpt$res or literat$re which are offensive to morals
MORALS# implies conformity to enerally accepted standards of oodness or ri )tness in cond'ct or c)aracter TEST O* OBSCENITY# #)et)er t)e matter )as a tendency to depra$e or corr'pt t)e minds of t)ose #)o are open to immoral infl'ences. A matter can also .e considered o.scene if it s)ocIs t)e ordinary and common sense of men as indecency.
> !he test is o+9ective. "t is more on t)e effect 'pon t)e $ie#er and not alone on t)e cond'ct of t)e performer. L "f t)e material )as t)e tendency to depra$e and corr'pt t)e mind of t)e $ie#er t)en t)e same is o.scene and #)ere s'c) o.scenity is made p'.licly1 criminal lia.ility arises. * !he law is not concerned with the moral of one person . As lon as t)e porno rap)ic matter or e2)i.ition is made pri$ately1 t)ere is no crime committed 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code .eca'se #)at is protected is t)e morality of t)e p'.lic in eneral. L "n committin t)is crime1 there must +e pu+licity. "t means t)e act or acts done m'st come to t)e Ino#led e of t)ird persons. 0o#e$er1 Art 2@1 en$merates what are considered as obscene literat$re or immoral or indecent pla!s, scenes or acts" a. t)ose #Nc lorify criminals or condone crimes .. t)ose #Nc ser$e no ot)er p'rpose .'t to satisfy t)e marIet for $iolence1 l'st or porno rap)y c. t)ose #Nc offend a ainst any race or reli ion d. t)ose #Nc tend to a.et t)e traffic in and t)e 'se of pro)i.ited dr' s
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e. t)ose t)at are contrary to la#1 p'.lic order1 morals1 ood c'stoms1 esta.lis)ed policies1 la#f'l orders1 decrees and edicts Mere n'dity in paintin s and pict'res is not o.scene -ict'res #N a sli )t de ree of o.scenity )a$in no artistic $al'e and intended for commercial p'rposes fall #it)in t)is article P$blicit! is an essential element
L Be2'al ind'l ence is not in itself immoral if done #it)in t)e .o'nds of pri$acy and performed normally. T)e moment t)e parties carry t)eir pri$ate ri )ts and pri$ile es to p'.lic $ie#1 t)ey e2pose t)emsel$es to p'.lic scr'tiny' Article 787 (AGRANTS AN) .ROSTITUTES# 4ho are consi,ere, %agrants# a. Those who have no apparent means of s$bsistence and who have the ph!sical abilit! to wor+ !et neglect to appl! themselves to some $sef$l calling b. Persons fo$nd loitering aro$nd p$blic and semi8p$blic places witho$t visible means of s$pport c. Persons tramping or wandering aro$nd the co$ntr! or the streets with no visible means of s$pport d. (dle or dissol$te persons lodging in ho$ses of ill8fame e. 4$ffians or pimps and those who habit$all! associate with prostit$tes ,ma! incl$de even the rich) f. Persons fo$nd loitering in inhabited or $ninhabited places belonging to others, witho$t an! lawf$l or 3$stifiable reason provided the act does not fall within an! other article of the 4P# Trespass to d#ellin Attempted t)eft &a rancy
(f fenced and with prohibition of entr! (f fenced and entered to h$nt*fish (f not fenced and with no prohibition of entr!
ho are considered prostit$tes 4 refer to #omen #)o )a.it'ally ind'l e in se2'al interco'rse or lasci$io's cond'ct for money or profit (if a man ind'l es in t)e same cond'ct7 $a rancy)
L "n la# t)e mere ind'l in in lasci$io's cond'ct )a.it'ally .eca'se of money or ain #o'ld amo'nt to prostit'tion1 e$en if t)ere is no se2'al interco'rse. &ir inity is not a defense. =a+ituality is the controlling factor; it )as to .e more t)an one time. * !here cannot +e prostitution +y conspiracy . ?ne #)o conspires #it) a #oman in t)e prostit'tion .'siness liIe pimps1 ta2i dri$ers or solicitors of clients are 'ilty of t)e crime 'nder Article 341 for #)ite sla$ery. TITLE SE(EN CRIMES COMMITTE) BY .UBLIC O**ICERS Crimes committe, &y 1u&lic o icers 1. Dno#in ly renderin 'n/'st /'d ment (Art. 2*4); 2. M'd ment rendered t)ro' ) ne li ence (Art. 2*5);
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3. 4. 5. 6. !. %. (. 1*. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 1!. 1%. 1(. 2*. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 2!. 2%. 2(. 3*. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 3!. 3%. 3(. 4*. 41. 42. :n/'st interloc'tory order (Art. 2*6); Malicio's delay in t)e administration of /'stice (Art. 2*!); -rosec'tion of offenses; ne li ence and tolerance (Art. 2*%); @etrayal of tr'st .y an attorney or solicitor C 3e$elation of secrets (Art. 2*(); Eirect .ri.ery (Art. 21*); "ndirect .ri.ery (Art. 211); T'alified .ri.ery (Art. 2114A); Corr'ption of p'.lic officials (Art. 212); +ra'ds a ainst t)e p'.lic treas'ry and similar offenses (Art. 213); ?t)er fra'ds (Art. 214); -ro)i.ited transactions (Art. 215); -ossession of pro)i.ited interest .y a p'.lic officer (Art. 216); Mal$ersation of p'.lic f'nds or property C -res'mption of mal$ersation (Art. 21!) +ail're of acco'nta.le officer to render acco'nts (Art. 21%); +ail're of a responsi.le p'.lic officer to render acco'nts .efore lea$in t)e co'ntry (Art. 21(); "lle al 'se of p'.lic f'nds or property (Art. 22*); +ail're to maIe deli$ery of p'.lic f'nds or property (Art. 221); Conni$in #it) or consentin to e$asion (Art. 223); E$asion t)ro' ) ne li ence (Art. 224); Escape of prisoner 'nder t)e c'stody of a person not a p'.lic officer (Art. 225); 3emo$al1 concealment or destr'ction of doc'ments (Art. 226); ?fficer .reaIin seal (Art. 22!); ?penin of closed doc'ments (Art. 22%); 3e$elation of secrets .y an officer (Art. 22(); -'.lic officer re$ealin secrets of pri$ate indi$id'al (Art. 23*); ?pen diso.edience (Art. 231); Eiso.edience to order of s'perior officer #)en said order #as s'spended .y inferior officer (Art. 232); 3ef'sal of assistance (Art. 233); 3ef'sal to disc)ar e electi$e office (Art. 234); Maltreatment of prisoners (Art. 235); Anticipation of d'ties of a p'.lic office (Art. 236); -rolon in performance of d'ties and po#ers (Art. 23!); A.andonment of office or position (Art. 23%); :s'rpation of le islati$e po#ers (Art. 23(); :s'rpation of e2ec'ti$e f'nctions (Art. 24*); :s'rpation of /'dicial f'nctions (Art. 241); Eiso.eyin reA'est for disA'alification (Art. 242); ?rders or reA'ests .y e2ec'ti$e officers to any /'dicial a't)ority (Art. 243); :nla#f'l appointments (Art. 244); and A.'ses a ainst c)astity (Art. 245).
L T)e desi nation of t)e title is misleadin . Crimes 'nder t)is title can .e committed .y p'.lic officers or a non4p'.lic officer1 #)en t)e latter .ecome a conspirator #it) a p'.lic officer1 or an accomplice1 or accessory to t)e crime. T)e p'.lic officer )as to .e t)e principal. L "n some cases1 it can e$en .e committed .y a pri$ate citiJen alone s'c) as in Article 2!5 (infidelity in t)e c'stody of a prisoner #)ere t)e offender is not a p'.lic officer) or in Article 222 (mal$ersation). Article 78: 4+O ARE .UBLIC O**ICERS# a. Ta+es part in the performance of p$blic f$nctions in the Government, or b. Performs p$blic d$ties as an emplo!ee, agent or s$bordinate official in the govBt or an! of its branches Notes# P$blic officer m$st derive his a$thorit! from" 1. direct pro$ision of la# 2. pop'lar election 3.appointment .y competent a't)ority
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L "n definin t)e term 3pu+lic officers4, t)e la# maIes t)e reference to t)e manner .y #)ic) )e is appointed to p'.lic office. 0e t)'s .ecomes a p'.lic officer .eca'se of )is appointment .y competent a't)ority or .eca'se )e is elected to p'.lic office. .u&lic o icers# em.races e$ery p'.lic ser$ant from t)e lo#est to t)e )i )est ranI &nder (epu+lic Act $o* 702I :!he Anti8'raft and "orrupt -ractices Act;, t)e term p'.lic officer is .roader and more compre)ensi$e .eca'se it incl'des all persons #)et)er an official or an employee1 temporary or not1 classified or not1 contract'al or ot)er#ise. Any person #)o recei$es compensation for ser$ices rendered is a p'.lic officer. L A o$ernment la.orer is not a p'.lic officer. 0o#e$er1 temporary performance .y a la.orer of p'.lic f'nctions maIes )im a p'.lic officer L Crimes committed .y p'.lic officers are not)in .'t corr'ption in p'.lic ser$ice. Breach o oath o o ice 1arta@es o three orms# a. Mis easance# means improper performance of an act #)ic) mi )t .e properly .e performed .. Mal easance# means performance of an act #)ic) o' )t not to .e done c. Non easance# means omission of an act #)ic) o' )t to .e done 9alfeasance 9isfeasance %onfeasance Eoin of an act #)ic) a p'.lic officer s)o'ld not )a$e done "mproper doin of an act #)ic) a person mi )t la#f'lly do +ail're of an a ent to perform )is 'ndertaIin for t)e principal
Article 78"# KNO4INGLY REN)ERING AN UN?UST ?U)GMENT ELEMENTS# a. &ffender is a 3$dge b. 4enders a 3$dgment in the case s$bmitted to him for 3$dgment c. L$dgment is $n3$st d. Fnowledge that the decision is $n3$st Notes# ?U)GMENT# is a final consideration and determination .y a co'rt of competent /'risdiction of t)e iss'es s'.mitted to it in an action or proceedin L T)e la# reA'ires t)at t)e /'d ment m'st .e #ritten in t)e official lan 'a e1 personally and directly prepared .y t)e /'d e1 and si ned .y )im. "t m'st contain a clear and distinct statement of facts pro$ed or admitted .y t)e defendant and 'pon #)ic) t)e /'d ment is .ased. UN?UST ?U)GMENT# one #)ic) is contrary to la#1 or not s'pported .y t)e e$idence1 or .ot) An $n3$st 3$dgment ma! res$lt from" 1. error (#it) .ad fait)) 2. ill4#ill or re$en e 3. .ri.ery L T)ere m'st .e e$idence t)at t)e decision rendered is 'n/'st. "t is not pres'med L To .e lia.le for t)e a.o$e crime1 not only m'st t)e /'d ment .e pro$ed to .e 'n/'st .it m'st liIe#ise .e esta.lis)ed to )a$e .een Ino#in ly rendered. T)ere m'st .e a conscio's and deli.erate intent to do an in/'stice. T)is 's'ally occ'rs #)en t)e /'d e entertains )atred1 en$y1 re$en e1 or reed a ainst one of t)e parties.
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L A.'se of discretion or mere error of /'d ment cannot liIe#ise ser$e as .asis for renderin an 'n/'st /'d ment in t)e a.sence of proof or e$en an alle ation of .ad fait) (moti$e or improper consideration). Article 78?U)GMENT REN)ERE) T+ROUG+ NEGLIGENCE ELEMENTS# a. &ffender is a 3$dge b. 4enders a 3$dgment in a case s$bmitted to him for decision c. L$dgment is manifestl! $n3$st d. >$e to ine)c$sable negligence or ignorance MANI*ESTLY UN?UST ?U)GMENT# one t)at is so contrary to la# t)at e$en a person )a$in mea er Ino#led e of t)e la# cannot do'.t t)e in/'stice
L T)e 'n/'st /'d ment is merely t)e res'lt of ine2c'sa.le ne li ence or i norance of t)e la#. T)e i norance may refer to s'.stanti$e or proced'ral la#. T)ere m'st .e an apparent and notorio's manifestation of lacI of lo ic and false interpretation of t)e la#. ,#ortes vs. #atral, 2.A 2#4A 1) Article 78/ UN?UST INTERLOCUTORY OR)ER ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a 3$dge. b. That he performs an! of the following acts" 1. +nowingl! renders $n3$st interloc$tor! order or decree, or 2. renders a manifestl! $n3$st interloc$tor! order or decree thro$gh ine)c$sable negligence or ignorance. INTERLOCUTORY OR)ER# one iss'ed .y t)e co'rt decidin a collateral or incidental matter. "t is not a final determination of t)e iss'es of t)e action or proceedin
L T)e crime of Ino#in ly renderin an 'n/'st /'d ment1 or Ino#in ly iss'in an 'n/'st interloc'tory order1 may +e committed only +y a 9udge of a trial court and never of an appellate court . T)e reason for t)is is t)at in appellate co'rt1 not only one ma istrate renders or iss'es t)e interloc'tory order. An appellate co'rt f'nctions as a di$ision and t)e resol'tions t)ereof are )anded do#n only after deli.erations amon t)e mem.ers of a di$ision so t)at it cannot .e said t)at t)ere is malice or ine2c'sa.le ne li ence or i norance in t)e renderin of a /'d ment or order t)at is s'pposedly 'n/'st as )eld .y t)e B'preme Co'rt in one administrati$e case. Article 780 MALICIOUS )ELAY IN T+E A)MINISTRATION OR ?USTICE ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a 3$dge. b. That there is a proceeding in his co$rt. c. That he dela!s the administration of 3$stice. d. That the dela! is malicio$s, that is, the dela! is ca$sed b! the 3$dge with deliberate intent to inflict damage on either part! in the case. Mere delay #it)o't malice is not p'nis)a.le
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L )alice must +e proven. Malice is present #)ere t)e delay is so' )t to fa$or one party to t)e pre/'dice of t)e ot)er. L T)ese )a$e .een interpreted .y t)e B'preme Co'rt to refer only to /'d es of t)e trial co'rt. L T)e Constit'tion pro$ides t)at cases s'.mitted for decision .efore t)e B'preme Co'rt m'st .e resol$ed #it)in t#o years. @efore t)e Co'rt of Appeals1 s'c) cases m'st .e resol$ed #it)in 1 year; and .efore t)e 3e ional Trial Co'rt and Metropolitan Trial Co'rt1 s'c) cases m'st .e decided #it)in a period of t)ree mont)s or ninety days. Article 785 .ROSECUTION O* O**ENSESL NEGLIGENCE AN) TOLERANCE Acts .unishe, 1. Malicio'sly refrainin from instit'tin prosec'tion a ainst $iolators of t)e la#; 2. Malicio'sly toleratin t)e commission of offenses. ELEMENTS O* )ERELICTION O* )UTY IN T+E .ROSECUTION O* O**ENSES# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or officer of the law who has a d$t! to ca$se the prosec$tion of, or to prosec$te offenses. +* That there is dereliction of the d$ties of his office, that is, +nowing the commission of the crime, he does not ca$se ,a) the prosec$tion of the criminal , -eople vs* (osales, '*(* no* </><J) or ,b) +nowing that a crime is abo$t to be committed he tolerates its commission , if giftEpromise is a consideration for his conduct: direct +ri+ery ) c. That the offender acts with malice and deliberate intent to favor the violator of the law. .RE(ARICACION# ne li ence and tolerance in t)e prosec'tion of an offense
L A p'.lic officer en a ed in t)e prosec'tion of offenders s)all malicio'sly tolerate t)e commission of crimes or refrain from prosec'tin offenders or $iolators of t)e la#. * !his crime can only +e committed +y a pu+lic officer whose official duty is to prosecute offenders, that is, state prosecutors. 0ence1 t)ose officers #)o are not d'ty .o'nd to perform t)ese o.li ations cannot commit t)is crime in t)e strict sense. T)ere m'st .e a d'ty on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer to prosec'te or mo$e for t)e prosec'tion of t)e offender. >ote )o#e$er1 t)at a fiscal is under no compulsion to file an information +ased upon a complaint if he is not convinced that the evidence +efore him does not warrant filing an action in court
5)en a policeman tolerates the commission of a crime or otherwise refrains from apprehending the offender1 s'c) peace officer cannot .e prosec'ted for t)is crime .'t t)ey can .e prosec'ted as7 (1) (2) (3) An accessory to t)e crime committed .y t)e principal in accordance #it) Article 1(1 para rap) 3; or 0e may .ecome a fence if t)e crime committed is ro..ery or t)eft1 in #)ic) case )e $iolates t)e Anti4+encin 9a#; or 0e may .e )eld lia.le for $iolatin t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act.
%llustration: !he offender was caught for white slavery* !he policeman allowed the offender to go free for some consideration* !he policeman does not violate Article /0J +ut he +ecomes an accessory to the crime of white slavery* But in the crime of theft or ro++ery, where the policeman shared in the loot and allowed the offender to go free, he +ecomes a fence* !herefore, he is considered an offender under the Anti8@encing Aaw*
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0o#e$er1 in distant pro$inces or m'nicipalities #)ere t)ere are no m'nicipal attorneys1 t)e local c)ief of police is t)e prosec'tin officer. "f )e is t)e one #)o tolerates t)e $iolations of la#s or ot)er#ise allo#s offenders to escape1 )e can .e prosec'ted 'nder t)is article. T)is is also tr'e in t)e case of a +arangay chairman. T)ey are s'pposed to prosec'te $iolators of la#s #it)in t)eir /'risdiction. "f t)ey do not do so1 t)ey can .e prosec'ted for t)is crime. T)e crime m'st .e pro$ed first .efore an officer can .e con$icted of dereliction of d'ty A p'.lic officer #)o )ar.ors1 conceals1 or assists in t)e escape of an offender1 #)en it is )is d'ty to prosec'te )im is lia.le as principal in t)e crime of dereliction of d'ty in t)e prosec'tion of offenses. 0e is not an accessory
Article not applica.le to re$en'e officers L 3elati$e to t)is crime 'nder Article 2*%1 consider t)e crime of 1$alified briber!. Amon t)e amendments made .y 3ep'.lic Act >o. !65( on t)e 3e$ised -enal Code is a ne# pro$ision #)ic) reads as follo#s7 Article. 2118A. <$alified ?riber! ? %f any pu+lic officer is entrusted with law enforcement and he refrains from arresting or prosecuting an offender who has committed a crime punisha+le +y (eclusion -erpetua andEor death in consideration of any offer, promise, gift, or present, he shall suffer the penalty for the offense which was not prosecuted* %f it is the pu+lic officer who as s or demands such gift or present, he shall suffer the penalty of death* L Act'ally t)e crime is a Iind of direct .ri.ery #)ere t)e .ri.e1 offer1 promise1 ift or present )as a consideration on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer1 t)at is refrainin from arrestin or prosec'tin t)e offender in consideration for s'c) offer1 promise1 ift or present * %n a way, this new provision modifies Article /20 of the (evised -enal "ode on direct +ri+ery* L 0o#e$er, the crime of .ualified +ri+ery may +e committed only +y pu+lic officers 3entrusted with enforcement4 whose official duties authori,e then to arrest or prosecute offenders . Apparently1 t)ey are peace officers and pu+lic prosecutors since t)e nonfeasance refers to Farrestin or prosec'tin .H But this crime arises only when the offender whom such pu+lic officer refrains from arresting or prosecuting, has committed a crime punisha+le +y reclusion perpetua andEor death* %f the crime were punisha+le +y a lower penalty, then such nonfeasance +y the pu+lic officer would amount to direct +ri+ery, not .ualified +ri+ery* * %f the crime was .ualified +ri+ery, the dereliction of the duty punished under Article /0J of the (evised -enal "ode should +e a+sor+ed +ecause said article punishes the pu+lic officer who 3maliciously refrains from instituting prosecution for the punishment of violators of the law or shall tolerate the commission of offenses4* !he dereliction of duty referred to is necessarily included in the crime of .ualified +ri+ery* L ?n t)e ot)er )and, if the crime was direct +ri+ery under Article /20 of the (evised -enal "ode, the pu+lic officer involved should +e prosecuted also for the dereliction of duty 1 #)ic) is a crime 'nder Article 2*% of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 .eca'se t)e latter is not a.sor.ed .y t)e crime of direct .ri.ery. T)is is .eca'se in direct .ri.ery1 #)ere t)e p'.lic officer a reed to perform an act constit'tin a crime in connection #it) t)e performance of )is official d'ties1 Article 21* e2pressly pro$ides t)at t)e lia.ilty t)ere'nder s)all .e Fin addition to t)e penalty correspondin to t)e crime a reed 'pon1 if t)e crime s)all )a$e .een committed. "ll'stration7 A fiscal1 for a s'm of money1 refrains from prosec'tin a person c)ar ed .efore )im. "f t)e penalty for t)e crime in$ol$ed is recl'sion perpet'a1 t)e fiscal commits A'alified .ri.ery. "f t)e crime is p'nis)a.le .y a penalty lo#er t)an recl'sion perpet'a1 t)e crime is direct .ri.ery. "n t)e latter sit'ation1 three crimes are committed: direct +ri+ery and dereliction of duty on the part of the fiscal1 and corruption of a pu+lic officer +y the giver* Article 786
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BETRAYAL O* TRUST BY AN ATTORNEY OR SOLICITOR (>?T >ECEBBA3"9; A -:@9"C ?++"CE3 A9T0?:K0 A99 9A5;E3B A3E ?++"CE3B ?+ T0E C?:3T) ACTS .UNIS+E)# a* #a$sing damage to client ,pre9udice is essential) either 1. b! an! malicio$s breach of professional d$t!, or 2. b! ine)c$sable negligence or ignorance. +* 4evealing an! of the secrets of his client learned b! him in his professional capacit! ,damage not necessary) c* Dnderta+ing the defense of the opposing part! of the 1 st client and*or having received confidential information from the latter and witho$t the latterBs consent , damage not necessary) %ote" 5)en t)e attorney acts #it) malicio's a.'se of )is employment or ine2c'sa.le ne li ence or i norance1 t)ere m'st .e dama e to )is client. * &nder the rules on evidence1 comm'nications made #it) prospecti$e clients to a la#yer #it) a $ie# to en a in )is professional ser$ices are already pri$ile ed e$en t)o' ) t)e client4la#yer relations)ip did not e$ent'ally materialiJe .eca'se t)e client cannot afford t)e fee .ein asIed .y t)e la#yer. T)e la#yer and )is secretary or clerI cannot .e e2amined t)ereon. L T)at t)is comm'nication #it) a prospecti$e client is considered pri$ile ed1 implies t)at t)e same is confidential. T)erefore1 if t)e la#yer #o'ld re$eal t)e same or ot)er#ise accept a case from t)e ad$erse party1 )e #o'ld already .e $iolatin Article 2*(. Mere malicio's .reac) #it)o't dama e is not $iolati$e of Article 2*(; at most )e #ill .e lia.le administrati$ely as a la#yer1 e. .1 s'spension or dis.arment 'nder t)e Code of -rofessional 3esponsi.ility. "ll'stration7 B, who is involved in the crime of seduction wanted A, an attorney at law, to handle his case* A received confidential information from B* =owever, B cannot pay the professional fee of A* ", the offended party, came to A also and the same was accepted* A did not commit t)e crime 'nder Article 2*(1 alt)o' ) t)e la#yerGs act may .e considered 'net)ical. T)e client4la#yer relations)ip .et#een A and @ #as not yet esta.lis)ed. T)erefore1 t)ere is no tr'st to $iolate .eca'se @ )as not yet act'ally en a ed t)e ser$ices of t)e la#yer A. A is not .o'nd to @. =owever, if A #o'ld re$eal t)e confidential matter learned .y )im from @1 t)en Article 2*( is $iolated .eca'se it is eno' ) t)at s'c) confidential matters #ere comm'nicated to )im in )is professional capacity1 or it #as made to )im #it) a $ie# to en a in )is professional ser$ices. 0ere1 matters t)at are considered confidential m'st )a$e .een said to t)e la#yer #it) t)e $ie# of en a in )is ser$ices. ?t)er#ise1 t)e comm'nication s)all not .e considered pri$ile ed and no tr'st is $iolated. "ll'stration7 A went to B, a lawyerEnotary pu+lic, to have a document notari,ed* A narrated to B the detail of the criminal case* "f @ #ill disclose #)at #as narrated to )im t)ere is no .etrayal of tr'st since @ is actin as a notary p'.lic and not as a co'nsel. T)e la#yer m'st )a$e learned t)e confidential matter in )is professional capacity. Se%eral acts which woul, ma@e a lawyer criminally lia&le# (1) Malicio'sly ca'sin dama e to )is client t)ro' ) a .reac) of )is professional d'ty. T)e .reac) of professional d'ty m'st .e malicio's. "f it is /'st incidental1 it #o'ld not i$e rise to criminal lia.ility1 alt)o' ) it may .e t)e s'./ect of administrati$e discipline; T)ro' ) ross i norance1 ca'sin dama e to t)e client; "ne2c'sa.le ne li ence; 3e$elation of secrets learned in )is professional capacity;
(2) (3) (4)
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(5) :ndertaIin t)e defense of t)e opposite party in a case #it)o't t)e consent of t)e first client #)ose defense )as already .een 'ndertaIen.
>ote t)at only num+ers 2, / and 7 must approximate malice* L A la#yer #)o )ad already 'ndertaIen t)e case of a client cannot later on s)ift to t)e opposin party. T)is cannot .e done. L :nder t)e circ'mstances1 it is necessary that the confidential matters or information was confided to the lawyer in the latterDs professional capacity* * %t is not the duty of the lawyer to give advice on the commission of a future crime* %t is, therefore, not privileged in character. T)e la#yer is not .o'nd .y t)e mandate of pri$ile e comm'nication if )e reports s'c) commission of a f't're crime. "t is only confidential information relatin to crimes already committed t)at are co$ered .y t)e crime of .etrayal of tr'st if t)e la#yer s)o'ld 'ndertaIe t)e case of opposin party or ot)er#ise di$'l e confidential information of a client. L :nder t)e la# on e$idence on pri$ile ed comm'nication1 it is not only the lawyer who is protected +y the matter of privilege +ut also the office staff li e the secretary* L T)e nominal lia.ility 'nder t)is article may .e constit'ted eit)er from +reach of professional duties in the handling of the case or it may arise o't of t)e confidential relation +etween the lawyer and the client* BREAC+ O* .RO*ESSIONAL )UTY 6 Tardiness in t)e prosec'tion of t)e case for #)ic) reason t)e case #as dismissed for .ein non4 prosec'ted; or tardiness on t)e part of t)e defense co'nsel leadin to declaration of defa'lt and ad$erse /'d ment. > -rofessional duties C 9a#yer m'st appear on time. @'t t)e client m'st )a$e s'ffered dama e d'e to t)e .reac) of professional d'ty. ?t)er#ise1 t)e la#yer cannot .e )eld lia.le. 6 "f t)e prosec'tor #as tardy and t)e case #as dismissed as non4prosec'ted1 .'t )e filed a motion for reconsideration #)ic) #as ranted1 and t)e case #as contin'ed1 t)e la#yer is not lia.le1 .eca'se t)e client did not s'ffer dama e. 6 "f la#yer #as ne lectf'l in filin an ans#er1 and )is client declared in defa'lt1 and t)ere #as an ad$erse /'d ment1 t)e client s'ffered dama es. T)e la#yer is lia.le. BREAC+ O* CON*I)ENTIAL RELATION 6 3e$ealin information o.tained or taIin ad$anta e t)ereof .y acceptin t)e en a ement #it) t)e ad$erse party. T)ere is no need to pro$e t)at t)e client s'ffered dama es. T)e mere .reac) of confidential relation is p'nis)a.le. 6 "n a con/' al case1 if t)e la#yer disclosed t)e confidential information to ot)er people1 )e #o'ld .e criminally lia.le e$en t)o' ) t)e client did not s'ffer any dama e. 6 T)e client #)o #as s'in )is #ife disclosed t)at )e also committed acts of 'nfait)f'lness. T)e la#yer talIed a.o't t)is to a friend. 0e is1 t)'s1 lia.le. Article 7!8 )IRECT BRIBERY ELEMENTS# a. That the offender be a p$blic officer within the scope of Art 2@0 b. That the offender accepts an offer or promise or receives a gift or present b! himself or thro$gh another c* That s$ch offer or promise be accepted or gift*present received b! the p$blic officer , mere agreement consummates the crime)
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2* with a view to committing some crime ,delivery of consideration is not necessary) or /* in consideration of an e)ec$tion of an act which does not constit$te a crime, b$t the act m$st be $n3$st ,delivery of consideration is necessary), or 0. to refrain from doing something which is his official d$t! to do d. That the act which the offender agrees to perform or which he e)ec$tes be connected with the performance of his official d$ties * Bri+ery refers to the act of the receiver and the act of the giver is corruption of pu+lic official* +or p'rposes of t)is article, temporary performance of pu+lic functions is sufficient to constitute a person a pu+lic officer. A private person may commit t)is crime only in t)e case in #)ic) c'stody of prisoners is entr'sted to )im Applica.le also to assessors1 ar.itrators1 appraisal and claim commissioners1 e2perts or any ot)er person performin p'.lic d'ties Cannot .e fr'strated1 only attempted or cons'mmated.
* 5irect +ri+ery may +e committed only in the attempted and consummated stages .eca'se1 in fr'strated felony1 t)e offender m'st )a$e performed all t)e acts of e2ec'tion #)ic) #o'ld prod'ce t)e felony as a conseA'ence* %n direct +ri+ery, it is possi+le only if the corruptor concurs with the offender* #nce there is concurrence, the direct +ri+ery is already consummated . "n s)ort1 t)e offender could not have performed all the acts of execution to produce the felony without consummating the same* L Act'ally1 you cannot have a giver unless there is one who is willing to receive and there cannot +e a receiver unless there is one willing to give . Bo t)is crime re.uires two to commit. "t cannot .e said1 t)erefore1 t)at one )as performed all t)e acts of e2ec'tion #)ic) #o'ld prod'ce t)e felony as a conseA'ence .'t for reasons independent of t)e #ill1 t)e crime #as not committed. L "t is no# settled1 t)erefore1 t)at t)e crime of +ri+ery and corruption of pu+lic officials cannot +e committed in the frustrated stage +ecause this re.uires two to commit and that means a meeting of the minds* "ll'strations7 (1) %f the pu+lic official accepted the corrupt consideration and turned it over to his superior as evidence of the corruption1 t)e offense is attempted corr'ption only and not fr'strated. T)e official did not a ree to .e corr'pted. %f the pu+lic officer did not report the same to his superior and actually accepted it, he allowed himself to +e corrupted. T)e corr'ptor .ecomes lia.le for cons'mmated corr'ption of p'.lic official. T)e p'.lic officer also .ecomes eA'ally lia.le for cons'mmated .ri.ery. (2) %f a pu+lic official demanded something from a taxpayer who pretended to agree and use mar ed money with the nowledge of the police1 t)e crime of t)e p'.lic official is attempted .ri.ery. T)e reason is t)at .eca'se t)e i$er )as no intention to corr'pt )er and t)erefore1 )e co'ld not perform all t)e acts of e2ec'tion. @e s're t)at #)at is in$ol$ed is a crime of .ri.ery1 not e2tortion. %f it were extortion, the crime is not +ri+ery, +ut ro++ery. T)e one #)o yielded to t)e demand does not commit corr'ption of a p'.lic officer .eca'se it #as in$ol'ntary. Bri&ery eJists when the gi t is# a. $ol'ntarily offered .y a pri$ate person .. solicited .y t)e p'.lic officer and $ol'ntarily deli$ered .y t)e pri$ate person
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c. solicited .y t)e p'.lic officer .'t t)e pri$ate person deli$ers it o't of fear of t)e conseA'ences s)o'ld t)e p'.lic officer perform )is f'nctions ()ere t)e crime .y i$er is not corr'ption of p'.lic officials d'e to in$ol'ntariness) Actual receipt of the gift is not only if acts constitutes a crime necessary . An accepted offer or promise of a ift is s'fficient. 0o#e$er1 if t)e offer is not accepted1 only t)e person offerin t)e ift is lia.le for attempted corr'ption of a p'.lic officer T)e gift must have a value or capa+le of pecuniary estimation . "t co'ld .e in t)e form of money1 property or ser$ices "f t)e act reA'ired of t)e p'.lic officer amo'nts to a crime and )e commits it1 )e s)all .e lia.le for t)e penalty correspondin to t)e crime in addition to t)e penalty for .ri.ery
L "n direct .ri.ery1 consider #)et)er t)e official act1 #)ic) t)e p'.lic officer a reed to do1 is a crime or not. M (f it will amo$nt to a crime , it is not necessary that the corruptor should deliver the consideration or the doing of the act* T)e moment t)ere is a meetin of t)e minds1 e$en #it)o't t)e deli$ery of t)e consideration1 e$en #it)o't t)e p'.lic officer performin t)e act amo'ntin to a crime1 .ri.ery is already committed on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer. Corr'ption is already committed on t)e part of t)e s'pposed i$er. T)e reason is t)at t)e a reement is a conspiracy in$ol$in t)e d'ty of a p'.lic officer. T)e mere a reement is a felony already. "f t)e p'.lic officer commits t)e act #)ic) constit'tes t)e crime1 )e1 as #ell as t)e corr'ptor s)all .e lia.le also for t)at ot)er crime. "ll'strations7 (1) %f the corruptor offers a consideration to a custodian of a pu+lic record to remove certain files, the mere agreement, without delivery of the consideration, +rings a+out the crime of direct +ri+ery and corruption of pu+lic official* "f t)e records #ere act'ally remo$ed1 .ot) t)e p'.lic officer and t)e corr'ptor #ill in addition to t)e t#o felonies a.o$e1 #ill also .e lia.le for t)e crime committed1 #)ic) is infidelity in t)e c'stody of t)e p'.lic records for #)ic) t)ey s)all .e lia.le as principals; one as principal .y ind'cement1 t)e ot)er as principal .y direct participation. (2) A party litigant approached the courtDs stenographer and proposed the idea of altering the transcript of stenographic notes* !he court stenographer agreed and he demanded - /,000*00* &n nown to them, there were law enforcers who already had a tip that the court stenographer had +een doing this +efore* So they were waiting for the chance to entrap him* !hey were apprehended and they said they have not done anything yet* :nder Article 21*1 t)e mere a reement to commit t)e act1 #)ic) amo'nts to a crime1 is already .ri.ery. T)at steno rap)er .ecomes lia.le already for cons'mmated crime of .ri.ery and t)e party #)o a reed to i$e t)at money is already lia.le for cons'mmated corr'ption1 e$en t)o' ) not a sin le centa$o is deli$ered yet and e$en t)o' ) t)e steno rap)er )ad not yet made t)e alterations. "f )e c)an ed t)e transcript1 anot)er crime is committed7 falsification. * !he same criterion will apply with respect to a pu+lic officer who agrees to refrain from performing his official duties. "f t)e refrainin #o'ld i$e rise to a crime1 s'c) as refrainin to prosec'te an offender1 t)e mere a reement to do so #ill cons'mmate t)e .ri.ery and t)e corr'ption1 e$en if no money #as deli$ered to )im. "f t)e refrainin is not a crime1 it #o'ld only amo'nt to .ri.ery if t)e consideration .e deli$ered to )im. M (f it is not a crime, the consideration must +e delivered +y the corruptor +efore a pu+lic officer can +e prosecuted for +ri+ery. Mere a reement1 is not eno' ) to constit'te t)e crime .eca'se t)e act to .e done in t)e first place is le itimate or in t)e performance of t)e official d'ties of t)e p'.lic official. L :nless t)e p'.lic officer recei$es t)e consideration for doin )is official d'ty1 t)ere is no .ri.ery. "t is necessary t)at t)ere m'st .e deli$ery of monetary consideration. T)is is so .eca'se in t)e second
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sit'ation1 t)e p'.lic officer act'ally performed #)at )e is s'pposed to perform. "t is /'st t)at )e #o'ld not perform #)at )e is reA'ired .y la# to perform #it)o't an added consideration from t)e p'.lic #)ic) i$es rise to t)e crime. L T)e idea of t)e la# is t)at )e is .ein paid salary for .ein t)ere. 0e is not s'pposed to demand additional compensation from t)e p'.lic .efore performin )is p'.lic ser$ice. T)e pro)i.ition #ill apply only #)en t)e money is deli$ered to )im1 or if )e performs #)at )e is s'pposed to perform in anticipation of .ein paid t)e money. L 0ere1 t)e .ri.ery #ill only arise #)en t)ere is already t)e acceptance of t)e consideration .eca'se t)e act to .e done is not a crime. Bo1 #it)o't t)e acceptance1 t)e crime is not committed. T)e t)ird type of .ri.ery and pre$aricacion (art 2*%) are similar offenses1 .ot) consistin of omissions to do an act reA'ired to .e performed. "n direct .ri.ery )o#e$er1 a ift or promise is i$en in consideration of t)e omission. T)is is not necessary in pre$aricacion
)istinction &etween ,irect &ri&ery an, in,irect &ri&ery Bri+ery is direct #)en a p'.lic officer is called 'pon to perform or refrain from performin an official act in e2c)an e for t)e ift1 present or consideration i$en to )im. "f )e simply accepts a ift or present i$en to )im .y reason of )is p'.lic position1 t)e crime is indirect +ri+ery. @ear in mind t)at the gift is given N+y reason of his officeN, not Nin considerationN thereof* Bo ne$er 'se t)e term Fconsideration.H T)e pu+lic officer in %ndirect +ri+ery is not to perform any official act* L >ote )o#e$er t)at #)at may .e in as an indirect .ri.ery may act'ally ripen into direct .ri.ery. "ll'stration7 Without any understanding with the pu+lic officer, a taxi operator gave an expensive suiting material to a BA! registrar* &pon receipt +y the BA! registrar of his valua+le suiting material, he as ed who the giver was* =e found out that he is a taxi operator . As far as t)e i$er is concerned1 )e is i$in t)is .y reason of t)e office or position of t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed. "t is /'st indirect .ri.ery "f t)e @9T re istrar calls 'p )is s'.ordinates and said to taIe care of t)e ta2is of t)e ta2i operator so m'c) so t)at t)e re istration of t)e ta2is is facilitated a)ead of t)e ot)ers1 #)at ori inally #o'ld )a$e .een indirect .ri.ery .ecomes direct .ri.ery.
Bri&ery <7!8= 5)en t)e $ictim )as committed a crime and i$es moneyN ift to a$oid arrest or prosec'tion. &ictim parts #it) )is money or property $ol'ntarily.
Ro&&ery <76"= 5)en t)e $ictim did not commit a crime and )e is intimidated #it) arrest andNor prosec'tion to depri$e )im of )is personal property. &ictim is depri$ed of )is money or property .y force or intimidation.
L 3o..ery s)o'ld .e distin 'is)ed from @ri.ery #)ere a la# enforcer1 say a policeman1 e2torts money from a person1 employin intimidation and t)reatenin to arrest t)e latter if )e #ill not come across #it) money may .e 'ilty of 3o..ery (Article 2(41 par. 5) or @ri.ery (Article 21*). "f t)e $ictim act'ally committed a crime1 and t)e policeman demanded money so )e #ill not .e arrested1 t)e crime is @ri.ery. @'t if no crime )as .een committed and t)e policeman is falsely c)ar in )im of )a$in committed one1 t)reatenin to arrest )im if )e #ill not come across #it) some consideration1 t)e crime is 3o..ery. Article 7!! IN)IRECT BRIBERY ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That he accepts gifts. c. That the said gifts are offered to him b! reason of his office.
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T)e ift is i$en in anticipation of f't're fa$or from t)e p'.lic officer "ndirect .ri.ery1 t)e p'.lic officer recei$es or accepts ifts1 money or anyt)in of $al'e .y reason of )is office. "f t)ere is only a promise of a ift or money1 no crime is committed .eca'se of t)e lan 'a e of t)e la# #)ic) 'ses t)e p)rase Fshall accept gifts.H T)ere m'st .e clear intention on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer to taIe t)e ift offered and consider t)e property as )is o#n for t)at moment. Mere p)ysical receipt 'naccompanied .y any ot)er si n1 circ'mstance or act to s)o# s'c) acceptance is not s'fficient to con$ict t)e officer
L T)e B'preme Co'rt )as laid do#n t)e rule that for indirect +ri+ery to +e committed 1 t)e p'.lic officer m'st )a$e performed an act of appropriatin of t)e ift for )imself1 )is family or employees. "t is t)e act of appropriatin t)at si nifies acceptance. Merely deli$erin t)e ift to t)e p'.lic officer does not .rin a.o't t)e crime. ?t)er#ise it #o'ld .e $ery easy to remo$e a p'.lic officer7 /'st deli$er a ift to )im. T)ere is no attempted or fr'strated indirect .ri.ery T)e principal distinction +etween direct and indirect +ri+ery is t)at in t)e former1 t)e officer a rees to perform or refrain from doin an act in consideration of t)e ift or promise. "n t)e latter case1 it is not necessary t)at t)e officer do any act. "t is s'fficient t)at )e accepts t)e ift offered .y reason of )is office -'.lic officers recei$in are lia.le 'nder P> 6;. ifts and pri$ate persons i$in ifts on any occasion1 incl'din C)ristmas
T)e criminal penalty or imprisonment is distinct from t)e administrati$e penalty of s'spension from t)e ser$ice
Article 7!!>A ;UALI*IE) BRIBERY ELEMENTS# a. P$blic officer entr$sted with law enforcement b. 4efrains from arresting*prosec$ting offender for crime p$nishable b! recl$sion perpet$a and*or death ,if lower penalty than stated a+ove, the crime is direct +ri+ery ) c. (n consideration of an! offer, promise or gift L >ote t)at t)e penalty is EEAT0 if t)e p'.lic officer is t)e one #)o asIs or demands s'c) present. 6 0e need not recei$e t)e ift or present .eca'se a mere offer or promise is s'fficient. Article 7!7 CORRU.TION O* .UBLIC O**ICIALS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender ma+es offers or promises or gives gifts or present to a p$blic officer. b. That the offers or promises are made or the gifts or presents given to a p$blic officer, $nder circ$mstances that will ma+e the p$blic officer liable for direct briber! or indirect briber! T)e offender is t)e i$er of t)e ift or t)e offeror of t)e promise. T)e act may or may not .e accomplis)ed
.resi,ential )ecree No' "/ -residential Eecree >o. 46 pro)i.its i$in and acceptance of ifts .y a p'.lic officer or to a p'.lic officer1 e$en d'rin anni$ersary1 or #)en t)ere is an occasion liIe C)ristmas1 >e# ;ear1 or any ift4 i$in anni$ersary. T)e -residential Eecree p'nis)es .ot) recei$er and i$er. !he prohi+ition giving and receiving gifts given +y reason of official position, regardless of whether or not the same is for past or future favors*
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T)e i$in of parties .y reason of t)e promotion of a p'.lic official is considered a crime e$en t)o' ) it may call for a cele.ration. T)e i$in of a party is not limited to t)e p'.lic officer only .'t also to any mem.er of )is family. .resi,ential )ecree No' 0"6 6 T)e decree grants immunity from prosecution to a private person or pu+lic officer who shall voluntarily give information and testify in a case of +ri+ery or in a case involving a violation of the Anti8graft and "orrupt -ractices Act* %t provides immunity to the +ri+e8giver provided he does two things: (1) 0e $ol'ntarily discloses t)e transaction )e )ad #it) t)e p'.lic officer constit'tin direct or indirect .ri.ery1 or any ot)er corr'pt transaction; (2) 0e m'st #illin ly testify a ainst t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed in t)e case to .e filed a ainst t)e latter.
Before the +ri+e8giver may +e dropped from the information, he has to +e charged first with the receiver* Before trial, prosecutor may move for dropping +ri+e8giver from information and +e granted immunity* But first, five conditions have to +e met: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) "nformation m'st refer to cons'mmated .ri.ery; "nformation is necessary for t)e proper con$iction of t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed; T)at t)e information or testimony to .e i$en is not yet in t)e possession of t)e o$ernment or Ino#n to t)e o$ernment; T)at t)e information can .e corro.orated in its material points; T)at t)e informant )as not .een con$icted pre$io'sly for any crime in$ol$in moral t'rpit'de.
L T)ese conditions are analogous to the conditions under the State Witness (ule 'nder Criminal -roced're. * !he immunity granted the +ri+e8giver is limited only to the illegal transaction where the informant gave voluntarily the testimony. "f t)ere #ere ot)er transactions #)ere t)e informant also participated1 )e is not imm'ne from prosec'tion. T)e imm'nity in one transaction does not e2tend to ot)er transactions. * !he immunity attaches only if the information given turns out to +e true and correct . "f t)e same is false1 t)e p'.lic officer may e$en file criminal and ci$il actions a ainst t)e informant for per/'ry and t)e imm'nity 'nder t)e decree #ill not protect )im. Re1u&lic Act No' 0858 <.lun,er= -l'nder is a crime defined and penaliJed 'nder 3ep'.lic Act >o. !*%*1 #)ic) .ecame effecti$e in 1((1. T)is crime some)o# modified certain crimes in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code insofar as t)e o$ert acts .y #)ic) a p'.lic officer amasses1 acA'ires1 or acc'm'lates ill4 otten #ealt) are felonies 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code liIe .ri.ery (Articles 21*1 2111 2114A)1 fra'd a ainst t)e p'.lic treas'ry QArticle 213R1 ot)er fra'ds (Article 214)1 mal$ersation (Article 21!)1 #)en t)e ill4 otten #ealt) amo'nts to a total $al'e of -5*1***1***.**. T)e amo'nt #as red'ced from -!51***1***.** .y 3ep'.lic Act >o. !65( and t)e penalty #as c)an ed from life imprisonment to recl'sion perpet'a to deat). B)ort of t)e amo'nt1 pl'nder does not arise. Any amo'nt less t)an -5*1***1***.** is a $iolation of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code or t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act. :nder t)e la# on pl'nder1 t)e prescripti$e period is 2* years commencin from t)e time of t)e last o$ert act. -lunder is committed through a com+ination or series of overt acts:
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(1) (2) T)ro' ) misappropriation1 con$ersion1 mis'se1 or mal$ersation of p'.lic f'nds or raids on t)e p'.lic treas'ry; @y recei$in 1 directly or indirectly1 any commission1 ift1 s)are1 percenta e1 IicI.acIs or any ot)er form of pec'niary .enefit from any person andNor entity in connection #it) any o$ernment contract or pro/ect .y reason of t)e office or position of t)e p'.lic officer; @y ille al or fra'd'lent con$eyance or disposition of asset .elon in to t)e national o$ernment or any of its s'.di$isions1 a encies or instr'mentalities or o$ernment4o#ned or controlled corporations and t)eir s'.sidiaries; @y o.tainin 1 recei$in 1 or acceptin directly or indirectly any s)ares of stocI1 eA'ity or any ot)er form of interest or participation incl'din t)e promise of f't're employment in any .'siness or 'ndertaIin ; @y esta.lis)in a ric'lt'ral1 ind'strial1 or commercial monopolies or ot)er com.inations andNor implementations of decrees and orders intended to .enefit partic'lar persons or special interests; or @y taIin 'nd'e ad$anta e of official position1 a't)ority1 relations)ip1 connection or infl'ence to 'n/'stly enric) )imself or t)emsel$es at t)e e2pense and to t)e dama e and pre/'dice of t)e +ilipino people1 and t)e 3ep'.lic of t)e -)ilippines.
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
While the crime appears to +e malum prohi+itum, (epu+lic Act $o* M0J0 provides that 3in the imposition of penalties, the degree of participation and the attendance of mitigating and aggravating circumstances shall +e considered +y the court4* ANTI>GRA*T AN) CORRU.T .RACTICES ACT RA :8!6 a. .ersons Lia&le# Any pu+lic officer who shall perform any of the following acts: 1. -ers'adin 1 ind'cin or infl'encin anot)er p'.lic officer to perform an act constit'tin a $iolation of r'les and re 'lations d'ly prom'l ated .y competent a't)ority or an offense in connection #it) t)e official d'ties of t)e latter1 or allo#in )imself to .e pers'aded1 ind'ced1 or infl'enced to commit s'c) $iolation or offense. 2. Eirectly or indirectly reA'estin or recei$in any ift1 present1 s)are1 percenta e1 or .enefit for )imself or for any ot)er person in connection #it) any contract or transaction .et#een t)e o$ernment and any ot)er party #)erein t)e p'.lic officer in )is official capacity )as to inter$ene 'nder t)e la#. 3. Eirectly1 or indirectly reA'estin or recei$in any ift1 present1 or ot)er pec'niary or material .enefit1 for )imself or for anot)er1 from any person for #)om t)e p'.lic officer1 in any manner of capacity1 )as sec'red or o.tained1 or #ill sec're or o.tain1 any Ko$ernment permit or license1 in consideration for t)e )eld i$en or to .e i$en. 4. Acceptin or )a$in any mem.er of )is family accept employment in a pri$ate enterprise #)ic) )as pendin official .'siness #it) )im d'rin t)e pendency t)ereof or #it)in one year after its termination. 5. Ca'sin any 'nd'e in/'ry to any party1 incl'din t)e Ko$ernment1 or i$in any pri$ate party any 'n#arranted .enefits1 ad$anta e1 or preference in t)e disc)ar e of )is official1 administrati$e or /'dicial f'nction t)ro' ) manifest partiality1 e$ident .ad fait) or ross ine2c'sa.le ne li ence. T)is pro$ision s)all apply to officers and employees of offices or o$ernment corporations c)ar ed #it) t)e rant of licenses or permits or ot)er concessions. 6. >e lectin or ref'sin 1 after d'e demand or reA'est1 #it)o't s'fficient /'stification1 to act #it)in a reasona.le time on any matter pendin .efore )im for t)e p'rpose of o.tainin directly or indirectly1 from any person interested in t)e matter some pec'niary or material .enefit or
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ad$anta e1 or for t)e p'rpose of fa$orin )is o#n interest of i$in 'nd'e ad$anta e in fa$or of or discriminatin a ainst any ot)er interested party. !. Enterin 1 on .e)alf of t)e Ko$ernment1 into any contract or transaction manifestly and rossly disad$anta eo's to t)e same1 #)et)er or not t)e p'.lic officer profited or #ill profit t)ere.y. %. Eirectly or indirectly )a$in financial or pec'niary interest in any .'siness1 contract or transaction in connection #it) #)ic) )e inter$enes or taIe part in )is official capacity1 or in #)ic) )e is pro)i.ited .y t)e constit'tion or .y any la# from )a$in any interest. (. Eirectly or indirectly .ecomin interested1 for personal ain1 or )a$in a material interest in any transaction or act reA'irin t)e appro$al of a .oard1 panel1 or ro'p of #)ic) )e is a mem.er1 and #)ic) e2ercises discretion in s'c) appro$al1 e$en if )e $otes a ainst t)e same or does not participate in t)e action of t)e .oard1 committee1 panel or ro'p. 1*. Dno#in ly appro$in or rantin any license1 permit1 pri$ile e1 or .enefit in fa$or of any person not A'alified for or not le ally entitled to s'c) license1 permit1 pri$ile e1 or ad$anta e1 or of a mere representati$e or d'mmy of one #)o is not so A'alified or entitled. 11. Ei$'l in $al'a.le information of a confidential c)aracter1 acA'ired .y )is office or .y )im on acco'nt of )is official position to 'na't)oriJed persons1 or releasin s'c) information in ad$ance of its a't)oriJed release date. .. Any person )a$in family or close personal relation #it) any p'.lic official #)o s)all capitaliJe or e2ploit or taIe ad$anta e of s'c) family or close personal relation .y directly or indirectly reA'estin or recei$in any present1 ift1 or material1 or pec'niary ad$anta e from any person )a$in some .'siness1 transaction1 application1 reA'est1 or contact #it) t)e o$ernment in #)ic) s'c) p'.lic official )as to inter$ene (Bec. 4) c. Any person #)o s)all Ino#in ly ind'ce or ca'se any p'.lic official to commit any of t)e offenses 'nder (A). (Bec. 4) d. Bpo'se or any relati$e1 .y consan 'inity or affinity1 #it)in t)e 3 rd ci$il de ree1 of t)e president of t)e -)ilippines1 t)e $ice4president1 t)e president of t)e Benate1 or speaIer of t)e )o'se of 3epresentati$es1 #)o s)all inter$ene1 directly or indirectly1 in any .'siness transaction1 contract or application #it) t)e o$Gt (Bec. 5). This prohibition shall not appl! to" 1. Any person #)o1 prior to t)e ass'mption of office of any of t)e a.o$e officials to #)om )e is related1 )as .een already dealin #it) t)e o$Gt alon t)e same line of .'siness; 2. Any transaction1 contract or application already e2istin or pendin at t)e time of s'c) ass'mption of p'.lic office; 3. Any application filed .y )im1 t)e appro$al of #)ic) is not discretionary on t)e part of t)e official(s) concerned .'t depends 'pon compliance #it) reA'isites pro$ided .y la#1 or r'les or re 'lations iss'ed p'rs'ant to la#; 4. Any act la#f'lly performed an official capacity or in t)e e2ercise of a profession. e. Any mem.er of con ress1 d'rin t)e term for #)ic) )e )as .een elected1 #)o s)all acA'ire or recei$e any personal pec'niary interest in any specific .'siness enterprise #)ic) s)all .e directly and partic'larly fa$ored or .enefited .y any la# or resol'tion a't)ored .y )im pre$io'sly appro$ed or adopted .y Con ress d'rin )is term. f. Any p'.lic officer #)o s)all fail to file a tr'e1 detailed and s#orn statement of assets and lia.ilities #it)in 3* days after ass'min office and t)ereafter on or .efore t)e 15 t) day of April follo#in t)e close of e$ery calendar year1 as #ell as 'pon t)e e2piration of )is term of office1 or 'pon )is resi nation or separation from office (Bec. !).
""".
.rima *acie E%i,ence o an, )ismissal ,ue to uneJ1laine, 4ealth (Bec. %)
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"f a p'.lic official )as .een fo'nd to )a$e acA'ired d'rin )is inc'm.ency1 #)et)er in )is name or in t)e name of ot)er persons1 an amo'nt of property andNor money manifestly o't of proportion to )is salary and to )is ot)er la#f'l income. -roperties in t)e name of t)e spo'se and dependents of s'c) p'.lic official may .e taIen into consideration1 #)en t)eir acA'isition t)ro' ) le itimate means cannot .e satisfactorily s)o#n. @anI deposits in t)e name of or manifestly e2cessi$e e2pendit'res inc'rred .y t)e p'.lic official1 )is spo'se or any of t)eir dependents incl'din .'t not limited to acti$ities in any cl'. or association or any ostentatio's display of #ealt) incl'din freA'ent tra$el a.road of a non4official c)aracter .y any p'.lic official #)en s'c) acti$ities entail e2penses e$idently o't of proportion to le itimate income.
""". Com1etent court# All prosec'tions 'nder t)is Act s)all .e #it)in t)e ori inal /'risdiction of t)e Bandi an.ayan (Bec. 1*). L "n case none of t)e principal acc'sed are occ'pyin positions correspondin to salary rade 2! or )i )er; ->- officers occ'pyin t)e ranI of s'perintendent or )i )er of t)eir eA'i$alent1 e2cl'si$e /'risdiction o$er t)e case s)all .e $ested in t)e proper 3e ional Trial Co'rt1 Metropolitan Trial Co'rt and M'nicipal Circ'it Trial Co'rt as t)e case may .e. T)e decision of t)e co'rt in t)ese cases s)all .e appeala.le to t)e Bandi an.ayan #)ic) e2ercises e2cl'si$e appellate /'risdiction o$er t)em. "&' .rescri1tion o o enses# all offenses p'nis)a.le 'nder t)is Act s)all prescri.e in 15 years (Bec. 11). &. :)ceptions# :nsolicited ifts or presents of small or insi nificant $al'e offered or i$en as a mere ordinary toIen of ratit'de of friends)ip accordin to local c'stoms or 'sa e1 s)all .e e2cepted from t)e pro$isions of t)is act (Bec. 14). L ?nce t)e case is filed #it) t)e Bandi an.ayan1 .y e2press pro$ision of t)e la#1 it .ecomes inc'm.ent 'pon t)e co'rt to place 'nder pre$enti$e s'spension t)e p'.lic officer #)o stands acc'sed .efore it. 0o#e$er1 .efore t)e order of s'spension is iss'ed1 it is necessary t)at a pre8suspension hearing .e )eld .y t)e co'rt #)erein t)e acc'sed is afforded t)e opport'nity to c)allen e t)e $alidity of t)e information filed a ainst )im. Such right of the accused to challenge the validity of the information covers (a) t)e ri )t to c)allen e t)e s'fficiency of t)e recitals of t)e information $is4X4$is t)e essential elements of t)e offense as defined .y s'.stanti$e la#; (.) t)e ri )t to c)allen e t)e $alidity of t)e criminal proceedin s leadin to t)e filin of t)e information1 i*e*1 t)at )e )as not .een afforded t)e ri )t of d'e preliminary in$esti ation1 or t)at t)e acts for #)ic) )e stands c)ar ed do not constit'te a $iolation of t)e pro$isions of 3.A. >o. 3*1(1 #)ic) #o'ld #arrant )is mandatory s'spension from office 'nder Bection 13 of t)is Act; and (c) t)e ri )t to raise t)e iss'e t)at t)e information can .e A'as)ed 'nder any of t)e ro'nds pro$ided in Bection 21 3'le 11! of t)e 3'les of Co'rt ,People vs. Albano, 1;0 2#4A 511). L ?nce t)e information is fo'nd to .e s'fficient in form and s'.stance1 t)e co'rt m'st iss'e t)e s'spension order as a matter of co'rse and t)ere are no ifs and .'ts a.o't it ,?a!ot vs. 2andiganba!an, et al., 127 2#4A 070). L -re$enti$e s'spension is resorted to in order to pre$ent t)e acc'sed from 'sin )is office to intimidate #itnesses or fr'strate )is prosec'tion or contin'e committin malfeasance in office .eca'se t)e pres'mption is t)at 'nless t)e acc'sed is s'spended1 )e may fr'strate )is prosec'tion to commit f'rt)er acts of malfeasance or .ot) ,?a!ot vs. 2andiganba!an, et al., s$pra). L F5)en t)e administrati$e case a ainst t)e officer or employee 'nder pre$enti$e s'spension is not finally disposed of .y t)e disciplinin a't)ority #it)in t)e period of ninety ((*) days after t)e date of s'spension of t)e respondent #)o is not a presidential appointee1 t)e respondent s)all .e a'tomatically reinstated in t)e ser$ice7 -ro$ided1 T)at #)en t)e delay in t)e disposition of t)e case is d'e to t)e fa'lt1 ne li ence or petition of t)e respondent1 t)e period of delay s)all not .e co'nted in comp'tin t)e period of s'spension )erein pro$ided.H,2egovia vs. 2andiganba!an) ORTEGA NOTES# T)e mere act of a p'.lic officer demandin an amo'nt from a ta2payer to #)om )e is to render p'.lic ser$ice does not amo'nt to .ri.ery1 .'t #ill amo'nt to a $iolation of t)e Anti4 raft and Corr'pt -ractices Act. "ll'stration7
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A co'rt secretary recei$ed -5** .** from a liti ant to set a motion for an early )earin . T)is is direct .ri.ery e$en if t)e act to .e performed is #it)in )is official d'ty so lon as )e recei$ed a consideration t)erefor. "f t)e secretary pers'aded t)e /'d e to maIe a fa$ora.le resol'tion1 e$en if t)e /'d e did not do so1 t)is constit'tes a $iolation of Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act1 B'.4Bection A. :nder t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act1 partic'larly Bection 31 t)ere are se$eral acts defined as corr'pt practices. Bome of t)em are mere repetitions of t)e act already penaliJed 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 liIe pro)i.ited transactions 'nder Article 215 and 216. "n s'c) a case1 t)e act or omission remains to .e mala in se. @'t t)ere are acts penaliJed 'nder t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act #)ic) are not penaliJed 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. T)ose acts may .e considered as mala pro)i.ita. T)erefore1 ood fait) is not a defense. "ll'stration7 F CATC0 A99 -3?&"B"?>H Bection 3 (e) of t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act C ca'sin 'nd'e in/'ry to t)e o$ernment or a pri$ate party .y i$in 'n#arranted .enefit to t)e party #)om does not deser$e t)e same. "n t)is case1 ood fait) is not a defense .eca'se it is in t)e nat're of a mal'm pro)i.it'm. Criminal intent on t)e part of t)e offender is not reA'ired. "t is eno' ) t)at )e performed t)e pro)i.ited act $ol'ntarily. E$en t)o' ) t)e pro)i.ited act may )a$e .enefited t)e o$ernment. T)e crime is still committed .eca'se t)e la# is not after t)e effect of t)e act as lon as t)e act is pro)i.ited. Bection 3 ( ) of t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act C #)ere a p'.lic officer entered into a contract for t)e o$ernment #)ic) is manifestly disad$anta eo's to t)e o$ernment e$en if )e did not profit from t)e transaction1 a $iolation of t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act is committed. "f a p'.lic officer1 #it) )is office and a pri$ate enterprise )ad a transaction and )e allo#s a relati$e or mem.er of )is family to accept employment in t)at enterprise1 ood fait) is not a defense .eca'se it is a mal'm pro)i.it'm. "t is eno' ) t)at t)at t)e act #as performed. 5)ere t)e p'.lic officer is a mem.er of t)e .oard1 panel or ro'p #)o is to act on an application of a contract and t)e act in$ol$ed one of discretion1 any p'.lic officer #)o is a mem.er of t)at .oard1 panel or ro'p1 e$en t)o' ) )e $oted a ainst t)e appro$al of t)e application1 as lon as )e )as an interest in t)at .'siness enterprise #)ose application is pendin .efore t)at .oard1 panel or ro'p1 t)e p'.lic officer concerned s)all .e lia.le for $iolation of t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act. 0is only co'rse of action to a$oid prosec'tion 'nder t)e Anti4 raft and Corr'pt -ractices Act is to sell )is interest in t)e enterprise #)ic) )as filed an application .efore t)at .oard1 panel or ro'p #)ere )e is a mem.er. ?r ot)er#ise1 )e s)o'ld resi n from )is p'.lic position. "ll'stration7 Ben. Eominador Aytono )ad an interest in t)e "li an Bteel Mills1 #)ic) at t)at time #as .ein s'./ect of an in$esti ation .y t)e Benate Committee of #)ic) )e #as a c)airman. 0e #as t)reatened #it) prosec'tion 'nder 3ep'.lic Act >o. 3*1( so )e #as compelled to sell all )is interest in t)at steel mill; t)ere is no defense. @eca'se t)e la# says so1 e$en if )e $oted a ainst it1 )e commits a $iolation t)ereof. T)ese cases are filed #it) t)e ?m.'dsman and not #it) t)e re 'lar prosec'torGs office. M'risdiction is e2cl'si$ely #it) t)e Bandi an.ayan. T)e acc'sed p'.lic officer m'st .e s'spended #)en t)e case is already filed #it) t)e Bandi an.ayan. :nder t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act1 t)e p'.lic officer #)o is acc'sed s)o'ld not .e a'tomatically s'spended 'pon t)e filin of t)e information in co'rt. "t is t)e co'rt #)ic) #ill order t)e s'spension of t)e p'.lic officer and not t)e s'perior of t)at p'.lic officer. As lon as t)e co'rt )as not ordered t)e s'spension of t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed1 t)e s'perior of t)at p'.lic officer is not a't)oriJed to order t)e s'spension simply .eca'se of t)e $iolation of t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act. T)e co'rt #ill not order t)e s'spension of t)e p'.lic officer #it)o't first passin 'pon t)e $alidity of t)e information filed in co'rt. 5it)o't a )earin 1 t)e s'spension #o'ld .e n'll and $oid for .ein $iolati$e of d'e process. "ll'stration7
99

A p'.lic officer #as assi ned to direct traffic in a $ery .'sy corner. 5)ile t)ere1 )e ca' )t a t)ief in t)e act of liftin t)e #allet of a pedestrian. As )e co'ld not lea$e )is post1 )e s'mmoned a ci$ilian to deli$er t)e t)ief to t)e precinct. T)e ci$ilian a reed so )e left #it) t)e t)ief. 5)en t)ey #ere .eyond t)e $ie# of t)e policeman1 t)e ci$ilian allo#ed t)e t)ief to o )ome. 5)at #o'ld .e t)e lia.ility of t)e p'.lic officer= T)e lia.ility of t)e traffic policeman #o'ld .e merely administrati$e. T)e ci$ilian )as no lia.ility at all. +irstly1 t)e offender is not yet a prisoner so t)ere is no acco'nta.ility yet. T)e term FprisonerH refers to one #)o is already .ooIed and incarcerated no matter )o# s)ort t)e time may .e. T)e policeman co'ld not .e said as )a$in assisted t)e escape of t)e offender .eca'se as t)e pro.lem says1 )e is assi ned to direct traffic in a .'sy corner street. Bo )e cannot .e considered as fallin 'nder t)e t)ird 3rd para rap) of Article 1( t)at #o'ld constit'te )is as an accessory. T)e same is tr'e #it) t)e ci$ilian .eca'se t)e crime committed .y t)e offender1 #)ic) is snatc)in or a Iind of ro..ery or t)eft as t)e case may .e1 is not one of t)ose crimes mentioned 'nder t)e t)ird para rap) of Article 1( of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. 5)ere t)e p'.lic officer is still inc'm.ent1 t)e prosec'tion s)all .e #it) t)e ?m.'dsman. 5)ere t)e respondent is separated from ser$ice and t)e period )as not yet prescri.ed1 t)e information s)all .e filed in any prosec'tionGs office in t)e city #)ere t)e respondent resides. T)e prosec'tion s)all file t)e case in t)e 3e ional Trial Co'rt 'nless t)e $iolation carries a penalty )i )er t)an prision correccional1 in #)ic) case t)e Bandi an.ayan )as /'risdiction. T)e fact t)at t)e o$ernment .enefited o't of t)e pro)i.ited act is no defense at all1 t)e $iolation .ein mala pro)i.ita. Bection 3 (f) of t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act C #)ere t)e p'.lic officer ne lects or ref'ses to act on a matter pendin .efore )im for t)e p'rpose of o.tainin any pec'niary or material .enefit or ad$anta e in fa$or of or discriminatin a ainst anot)er interested party. T)e la# itself additionally reA'ires t)at t)e acc'sedGs dereliction1 .esides .ein #it)o't /'stification1 m'st .e for t)e p'rpose of o.tainin from any person interested in t)e matter some pec'niary or material .enefit or for t)e p'rpose of fa$orin any interested party1 or discriminatin a ainst anot)er interested party. T)is element is indispensa.le. "n ot)er #ords1 t)e ne lect or ref'sal to act m'st moti$ated .y ain or .enefit1 or p'rposely to fa$or t)e ot)er interested party as )eld in Corona,o %' SB2 decided on A' 'st 1%1 1((3. Re1u&lic Act No' !:06 <*or eiture o Ill>gotten 4ealth= Correlate #it) 3A 13!( 44 properly 'nder 3emedial 9a#. T)is pro$ides t)e proced're for forfeit're of t)e ill4 otten #ealt) in $iolation of t)e Anti4Kraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act. T)e proceedin s are ci$il and not criminal in nat're. Any ta2payer )a$in Ino#led e t)at a p'.lic officer )as amassed #ealt) o't of proportion to t)is le itimate income may file a complaint #it) t)e prosec'torGs office of t)e place #)ere t)e p'.lic officer resides or )olds office. T)e prosec'tor cond'cts a preliminary in$esti ation /'st liIe in a criminal case and )e #ill for#ard )is findin s to t)e office of t)e Bolicitor Keneral. T)e Bolicitor Keneral #ill determine #)et)er t)ere is reasona.le ro'nd to .elie$e t)at t)e respondent )as acc'm'lated an 'ne2plained #ealt). "f t)e Bolicitor Keneral finds pro.a.le ca'se1 )e #o'ld file a petition reA'estin t)e co'rt to iss'e a #rit commandin t)e respondent to s)o# ca'se #)y t)e ill4 otten #ealt) descri.ed in t)e petition s)o'ld not .e forfeited in fa$or of t)e o$ernment. T)is is co$ered .y t)e 3'les on Ci$il -roced're. T)e respondent is i$en 15 days to ans#er t)e petition. T)ereafter trial #o'ld proceed. M'd ment is rendered and appeal is /'st liIe in a ci$il case. 3emem.er t)at t)is is not a criminal proceedin . T)e .asic difference is t)at t)e preliminary in$esti ation is cond'cted .y t)e prosec'tor. *RAU)S AN) ILLEGAL EDACTIONS AN) TRANSACTIONS Article 7!: *RAU)S AGAINST .UBLIC TREASURY
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ELEMENTS# <1ar' != a. That the offender be a p$blic officer. b. That he sho$ld have ta+en advantage of his office, that is, he intervened in the transaction in his official capacit!. c. That he entered into an agreement with an! interested part! or spec$lator or made $se of an! other scheme with regard to ,a) f$rnishing s$pplies ,b) the ma+ing of contracts, or ,c) the ad3$stment or settlement of acco$nt relating to a p$blic propert! or f$nds. d. That the acc$sed had intent to defra$d the government. Notes# 6 T)e p'.lic officer m'st act in )is official capacity 6 T)e felony is cons'mmated .y merely enterin into an a reement #it) any interested party or spec'lator or .y merely maIin 'se of any sc)eme to defra'd t)e Ko$ernment * !he essence of this crime is ma ing the government pay for something not received or ma ing it pay more than what is due* %t is also committed +y refunding more than the amount which should properly +e refunded. T)is occ'rs 's'ally in cases #)ere a p'.lic officer #)ose official d'ty is to proc're s'pplies for t)e o$ernment or enter into contract for o$ernment transactions1 conni$es #it) t)e said s'pplier #it) t)e intention to defra'd t)e o$ernment. Also #)en certain s'pplies for t)e o$ernment are p'rc)ased for t)e )i ) price .'t its A'antity or A'ality is lo#. L >ot all fra'ds #ill constit'te t)is crime. !here must +e no fixed allocation or amount on the matter acted upon +y the pu+lic officer* * !he allocation or outlay was made the +asis of fraudulent .uotations made +y the pu+lic officer involved* +or example1 t)ere #as a need to p't some additional li )tin alon a street and no one Ino#s )o# m'c) it #ill cost. An officer #as asIed to can$ass t)e cost .'t )e conni$ed #it) t)e seller of li )t .'l.s1 pricin eac) li )t .'l. at -55*.** instead of t)e act'al price of -5**.**. !his is a case of fraud against pu+lic treasury* "f t)ere is a fi2ed o'tlay of -2*1***.** for t)e li )tin apparat's needed and t)e p'.lic officer conni$ed #it) t)e seller so t)at alt)o' ) allocation #as made a lesser n'm.er #as asIed to .e deli$ered1 or of an inferior A'ality1 or second)and. %n this case there is no fraud against the pu+lic treasury +ecause there is a fixed allocation* !he fraud is in the implementation of procurement* !hat would constitute the crime of 3other fraud4 in Article /2<, which is in the nature of swindling or estafa* L @e s're to determine #)et)er fra'd is a ainst p'.lic treas'ry or one 'nder Article 214.
ILLEGAL EDACTIONS <1ar 7= ELEMENTS# a. The offender is a p$blic officer entr$sted with the collection of ta)es, licenses, fees and other imposts. b. =e is g$ilt! of an! of the following acts or omissions" 1. demanding, directl! or indirectl! the pa!ment of s$ms different from or larger than those a$thori'ed b! law, or 2. failing vol$ntaril! to iss$e a receipt, as provided b! law, for an! s$m of mone! collected b! him officiall!, or
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0. #ollecting or receiving, directl! or indirectl!, b! wa! of pa!ment or otherwise, things or ob3ects of a nat$re different from that provided b! law. Notes#
L T)is can only .e committed principally .y a p'.lic officer #)ose official d'ty is to collect ta2es1 license fees1 import d'ties and ot)er d'es paya.le to t)e o$ernment. L >ot any p'.lic officer can commit t)is crime. ?t)er#ise1 it is estafa. +i2ers cannot commit t)is crime 'nless )e conspires #it) t)e p'.lic officer a't)oriJed to maIe t)e collection. L T)e essence of the crime is not misappropriation of any of t)e amo'nts .'t t)e improper maIin of t)e collection #)ic) #o'ld pre/'dice t)e acco'ntin of collected amo'nts .y t)e o$ernment. L Mere demand of a lar er or different amo'nt is s'fficient to cons'mmate t)e crime. T)e essence is t)e improper collection (dama e to o$Gt is not reA'ired) #n the first form of illegal exaction "n t)is form1 mere demand will consummate the crime 1 e$en if t)e ta2payer s)all ref'se to come across #it) t)e amo'nt .ein demanded. T)at #ill not affect t)e cons'mmation of t)e crime. 6 "n t)e demand1 it is not necessary t)at t)e amo'nt .ein demanded is .i er t)an #)at is paya.le to t)e o$ernment. T)e amo'nt .ein demanded may.e less t)an t)e amo'nt d'e t)e o$ernment. L "f s'ms are recei$ed #it)o't demandin t)e same1 a felony 'nder t)is article is not committed. 0o#e$er1 if t)e s'm is i$en as a sort of ift or ratification1 t)e crime is indirect .ri.ery L 5)en t)ere is deceit in demandin lar er fees1 t)e crime committed is estafa L May .e comple2ed #it) mal$ersation L >ote t)at t)is is often committed with malversation or estafa .eca'se #)en a p'.lic officer s)all demand an amo'nt different from #)at t)e la# pro$ides1 it can .e e2pected t)at s'c) p'.lic officer #ill not t'rn o$er )is collection to t)e o$ernment. "ll'strations7 (1) A taxpayer goes to the local municipal treasurer to pay real estate taxes on his land* Actually, what is due the government is -<00*00 only +ut the municipal treasurer demanded -600*00 . @y t)at demand alone1 t)e crime of ille al e2action is already committed e$en t)o' ) t)e ta2payer does not pay t)e -5**.**. Suppose the taxpayer came across with -600*00* But the municipal treasurer, thin ing that he would a+stract the -200*00, issued a receipt for only -<00*00* !he taxpayer would naturally as the municipal treasurer why the receipt was only for -<00*00* !he treasurer answered that the -200*00 is supposed to +e for documentary stamps* !he taxpayer left* =e has a receipt for -<00*00* !he municipal treasurer turned over to the government coffers -<00*00 +ecause that is due the government and poc eted the -200*00* T)e mere fact t)at t)ere #as a demand for an amo'nt different from #)at is d'e t)e o$ernment1 t)e p'.lic officer already committed t)e crime of ille al e2action. #n the -200*00 which the pu+lic officer poc eted, will it +e malversation or estafaR "n t)e e2ample i$en1 t)e p'.lic officer did not incl'de in t)e official receipt t)e -1**.** and1 t)erefore1 it did not .ecome part of t)e p'.lic f'nds. "t remained to .e pri$ate. "t is t)e ta2payer #)o )as .een defra'ded of )is -1**.** .eca'se )e can ne$er claim a ref'nd from t)e o$ernment for e2cess payment since t)e receipt iss'ed to )im #as only -4**.** #)ic) is d'e t)e o$ernment. As far as the -200*00 is concerned, the crime committed is estafa* (3) A taxpayer pays his taxes* What is due the government is -<00*00 and the pu+lic officer issues a receipt for -600*00 upon payment of the taxpayer of said amount demanded +y the pu+lic officer
(2)
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involved* But he altered the duplicate to reflect only -<00*00 and he extracted the difference of -200*00* "n t)is case1 t)e entire -5**.** #as co$ered .y an official receipt. T)at act of co$erin t)e #)ole amo'nt recei$ed from t)e ta2payer in an official receipt #ill )a$e t)e c)aracteristics of .ecomin a part of t)e p'.lic f'nds. !he crimes committed, therefore, are the following: (a) (.) (c) (llegal e)action C for collectin more t)an )e is a't)oriJed to collect. T)e mere act of demandin is eno' ) to constit'te t)is crime. /alsification C .eca'se t)ere #as an alteration of official doc'ment #)ic) is t)e d'plicate of t)e official receipt to s)o# an amo'nt less t)an t)e act'al amo'nt collected. 9alversation C .eca'se of )is act of misappropriatin t)e -1**.** e2cess #)ic) #as co$ered .y an official receipt already1 e$en t)o' ) not paya.le to t)e o$ernment. T)e entire -5**.** #as co$ered .y t)e receipt1 t)erefore1 t)e #)ole amo'nt .ecame p'.lic f'nds. Bo #)en )e appropriated t)e -1** for )is o#n .enefit1 )e #as not e2tractin pri$ate f'nds anymore .'t p'.lic f'nds.
Should the falsification +e complexed with the malversationR As far as t)e crime of ille al e2action is concerned1 it #ill .e t)e s'./ect of separate acc'sation .eca'se t)ere1 t)e mere demand re ardless of #)et)er t)e ta2payer #ill pay or not1 #ill already cons'mmate t)e crime of ille al e2action. "t is t)e .reac) of tr'st .y a p'.lic officer entr'sted to maIe t)e collection #)ic) is penaliJed 'nder s'c) article. T)e falsification or alteration made on t)e d'plicate can not .e said as a means to commit mal$ersation. At most , the duplicate was altered in order to conceal the malversation* So it cannot +e complexed with the malversation* "t cannot also .e said t)at t)e falsification is a necessary means to commit t)e mal$ersation .eca'se t)e p'.lic officer can misappropriate t)e -1**.** #it)o't any falsification. All t)at )e )as to do is to et t)e e2cess of -1**.** and misappropriate it. Bo t)e falsification is a separate acc'sation. 0o#e$er1 illegal exaction may +e complexed with malversation +ecause illegal exaction is a necessary means to +e a+le to collect the -200*00 excess which was malversed* "n t)is crime1 pay attention to #)et)er t)e offender is t)e one c)ar ed #it) t)e collection of t)e ta21 license or impost s'./ect of t)e misappropriation. %f he is not the one authori,ed +y disposition to do the collection, the crime of illegal exaction is not committed* "f it did not i$e rise to t)e crime of ille al e2action1 t)e f'nds collected may not )a$e .ecome part of t)e p'.lic f'nds. "f it )ad not .ecome part of t)e p'.lic f'nds1 or )ad not .ecome impressed #it) .ein part of t)e p'.lic f'nds1 it cannot .e t)e s'./ect of mal$ersation. %t will give rise to estafa or theft as the case may +e* (3) !he )unicipal !reasurer demanded -600*00 when only -<00*00 was due* =e issued the receipt at -<00*00 and explained to taxpayer that the -200 was for documentary stamps* !he )unicipal !reasurer placed the entire -600*00 in the vault of the office* When he needed money, he too the -200*00 and spent it* !he following crimes were committed: (a) (.) (c) %llegal exaction C for demandin a different amo'nt; Estafa C for decei$in t)e ta2payer; and )alversation C for ettin t)e -1**.** from t)e $a'lt.
Alt)o' ) t)e e2cess -1**.** #as not co$ered .y t)e ?fficial 3eceipt1 it #as commingled with the other pu+lic funds in the vault ; )ence1 it .ecame part of p'.lic f'nds and s'.seA'ent e2traction t)ereof constit'tes mal$ersation.
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>ote t)at n'm.ers 1 and 2 are comple2ed as ille al e2action #it) estafa1 #)ile in n'm.er 31 mal$ersation is a distinct offense. L T)e issuance of the #fficial (eceipt is the operative fact to convert the payment into pu+lic funds . T)e payor may demand a ref'nd .y $irt'e of t)e ?fficial 3eceipt. L "n cases #)ere t)e payor decides to let t)e official to FIeep t)e c)an eH1 if t)e latter s)o'ld pocIet t)e e2cess1 )e s)all .e lia.le for mal$ersation. T)e official )as no ri )t .'t t)e o$ernment1 'nder t)e principle of accretion1 as t)e o#ner of t)e .i er amo'nt .ecomes t)e o#ner of t)e #)ole. ?n t)e second form of ille al e2action !he act of receiving payment due the government without issuing a receipt will give rise to illegal exaction even though a provisional receipt has +een issued* What the law re.uires is a receipt in the form prescri+ed +y law, which means official receipt* "ll'stration7 "f a o$ernment cas)ier or officer to #)om payment is made iss'ed a receipt in )is o#n pri$ate form1 #)ic) )e calls pro$isional1 e$en t)o' ) )e )as no intention of misappropriatin t)e amo'nt recei$ed .y )im1 t)e mere fact t)at )e iss'ed a receipt not in t)e form prescri.ed .y la#1 t)e crime of ille al e2action is committed. T)ere m'st .e $ol'ntary fail're to iss'e t)e ?fficial 3eceipt. ?n t)e t)ird form of ille al e2action &nder the rules and regulations of the government, payment of chec s not +elonging to the taxpayer, +ut that of chec s of other persons, should not +e accepted to settle the o+ligation of that person* "ll'stration7 A ta2payer pays )is o.li ation #it) a c)ecI not )is o#n .'t pertainin to anot)er. @eca'se of t)at1 t)e c)ecI .o'nced later on. T)e crime committed is ille al e2action .eca'se t)e payment .y c)ecI is not allo#ed if t)e c)ecI does not pertain to t)e ta2payer )imself1 'nless t)e c)ecI is a mana erGs c)ecI or a certified c)ecI1 amended already as of 1((*. (Bee t)e case of 3oman Cat)olic.) L :nder Article 2131 if any of t)ese acts penaliJed as ille al e2action is committed .y t)ose employed in t)e @'rea' of C'stoms or @'rea' of "nternal 3e$en'e1 t)e la# t)at #ill apply to t)em #ill .e t)e 3e$ised Administrati$e Code or t)e Tariff and C'stoms Code or >ational 3e$en'e Code. L T)is crime does not reA'ire dama e to t)e o$ernment. &fficers and emplo!ees of the ?(4 or #$stoms are not covered b! the article. T)e >"3C or Administrati$e Code is t)e applica.le la# 6T)ese officers are a't)oriJed to maIe impositions and to enter into compromises. @eca'se of t)is discretion1 t)eir demandin or collectin different from #)at is necessary is le al Article 7!" OT+ER *RAU)S ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That he ta+es advantage of his official position. c* That he commits an! of the fra$ds or deceits en$merated in art. 015 to 017. , estafa1 swindling) Note# 3TC )as /'risdiction o$er t)e offense .eca'se t)e principal penalty is disA'alification
104
Article 7!.RO+IBITE) TRANSACTIONS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is an appointive p$blic officer. b. That he becomes interested, directl! or indirectl!, in an! transaction of e)change or spec$lation. c. That the transaction ta+es place within the territor! s$b3ect to his 3$risdiction. d. That he becomes interested in the transaction d$ring his inc$mbenc!. Notes# :)amples of transactions of e)change or spec$lation are" .'yin and sellin stocIs1 commodities1 land etc #)erein one )opes to taIe ad$anta e of an e2pected rise or fall in price L -'rc)asin of stocIs or s)ares in a company is simple in$estment and not a $iolation of t)e article. 0o#e$er1 re 'larly .'yin sec'rities for resale is spec'lation Article 7!/ .OSSESSION O* .RO+IBITE) INTERESTS BY A .UBLIC O**ICER 4ho are lia&le# a. P$blic officer C in any contract or .'siness in #)ic) it is )is official d'ty to inter$ene. .. :)perts, arbitrators and private acco$ntants C in any contract or transaction connected #it) t)e estate or property in t)e appro$al1 distri.'tion or ad/'dication of #)ic) t)ey )ad acted. c. G$ardians and e)ec$tors C #it) respect to property .elon in to t)eir #ards or t)e estate. Notes# 6 Act'al fra'd is not necessary. L Act is p'nis)ed .eca'se of t)e possi.ility t)at fra'd may .e committed or t)at t)e officer may place )is o#n interest a.o$e t)at of t)e Ko$ernment or party #)ic) )e represents L T)e mere $iolation of t)e pro)i.ition is already p'nis)ed e$en if no act'al fra'd occ'rs .eca'se of t)e possi.ility t)at fra'd may .e committed or t)at t)e officer may place )is o#n interest a.o$e t)at of t)e o$ernment or party )e represents. ,D. 2. vs. Ddarbe, 27 Phil. 070) Section !"2 Article (I o the Constitution >o Benator or Mem.er of t)e 0o'se of 3epresentati$es may personally appear as co'nsel .efore any co'rt of /'stice or .efore t)e Electoral Tri.'nals1 or A'asi4/'dicial and ot)er administrati$e .odies. >eit)er s)all )e1 directly or indirectly1 .e interested financially in any contract #it)1 or in any franc)ise or special pri$ile e ranted .y t)e Ko$ernment or any s'.di$ision1 a ency or instr'mentality t)ereof1 incl'din any o$ernment4o#ned or controlled corporation or its s'.sidiary1 d'rin )is term of office. 0e s)all not inter$ene in any matter .efore any office of t)e o$ernment for )is pec'niary .enefit or #)ere )e may .e called 'pon to act on acco'nt of )is office. Section !:2 Article (II o the Constitution T)e -resident1 &ice4-resident1 t)e Mem.ers of t)e Ca.inet and t)eir dep'ties or assistant s)all not1 'nless ot)er#ise pro$ided in t)is Constit'tion1 )old any ot)er office or employment d'rin t)eir ten're. T)ey s)all not1 d'rin said ten're1 directly or indirectly1 practice any ot)er profession1 participate in any .'siness1 or .e financially interested in any contract #it)1 or in any franc)ise1 or special pri$ile e ranted .y t)e Ko$ernment or any s'.di$ision1 a ency or instr'mentality t)ereof1 incl'din o$ernment4 o#ned or controlled corporations or t)eir s'.sidiaries. T)ey s)all strictly a$oid conflict of interest in t)e cond'ct of t)eir office.
105
Section 72 Article ID>A o the Constitution >o mem.er of a Constit'tional Commission s)all1 d'rin )is ten're1 )old any office or employment. >eit)er s)all )e en a e in t)e practice of any profession or in t)e acti$e mana ement or control of any .'siness #)ic) in any #ay may .e affected .y t)e f'nctions of )is office1 nor s)all )e .e financially interested1 directly or indirectly1 in any contract #it)1 or in any franc)ise or pri$ile e ranted .y t)e o$ernment1 or any of its s'.di$isions1 a encies1 or instr'mentalities1 incl'din o$ernment4o#ned or controlled corporations or t)eir s'.sidiaries. MAL(ERSATION O* .UBLIC *UN)S OR .RO.ERTY Article 7!0 MAL(ERSATION O* .UBLIC *UN)S OR .RO.ERTY ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL ACTS MAL(ERSATION O* .UBLIC *UN)S OR .RO.ERTY # a. That the offender be a p$blic officer ,or private person if entr$sted with p$blic f$nds or connived with p$blic officers) +* That he had the c$stod! or control of f$nds or propert! , if not accounta+le for the funds, theft or .ualified theft) c* That those f$nds or propert! were p$blic f$nds or propert! , even if private funds if attached, sei,ed, deposited or commingled with pu+lic funds) d. That he" 1. Appropriated the f$nds or propert! 2. Too+ or misappropriated them 7* #onsented or, thro$gh abandonment or negligence, permitted an! other person to ta+e s$ch p$blic f$nds or propert!. ,it is not necessary that the offender profited there+y* =is +eing remiss in the duty of safe eeping pu+lic funds violates the trust reposed ) Conce1t o Mal%ersation "t consists in t)e misappropriation or con$ersion of p'.lic f'nds or property to oneGs personal 'se or Ino#in ly1 or t)ro' ) a.andonment or ne li ence allo#in ot)er to 'se or appropriate t)e same. T)e offender is made lia.le .eca'se of t)e nat're of )is d'ties to taIe care of t)e f'nds or property entr'sted to )im #it) t)e dili ence of a ood fat)er of a family. 0e is acco'nta.le .y $irt'e of t)e nat're of )is office to acco'nt for f'nds or properties t)at come to )is possession. %f he is not accounta+le for the funds or properties and he misappropriates the same, the crime will not +e malversation +ut estafa under Article 726* Mal$ersation is ot)er#ise called embe''lement
L T)is crime is predicated on t)e relations)ip of t)e offender to t)e property or f'nds in$ol$ed. T)e offender m'st .e acco'nta.le for t)e property misappropriated. "f t)e f'nd or property1 t)o' ) p'.lic in c)aracter is t)e responsi.ility of anot)er officer1 mal$ersation is not committed 'nless t)ere is conspiracy. L "n determinin #)et)er t)e offender is lia.le for mal$ersation1 it is t)e nat're of t)e d'ties of t)e p'.lic officer t)at controls. 5)ile t)e name of t)e office is important1 #)at is controllin is #)et)er in performin )is d'ties as a p'.lic officer1 )e )as to acco'nt or is reA'ired .y t)e nat're of t)e performance of a d'ty1 to render an acco'nt on t)e money or property t)at came into )is possession. L "t is not necessary t)at t)e offender profited .eca'se some.ody else may )a$e misappropriated t)e f'nds in A'estion for as lon as t)e acco'nta.le officer #as remiss in )is d'ty of safeIeepin p'.lic f'nds or property. 0e is lia.le for mal$ersation if s'c) f'nds #ere lost or ot)er#ise misappropriated .y anot)er. "t can .e committed eit)er #it) malice or t)ro' ) ne li ence or impr'dence
106

* !here is no crime of malversation through negligence . T)e crime is mal$ersation1 plain and simple1 #)et)er committed t)ro' ) dolo or c'lpa. T)ere is no crime of mal$ersation 'nder Article 365 C on criminal ne li ence C .eca'se in mal$ersation 'nder Article 21!1 t)e same penalty is imposed #)et)er t)e mal$ersation res'lts from ne li ence or #as t)e prod'ct of deli.erate act. "n determinin #)et)er t)e offender is a p'.lic officer1 #)at is controllin is t)e nature of his office and not t)e desi nation
* !he offender, to commit malversation, must +e accounta+le for the funds or property misappropriated +y him. "f )e is not t)e one acco'nta.le .'t some.ody else1 t)e crime committed is theft* "t #ill .e .ualified theft if t)ere is a.'se of confidence. L Acco'nta.le officer does not refer only to cas)ier1 dis.'rsin officers or property c'stodian * Any pu+lic officer having custody of pu+lic funds or property for which he is accounta+le can commit the crime of malversation if )e #o'ld misappropriate s'c) f'nd or property or allo# ot)ers to do so. T)e funds or property must +e received in an official capacity . ?t)er#ise1 t)e crime committed is estafa
* When private property is attached or sei,ed +y pu+lic authority and the pu+lic officer accounta+le therefor misappropriates the same, malversation is committed also* "ll'stration7 "f a s)eriff le$ied t)e property of t)e defendants and a.sconded #it) it1 )e is not lia.le of A'alified t)eft .'t of mal$ersation e$en t)o' ) t)e property .elon ed to a pri$ate person. T)e seiJ're of t)e property or f'nd impressed it #it) t)e c)aracter of .ein part of t)e p'.lic f'nds it .ein in c'stodia le is. +or as lon as t)e p'.lic officer is t)e one acco'nta.le for t)e f'nd or property t)at #as misappropriated1 )e can .e lia.le for t)e crime of mal$ersation. A.sent s'c) relation1 t)e crime co'ld .e t)eft1 simple or A'alified. Esta a "t is 's'ally committed .y a pri$ate indi$id'al +'nds or property of misappropriation are pri$ately o#ned. T)e offender appropriates personally t)e f'nds or property. Mal%ersation Committed .y acco'nta.le p'.lic officers T)e o./ect is p'.lic f'nd or property. -ersonal appropriation is not indispensa.le .eca'se allo#in ot)ers to commit t)e misappropriation is also mal$ersation.
5)en a p'.lic officer )as official c'stody or t)e d'ty to collect or recei$e f'nds d'e t)e o$ernment1 or t)e o.li ation to acco'nt for t)em1 )is misappropriation of t)e same constit'tes mal$ersation
L >ote t)at t)e moment any money is commin led #it) t)e p'.lic f'nd e$en if not d'e t)e o$ernment1 it .ecomes impressed #it) t)e c)aracteristic of .ein part of p'.lic f'nds. ?nce t)ey are commin led1 yo' do not Ino# anymore #)ic) .elon to t)e o$ernment and #)ic) .elon to t)e pri$ate persons. Bo t)at a p'.lic $a'lt or safe s)o'ld not .e 'sed to )old any f'nd ot)er t)at #)at is d'e to t)e o$ernment. "n malversation thru negligence1 t)e ne li ence of t)e acco'nta.le p'.lic officer m'st .e positi$ely and clearly s)o#n to .e ine2c'sa.le1 appro2imatin fra'd or malice
> &nder 9urisprudence1 #)en t)e p'.lic officer lea$es )is post #it)o't locIin )is dra#er1 t)ere is ne li ence. T)'s1 )e is lia.le for t)e loss. T)e measure of negligence to +e o+served is t)e standard of care commens'rate #it) t)e occasion 5)en mal$ersation is not committed t)ro' ) ne li ence1 lacI of criminal intent or ood fait) is a defense T)e fail're of a p'.lic officer to )a$e any d'ly fort)comin p'.lic f'nds or property 'pon demand1 .y any a't)oriJed officer1 s)all .e prima facie e$idence t)at )e )as p't s'c) missin f'nds or property to personal 'se. =owever1 if at t)e $ery moment #)en t)e s)orta e is disco$ered1 t)e acco'nta.le officer is notified1 and )e immediately pays t)e amo'nt from )is pocIet1 t)e pres'mption does not arise
107

L An acco'nta.le p'.lic officer may .e con$icted e$en if t)ere is no direct e$idence of misappropriation and t)e only e$idence is t)e s)orta e in )is acco'nt #)ic) )e )as not .een a.le to e2plain satisfactorily. ,Palma Gil vs. People) L "f a p'.lic officer reports t)e loss of money .efore a cas) e2amination is cond'cted and t)e ca'se of t)e loss as reported )as a distinct rin of tr't) to it1 t)e le al pres'mption of prima facie e$idence of 'ilt #ill not apply. "n order to s'pport con$iction1 t)e prosec'tion m'st pro$e t)e act'al misappropriation of t)e missin f'nds',2alvacion vs. The =onorable 2andiganba!an, G. 4. %o. ;7200, L$l! 11, 1A7;) * !o re+ut the presumption of guilt prima facie under Article /2M 1 t)e acc'sed m'st raise t)e iss'e of acc'racy1 correctness and re 'larity in t)e cond'ct of a'dit. "f asIed for a second a'dit .efore t)e filin of t)e information a ainst )im and t)e same #as denied1 and d'rin t)e trial1 some dis.'rsement $o'c)ers #ere introd'ced #)ic) #ere not considered in t)e first a'dit1 t)e denial of t)e reA'est for a second a'dit is fatal to t)e ca'se of t)e prosec'tion .eca'se in t)e meantime1 t)e e$idence introd'ced does not esta.lis) a fact .eyond reasona.le do'.t. 0ad t)e re4a'dit reA'ested .y t)e acc'sed .een accorded d'e co'rse1 t)e remainin .alance co'ld )a$e .een satisfactorily acco'nted for. ,9ahina! vs. The 2andiganba!an. G. 4. %o. ;1662, 9a! A, 1A7A) 3et'rnin t)e em.eJJled f'nds is not e2emptin 1 it is only miti atin
L -ayment of t)e amo'nt misappropriated or restit'tion of property misappropriated does not erase criminal lia.ility .'t only ci$il lia.ility. T)ere is also no malversation #)en t)e acco'nta.le officer is o.li ed to o o't of )is office and .orro# t)e amo'nt correspondin to t)e s)orta e and later1 t)e missin amo'nt is fo'nd in an 'nacc'stomed place A person #)ose ne li ence made possi.le t)e commission of mal$ersation .y anot)er can .e )eld lia.le as a principal .y indispensa.le cooperation
L "t is not necessary t)at t)e acco'nta.le p'.lic officer s)o'ld act'ally misappropriate t)e f'nd or property in$ol$ed. "t is eno' ) t)at )e )as $iolated t)e tr'st reposed on )im in connection #it) t)e property. Eemand as #ell as dama e to t)e o$ernment are not necessary elements
L >ote t)at dama e on t)e part of t)e o$ernment is not considered an essential element. "t is eno' ) t)at t)e proprietary ri )ts of t)e o$ernment o$er t)e f'nds )a$e .een dist'r.ed t)ro' ) .reac) of tr'st. L T)e rant of loans t)ro' ) t)e vale system is a clear case of an acco'nta.le officer consentin to t)e improper or 'na't)oriJed 'se of p'.lic f'nds .y ot)er persons1 #)ic) is p'nis)a.le .y la#. To tolerate s'c) a practice is to i$e a license to e$ery dis.'rsin officer to cond'ct a lendin operation #it) t)e 'se of p'.lic f'nds. T)ere is no la# or re 'lation allo#in acco'nta.le officers to e2tend loans to anyone a ainst t)e F$alesH or c)its i$en in e2c)an e .y t)e .orro#ers. ,9eneses vs. 2andiganba!an) A private person ma! also commit malversation $nder the following sit$ations" :2; :/; :7; :<; "onspiracy with a pu+lic officer in committing malversation1 When he has +ecome an accomplice or accessory to a pu+lic officer who commits malversation1 When the private person is made the custodian in whatever capacity of pu+lic funds or property, whether +elonging to national or local government, and he misappropriates the same1 When he is constituted as the depositary or administrator of funds or property sei,ed or attached +y pu+lic authority even though said funds or property +elong to a private individual*
* !echnical malversation is not included in the crime of malversation . "n malversation, t)e offender misappropriates p'.lic f'nds or property for )is o#n personal 'se1 or allo#s any ot)er person to taIe s'c) f'nds or property for t)e latterGs o#n personal 'se. "n technical malversation1 t)e p'.lic officer applies t)e p'.lic f'nds or property 'nder )is administration to anot)er p'.lic 'se different from t)at for #)ic) t)e p'.lic f'nd #as appropriated .y la# or ordinance. 3eco'rse7 +ile t)e proper information. Article 7!5 *AILURE O* ACCOUNTABLE O**ICER TO REN)ER ACCOUNTS
108

ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer, whether in the service or separated therefrom. b. That he m$st be an acco$ntable officer for p$blic f$nds propert!. c. That he is re1$ired b! law or reg$lation to render acco$nts to the commission on a$dit, or to a provincial a$ditor. d. That he fails to do so for a period of two months after s$ch acco$nts sho$ld be rendered. The 1u&lic o icers who are &oun, to ren,er accounts are the ollowing# 1. cas)iers 2. storeIeepers 3. #are)o'semen and 4. t)ose #)o .y t)e nat're of t)eir position .ecome c'stodian or p'.lic f'nds or property. Note# 5emand and misappropriation are not necessary
L "t is s'fficient t)at t)ere is a la# or re 'lation reA'irin )im to render an acco'nt. "t is t)e fail're to follo# t)e reA'irement of t)e la# t)at is made p'nis)a.le. "t is not necessary t)at t)e offender pre$ent t)e sit'ation of t)e crime .ein committed .eca'se of t)e fail're of t)e acco'nta.le officer to render an acco'nt. Article 7!6 *AILURE O* A RES.ONSIBLE .UBLIC O**ICER TO REN)ER ACCOUNTS BE*ORE LEA(ING T+E COUNTRY ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That he m$st be an acco$ntable officer for p$blic f$nds or propert!. c. That he m$st have $nlawf$ll! left ,or be on the point of leaving) the Philippines witho$t sec$ring from the #ommission on A$dit a certificate showing that his acco$nts have been finall! settled. Who can commit this crimeR A responsi.le p'.lic officer1 not necessarily an acco'nta.le one1 #)o lea$es t)e co'ntry #it)o't first sec'rin clearance from t)e Commission on A'dit. Note# T)e act of lea$in t)e -)ilippines m'st .e 'na't)oriJed or not permitted .y la#
* )ere leaving without securing clearance constitutes violation of the (evised -enal "ode* %t is not necessary that they really misappropriated pu+lic funds* Article 778 ILLEGAL USE O* .UBLIC *UN)S OR .RO.ERTY <Technical Mal%ersation= ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That there is p$blic f$nd or propert! $nder his administration. c* That s$ch p$blic f$nd or propert! has been appropriated b! law or ordinance , without this, it is simple malversation even if applied to other pu+lic purpose ). d. That he applies the same to a p$blic $se other than for which s$ch f$nd or propert! has been appropriated b! law or ordinance. L T)e term TEC+NICAL MAL(ERSATION is 'sed .eca'se in t)is crime1 the fund or property involved is already appropriated or earmar ed for a certain pu+lic purpose*
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L T)e offender is entr'sted #it) s'c) f'nd or property only to administer or apply t)e same to t)e p'.lic p'rpose for #)ic) it #as appropriated .y la# or ordinance. %nstead of applying it to the pu+lic purpose to which the fund or property was already appropriated +y law, the pu+lic officer applied it to another purpose* !o distinguish this article with Art /2M1 /'st remem.er t)at in ille al 'se of p'.lic f'nds or property1 t)e offender does not deri$e any personal ain1 t)e f'nds are merely de$oted to some ot)er p'.lic 'se A+sence of damage is only a miti atin circ'mstance
* Since damage is not an element of malversation 1 e$en t)o' ) t)e application made pro$ed to .e more .eneficial to p'.lic interest t)an t)e ori inal p'rpose for #)ic) t)e amo'nt or property #as appropriated .y la#1 t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed is still lia.le for tec)nical mal$ersation. * %f pu+lic funds were not yet appropriated +y law or ordinance, and this was applied to a pu+lic purpose +y the custodian thereof1 t)e crime is plain and simple mal$ersation1 not tec)nical mal$ersation. %f the funds had +een appropriated for a particular pu+lic purpose, +ut the same was applied to private purpose 1 t)e crime committed is simple mal$ersation only. "ll'stration7 T)e office lacIed .ond papers. 5)at t)e o$ernment cas)ier did #as to send t)e /anitor1 et some money from )is collection1 told t)e /anitor to .'y .ond paper so t)at t)e office #ill )a$e somet)in to 'se. T)e amo'nt in$ol$ed may.e immaterial .'t t)e cas)ier commits mal$ersation p're and simple. * !his crime can also +e committed +y a private person* "ll'stration7 A certain road is to .e cemented. @a s of cement #ere already .ein 'nloaded at t)e side. @'t t)en1 rain .e an to fall so t)e s'per$isor of t)e road .'ildin #ent to a certain )o'se #it) a ara e1 asIed t)e o#ner if )e co'ld possi.ly deposit t)e .a s of cement in )is ara e to pre$ent t)e same from .ein #et. T)e o#ner of t)e )o'se1 ?li$e1 a reed. Bo t)e .a s of cement #ere transferred to t)e ara e of t)e pri$ate person. After t)e p'.lic officer )ad left1 and t)e #orIers )ad left .eca'se it is not possi.le to do t)e cementin 1 t)e o#ner of t)e ara e started 'sin some of t)e cement in pa$in )is o#n ara e. T)e crime of tec)nical mal$ersation is also committed. * $ote that when a private person is constituted as the custodian in whatever capacity, of pu+lic funds or property, and he misappropriates the same, the crime of malversation is also committed* See Article ///* "ll'stration7 T)e payroll money for a o$ernment infrastr'ct're pro/ect on t)e #ay to t)e site of t)e pro/ect1 t)e officers .rin in t)e money #ere am.'s)ed. T)ey #ere all #o'nded. ?ne of t)em1 )o#e$er1 #as a.le to et a#ay from t)e scene of t)e am.'s) 'ntil )e reac)ed a certain )o'se. 0e told t)e occ'pant of t)e )o'se to safe 'ard t)e amo'nt .eca'se it is t)e payroll money of t)e o$ernment la.orers of a partic'lar pro/ect. T)e occ'pant of t)e )o'se accepted t)e money for )is o#n 'se. T)e crime is not t)eft .'t mal$ersation as lon as )e Ine# t)at #)at #as entr'sted in )is c'stody is p'.lic f'nd or property. Article 77! *AILURE TO MAKE )ELI(ERY O* .UBLIC *UN)S OR .RO.ERTY ELEMENTS# a. &ffender has govBt f$nds or propert! in his possession b. =e is $nder obligation to either" 1. ma+e pa!ment from s$ch f$nds 2. to deliver propert! in his c$stod! or administration when ordered b! competent a$thorit! c. =e malicio$sl! fails or ref$ses to do so Note# -enalty is .ased on $al'e of f'ndsNproperty to .e deli$ered
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Article 777 .ERSONS 4+O MAY BE +EL) LIABLE UN)ER ARTS 7!0 TO 77! a. Private individ$al who, in an! capacit!, have charge of an! national, provincial or m$nicipal f$nds, reven$e, or propert! b. Administrator or depositar! of f$nds or propert! that has been attached, sei'ed or deposited b! p$blic a$thorit!, even if owned b! a private individ$al B)eriffs and recei$ers fall 'nder t)e term FadministratorH A /'dicial administrator in c)ar e of settlin t)e estate of t)e deceased is not co$ered .y t)e article
L 0ere1 t)e f'nds or property .elon to pri$ate indi$id'als1 .'t t)ey are considered p'.lic f'nds or property if t)ey come to t)e possession of t)e p'.lic officer .eca'se of 1) a #rit of attac)ment; or 2) if t)ey are seiJed .y $irt'e of a searc) #arrant. ?r 3) if t)ey are ordered deposited pendin determination of o#ners)ip in t)e administrati$e or /'dicial proceedin s. L -ri$ate indi$id'als may also .e lia.le for mal$ersation if t)ey act as conspirators in t)e commission of t)e crime. IN*I)ELITY O* .UBLIC O**ICERS Article 77: CONNI(ING 4IT+ OR CONSENTING TO E(ASION ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer ,on d$t!). b. That he is charged with the conve!ance or c$stod! of a prisoner, either detention prisoner or prisoner b! final 3$dgment. c. That s$ch prisoner escaped from his c$stod! d. That he was in connivance with the prisoner in the latterBs escape )ETENTION .RISONER# refers to a person in le al c'stody1 arrested for and c)ar ed #it) some crime or p'.lic offense T)e release of a detention prisoner #)o co'ld not .e deli$ered to /'dicial a't)orities #it)in t)e time fi2ed .y la# is not infidelity in t)e c'stody of a prisoner. >eit)er is mere leniency or la2ity in t)e performance of d'ty constit'ti$e of infidelity T)ere is real and act'al e$asion of ser$ice of sentence #)en t)e c'stodian permits t)e prisoner to o.tain a rela2ation of )is imprisonment
L A m'nicipal mayor #)o 'tiliJed t)e prisonerGs ser$ices for domestic c)ores in )is )o'se1 incl'din 'sin )im as a cooI is lia.le for fait)lessness in t)e c'stody of prisoner (Art. 223) e$en t)o' ) t)e con$ict may not )a$e fled1 in as m'c) as t)e prisonerGs lea$in t)e prison #as effected t)ro' ) )im. <People vs. :vangelista, #.A. 07 &.G. 157=' Article 77" E(ASION T+ROUG+ NEGLIGENCE ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That he is charged with the conve!ance or c$stod! of a prisoner, either detention prisoner or prisoner b! final 3$dgment. c. That s$ch prisoner escapes thro$gh his negligence.
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d. Penalt! based on nat$re of imprisonment T)e article p'nis)es a definite la2ity #)ic) amo'nts to deli.erate non4performance of a d'ty
L >ot e$ery error is ne li ence 'nder t)is article. !o +e lia+le, the negligence must +e notorious and apparent* T)e la2ity m'st .e definite and m'st serio'sly s' est a deli.erate non4performance of a d'ty. L T)e ne li ence #)ic) is p'nis)a.le )o#e$er is not s'c) definite la2ity at all .'t t)at #)ic) amo'nts to deli.erate non4performance of t)e /ailer or t)e 'ard. Bo t)at if a policemen on 'ard d'ty 'nlocIed t)e door of t)e /ail to let a detention prisoner o o't so )e can clean t)e premises1 .'t on t)e latterGs t)ird trip to a near.y fa'cet1 )e #alIed .e)ind t)e police )eadA'arters clim.ed o$er t)e #all and escape1 t)e crime is not committed. <People vs. 2olis, #.A. 60 &.G. 57@=' T)e fact t)at t)e p'.lic officer recapt'red t)e prisoner #)o )ad escaped from )is c'stody does not afford complete e2c'lpation The lia&ility o an esca1ing 1risoner# a. if he is a prisoner +y final 9udgment1 )e is lia.le for e$asion of ser$ice (art 15!) .. if he is a detention prisoner 1 )e does not inc'r criminal lia.ility ('nless cooperatin #it) t)e offender).
Article 77ESCA.E O* .RISONERS UN)ER T+E CUSTO)Y O* A .ERSON NOT A .UBLIC O**ICER ELEMENTS# a* That the offender is a private person ,note: must +e on duty) b. That the conve!ance or c$stod! of a prisoner or person $nder arrest is confined to him. c. That the prisoner or person $nder arrest escapes. d. That the offender consents to the escape of the prisoner or person $nder arrest, or that the escape ta+es place thro$gh his negligence %ote" T)is article is not applica.le if a pri$ate person made t)e arrest and )e consented to t)e escape of t)e person )e arrested
L T)e offender 'nder t)is article is not t)e one #)o arrested t)e escapin prisoner .'t one #)o a reed to )a$e t)e c'stody or c)ar e of t)e prisoner or person 'nder arrest. ORTEGA NOTES# T)e crime is infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners if t)e offender in$ol$ed is t)e c'stodian of t)e prisoner. "f t)e offender #)o aided or consented to t)e prisonerGs escapin from confinement1 #)et)er t)e prisoner is a con$ict or a detention prisoner1 is not t)e c'stodian1 t)e crime is deli$erin prisoners from /ail 'nder Article156. T)e crime of infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners can .e committed only .y t)e c'stodian of t)e prisoner. "f t)e /ail 'ard #)o allo#ed t)e prisoner to escape is already off4d'ty at t)at time and )e is no lon er t)e c'stodian of t)e prisoner1 t)e crime committed .y )im is deli$erin prisoners from /ail. >ote t)at yo' do not apply )ere t)e principle of conspiracy t)at t)e act of one is t)e act of all. T)e party #)o is not t)e c'stodian #)o conspired #it) t)e c'stodian in allo#in t)e prisoner to escape does not commit infidelity in t)e c'stody of t)e prisoner. 0e commits t)e crime of deli$erin prisoners from /ail.
;uestion A Answer %f a private person approached the custodian of the prisoner and for a certain consideration, told the custodian to leave the door of the cell unloc ed for the prisoner to escape* What crime had +een committedR
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"t is not infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners .eca'se as far as t)e pri$ate person is concerned1 t)is crime is deli$erin prisoners from /ail. T)e infidelity is only committed .y t)e c'stodian. T)is crime can .e committed also .y a pri$ate person if t)e c'stody of t)e prisoner )as .een confided to a pri$ate person. "ll'stration7 A policeman escorted a prisoner to court* After the court hearing, this policeman was shot at with a view to li+erate the prisoner from his custody* !he policeman fought the attac er +ut he was fatally wounded* When he could no longer control the prisoner, he went to a near+y house, tal ed to the head of the family of that house and as ed him if he could give the custody of the prisoner to him* =e said yes* After the prisoner was handcuffed in his hands, the policeman expired* !hereafter, the head of the family of that private house as ed the prisoner if he could afford to give something so that he would allow him to go* !he prisoner said, 3Bes, if you would allow me to leave, you can come with me and % will give the money to you*4 !his private persons went with the prisoner and when the money was given, he allowed him to go* What crimeEs had +een committedR :nder Article 2251 t)e crime can .e committed .y a pri$ate person to #)om t)e c'stody of a prisoner )as .een confided. 5)ere s'c) pri$ate person1 #)ile performin a pri$ate f'nction .y $irt'e of a pro$ision of la#1 s)all accept any consideration or ift for t)e non4performance of a d'ty confided to )im1 @ri.ery is also committed. Bo t)e crime committed .y )im is infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners and .ri.ery. "f t)e crime is deli$erin prisoners from /ail1 .ri.ery is /'st a means1 'nder Article 1561 t)at #o'ld call for t)e imposition of a )ea$ier penalty1 .'t not a separate c)ar e of .ri.ery 'nder Article 156. @'t 'nder Article 225 in infidelity1 #)at is .asically p'nis)ed is t)e .reac) of tr'st .eca'se t)e offender is t)e c'stodian. +or t)at1 t)e crime is infidelity. "f )e $iolates t)e tr'st .eca'se of some consideration1 .ri.ery is also committed. A )i )er de ree of $i ilance is reA'ired. +ail're to do so #ill render t)e c'stodian lia.le. T)e pre$ailin r'lin is a ainst la2ity in t)e )andlin of prisoners. "ll'stration7 A prison guard accompanied the prisoner in the toilet* While answering the call of nature, police officer waiting there, until the prisoner escaped* -olice officer was accused of infidelity* T)ere is no criminal lia.ility .eca'se it does not constit'te ne li ence. >e li ence contemplated )ere refers to deli.erate a.andonment of d'ty. >ote1 )o#e$er1 t)at accordin to a recent B'preme Co'rt r'lin 1 fail're to accompany lady prisoner in t)e comfort room is a case of ne li ence and t)erefore t)e c'stodian is lia.le for infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoner. -rison 'ard s)o'ld not o to any ot)er place not officially called for. T)is is a case of infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoner t)ro' ) ne li ence 'nder Article 224. IN*I)ELITY IN CUSTO)Y O* )OCUMENTS Article 77/ REMO(AL2 CONCEALMENT2 OR )ESTRUCTION O* )OCUMENTS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender be a p$blic officer. b. That he abstracts, destro!s or conceals a doc$ment or papers. c. That the said doc$ment or paper sho$ld have been entr$sted to s$ch p$blic officer b! reason of his office.
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d. That damage, whether serio$s or not, to a third part! or to the p$blic interest sho$ld have been ca$sed. L T)e act of o.str'ction1 destr'ction or concealment m'st ca'se dama e to a t)ird party or to t)e p'.lic interest. Eama e to a t)ird party is 's'ally pec'niary; .'t dama e to p'.lic interest may consist in mere alarm to t)e p'.lic or t)e alienation of its confidence on any .ranc) of t)e o$ernment ser$ice. T)e doc$ment m'st .e complete and one .y #)ic) a ri )t co'ld .e esta.lis)ed or an o.li ation co'ld .e e2tin 'is)ed @ooIs1 periodicals1 pamp)lets etc are not doc'ments GPapersH #o'ld incl'de c)ecIs1 promissory notes and paper money
N 4emoval of a doc$ment pres'pposes 'nla#f'l appropriation of t)e official doc'ment. N >estr$ction means to render t)e doc'ment 'seless. "ts nat're to pro$e t)e e2istence of a fact is lost s'c) t)at it cannot anymore pro$e t)e pro.a.ility or impro.a.ility of a fact in iss'e. N #oncealment on t)e ot)er )and means to maIe it appear t)at t)e doc'ment is not a$aila.le. A post office official #)o retained t)e mail #it)o't for#ardin t)e letters to t)eir destination is 'ilty of infidelity in t)e c'stody of papers (emoval of a document or paper must +e for an illicit purpose.
L "f t)e remo$al of t)e doc'ment is for a la#f'l p'rpose and t)at is1 to sec're t)e same from imminent dan er or loss1 t)ere is no crime committed 'nder t)e la#1 <Fataniag vs. People, .6 Phil. 65). There is illicit p$rpose when the intention of the offender is to" a. tamper #it) it .. to profit .y it c. to commit any act constit'tin a .reec) of tr'st in t)e official t)ereof
L T)e act of remo$al1 destr'ction or concealment s)o'ld .e co'pled #it) criminal intent or malice ,9an'anaris vs. 2andiganba!an, et al., G.4. %o. ;6.5@, Lan. 0@, 1A76). 3emo$al is cons'mmated 'pon remo$al or secretin a#ay of t)e doc'ment from its 's'al place. "t is immaterial #)et)er or not t)e illicit p'rpose of t)e offender )as .een accomplis)ed
* (emoval of pu+lic records +y the custodian does not re.uire that the record +e +rought out of the premises where it is ept . "t is eno' ) t)at t)e record .e remo$ed from t)e place #)ere it s)o'ld .e and transferred to anot)er place #)ere it is not s'pposed to .e Iept. "f dama e is ca'sed to t)e p'.lic ser$ice1 t)e p'.lic officer is criminally lia.le for infidelity in t)e c'stody of official doc'ments. "nfidelity in t)e c'stody of doc'ments t)ro' ) destr'ction or concealment does not reA'ire proof of an illicit p'rpose 5)ere in case for .ri.ery or corr'ption1 t)e monetary considerations #as marIed as e2)i.its1 s'c) considerations acA'ires t)e nat're of a doc'ment s'c) t)at if t)e same #o'ld .e spent .y t)e c'stodian t)e crime is not mal$ersation .'t "nfidelity in t)e c'stody of p'.lic records1 .eca'se t)e money add'ced as e2)i.its partaIe t)e nat're of a doc'ment and not as money. Alt)o' ) s'c) monetary consideration acA'ires t)e nat're of a doc'ment1 t)e .est e$idence r'le does not apply )ere. E2ample1 p)otocopies may .e presented in e$idence. Eeli$erin t)e doc'ment to t)e #ron party is infidelity in t)e c'stody t)ereof T)e dama e may eit)er .e reat or small
L Eama e to p'.lic interest is necessary. 0o#e$er1 material dama e is not necessary. Alt)o' ) t)ere is no material dama e ca'sed1 mere delay in renderin p'.lic ser$ice is considered dama e. T)e offender m'st .e in c'stody of s'c) doc'ments
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>istinction between infidelit! in the c$stod! of p$blic doc$ment, estafa and malicio$s mischief %n infidelity in the custody of pu+lic document, t)e offender is t)e c'stodian of t)e official doc'ment remo$ed or concealed. %n estafa1 t)e offender is not t)e c'stodian of t)e doc'ment remo$ed or concealed. %n malicious mischief, t)e offender p'rposely destroyed and dama ed t)e propertyNdoc'ment. Article 770 O**ICER BREAKING SEAL ELEMENTS # a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That he is charged with the c$stod! of papers or propert!. c. That these papers or propert! are sealed b! proper a$thorit!. d. That he brea+s the seals or permits them to be bro+en. "t is t)e .reaIin of t)e seals and not t)e openin of a closed en$elope #)ic) is p'nis)ed Eama e or intent to ca'se dama e is not necessary; dama e is pres'med
L "f t)e official doc'ment is sealed or ot)er#ise placed in an official en$elope1 t)e element of dama e is not reA'ired. T)e mere .reaIin of t)e seal or t)e mere openin of t)e doc'ment #o'ld already .rin a.o't infidelity e$en t)o' ) no dama e )as .een s'ffered .y anyone or .y t)e p'.lic at lar e. T)e offender does not )a$e to misappropriate t)e same. M'st tryin to disco$er or looI #)at is inside is infidelity already. * A crime is already committed regardless of whether the contents of the document are secret or private . "t is eno' ) t)at it is entr'sted to )im in a sealed form or in a closed en$elope and )e .roIe t)e seal or opened t)e en$elop. -'.lic tr'st is already $iolated if )e mana ed to looI into t)e contents of t)e doc'ment. )istinction &etween in i,elity an, the t T)ere is infidelity if t)e offender opened t)e letter .'t did not taIe t)e same. T)ere is theft if t)ere is intent to ain #)en t)e offender tooI t)e money. L >ote t)at t)e document must +e complete in legal sense. "f t)e #ritin s are mere form1 t)ere is no crime. "ll'stration7 As re ard t)e payroll1 #)ic) )as not .een si ned .y t)e Mayor1 no infidelity is committed .eca'se t)e doc'ment is not yet a payroll in t)e le al sense since t)e doc'ment )as not .een si ned yet. L "n P+rea ing of sealP1 t)e #ord P.reaIin P s)o'ld not .e i$en a literal meanin . E$en if act'ally1 t)e seal #as not .roIen1 .eca'se t)e c'stodian mana ed to open t)e parcel #it)o't .reaIin t)e seal. Article 775 O.ENING O* CLOSE) )OCUMENTS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That an! closed papers, doc$ments, or ob3ects are entr$sted to his c$stod!. c. That he opens or permits to be opened said closed papers, doc$ments or ob3ects.
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d. That he does not have proper a$thorit!. %ote" Eama e also not necessary
L "n Article 22.1 t)e mere .reaIin of t)e seal is #)at is made p'nis)a.le #)ile in Article 2271 t)e mere openin of closed doc'ments is eno' ) to )old t)e offender criminally lia.le. T)e .reaIin of t)e seal or t)e openin of t)e closed doc'ment m'st .e done #it)o't la#f'l a't)ority or order from competent a't)ority. %n +oth offenses, dama e to t)e p'.lic interest is not reA'ired. RE(ELATION O* SECRETS Article 776 RE(ELATION O* SECRET BY AN O**ICER ELEMENTS O* .AR'!# BY REASON O* +IS O**ICIAL CA.ACITY a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That he +nows of a secret b! reason of his official capacit!. c. That he reveals s$ch secret witho$t a$thorit! or 3$stifiable reasons. d. That damage, great or small, be ca$sed to the p$blic interest. (dama e is essential) %otes" 6 Becret m'st affect p'.lic interest L T)e secrets referred to in t)is article are t)ose #)ic) )a$e an official or p'.lic c)aracter. "t does not incl'de secret information re ardin pri$ate indi$id'als. >or does it incl'de military or Btate secrets in as m'c) as t)e re$elation of t)e same is classified as espionage, a crime in $iolation of t)e national sec'rity of t)e Btate. L Becrets of a pri$ate indi$id'al is not incl'ded L Espiona e for t)e .enefit of anot)er Btate is not contemplated .y t)e article. "f re ardin military secrets or secrets affectin state sec'rity1 t)e crime may .e espiona e. ELEMENTS O* .AR 7 3 )ELI(ERING 4RONG*ULLY .A.ERS OR CO.IES O* .A.ERS O* 4+IC+ +E MAY +A(E C+ARGE AN) 4+IC+ S+OUL) NOT BE .UBLIS+E)# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That he has charge of papers. c. That those papers sho$ld not be p$blished. d. That he delivers those papers or copies thereof to a third person. e. That the deliver! is wrongf$l. f. Notes# That damage be ca$sed to p$blic interest.
EC+ARGEG# means c'stody or control. "f )e is merely entr'sted #it) t)e papers and not #it) t)e c'stody t)ereof1 )e is not lia.le 'nder t)is article L "f t)e papers contain secrets #)ic) s)o'ld not .e p'.lis)ed1 and t)e p'.lic officer )a$in c)ar e t)ereof remo$es and deli$ers t)em #ron f'lly to a t)ird person1 t)e crime is revelation of secrets. ?n t)e ot)er )and1 if t)e papers do not contain secrets1 t)eir remo$al for an illicit p'rpose is infidelity in the custody of documents L Eama e is essential to t)e act committed Article 7:8
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.UBLIC O**ICER RE(EALING SECRETS O* .RI(ATE IN)I(I)UAL ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer b. That he +nows of the secret of a private individ$al b! reason of his office. c. That he reveals s$ch secrets witho$t a$thorit! or 3$stification reason. 3e$elation to one person is s'fficient "f t)e offender is an attorney1 )e is properly lia.le 'nder Art 2*( (.etrayal of tr'st .y an attorney) Eama e to pri$ate indi$id'al is not necessary OT+ER O**ENSES OR IRREGULARITIES BY .UBLIC O**ICERS Article 7:! O.EN )ISOBE)IENCE ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a 3$dicial or e)ec$tive officer. b. That there is a 3$dgment, decision or order of s$perior a$thorit!. c. That s$ch 3$dgment, decision or order was made within the scope of the 3$risdiction of the s$perior a$thorit! and iss$ed with all the legal formalities. d. that the offender witho$t an! legal 3$stification openl! ref$ses to e)ec$te the said 3$dgment, decision or order which he is d$t! bo$nd to obe!. L T)e ra$amen of t)e offense is t)e open ref'sal of t)e offender to e2ec'te t)e order #it)o't /'stifia.le reason. %ote" M'd ment s)o'ld )a$e .een rendered in a )earin and iss'ed #it)in proper /'risdiction #it) all le al solemnities reA'ired
L T)e term Fe2ec'teH as fo'nd in t)e la# does not only means performance of an act since t)e /'d ment1 decision or order may also direct t)e non4performance of an act. L T)e article does not apply to t)e mem.ers of Con ress. Article 7:7 )ISOBE)IENCE TO OR)ER O* SU.ERIOR O**ICER 4+EN SAI) OR)ER 4AS SUS.EN)E) BY IN*ERIOR O**ICER ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That an order is iss$ed b! his s$perior for e)ec$tion.
c. That he has for an! reason s$spended the e)ec$tion of s$ch order. d. That his s$perior disapproves the s$spension of the e)ec$tion of the order. e. That the offender disobe!s his s$perior despite the disapproval of the s$spension. %ote" A p'.lic officer is not lia.le if t)e order of t)e s'perior is ille al
L 5)at is contemplated )ere is a sit'ation #)ere t)e s'.ordinate )as some do'.ts re ardin t)e le ality of t)e order. 0ence1 )e is afforded an opport'nity to s'spend t)e e2ec'tion of t)e order1 so as to i$e )im time to f'rt)er st'dy t)e same. 0e commits no crime for doin t)is act. 0o#e$er1 if )e contin'es to
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s'spend t)e e2ec'tion of t)e order not#it)standin t)e disappro$al .y )is s'perior of t)e stay of t)e e2ec'tion1 s'c) ref'sal on )is part already constit'tes a crime p'nis)a.le 'nder t)is article. Article 7:: RE*USAL O* ASSISTANCE ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That a competent a$thorit! demands from the offender that he lend his cooperation towards the administration of 3$stice or other p$blic service. c. That the offender fails to do so malicio$sl!. "n$ol$es a reA'est from one p'.lic officer to anot)er Eama e to t)e p'.lic interest or t)ird party is essential
L Eama e is essential #)et)er reat or small. @'t t)e penalty is affected .y t)e serio'sness of t)e dama e. >ote t)at t)e ref'sal m'st .e done #it) malice. Eemand is necessary
L T)e sit'ation contemplated )erein may refer to t)e administration of /'stice .efore t)e case is filed in co'rt. Competent a't)ority may refer to persons in a't)ority #)o are c)ar ed .y t)e la# to )elp in t)e administration of /'stice. T)e term may refer to police a't)orities. 0o#e$er1 #)en a case 'nder in$esti ation reac)es t)e co'rt1 t)e remedy may not .e limited to inc'rrin criminal lia.ility 'nder t)is article .eca'se t)e ref'sal may already .e p'nis)ed as direct or indirect contempt of co'rt. L T)is is a crime1 #)ic) a policeman may commit #)en1 .ein s'.poenaed to appear in co'rt in connection #it) a crime in$esti ated .y )im .'t .eca'se of some arran ement #it) t)e offenders1 t)e policeman does not appear in co'rt anymore to testify a ainst t)e offenders. 0e tried to assail t)e s'.poena so t)at 'ltimately t)e case #o'ld .e dismissed. "t #as already )eld t)at t)e policeman co'ld .e prosec'ted 'nder t)is crime of ref'sal of assistance and not t)at of dereliction of d'ty. Article 7:" RE*USAL TO )ISC+ARGE ELECTI(E O**ICE ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is elected b! pop$lar election to a p$blic office. b. That he ref$ses to be sworn in or discharge the d$ties of said office. c. That there is no legal motive for s$ch ref$sal to be sworn in or to discharge the d$ties of said office. L After proclamation of a candidate to a p'.lic office1 it .ecomes )is d'ty to render p'.lic ser$ice. Bince it is )is d'ty1 t)en )is ref'sal to perform s'c) d'ty is p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e la#. %ote" E$en if t)e person did not r'n for t)e office on )is o#n #ill as t)e Constit'tion pro$ides t)at e$ery citiJen may .e reA'ired to render ser$ice
Article 7:MALTREATMENT O* .RISONERS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee.
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+* That he has $nder charge a prisoner or detention prisoner , otherwise the crime is physical in9uries) c. That he maltreats s$ch prisoner in either of the following manners" 1. ?! overdoing himself in the correction or handling of a prisoner or detention prisoner $nder his charge either b! the imposition of p$nishments not a$thori'ed b! the reg$lations, or b! inflicting s$ch p$nishments ,those a$thori'ed) in a cr$el and h$miliating manner, or
2. b! maltreating s$ch prisoner to e)tort a confession or to obtain some information from the prisoner. L T)e maltreatment does not really reA'ire p)ysical in/'ries. Any Iind of p'nis)ment not a't)oriJed or t)o' ) a't)oriJed if e2ec'ted in e2cess of t)e prescri.ed de ree. > But if as a result of the maltreatment, physical in9uries were caused to the prisoner 1 a separate crime for t)e p)ysical in/'ries s)all .e filed. Bou do not complex the crime of physical in9uries with the maltreatment +ecause the way Article /76 is worded, it prohi+its the complexing of the crime* * %f the maltreatment was done in order to extort confession 1 t)erefore1 t)e constit'tional ri )t of t)e prisoner is f'rt)er $iolated. T)e penalty is A'alified to t)e ne2t )i )er de ree. T)e p'.lic officer m'st )a$e act'al c)ar e of t)e prisoner in order to .e )eld lia.le
L "f t)e p'.lic officer is not t)e c'stodian of t)e prisoner1 and )e man)andles t)e latter1 the crime is physical in9uries* L "f a @aran ay Captain maltreats a person after t)e latterGs arrest .'t .efore confinement1 t)e offense is not maltreatment .'t p)ysical in/'ries. !he victim must actually +e confined either as a convict or a detention prisoner for Art* /76 to apply. <People vs. ?aring, et al., 0. &.G. 10;;=' To .e considered a detention prisoner1 t)e person arrested m'st .e placed in /ail e$en for /'st a s)ort #)ile
* !he offended party here must +e a prisoner in the legal sense . T)e mere fact t)at a pri$ate citiJen )ad .een appre)ended or arrested .y a la# enforcer does not constit'te )im a prisoner. To .e a prisoner1 )e m'st )a$e .een .ooIed and incarcerated no matter )o# s)ort it is. "ll'stration7 A certain snatcher was arrested +y a law enforcer, +rought to the police precinct, turned over to the custodian of that police precinct* Every time a policeman entered the police precinct, he would as , 3What is this fellow doing hereR What crime has he committedR4* !he other policeman would then tell, 3!his fellow is a snatcher*4 So every time a policeman would come in, he would inflict in9ury to him* T)is is not maltreatment of prisoner .eca'se t)e offender is not t)e c'stodian. T)e crime is only p)ysical in/'ries. > But if the custodian is present there and he allowed it 1 t)en )e #ill .e lia.le also for t)e p)ysical in/'ries inflicted1 .'t not for maltreatment .eca'se it #as not t)e c'stodian #)o inflicted t)e in/'ry. > But if it is the custodian who effected the maltreatment 1 t)e crime #ill .e maltreatment of prisoners pl's a separate c)ar e for p)ysical in/'ries. ?ffender may also .e )eld lia.le for p)ysical in/'ries or dama e ca'sed
Article 7:/ ANTICI.ATION O* )UTIES O* A .UBLIC O**ICE
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ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is entitled to hold a p$blic office or emplo!ment, either b! election or appointment. b. That the law re1$ires that he sho$ld first be sworn in and*or sho$ld first give a bond. c. That he ass$mes the performance of the d$ties and powers of s$ch office. d. That he has not ta+en his oath of office and *or given the bond re1$ired b! law. Article 7:0 .ROLONGING .ER*ORMANCE O* )UTIES AN) .O4ERS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is holding a p$blic office. b. That the period provided b! law, reg$lations or special provisions for holding s$ch office has alread! e)pired. c. That he contin$es to e)ercise the d$ties and powers of s$ch office. %ote" T)e article contemplates officers #)o )a$e .een s'spended1 separated or declared o$er4a ed or dismissed
L T)e crime is committed only if t)e p'.lic officer )as lost e$ery ri )t to t)e office .eca'se t)ere are offices #)ic) reA'ire t)e officer to contin'e ser$in as s'c) properly relie$ed. T)e law is intended to put an end to the 3principle of hold ? over4. Article 7:5 ABAN)ONMENT O* O**ICE OR .OSITION ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. That he formall! resigns from his position. c. That his resignation has not !et been accepted. d. That he abandons his office to the detriment of the p$blic service. T)ere m'st .e formal or #ritten resi nation
* #ral resignation is not allowed. T)e resi nation m'st .e in #ritin and directed to t)e appointin po#er #)o )as t)e a't)ority to accept or disappro$e t)e same. T)is reA'irement is indispensa.le .eca'se t)e letter of resi nation oes into a process. T)e offense is A'alified if t)e p'rpose .e)ind t)e a.andonment is to e$ade t)e disc)ar e of d'ties consistin of pre$entin 1 prosec'tin or p'nis)in any of t)e crimes a ainst national sec'rity. T)e penalty is )i )er ( one de ree ). T)is in$ol$es t)e follo#in crimes7 a. treason .. conspiracy and proposal to commit conspiracy c. misprision of treason d. espiona e e. incitin to #ar or i$in moti$es to reprisals f. $iolation of ne'trality . correspondence #it) )ostile co'ntry ). fli )t to enemy co'ntry i. piracy and m'tiny on t)e )i ) seas /. re.ellion I. conspiracy and proposal to commit re.ellion l. disloyalty to p'.lic officers m. incitin to re.ellion
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n. sedition o. conspiracy to commit sedition p. incitin to sedition A&an,onment o O ice or .osition <7:5= T)ere is act'al a.andonment t)ro' ) resi nation to e$ade t)e disc)ar e of d'ties. )ereliction o )uty <785= -'.lic officer does not a.andon )is office .'t merely fails to prosec'te a $iolation of t)e la#.
Article 7:6 USUR.ATION O* LEGISLATI(E .O4ERS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is an e)ec$tive or 3$dicial officer. b. That he ,a.) ma+es general r$les or reg$lations be!ond the scope of his a$thorit! or ,b.) attempts to repeal a law or ,c.) s$spends the e)ec$tion thereof. Article 7"8 USUR.ATION O* EDECUTI(E *UNCTIONS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a 3$dge. b. That he ,a.) ass$mes a power pertaining to the e)ec$tive a$thorities, or ,b.) obstr$cts e)ec$tive a$thorities in the lawf$l e)ercise of their powers.
%ote" 9e islati$e officers are not lia.le for 's'rpation of e2ec'ti$e f'nctions
Article 7"! USUR.ATION O* ?U)ICIAL *UNCTIONS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is an officer of the e)ec$tive branch of the government. b. That he ,a.) ass$mes 3$dicial powers, or ,b.) obstr$ct the e)ec$tion of an! order decision rendered b! an! 3$dge within his 3$risdiction.
%ote" A mayor is 'ilty 'nder t)is article #)en )e in$esti ates a case #)ile a /'stice of t)e peace is in t)e m'nicipality
Article 7"7 )ISOBEYING RE;UEST *OR )IS;UALI*ICATION ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. c. d. That a proceeding is pending before s$ch p$blic officer. That there is a 1$estion bro$ght before the proper a$thorit! regarding his 3$risdiction, which is not !et decided. That he has been lawf$ll! re1$ired to refrain from contin$ing the proceeding.
e. That he contin$es the proceeding. L E$en if t)e /'risdiction of t)e offender is later 'p)eld or s'stained1 )e is still lia.le .eca'se #)at is in iss'e is not t)e le ality of )is /'risdiction1 .'t #)et)er )e o.eyed or diso.eyed t)e temporary restrainin order iss'ed .y t)e )i )er a't)ority. Article 7": OR)ERS OR RE;UESTS BY EDECUTI(E O**ICER TO ANY ?U)ICIAL AUT+ORITY ELEMENTS#
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a. b. c. That the offender is an e)ec$tive officer. That he addresses an! order or s$ggestion to an! 3$dicial a$thorit!. That the order or s$ggestion relates to an! case or b$siness coming within the e)cl$sive 3$risdiction of the co$rts of 3$stice.
%ote" 9e islati$e or /'dicial officers are not lia.le 'nder t)is article
Article 7"" UNLA4*UL A..OINTMENTS ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. c. d. That he nominates or appoints a person to a p$blic office. That s$ch person lac+s the legal 1$alification therefor. That the offender +nows that his nominee or appointee lac+s the 1$alification at the time he made the nomination or appointment.
4ecommending, Ino#in t)at t)e person recommended is not A'alified is not a crime
L T)e #ord FnominateH is not t)e same as Frecommend.H !o nominate is to 'arantee to t)e appointin po#er t)at t)e person nominated )as all t)e A'alifications to t)e office. (ecommendation on t)e ot)er )and does not maIe any 'arantee as to t)e le al fitness of t)e candidate to p'.lic office. T)ere m'st .e a la# pro$idin for t)e A'alifications of a person to .e nominated or appointed to a p'.lic office
Article 7"ABUSES AGAINST C+ASTITY ELEMENTS# a. That the offender is a p$blic officer. b. c. That he solicits or ma+es immoral or indecent advances to a woman. That s$ch woman m$st be 1. interested in matters pending before the offender for decision, or with respect to which he is re1$ired to s$bmit a report to or cons$lt with a s$perior officer, or 2. $nder the c$stod! of the offender who is a warden or other p$blic officer directl! charged with care and c$stod! of prisoners or person $nder arrest, or 0. the wife, da$ghter, sister or relative within the same degree b! affinit! of the person in the c$stod! of the offender L ?nly a lady can .e a complainant )ere so t)at a ay 'ard or #arden #)o maIes immoral proposals or indecent ad$ances to a male prisoner is not lia.le 'nder t)is la#. * )ere indecent solicitation or advances of a #oman o$er #)om t)e p'.lic officer e2ercises a certain infl'ence .eca'se t)e #oman is in$ol$ed in a case #)ere t)e offender is to maIe a report of res'lt #it) s'periors or ot)er#ise a case #)ic) t)e offender #as in$esti atin . L T)is crime is also committed if t)e woman is a prisoner and t)e offender is )er /ail #arden or c'stodian1 or even if the prisoner may +e a man if t)e /ail #arden #o'ld maIe t)e immoral solicitations 'pon t)e #ife1 sister1 da' )ter1 or relati$e .y affinity #it)in t)e same de ree of t)e prisoner in$ol$ed. T)e mot)er of t)e person in t)e c'stody of t)e p'.lic officer is not incl'ded
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L T)is crime cannot .e committed if t)e #arden is a #oman and t)e prisoner is a man. Men )a$e no c)astity. L "f t)e #arden is also a #oman .'t is a les.ian1 it is s'.mitted t)at t)is crime co'ld .e committed1 as t)e la# does not reA'ire t)at t)e c'stodian .e a man .'t reA'ires t)at t)e offended .e a #oman. Solicit# means to propose earnestly and persistently somet)in 'nc)aste and immoral to a #oman
L T)e #ord FsolicitH means to demand earnestly. "n t)is case1 t)e demand is for se2'al fa$or. "t m'st .e immoral or indecent and done .y t)e p'.lic officer taIin ad$anta e of )is position as one #)o can )elp .y renderin a fa$ora.le decision or 'n#arranted .enefits1 ad$anta e or preference to a person 'nder )is c'stody. T)e crime is cons'mmated .y mere proposal
L "t is not necessarily for t)e offended party to s'rrender )er $irt'e to cons'mmate t)e crime. 6 Mere proposal is s'fficient to cons'mmate t)e crime. L E$en if t)e #oman may )a$e lied #it) t)e )earin officer or to t)e p'.lic officer and acceded to )im1 t)at does not c)an e t)e crime .eca'se t)e crime seeIs to penaliJe t)e taIin ad$anta e of official d'ties. L "t is immaterial #)et)er t)e #oman did not a ree or a reed to t)e solicitation. "f t)e #oman did not a ree and t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed p's)ed t)ro' ) #it) t)e ad$ances1 attempted rape may )a$e .een committed. L 9e ally1 a prisoner is an acco'nta.ility of t)e o$ernment. Bo t)e c'stodian is not s'pposed to interfere. E$en if t)e prisoner may liIe it1 )e is not s'pposed to do t)at. ?t)er#ise1 a.'se a ainst c)astity is committed. * %f he forced himself against the will of the woman, another crime is committed, that is, rape aside from a+use against chastity* * Bou cannot consider the a+use against chastity as a+sor+ed in the rape +ecause the +asis of penali,ing the acts is different from each other* -roof of solicitation is not necessary #)en t)ere is se2'al interco'rse
Re1u&lic Act No' 0500 <Anti>SeJual +arassment Act= 6 Committed .y any person )a$in a't)ority1 infl'ence or moral ascendancy o$er anot)er in a #orI1 trainin or ed'cation en$ironment #)en )e or s)e demands1 reA'ests1 or ot)er#ise reA'ires any se2'al fa$or from t)e ot)er re ardless of #)et)er t)e demand1 reA'est or reA'irement for s'.mission is accepted .y t)e o./ect of t)e said act (for a passin rade1 or rantin of sc)olars)ip or )onors1 or payment of a stipend1 allo#ances1 .enefits1 considerations; fa$ora.le compensation terms1 conditions1 promotions or #)en t)e ref'sal to do so res'lts in a detrimental conseA'ence for t)e $ictim). 6 Also )olds lia.le any person #)o directs or ind'ces anot)er to commit any act of se2'al )arassment1 or #)o cooperates in t)e commission1 t)e )ead of t)e office1 ed'cational or trainin instit'tion solidarily. 6 Complaints to .e )andled .y a committee on decor'm1 #)ic) s)all .e determined .y r'les and re 'lations on s'c). 6 Administrati$e sanctions s)all not .e a .ar to prosec'tion in t)e proper co'rts for 'nla#f'l acts of se2'al )arassment. TITLE EIG+T CRIMES AGAINST .ERSONS Crimes against 1ersons 1. -arricide (Art. 246); 2. M'rder (Art. 24%); 3. 0omicide (Art. 24(); 4. Eeat) ca'sed in a t'm'lt'o's affray (Art. 251); 5. -)ysical in/'ries inflicted in a t'm'lt'o's affray (Art. 252); 6. Ki$in assistance to s'icide (Art. 253); !. Eisc)ar e of firearms (Art. 254);
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%. (. 1*. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 1!. 1%. 1(. 2*. "nfanticide (Art. 255); "ntentional a.ortion (Art. 256); :nintentional a.ortion (Art. 25!); A.ortion practiced .y t)e #oman )erself or .y )er parents (Art. 25%); A.ortion practiced .y a p)ysician or mid#ife and dispensin of a.orti$es (Art. 25(); E'el (Art. 26*); C)allen in to a d'el (Art. 261); M'tilation (Art. 262); Berio's p)ysical in/'ries (Art. 263); Administerin in/'rio's s'.stances or .e$era es (Art. 264); 9ess serio's p)ysical in/'ries (Art. 265); Bli )t p)ysical in/'ries and maltreatment (Art. 266); and 3ape (Art. 2664A). )ESTRUCTION O* LI*E Article 7"/ .ARRICI)E ELEMENTS# 1. That a person is +illed. 2. That the deceased is +illed b! the acc$sed. 0. That the deceased is the father, mother, or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or a legitimate other ascendant or other descendant, or the legitimate spo$se of the acc$sed. %otes" L T)e relations)ip of t)e offender #it) t)e $ictim is t)e essential element of t)e felony L T)e relations)ip m'st .e in t)e direct line and not in t)e collateral line. L T)e relations)ip .et#een t)e offender and t)e offended party m'st .e le itimate1 e2cept #)en t)e offender and t)e offended party are related as parent and c)ild. L E2cept .et#een )'s.and and #ife1 t)e offender m'st .e related to t)e offended party .y .lood. L -arents and c)ildren are not incl'ded in t)e term FascendantsH or FdescendantsH L T)e ot)er ascendant or descendant m'st .e le itimate. ?n t)e ot)er )and1 t)e fat)er1 mot)er or c)ild may .e le itimate or ille itimate * %f the offender and the offended party, although related +y +lood and in the direct line, are separated +y an intervening illegitimate relationship, parricide can no longer +e committed* T)e ille itimate relations)ip .et#een t)e c)ild and t)e parent renders all relati$es after t)e c)ild in t)e direct line to .e ille itimate too. L T)e only ille itimate relations)ip t)at can .rin a.o't parricide is t)at .et#een parents and ille itimate c)ildren as t)e offender and t)e offended parties. "ll'stration7 A is the parent of B, the illegitimate daughter* B married " and they +egot a legitimate child 5* %f 5, daughter of B and ", would ill A, the grandmother, the crime cannot +e parricide anymore +ecause of the intervening illegitimacy* T)e relations)ip .et#een A and E is no lon er le itimate. 0ence1 t)e crime committed is )omicide or m'rder. L A1 an ille itimate son of @1 #)o Iilled t)e le itimate fat)er of t)e latter1 is not 'ilty of -arricide .eca'se in case of ot)er ascendants ( randparents1 reat randparents1 etc.)1 t)e relations)ip #it) t)e Iiller m'st .e le itimate. T)e same is tr'e #it) ot)er descendants C t)at is1 randc)ildren1 reat randc)ildren1 etc. L T)e c)ild s)o'ld not .e less t)an 3 days old. ?t)er#ise1 t)e offense is infanticide
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* !hat the mother illed her child in order to conceal her dishonor is not mitigating . T)is is immaterial to t)e crime of parricide1 'nliIe in t)e case of infanticide. "f t)e c)ild is less t)an t)ree days old #)en Iilled1 t)e crime is infanticide and intent to conceal )er dis)onor is considered miti atin . L 3elations)ip m'st .e alle ed * %n illing a spouse, there must +e a valid su+sisting marriage at the time of the illing* Also, the information should allege the fact of such valid marriage +etween the accused and the victim* L "n a r'lin .y t)e B'preme Co'rt1 it #as )eld t)at if the information did not allege that the accused was legally married to the victim, he could not +e convicted of parricide even if the marriage was esta+lished during the trial* "n s'c) cases1 relations)ip s)all .e appreciated as eneric a ra$atin circ'mstance. L T)e B'preme Co'rt )as also r'led t)at )uslim hus+ands with several wives can +e convicted of parricide only in case the first wife is illed. T)ere is no parricide if t)e ot)er #i$es are Iilled alt)o' ) t)eir marria e is reco niJed as $alid. T)is is so .eca'se a Cat)olic man can commit t)e crime only once. "f a M'slim )'s.and co'ld commit t)is crime more t)an once1 in effect1 )e is .ein p'nis)ed for t)e marria e #)ic) t)e la# itself a't)oriJed )im to contract. L A stran er #)o cooperates in committin parricide is lia.le for m'rder or )omicide L Bince parricide is a crime of relations)ip1 if a stranger conspired in the commission of the crime, he cannot +e held lia+le for parricide . 0is participation #o'ld maIe )im lia.le for m'rder or for )omicide1 as t)e case may .e. !he rule of conspiracy that the act of one is the act of all does not apply here +ecause of the personal relationship of the offender to the offended party . "ll'stration7 A spo'se of @ conspires #it) C to Iill @. C is t)e stran er in t)e relations)ip. C Iilled @ #it) treac)ery. T)e means employed is made Ino#n to A and A a reed t)at t)e Iillin #ill .e done .y poisonin . As far as A is concerned1 t)e crime is .ased on )is relations)ip #it) @. "t is t)erefore parricide. T)e treac)ery t)at #as employed in Iillin @on #ill only .e eneric a ra$atin circ'mstance in t)e crime of parricide .eca'se t)is is not one crime t)at reA'ires a A'alifyin circ'mstance. @'t t)at same treac)ery1 insofar as C is concerned1 as a stran er #)o cooperated in t)e Iillin 1 maIes t)e crime m'rder; treac)ery .ecomes a A'alifyin circ'mstance. L E$en if t)e offender did not Ino# t)at t)e person )e )ad Iilled is )is son1 )e is still lia.le for parricide .eca'se t)e law does not re.uire nowledge of the relationship L Article 365 e2pressly pro$ides t)at parricide can +e committed through rec less imprudence . T)e penalty #ill not .e 'nder Article 246 .'t 'nder Article 365. L Bimilarly1 parricide can +e committed +y mista e. T)is is demonstrated in a sit'ation #)ere a person #antin to Iill a stran er1 Iills )is o#n fat)er .y mistaIe. Alt)o' ) t)e crime committed is parricide1 t)e offender #ill not .e p'nis)ed 'nder Article 246 .'t 'nder Article 4(1 #)ic) prescri.es a penalty m'c) lo#er t)an t)at pro$ided 'nder Article 246.
Article 7"0 )EAT+ OR .+YSICAL IN?URIES UN)ER EDCE.TIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES Re$uisites# 2* A legall! married person or parent s$rprises his spo$se or da$ghter , the latter must +e under 2J and living with them) in the act of committing se)$al interco$rse with another person 2. =e*she +ills an! or both of them or inflicts $pon an! or both of them an! serio$s ph!sical in3$r! in the act or immediatel! thereafter
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0. =e has not promoted or facilitated the prostit$tion of his wife or da$ghter, or that he has not consented to the infidelit! of the other spo$se. Notes# L Article does not define or penaliJe a felony L Article 24!1 far from definin a felony merely rants a pri$ile e or .enefit1 more of an e2emptin circ'mstance as t)e penalty is intended more for t)e protection of t)e acc'sed t)an a p'nis)ment. 5eath under exceptional character can not +e .ualified +y either aggravating or mitigating circumstances* L "f t)e acc'sed fails to esta.lis) t)e circ'mstances called for in Article 24!1 )eNs)e #ill .e 'ilty of -arricide and M'rder or 0omicide if t)e $ictims #ere Iilled. L >ot necessary t)at t)e parent .e le itimate L Article applies only #)en t)e da' )ter is sin le H SUR.RISE# means to come 'pon s'ddenly or 'ne2pectedly L Art 24! is applica.le #)en t)e acc'sed did not see )is spo'se in t)e act se2'al interco'rse #it) anot)er person. 0o#e$er1 it is eno' ) t)at circ'mstances reasona.ly s)o# t)at t)e carnal act is .ein committed or )as .een committed L "t is not necessary t)at t)e spo'se act'ally sa# t)e se2'al interco'rse .ein committed. "t is eno' ) t)at )eNs)e s'rprised t)em 'nder s'c) circ'mstances t)at no ot)er reasona.le concl'sion can .e inferred .'t t)at a carnal act #as .ein performed or )as /'st .een committed. L T)e article does not apply #)ere t)e #ife #as not s'rprised in fla rant ad'ltery .'t #as .ein a.'sed .y a man as in t)is case t)ere #ill .e defense of relation. L "f t)e offender s'rprised a co'ple in se2'al interco'rse1 and .elie$in t)e #oman to .e )is #ife1 Iilled t)em1 t)is article may .e applied if t)e mistaIe of facts is pro$ed. L T)e .enefits of t)is article do not apply to t)e person #)o consented to t)e infidelity of )is spo'se or #)o facilitated t)e prostit'tion of )is #ife. L Be2'al interco'rse does not incl'de preparatory acts L Bo if t)e s'rprisin tooI place .efore any act'al se2'al interco'rse co'ld .e done .eca'se t)e parties are only in t)eir preliminaries1 t)e article cannot .e in$oIed anymore. H IMME)IATELY T+EREA*TER# means t)at t)e disco$ery1 escape1 p'rs'it and t)e Iillin m'st all form parts of one contin'o's act L T)e p)rase Fimmediately t)ereafterH )as .een interpreted to mean t)at .et#een t)e s'rprisin and t)e Iillin of t)e inflictin of t)e p)ysical in/'ry1 t)ere s)o'ld .e no .reaI of time. "n ot)er #ords1 it m'st .e a contin'o's process. L "f t)ere #as already a .reaI of time .et#een t)e se2'al act and t)e Iillin or inflictin of t)e in/'ry1 t)e la# pres'pposes t)at t)e offender re ained )is reason and t)erefore1 t)e article #ill not apply anymore. L T)e Iillin m'st .e t)e direct .y4prod'ct of t)e ra e of t)e acc'sed L Article 24! does not pro$ide t)at t)e $ictim is to .e Iilled instantly .y t)e acc'sed after s'rprisin )is spo'se in t)e act of interco'rse. 5)at is reA'ired is t)at t)e Iillin is t)e pro2imate res'lt of t)e o'tra e o$er#)elmin t)e acc'sed 'pon t)e disco$ery of t)e infidelity of )is spo'se. T)e Iillin s)o'ld )a$e .een act'ally moti$ated .y t)e same .lind imp'lse. L >o criminal lia.ility is inc'rred #)en less serio's or sli )t p)ysical in/'ries are inflicted. Moreo$er1 in case t)ird persons ca' )t in t)e crossfire s'ffer p)ysical in/'ries1 t)e acc'sed is not lia.le. T)e principle t)at one is lia.le for t)e conseA'ences of )is felonio's act is not applica.le .eca'se )e is not committin a felony
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L "n t)e case of .eo1le %' A&arca2 !-: SCRA 0:-2 t#o persons s'ffered p)ysical in/'ries as t)ey #ere ca' )t in t)e crossfire #)en t)e acc'sed s)ot t)e $ictim. A comple2 crime of do'.le fr'strated m'rder #as not committed as t)e acc'sed did not )a$e t)e intent to Iill t)e t#o $ictims. 0ere1 t)e acc'sed did not commit m'rder #)en )e fired at t)e paramo'r of )is #ife. "nflictin deat) 'nder e2ceptional circ'mstances is not m'rder. T)e acc'sed #as )eld lia.le for ne li ence 'nder t)e first part1 second para rap) of Article 3651 t)at is1 less serio's p)ysical in/'ries t)ro' ) simple ne li ence. >o a.erratio ict's .eca'se )e #as actin la#f'lly. L A person #)o acts 'nder Article 24! is not committin a crime. Bince t)is is merely an e2emptin circ'mstance1 t)e accused must first +e charged with: (1) (2) (3) (4) -arricide C if t)e spo'se is Iilled; M'rder or )omicide C dependin on )o# t)e Iillin #as done insofar as t)e paramo'r or t)e mistress is concerned; 0omicide C t)ro' ) simple ne li ence1 if a t)ird party is Iilled; -)ysical in/'ries C t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence1 if a t)ird party is in/'red.
L %f death results or the physical in9uries are serious1 t)ere is criminal lia.ility alt)o' ) t)e penalty is only destierro. T)e .anis)ment is intended more for t)e protection of t)e offender rat)er t)an a penalty. L %f the crime committed is less serious physical in9uries or slight physical in9uries 1 t)ere is no criminal lia.ility. Article 7"5 MUR)ER ELEMENTS # 1. That a person was +illed. 2. That the acc$sed +illed him. 0. That the +illing was attended b! an! of the following 1$alif!ing circ$mstances a. with treacher!, ta+ing advantage of s$perior strength, with the aid or armed men, or emplo!ing means to wea+en the defense or of means or persons to ins$re or afford imp$nit! b. in consideration of price, reward or promise c. b! means of in$ndation, fire, poison, e)plosion, shipwrec+, stranding of vessel, derailment or assa$lt $pon a street car or locomotive, fall of airship, b! means of motor vehicles or with the $se of an! other means involving great waste or r$in d. on occasion of an! of the calamities en$merated in the preceding paragraph, or of an earth1$a+e, er$ption of a volcano, destr$ctive c!clone, epidemic or an! other p$blic calamit! e. with evident premeditation f. with cr$elt!, b! deliberatel! and inh$manel! a$gmenting the s$ffering of the victim or o$traging or scoffing at his person or corpse
6. The +illing is not parricide or infanticide.
Notes# L 5)ile t)e circ'mstance of 3+y a +and4 is not amon t)ose en'merated t)at co'ld A'alify Iillin to m'rder1 it #o'ld seem t)at if t)e Iillers constit'ted a .and1 t)e crime is m'rder .eca'se t)e circ'mstance of 3with the aid of armed men4 is incl'ded in t)e A'alifyin circ'mstances.
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L T)e $ictim m'st .e Iilled in order to cons'mmate t)e offense. ?t)er#ise1 it #o'ld .e attempted or fr'strated m'rder L Dillin a person #it) treac)ery is m'rder e$en if t)ere is no intent to Iill. ,People vs. #agoco, 57 Phil. 50@) L Any of t)e A'alifyin circ'mstances m'st .e alle ed in t)e information. ?t)er#ise1 t)ey #ill only .e considered as eneric a ra$atin circ'mstances L 5)en t)e ot)er circ'mstances are a.sor.ed or incl'ded in one A'alifyin circ'mstance1 t)ey cannot .e treated or separated as eneric a ra$atin circ'mstances. ,People vs. 4emalante, A2 Phil. 67) L Treac)ery and premeditation are in)erent in m'rder #it) t)e 'se of poison Ortega Notes# In mur,er2 any o the ollowing $uali ying circumstances is 1resent# (1) !reachery, ta ing advantage of superior strength, aid or armed men, or employing means to wa en the defense, or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity1 T)ere is treac)ery #)en t)e offender commits any of t)e crimes a ainst t)e person employin means1 met)ods or forms in t)e e2ec'tion t)ereof t)at tend directly and especially to ins're its e2ec'tion #it)o't risI to )imself arisin from t)e defense #)ic) t)e offended party mi )t maIe. T)is circ'mstance in$ol$es means1 met)ods1 form in t)e e2ec'tion of t)e Iillin #)ic) may act'ally .e an a ra$atin circ'mstance also1 in #)ic) case1 t)e treac)ery a.sor.s t)e same. "ll'stration7 A person #)o is determined to Iill resorted to t)e co$er of darIness at ni )ttime to ins're t)e Iillin . >oct'rnity .ecomes a means t)at constit'tes treac)ery and t)e Iillin #o'ld .e m'rder. @'t if t)e a ra$atin circ'mstance of noct'rnity is considered .y itself1 it is not one of t)ose #)ic) A'alify a )omicide to m'rder. ?ne mi )t t)inI t)e Iillin is )omicide 'nless noct'rnity is considered as constit'tin treac)ery1 in #)ic) case t)e crime is m'rder. T)e essence of treachery is t)at t)e offended party #as denied t)e c)ance to defend )imself .eca'se of t)e means1 met)ods1 form in e2ec'tin t)e crime deli.erately adopted .y t)e offender. "t is a matter of #)et)er or not t)e offended party #as denied t)e c)ance of defendin )imself. "f t)e offended #as denied t)e c)ance to defend )imself1 treac)ery A'alifies t)e Iillin to m'rder. "f despite t)e means resorted to .y t)e offender1 t)e offended #as a.le to p't 'p a defense1 alt)o' ) 'ns'ccessf'l1 treac)ery is not a$aila.le. "nstead1 some ot)er circ'mstance may .e present. Consider no# #)et)er s'c) ot)er circ'mstance A'alifies t)e Iillin or not. "ll'stration7 %f the offender used superior strength and the victim was denied the chance to defend himself, there is treachery. T)e treac)ery m'st .e alle ed in t)e information * But if the victim was a+le to put up an unsuccessful resistance 1 t)ere is no more treac)ery .'t t)e 'se of s'perior stren t) can .e alle ed and it also A'alifies t)e Iillin to m'rder. #ne attendant .ualifying circumstance is enough* "f t)ere are more t)an one A'alifyin circ'mstance alle ed in t)e information for m'rder1 only one circ'mstance #ill A'alify t)e Iillin to m'rder and t)e ot)er circ'mstances #ill .e taIen as eneric. !o +e considered .ualifying, the particular circumstance must +e alleged in the information . "f #)at #as alle ed #as not pro$en and instead anot)er circ'mstance1 not alle ed1 #as esta.lis)ed d'rin t)e trial1 e$en if t)e latter constit'tes a A'alifyin circ'mstance 'nder Article 24%1 t)e same can not A'alify t)e Iillin to m'rder. T)e acc'sed can only .e con$icted of )omicide. Kenerally1 murder cannot +e committed if at the +eginning, the offended had no intent to ill +ecause the .ualifying circumstances must +e resorted to with a view of illing the offended party*
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Bo if t)e Iillin #ere at t)e Fsp'r of t)e momentH1 e$en t)o' ) t)e $ictim #as denied t)e c)ance to defend )imself .eca'se of t)e s'ddenness of t)e attacI1 t)e crime #o'ld only .e )omicide. Treac)ery contemplates t)at t)e means1 met)ods and form in t)e e2ec'tion #ere conscio'sly adopted and deli.erately resorted to .y t)e offender1 and #ere not merely incidental to t)e Iillin . %f the offender may have not intended to ill the victim +ut he only wanted to commit a crime against him in the +eginning, he will still +e lia+le for murder if in the manner of committing the felony there was treachery and as a conse.uence thereof the victim died* T)is is .ased on t)e r'le t)at a person committin a felony s)all .e lia.le for t)e conseA'ences t)ereof alt)o' ) different from t)at #)ic) )e intended. "ll'stration7 !he accused, three young men, resented the fact that the victim continued to visit a girl in their neigh+orhood despite the warning they gave him* So one evening, after the victim had visited the girl, they sei,ed and tied him to a tree, with +oth arms and legs around the tree* !hey thought they would give him a lesson +y whipping him with +ranches of gumamela until the victim fell unconscious* !he accused left not nowing that the victim died* T)e crime committed #as m'rder. T)e acc'sed depri$ed t)e $ictim of t)e c)ance to defend )imself #)en t)e latter #as tied to a tree. Treac)ery is a circ'mstance referrin to t)e manner of committin t)e crime. T)ere #as no risI to t)e acc'sed arisin from t)e defense .y t)e $ictim. Alt)o' ) #)at #as initially intended #as p)ysical in/'ry1 t)e manner adopted .y t)e acc'sed #as treac)ero's and since t)e $ictim died as a conseA'ence t)ereof1 t)e crime is m'rder 44 alt)o' ) ori inally1 t)ere #as no intent to Iill. When the victim is already dead, intent to ill +ecomes irrelevant . "t is important only if t)e $ictim did not die to determine if t)e felony is p)ysical in/'ry or attempted or fr'strated )omicide. Bo lon as t)e means1 met)ods and form in t)e e2ec'tion is deli.erately adopted1 e$en if t)ere #as no intent to Iill1 t)ere is treac)ery. (2) (3) %n consideration of price, reward or promises1 %nundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwrec , stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a street car or locomotive, fall of an airship, +y means of a motor vehicle, or with the use of other means involving great waste and ruin1 T)e only pro.lem insofar as t)e Iillin .y fire is concerned is #)et)er it #o'ld .e arson #it) )omicide1 or m'rder. 5)en a person is Iilled .y fire1 t)e primordial criminal intent of t)e offender is considered. %f the primordial criminal intent of the offender is to ill and fire was only used as a means to do so, the crime is only murder* %f the primordial criminal intent of the offender is to destroy property with the use of pyrotechnics and incidentally, some+ody within the premises is illed, the crime is arson with homicide. @'t t)is is not a comple2 crime 'nder Article 4%. T)is is sin le indi$isi.le crime penaliJed 'nder Article 3261 #)ic) is deat) as a conseA'ence of arson. T)at some.ody died d'rin s'c) fire #o'ld not .rin a.o't m'rder .eca'se t)ere is no intent to Iill in t)e mind of t)e offender. 0e intended only to destroy property. 0o#e$er1 a )i )er penalty #ill .e applied. L 5)en Iillin #as accomplis)ed F.y means of fireH alle ed in t)e information1 it does not A'alify Iillin to M'rder 'nless t)e 'se of fire #as employed to Iill t)e $ictim. "n .eo1le %' .ugay an, Samson2 !/0 SCRA ":62 t)ere #as a to#n fiesta and t)e t#o acc'sed #ere at t)e to#n plaJa #it) t)eir companions. All #ere 'proario'sly )appy1 apparently drenc)ed #it) drinI. T)en1 t)e ro'p sa# t)e $ictim1 a 25 year old retard #alIin near.y and t)ey made )im dance .y ticIlin )is sides #it) a piece of #ood. T)e $ictim and t)e acc'sed -' ay #ere friends and1 at times1 slept in t)e same place to et)er. 0a$in otten .ored #it) t)eir form of entertainment1 acc'sed -' ay #ent and ot a can of asoline and po'red it all o$er t)e retard. T)en1 t)e acc'sed Bamson lit )im 'p1 maIin )im a frenJied1 s)rieIin )'man torc). T)e retard died.
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"t #as )eld t)at -' ay #as 'ilty of )omicide t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence. Bamson only 'ilty of )omicide1 #it) t)e miti atin circ'mstance of no intention to commit so ra$e a #ron . T)ere #as no animosity .et#een t)e t#o acc'sed and t)e $ictim s'c) t)at it cannot .e said t)at t)ey resort to fire to Iill )im. "t #as merely a part of t)eir f'n maIin .'t .eca'se t)eir acts #ere felonio's1 t)ey are criminally lia.le. (4) (5) #n occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in the preceding paragraph c, or an earth.ua e, eruption of volcano, destructive cyclone, epidemic or any other pu+lic calamity1 Evident premeditation; and
L 5)en t)e act'al $ictim t'rns o't to .e different from t)e intended $ictim1 premeditation is not a ra$atin . ,People vs. G$illen, 75 Phil. 0@.) (6) "ruelty, +y deli+erately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the victim, or outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse* Cr'elty incl'des t)e sit'ation #)ere t)e $ictim is already dead and yet1 acts #ere committed #)ic) #o'ld decry or scoff t)e corpse of t)e $ictim. T)e crime .ecomes m'rder. 0ence1 t)is is not act'ally limited to cr'elty. "t oes .eyond t)at .eca'se e$en if t)e $ictim is already a corpse #)en t)e acts deli.erately a' mentin t)e #ron done to )im #ere committed1 t)e Iillin is still A'alified to m'rder alt)o' ) t)e acts done no lon er amo'nt to cr'elty. &nder Article 2<, the generic aggravating circumstance of cruelty re.uires that the victim +e alive, when the cruel wounds were inflicted and, therefore, must +e evidence to that effect* Bet, in murder, aside from cruelty, any act that would amount to scoffing or decrying the corpse of the victim will .ualify the illing to murder* "ll'stration7 T#o people en a ed in a A'arrel and t)ey )acIed eac) ot)er1 one Iillin t)e ot)er. :p to t)at point1 t)e crime is )omicide. 0o#e$er1 if t)e Iiller tried to dismem.er t)e different parts of t)e .ody of t)e $ictim1 indicati$e of an intention to scoff at or decry or )'miliate t)e corpse of t)e $ictim1 t)en #)at #o'ld )a$e m'rder .eca'se t)is circ'mstance is reco niJed 'nder Article 24%1 e$en t)o' ) it #as inflicted or #as committed #)en t)e $ictim #as already dead. The following are holdings of the 2$preme #o$rt with respect to the crime of m$rder" (1) (2) (3 (4) (5) Dillin of a c)ild of tender a e is m'rder A'alified .y treac)ery .eca'se t)e #eaIness of t)e c)ild d'e to )is tender a e res'lts in t)e a.sence of any dan er to t)e a ressor. E$ident premeditation is a.sor.ed in price1 re#ard or promise1 if #it)o't t)e premeditation t)e ind'ctor #o'ld not )a$e ind'ced t)e ot)er to commit t)e act .'t not as re ards t)e one ind'ced. A.'se of s'perior stren t) is in)erent in and compre)ended .y t)e circ'mstance of treac)ery or forms part of treac)ery. Treac)ery is in)erent in poison. 5)ere one of t)e acc'sed1 #)o #ere c)ar ed #it) m'rder1 #as t)e #ife of t)e deceased .'t )ere relations)ip to t)e deceased #as not alle ed in t)e information1 s)e also s)o'ld .e con$icted of m'rder .'t t)e relations)ip s)o'ld .e appreciated as a ra$atin . Dillin of t)e $ictims )it .y )and renade t)ro#n at t)em is m'rder A'alified .y e2plosion not .y treac)ery. 5)ere t)e acc'sed )o'semaid a ed a t)ree year old .oy1 son of )er master1 #it) stocIin s1 placed )im in a .o2 #it) )ead do#n and le s 'p#ard and co$ered t)e .o2 #it) some sacIs and ot)er .o2es1 and t)e c)ild instantly died .eca'se of s'ffocation1 and t)en t)e acc'sed demanded ransom from t)e parents1 s'c) did not con$ert t)e offense into Iidnappin #it) m'rder. T)e acc'sed #as #ell a#are t)at t)e c)ild co'ld .e s'ffocated to deat) in a fe# min'tes after s)e left. 3ansom #as only a part of t)e dia.olical sc)eme to m'rder t)e c)ild1 to conceal )is .ody and t)en demand money .efore disco$ery of t)e .ody.
(6) (!)
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L T)e essence of Iidnappin or serio's ille al detention is t)e act'al confinement or restraint of t)e $ictim or depri$ation of )is li.erty. %f there is no showing that the accused intended to deprive their victims of their li+erty for some time and there +eing no apprecia+le interval +etween their +eing ta en and their +eing shot, murder and not idnapping with murder is committed*
Article 7"6 +OMICI)E ELEMENTS# 1. That a person was +illed. 2. That the acc$sed +illed him witho$t an! 3$stif!ing circ$mstances. 0. That the acc$sed had the intention to +ill, which is pres$med. 6. That the +illing was not attended b! an! of the 1$alif!ing circ$mstances of m$rder, or b! that of parricide or infanticide. Notes# L 0omicide is t)e 'nla#f'l Iillin of a person not constit'tin m'rder1 parricide or infanticide. L "ntent to Iill is concl'si$ely pres'med #)en deat) res'lted. 0ence1 e$idence of intent to Iill is reA'ired only in attempted or fr'strated )omicide L "n all crimes a ainst persons in #)ic) t)e deat) of t)e $ictim is an element1 t)ere m'st .e satisfactory e$idence of (1) t)e fact of deat) and (2) t)e identity of t)e $ictim Eistinction .et#een )omicide and p)ysical in/'ries7 %n attempted or frustrated homicide1 t)ere is intent to Iill. %n physical in9uries1 t)ere is none. =owever1 if as a res'lt of t)e p)ysical in/'ries inflicted1 t)e $ictim died1 t)e crime #ill .e )omicide .eca'se t)e la# p'nis)es t)e res'lt1 and not t)e intent of t)e act. The ollowing are hol,ings o the Su1reme Court with res1ect to the crime o homici,e# (1) (2) -)ysical in/'ries are incl'ded as one of t)e essential elements of fr'strated )omicide. "f t)e deceased recei$ed t#o #o'nds from t#o persons actin independently of eac) ot)er and t)e #o'nd inflicted .y eit)er co'ld )a$e ca'sed deat)1 .ot) of t)em are lia.le for t)e deat) of t)e $ictim and eac) of t)em is 'ilty of )omicide. "f t)e in/'ries #ere mortal .'t #ere only d'e to ne li ence1 t)e crime committed #ill .e serio's p)ysical in/'ries t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence as t)e element of intent to Iill in fr'strated )omicide is incompati.le #it) ne li ence or impr'dence. 5)ere t)e intent to Iill is not manifest1 t)e crime committed )as .een enerally considered as p)ysical in/'ries and not attempted or fr'strated m'rder or )omicide. 5)en se$eral assailants not actin in conspiracy inflicted #o'nds on a $ictim .'t it cannot .e determined #)o inflicted #)ic) #o'ld #)ic) ca'sed t)e deat) of t)e $ictim1 all are lia.le for t)e $ictimGs deat).
(3)
(4) (5)
L >ote t)at #)ile it is possi.le to )a$e a crime of )omicide t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence1 it is not possi.le to )a$e a crime of fr'strated )omicide t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence. L "f a .o2er Iilled )is opponent in a .o2in .o't d'ly licensed .y t)e Ko$ernment #it)o't any $iolation of t)e o$ernin r'les and re 'lations1 t)ere is no 0omicide to speaI of. "f )e )it )is opponent .elo# t)e .elt
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#it)o't any intention to do so1 it is 0omicide T)ro' ) 3ecIless "mpr'dence if t)e latter died as a res'lt. "f )e intentionally )it )is opponent on t)at part of )is .ody ca'sin t)e deat)1 t)e crime is 0omicide. L T)e s)ootin of a peace officer #)o #as f'lly a#are of t)e risIs in p'rs'in t)e malefactors #)en done in a sp'r of t)e moment is only 0omicide. ,People vs. Porras, 255 2#4A 516=' #ommon misconception on the meaning of corp$s delicti. "orpus delicti means +ody of the crime* "t does not refer to t)e .ody of t)e m'rdered person. "n all crimes a ainst persons in #)ic) t)e deat) of t)e $ictim is an element of t)e crime1 t)ere m'st .e proof of t)e fact of deat) and identity of t)e $ictim. ,#orte' vs. #o$rt of Appeals, 1;2 2#4A 10A) Article 7-8 .ENALTY *OR *RUSTRATE) .ARRICI)E2 MUR)ER OR +OMICI)E Article 7-! )EAT+ IN A TUMULTOUS A**RAY ELEMENTS# 1. That there be several persons. 2. That the! did not compose gro$ps organi'ed for the common p$rpose of assa$lting and attac+ing each other reciprocall!. 0. That these several persons 1$arreled and assa$lted one another in a conf$sed and t$m$lt$o$s manner. 6. That someone was +illed in the co$rse of the affra!. 5. That it cannot be ascertained who act$all! +illed the deceased. ;. That the person or persons who inflicted serio$s ph!sical in3$ries or who $sed violence can be identified. Notes# L T'm'lt'o's affray e2ists #)en at least 4 persons taIe part in it L 5)en t)ere are 2 identified ro'ps of men #)o assa'lted eac) ot)er1 t)ere is no t'm'lt'o's affray Persons liable are" a. personNs #)o inflicted serio's p)ysical in/'ries .. if it is not Ino#n #)o inflicted serio's p)ysical in/'ries on t)e deceased1 all persons #)o 'sed $iolence 'pon t)e person of t)e $ictim L "f t)ose #)o act'ally Iilled t)e $ictim can .e determined1 t)ey #ill .e t)e ones to .e )eld lia.le1 and t)ose #)o inflicted serio's or less serio's or sli )t p)ysical in/'ries s)all .e p'nis)ed for said correspondin offenses pro$ided no conspiracy is esta.lis)ed #it) t)e Iillers. TUMULTUOUS A**RAY simply means a commotion in a t'm'lt'o's and conf'sed manner1 to s'c) an e2tent t)at it #o'ld not .e possi.le to identify #)o t)e Iiller is if deat) res'lts1 or #)o inflicted t)e serio's p)ysical in/'ry1 .'t t)e person or persons #)o 'sed $iolence are Ino#n. L "t is not a t'm'lt'o's affray #)ic) .rin s a.o't t)e crime; it is t)e ina.ility to ascertain act'al perpetrator. "t is necessary t)at t)e $ery person #)o ca'sed t)e deat) can not .e Ino#n1 not t)at )e can not .e identified. @eca'se if )e is Ino#n .'t only )is identity is not Ino#n1 t)en )e #ill .e c)ar ed for t)e crime of )omicide or m'rder 'nder a fictitio's name and not deat) in a t'm'lt'o's affray. "f t)ere is a conspiracy1 t)is crime is not committed. To be considered death in a t$m$lt$o$s affra!, there m$st be" (1) a A'arrel1 a free4for4all1 #)ic) s)o'ld not in$ol$e or aniJed ro'p; and
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(2) someone #)o is in/'red or Iilled .eca'se of t)e fi )t.
L T)e person Iilled in t)e affray need not .e one of t)e participants. L As lon as it cannot .e determined #)o Iilled t)e $ictim1 all of t)ose persons #)o inflicted serio's p)ysical in/'ries #ill .e collecti$ely ans#era.le for t)e deat) of t)at fello#. The 4evised Penal #ode sets priorities as to who ma! be liable for the death or ph!sical in3$r! in t$m$lt$o$s affra!" (1) (2) (3) T)e persons #)o inflicted serio's p)ysical in/'ry 'pon t)e $ictim; "f t)ey co'ld not .e Ino#n1 t)en anyone #)o may )a$e employed $iolence on t)at person #ill ans#er for )is deat). "f no.ody co'ld still .e traced to )a$e employed $iolence 'pon t)e $ictim1 no.ody #ill ans#er. T)e crimes committed mi )t .e dist'r.ance of p'.lic order1 or if participants are armed1 it co'ld .e t'm'lt'o's dist'r.ance1 or if property #as destroyed1 it co'ld .e malicio's misc)ief.
Article 7-7 .+YSICAL IN?URIES IN*LICTE) IN A TUMULTOUS A**RAY ELEMENTS# 1. that there is a t$m$lt$o$s affra! as referred to in the preceding article. 2. That a participant or some participants thereof s$ffer serio$s ph!sical in3$ries or ph!sical in3$ries of a less serio$s nat$re onl!. 0. that the person responsible therefor cannot be identified. 6. That all those who appear to have $sed violence $pon the person of the offended part! are +nown. L :nliIe in Article 2511 #)ere t)e $ictim need not .e one of t)e participants , the in9ured party in the crime of physical in9uries inflicted in tumultuous affray must +e one or some of those involved in the .uarrel* * %n physical in9uries caused in a tumultuous affray 1 t)e conditions are also t)e same. But you do not have a crime of physical in9uries resulting from a tumultuous affray if the physical in9ury is only slight* T)e p)ysical in/'ry s)o'ld .e serio's or less serio's and res'ltin from a t'm'lt'o's affray. Bo anyone #)o may )a$e employed $iolence #ill ans#er for s'c) serio's or less serio's p)ysical in/'ry. L "f t)e p)ysical in/'ry s'stained is only sli )t1 t)is is considered as in)erent in a t'm'lt'o's affray. T)e offended party cannot complain if )e cannot identify #)o inflicted t)e sli )t p)ysical in/'ries on )im. L >ote t)at in sli )t p)ysical in/'ries is inflicted in t)e t'm'lt'o's affray and the identity of the offender is esta+lished1 t)e pro$isions of t)is article #ill not .e o.ser$ed. "nstead1 t)e offender s)all .e prosec'ted in t)e ordinary co'rse of la#. Article 7-: GI(ING ASSISTANCE TO SUICI)E Acts 1unisha&le# 1. Assisting another to commit s$icide, whether the s$icide is cons$mmated or not 2. Lending his assistance to another to commit s$icide to the e)tent of doing the +illing himself Notes# L Ki$in assistance to s'icide means i$in means (arms1 poison1 etc.) or #)ate$er manner of positi$e and direct cooperation (intellect'al aid1 s' estions re ardin t)e mode of committin s'icide1 etc.). L A person #)o attempts to commit s'icide is not criminally lia.le
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L "n t)is crime1 t)e intention m'st .e for t)e person #)o is asIin t)e assistance of anot)er to commit s'icide. L "f t)e intention is not to commit s'icide1 as #)en )e /'st #anted to )a$e a pict're taIen of )im to impress 'pon t)e #orld t)at )e is committin s'icide .eca'se )e is not satisfied #it) t)e o$ernment1 t)e crime is )eld to .e inciting to sedition* 6 0e .ecomes a co4conspirator in t)e crime of incitin to sedition1 .'t not of i$in assistance to s'icide .eca'se t)e assistance m'st .e i$en to one #)o is really determined to commit s'icide. L A pre nant #oman #)o tried to commit s'icide .y means of poison .'t instead of dyin 1 t)e fet's in )er #om. #as e2pelled1 is not lia.le for a.ortion * Assistance to suicide is different from mercy8 illing . E't)anasiaNmercy4Iillin is t)e practice of painlessly p'ttin to deat) a person s'fferin from some inc'ra.le disease. "n t)is case1 t)e person does not #ant to die. A doctor who resorts to euthanasia may +e held lia+le for murder L "f t)e person does t)e Iillin )imself1 t)e penalty is similar to t)at of )omicide1 #)ic) is recl'sion temporal. T)ere can .e no A'alifyin circ'mstance .eca'se t)e determination to die m'st come from t)e $ictim. T)is does not contemplate e't)anasia or mercy Iillin #)ere t)e crime is m'rder1 if #it)o't consent; if #it) consent1 co$ered .y Article 253. L "n mercy @illing1 t)e $ictim is not in a position to commit s'icide. 5)oe$er #o'ld )eed )is ad$ice is not really i$in assistance to s'icide .'t doin t)e Iillin )imself. "n i$in assistance to s'icide1 t)e principal actor is t)e person committin t)e s'icide. L @ot) in e't)anasia and s'icide1 t)e intention to t)e end life comes from t)e $ictim )imself; ot)er#ise t)e article does not apply. T)e $ictim m'st persistently ind'ce t)e offender to end )is life. L -enalty is miti ated if s'icide is not s'ccessf'l L E$en if t)e s'icide did not materialiJe1 t)e person i$in assistance to s'icide is also lia.le .'t t)e penalty s)all .e one or t#o de rees lo#er dependin on #)et)er it is fr'strated or attempted s'icide. The following are holdings of the 2$preme #o$rt with respect to this crime" (1) (2) T)e crime is fr'strated if t)e offender i$es t)e assistance .y doin t)e Iillin )imself as firin 'pon t)e )ead of t)e $ictim .'t #)o did not die d'e to medical assistance. T)e person attemptin to commit s'icide is not lia.le if )e s'r$i$es. T)e acc'sed is lia.le if )e Iills t)e $ictim1 )is s#eet)eart1 .eca'se of a s'icide pact.
Article 7-" )ISC+ARGE O* *IREARMS ELEMENTS# 1. that the offender discharges a firearm against or at another person. 2. That the offender has no intention to +ill that person. Notes# L T)is crime cannot .e committed t)ro' ) impr'dence .eca'se it reA'ires t)at t)e disc)ar e m'st .e directed at anot)er. L T)e offender m'st s)oot at anot)er #it) any firearm #it)o't intention of Iillin )im. %f the firearm is not discharged at a person1 t)e act is not p'nis)ed 'nder t)is article L "f t)e firearm is directed at a person and t)e tri disc)ar e of firearm. er #as pressed .'t did not fire1 t)e crime is fr'strated
L "f t)e disc)ar e is not directed at a person1 t)e crime may constit'te alarm and scandal.
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L A disc)ar e to#ards t)e )o'se of t)e $ictim is not disc)ar e of firearm. ?n t)e ot)er )and1 firin a 'n a ainst t)e )o'se of t)e offended party at random1 not Ino#in in #)at part of t)e )o'se t)e people #ere1 it is only alarm 'nder art 155. L :s'ally1 t)e p'rpose of t)e offender is only to intimidate or fri )ten t)e offended party L "ntent to Iill is ne ated .y t)e fact t)at t)e distance .et#een t)e $ictim and t)e offender is 2** yards L A person can .e )eld lia.le for disc)ar e e$en if t)e 'n #as not pointed at t)e offended party #)en it fired for as lon as it #as initially aimed at or a ainst t)e offended party
The following are holdings of the 2$preme #o$rt with respect to this crime" (1) "f serio's p)ysical in/'ries res'lted from disc)ar e1 t)e crime committed is t)e comple2 crime of serio's p)ysical in/'ry #it) ille al disc)ar e of firearm1 or if less serio's p)ysical in/'ry1 t)e comple2 crime of less serio's p)ysical in/'ry #it) ille al disc)ar e of firearm #ill apply. +irin a 'n at a person e$en if merely to fri )ten )im constit'tes ille al disc)ar e of firearm.
(2)
L T)e 'n 'sed in t)e crime m'st .e licensed1 or t)e person 'sin t)e firearm m'st .e a't)oriJed to carry t)e same1 ot)er#ise1 in addition to t)e crime p'nis)ed 'nder t)is article1 acc'sed may also .e )eld lia.le for ille al possession of firearm 'nder 3ep'.lic Act >o. 1%66 as amended .y 3ep'.lic Act >o. %2(4. Article 7-IN*ANTICI)E ELEMENTS# 1. That a child was +illed. 2. That the deceased child was less than three da!s ,.2 ho$rs) of age. 0. That the acc$sed +illed the said child. Notes# L 5)en t)e offender is t)e fat)er1 mot)er or le itimate ascendant1 )e s)all s'ffer t)e penalty prescri.ed for parricide. "f t)e offender is any ot)er person1 t)e penalty is t)at for m'rder. "n eit)er case1 t)e proper A'alification for t)e offense is infanticide L E$en if t)e Iiller is t)e mot)er or t)e fat)er or t)e le itimate randparents1 t)e crime is still "nfanticide and not -arricide. T)e penalty )o#e$er1 is t)at for -arricide. "ll'stration7 An unmarried woman, A, gave +irth to a child, B* !o conceal her dishonor, A conspired with " to dispose of the child* " agreed and illed the child B +y +urying the child somewhere* %f the child was illed when the age of the child was three days old and a+ove already 1 t)e crime of A is parricide. T)e fact t)at t)e Iillin #as done to conceal )er dis)onor #ill not miti ate t)e criminal lia.ility anymore .eca'se concealment of dis)onor in Iillin t)e c)ild is not miti atin in parricide. %f the crime committed +y A is parricide +ecause the age of the child is three days old or a+ove, t)e crime of t)e co4conspirator C is m'rder. "t is not parricide .eca'se )e is not related to t)e $ictim. %f the child is less than three days old when illed 1 .ot) t)e mot)er and t)e stran er commits infanticide .eca'se infanticide is not predicated on t)e relation of t)e offender to t)e offended party .'t on t)e a e of t)e c)ild. "n s'c) a case1 concealment of dis)onor as a moti$e for t)e mot)er to )a$e t)e c)ild Iilled is miti atin .
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L 5)en infanticide is committed .y t)e mot)er or maternal randmot)er in order to conceal t)e dis)onor1 s'c) fact is only miti atin L T)e delinA'ent mot)er #)o claims t)at s)e committed t)e offense to conceal t)e dis)onor m'st .e of ood rep'tation. 0ence1 if s)e is a prostit'te1 s)e is not entitled to a lesser penalty .eca'se s)e )as no )onor to conceal * "oncealment of dishonor is not an element of infanticide . "t merely lo#ers t)e penalty. "f t)e c)ild is a.andoned #it)o't any intent to Iill and deat) res'lts as a conseA'ence1 t)e crime committed is not infanticide .'t a.andonment 'nder Article 2!6. L "f t)e p'rpose of t)e mot)er is to conceal )er dis)onor1 infanticide t)ro' ) impr'dence is not committed .eca'se t)e p'rpose of concealin t)e dis)onor is incompati.le #it) t)e a.sence of malice in c'lpa.le felonies. L T)ere is no infanticide #)en t)e c)ild #as .orn dead1 or alt)o' ) .orn ali$e it co'ld not s'stain an independent life #)en it #as Iilled L "n o'r st'dy of persons and family relations1 #e )a$e learned t)at .irt) determines personality. Bo fet's .ecomes a person .y t)e le al fact of .irt). T)e Ci$il Code pro$ides t)at1 if t)e fet's )ad an intra4'terine life of less t)an se$en (!) mont)s1 it #ill .e considered .orn only if it s'r$i$es 24 )o'rs after t)e 'm.ilical cord is c't. "f s'c) fet's is Iilled #it)in t)e 244)o'r period1 #e )a$e to determine if it #o'ld )a$e s'r$i$ed or it #o'ld )a$e died nonet)eless1 )ad it not .een Iilled. 6 A le al pro.lem occ'rs #)en a fet's )a$in an intra4'terine life of less t)an ! mont)s1 .orn ali$e1 is Iilled #it)in 24 )o'rs from t)e time t)e 'm.ilical cord is c't. T)is is so .eca'se t)ere is diffic'lty of determinin #)et)er t)e crime committed is infanticide or a.ortion. "n s'c) a sit'ation1 t)e co'rt may a$ail of e2pert testimony in order to )elp it arri$e at a concl'sion. Bo1 if it is s)o#n t)at t)e infant cannot s'r$i$e #it)in 24 )o'rs1 t)e crime committed is a+ortion; ot)er#ise if it can s'r$i$e1 t)e crime #o'ld .e infanticide* Article 7-/ INTENTIONAL ABORTION ELEMENTS# 1. That there is a pregnant woman. 2. That violence is e)erted, or dr$gs or beverages administered, or that the acc$sed otherwise acts $pon s$ch pregnant woman. 0. That as a res$lt of the $se of violence or dr$gs or beverages $pon her, or an! other act of the acc$sed, the fet$s dies, either in the womb or after having been e)pelled therefrom. 6. That the abortion is intended. Ortega Notes# Acts 1unishe, 1. 2. 3. :sin any $iolence 'pon t)e person of t)e pre nant #oman; Actin 1 .'t #it)o't 'sin $iolence1 #it)o't t)e consent of t)e #oman. (@y administerin dr' s or .e$era es 'pon s'c) pre nant #oman #it)o't )er consent.) Actin (.y administerin dr' s or .e$era es)1 #it) t)e consent of t)e pre nant #oman.
> A+ortion is the violent expulsion of a fetus from the maternal wom+ . "f t)e fet's )as .een deli$ered .'t it co'ld not s'.sist .y itself1 it is still a fet's and not a person. T)'s1 if it is Iilled1 t)e crime committed is a.ortion not infanticide. )istinction &etween in antici,e an, a&ortion
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"t is infanticide if t)e $ictim is already a person less t)at t)ree days old or !2 )o'rs and is $ia.le or capa.le of li$in separately from t)e mot)erGs #om.. "t is a+ortion if t)e $ictim is not $ia.le .'t remains to .e a fet's. > A+ortion is not a crime against the woman +ut against the fetus . "f mot)er as a conseA'ence of a.ortion s'ffers deat) or p)ysical in/'ries1 yo' )a$e a comple2 crime of m'rder or p)ysical in/'ries and a.ortion. > %n intentional a+ortion1 t)e offender m'st Ino# of t)e pre nancy .eca'se t)e partic'lar criminal intention is to ca'se an a.ortion. T)erefore1 t)e offender m'st )a$e Ino#n of t)e pre nancy for ot)er#ise1 )e #o'ld not try an a.ortion. 6 "f t)e #oman t'rns o't not to .e pre nant and someone performs an a.ortion 'pon )er1 )e is lia.le for an impossi.le crime if t)e #oman s'ffers no p)ysical in/'ry. "f s)e does1 t)e crime #ill .e )omicide1 serio's p)ysical in/'ries1 etc. 6 :nder t)e Article 4* of t)e Ci$il Code1 +irth determines personality. A person is considered .orn at t)e time #)en t)e 'm.ilical cord is c't. 0e t)en acA'ires a personality separate from t)e mot)er. 6 @'t e$en t)o' ) t)e 'm.ilical cord )as .een c't1 Article 41 of t)e Ci$il Code pro$ides t)at if t)e fet's )ad an intra4'terine life of less t)an se$en mont)s1 it m'st s'r$i$e at least 24 )o'rs after t)e 'm.ilical cord is c't for it to .e considered .orn. "ll'stration7 A mot)er deli$ered an offsprin #)ic) )ad an intra4'terine life of se$en mont)s. @efore t)e 'm.ilical cord is c't1 t)e c)ild #as Iilled. "f it co'ld .e s)o#n t)at )ad t)e 'm.ilical cord .een c't1 t)at c)ild1 if not Iilled1 #o'ld )a$e s'r$i$ed .eyond 24 )o'rs1 t)e crime is infanticide .eca'se t)at concei$ed c)ild is already considered .orn. "f it co'ld .e s)o#n t)at t)e c)ild1 if not Iilled1 #o'ld not )a$e s'r$i$ed .eyond 24 )o'rs1 t)e crime is a.ortion .eca'se #)at #as Iilled #as a fet's only. 6 "n a.ortion1 the concealment of dishonor as a motive of the mother to commit the a+ortion upon herself is mitigating. "t #ill also miti ate t)e lia.ility of t)e maternal randparent of t)e $ictim C t)e mot)er of t)e pre nant #oman C if t)e a.ortion #as done #it) t)e consent of t)e pre nant #oman. > %f the a+ortion was done +y the mother of the pregnant woman without the consent of the woman herself 1 e$en if it #as done to conceal dis)onor1 t)at circ'mstance #ill not miti ate )er criminal lia.ility. But if those who performed the a+ortion are the parents of the pregnant woman, or either of them, and the pregnant woman consented for the purpose of concealing her dishonor 1 t)e penalty is t)e same as t)at imposed 'pon t)e #oman #)o practiced t)e a.ortion 'pon )erself . > @rustrated a+ortion is committed if t)e fet's t)at is e2pelled is $ia.le and1 t)erefore1 not dead as a.ortion did not res'lt despite t)e employment of adeA'ate and s'fficient means to maIe t)e pre nant #oman a.ort. "f t)e means are not s'fficient or adeA'ate1 t)e crime #o'ld .e an impossi+le crime of a+ortion. "n cons'mmated a.ortion1 t)e fet's m'st .e dead. 6 ?ne #)o pers'ades )er sister to a.ort is a co4principal1 and one #)o looIs for a p)ysician to maIe )is s#eet)eart a.ort is an accomplice. T)e p)ysician #ill .e p'nis)ed 'nder Article 25( of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. Article 7-0 UNINTENTIONAL ABORTION ELEMENTS# 1. That there is a pregnant woman. 2. That violence is $sed $pon s$ch pregnant woman witho$t intending an abortion. 0. That the violence is intentionall! e)erted.
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6. That as a res$lt of the violence that fet$s dies, either in the womb or after having been e)pelled therefrom. Notes# L :nintentional a.ortion reA'ires p)ysical $iolence inflicted deli.erately and $ol'ntarily .y a t)ird person 'pon t)e person of t)e pre nant #oman. Mere intimidation is not eno' ) 'nless t)e de ree of intimidation already appro2imates $iolence. L "f t)e pre nant #oman a.orted .eca'se of intimidation1 t)e crime committed is not 'nintentional a.ortion .eca'se t)ere is no $iolence; t)e crime committed is li )t t)reats. L "f t)e pre nant #oman #as Iilled .y $iolence .y )er )'s.and1 t)e crime committed is t)e comple2 crime of parricide #it) 'nla#f'l a.ortion. L 5)ile t)ere is no intention on t)e part of t)e acc'sed to ca'se an a.ortion1 nonet)eless1 t)e $iolence t)at )e employs on t)e pre nant #oman m'st .e intentional. "n ot)er #ords1 only t)e a.ortion is 'nintended. L :nintentional a.ortion can also .e committed t)ro' ) ne li ence L :nintentional a.ortion may .e committed t)ro' ) ne li ence as it is eno' ) t)at t)e 'se of $iolence .e $ol'ntary. "ll'stration7 A A'arrel ens'ed .et#een A1 )'s.and1 and @1 #ife. A .ecame so an ry t)at )e str'cI @1 #)o #as t)en pre nant1 #it) a soft drinI .ottle on t)e )ip. A.ortion res'lted and @ died. L TaIe note t)at #)ile 'nintentional a.ortion appears to .e a crime t)at s)o'ld .e committed #it) deli.erate intent .eca'se of t)e reA'irement t)at t)e $iolence employed on t)e $ictim m'st .e intentional1 ne$ert)eless1 if t)e circ'mstances of t)e case /'stifies t)e application of t)e ot)er means of committin a felony (liIe culpa)1 t)en t)e same s)o'ld .e applied .'t t)e penalty #ill not .e t)e penalty pro$ided 'nder Article 25!. "nstead1 t)e offender s)all .e s'./ect to t)e penalty prescri.ed for simple or recIless impr'dence 'nder Article 365. L T)e acc'sed can only .e )eld lia.le if )e Ine# t)at t)e #oman #as pre nant 8 EE@ATA@9E "n US %' ?e ry2 !- .hil' :6!2 t)e B'preme Co'rt said t)at Ino#led e of pre nancy of t)e offended party is not necessary. "n .eo1le %' Carnaso2 ,eci,e, on A1ril 02 !6/"2 )o#e$er1 t)e B'preme Co'rt )eld t)at Ino#led e of pre nancy is reA'ired in 'nintentional a.ortion. Criticism# :nder Article 41 para rap) 1 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 any person committing a felony is criminally lia+le for all the direct, natural, and logical conse.uences of his felonious acts although it may +e different from that which is intended* T)e act of employin $iolence or p)ysical force 'pon t)e #oman is already a felony. %t is not material if offender new a+out the woman +eing pregnant or not* "f t)e act of $iolence is not felonio's1 t)at is1 act of self4defense1 and t)ere is no Ino#led e of t)e #omanGs pre nancy1 t)ere is no lia.ility. "f t)e act of $iolence is not felonio's1 .'t t)ere is Ino#led e of t)e #omanGs pre nancy1 t)e offender is lia.le for 'nintentional a.ortion. "ll'stration7 T)e act of p's)in anot)er ca'sin )er to fall is a felonio's act and co'ld res'lt in p)ysical in/'ries. Correspondin ly1 if not only p)ysical in/'ries #ere s'stained .'t a.ortion also res'lted1 t)e felonio's act of p's)in is t)e pro2imate ca'se of t)e 'nintentional a.ortion. L "f t)ere is no intention to ca'se a.ortion and neit)er #as $iolence e2erted1 arts 256 and 25! does not apply ;uestions A Answers
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1. A pregnant woman decided to commit suicide* She 9umped out of a window of a +uilding +ut she landed on a passer+y* She did not die +ut an a+ortion followed* %s she lia+le for unintentional a+ortionR >o. 5)at is contemplated in 'nintentional a.ortion is t)at t)e force or $iolence m'st come from anot)er. "f it #as t)e #oman doin t)e $iolence 'pon )erself1 it m'st .e to .rin a.o't an a.ortion1 and t)erefore1 t)e crime #ill .e intentional a.ortion. "n t)is case1 #)ere t)e #oman tried to commit s'icide1 t)e act of tryin to commit s'icide is not a felony 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. T)e one penaliJed in s'icide is t)e one i$in assistance and not t)e person tryin to commit s'icide. 2. %f the a+ortive drug used in a+ortion is a prohi+ited drug or regulated drug under -residential 5ecree $o* ></6 :!he 5angerous 5rugs Act of 2IM/;, as amended, what are the crimes committedR T)e crimes committed are (1) intentional a.ortion; and (2) $iolation of t)e Ean ero's Er' s Act of 1(!2.
Article 7-5 ABORTION .RACTICE) BY T+E 4OMAN +ERSEL* OR BY +ER .ARENTS ELEMENTS # 1. That there is a pregnant woman who has s$ffered an abortion. 2. That the abortion is intended. 0. That the abortion is ca$sed b! a. the pregnant woman herself b. an! other person, with her consent, or c. an! of her parents, with her consent for the p$rpose of concealing her dishonor. Notes# L 9ia.ility of t)e pre nant #oman is miti ated if t)e p'rpose is to conceal )er dis)onor. 0o#e$er1 t)ere is no Miti ation for t)e parents of t)e pre nant #omen e$en if t)eir p'rpose is to conceal t)eir da' )terGs dis)onor L "n infanticide1 parents can a$ail of t)e miti atin circ'mstance of concealin t)e dis)onor of t)eir da' )ter. T)is is not so for art 25% Article 7-6 ABORTION .RACTICE) BY A .+YSICIAN OR MI)4I*E AN) )IS.ENSING O* ABORTI(ES ELEMENTS# 1. That there is a pregnant woman who has s$ffered an abortion. 2. That the abortion is intended. 0. That the offender, who m$st be a ph!sician or midwife, ca$ses or assists in ca$sing the abortion. 6. That said ph!sician or midwife ta+es advantage of his or her scientific +nowledge or s+ill. Notes#
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L "t is not necessary t)at t)e p)armacist Ine# t)at t)e a.orti$e #o'ld .e 'sed to ca'se a.ortion. What is punished is the act of dispensing an a+ortive without the proper prescription . "t is not necessary t)at t)e a.orti$e .e act'ally 'sed L "f t)e p)armacist Ine# t)at t)e a.orti$e #o'ld .e 'sed to ca'se a.ortion and a.ortion res'lts1 )e is lia.le as an accomplice L "f t)e a.ortion is prod'ced .y a p)ysician to sa$e t)e life of t)e mot)er1 t)ere is no lia.ility. T)is is Ino#n as a therape$tic abortion. @'t a.ortion #it)o't medical necessity to #arrant it is p'nis)a.le e$en #it) t)e consent of t)e #oman or )er )'s.and. "ll'stration7 A woman who is pregnant got sic * !he doctor administered a medicine which resulted in A+ortion* T)e crime committed #as 'nintentional a.ortion t)ro' ) ne li ence or impr'dence.
;uestion A Answer What is the lia+ility of a physician who a+orts the fetus to save the life of the motherR >one. T)is is a case of t)erape'tic a.ortion #)ic) is done o't of a state of necessity. T)erefore1 t)e reA'isites 'nder Article 111 para rap) 41 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code m'st .e present. T)ere m'st .e no ot)er practical or less )armf'l means of sa$in t)e life of t)e mot)er to maIe t)e Iillin /'stified. Article 7/8 RES.ONSIBILITY O* .ARTICI.ANTS IN A )UEL Acts 1unishe,# 1. Filling oneBs adversar! in a d$el 2. (nflicting $pon the adversar! serio$s ph!sical in3$ries 0. 9a+ing a combat altho$gh no ph!sical in3$ries have been inflicted .ersons lia&le# 1. Principals C person #)o Iilled or inflicted p)ysical in/'ries 'pon )is ad$ersary1 or .ot) com.atants in any ot)er cases 2. Accomplices C as seconds L T)e person #)o Iilled or in/'red )is ad$ersary. "f .ot) s'r$i$e1 .ot) #ill .e lia.le for t)e crime of d'el as principals .y direct participation. T)e seconds #ill .e )eld lia.le as accomplices. Notes# )UEL# a formal or re 'lar com.at pre$io'sly concerted .et#een 2 parties in t)e presence of 2 or more seconds of la#f'l a e on eac) side1 #)o maIe t)e selection of arms and fi2 all t)e ot)er conditions of t)e fi )t * %f death results1 t)e penalty is t)e same as t)at for )omicide L 5)ile t)e a reement is to fi )t to t)e deat)1 the law will disregard the 3intent to ill,4 if only physical in9uries is inflicted* T)e crime #ill not .e classified as attempted or fr'strated )omicide. L "f t)e acc'sed and t)e deceased1 after a $er.al )eated ar 'ment in a .ar1 left t)e place at t)e same time and p'rs'ant to t)eir a reement1 #ent to t)e plaJa to fi )t eac) ot)er to deat) #it) Ini$es #)ic) t)ey .o' )t on t)e #ay1 t)e facts do not constitute the crime of dueling since there were no seconds who fixed the conditions of the fight in a more or less formal manner . "f one #as Iilled1 t)e crime committed #o'ld .e 0omicide. L T)ere is no s'c) crime no#adays .eca'se people )it eac) ot)er e$en #it)o't enterin into any pre4 concei$ed a reement. T)is is an o.solete pro$ision.
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Article 7/! C+ALLENGING TO A )UEL Acts 1unisha&le# 1. #hallenging another to a d$el 2. (nciting another to give or accept a challenge to a d$el 0. 2coffing at or decr!ing another p$blicl! for having ref$sed to accept a challenge to fight a d$el .ersons lia&le# 1. C)allen er 2. "nsti ators L "f t)e c)allen e is only to fi )t1 #it)o't t)e c)allen er )a$in in mind a formal com.at to .e a reed 'pon #it) t)e assistance of seconds as contemplated 'nder t)e la#1 t)e crime committed #ill only .e ra$e or li )t t)reat as t)e case may .e. "ll'stration7 %f one challenges another to a duel +y shouting 3"ome down, #lympia, let us measure your prowess* We will see whose intestines will come out* Bou are a coward if you do not come down4, the crime of challenging to a duel is not committed. 5)at is committed is t)e crime of li )t t)reats 'nder Article 2%51 para rap) 1 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. .+YSICAL IN?URIES Article 7/7 MUTILATION Kin,s o Mutilation 1. "ntentionally m'tilatin anot)er .y depri$in )im1 totally or partially1 of some essential or an for reprod'ction 2. "ntentionally maIin anot)er m'tilation1 i.e. loppin 1 clippin off any part of t)e .ody of t)e offended party1 ot)er t)an t)e essential or an for reprod'ction1 to depri$e )im of t)at part of t)e .ody Elements# 1. There be a castration i.e. m$tilation of organs necessar! for generation 2. 9$tilation is ca$sed p$rposel! and deliberatel! Notes# MUTILATION is t)e loppin or clippin off of some part of t)e .ody. L T)e intent to deli.erately c't off t)e partic'lar part of t)e .ody t)at #as remo$ed from t)e offended party m'st .e esta.lis)ed. %f there is no intent to deprive victim of particular part of +ody, the crime is only serious physical in9ury. L T)e common mistaIe is to associate t)is #it) t)e reprod'cti$e or ans only. )utilation includes any part of the human +ody that is not suscepti+le to grow again* L "f #)at #as c't off #as a reprod'cti$e or an1 t)e penalty is m'c) )i )er t)an t)at for )omicide. L T)is cannot .e committed t)ro' ) criminal ne li ence. L "n t)e first Iind of m'tilation1 t)e castration m'st .e made p'rposely. ?t)er#ise1 it #ill .e considered as m'tilation of t)e second Iind MAY+EM# refers to any ot)er intentional m'tilation
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Article 7/: SERIOUS .+YSICAL IN?URIES +ow Committe, 1. o$nding 2. ?eating 0. Assa$lting 6. Administering in3$rio$s s$bstances L "n one case1 t)e acc'sed1 #)ile con$ersin #it) t)e offended party1 dre# t)e latterGs .olo from its sca..ard. T)e offended party ca' )t )old of t)e ed e of t)e .lade of )is .olo and #o'nded )imself. "t #as )eld t)at since t)e acc'sed did not #o'nd1 .eat or assa'lt t)e offended party1 )e can not .e 'ilty of serio's p)ysical in/'ries. 4hat are serious 1hysical inMuries# 1. (n3$red person becomes insane, imbecile, impotent or blind 2. (n3$red person a. loses the $se of speech or the power to hear or to smell, loses an e!e, a hand, foot, arm or leg b. loses the $se of an! s$ch member c. becomes incapacitated for the wor+ in which he had been habit$all! engaged 0. (n3$red person a. becomes deformed b. loses an! other member of his bod! c. loses the $se thereof d. becomes ill or incapacitated for the performance of the wor+ in which he had been habit$all! engaged in for more than A@ da!s 6. (n3$red person becomes ill or incapacitated for labor for more than 0@ da!s ,b$t not more than A@ da!s) Notes# L T)e crime of p)ysical in/'ries is a crime of res'lt .eca'se 'nder o'r la#s t)e crime of p)ysical in/'ries is .ased on t)e ra$ity of t)e in/'ry s'stained. Bo t)is crime is al#ays cons'mmated. L T)e reason #)y t)ere is no attempted or fr'strated p)ysical in/'ries is .eca'se t)e crime of p)ysical in/'ries is determined on t)e ra$ity of t)e in/'ry. As lon as t)e in/'ry is not t)ere1 t)ere can .e no attempted or fr'strated sta e t)ereof. L Berio's p)ysical in/'ries may .e committed t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence or simple impr'dence L T)ere m'st .e no intent to ill IM.OTENT s)o'ld incl'de ina.ility to cop'late and sterility BLIN)NESS reA'ires lost of $ision in .ot) eyes. Mere #eaIness in $ision is not contemplated Loss o 1ower to hear m'st in$ol$e .ot) ears. ?t)er#ise1 it #ill .e considered as serio's p)ysical in/'ries 'nder par 3
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Loss o use o han, or inca1acity o usual wor@ in par 2 m'st .e permanent L -ar 2 refers to principal mem.ers of t)e .ody. -ar 3 on t)e ot)er )and1 co$ers any ot)er mem.er #)ic) is not a principal part of t)e .ody. "n t)is respect1 a front toot) is considered as a mem.er of t)e .ody1 ot)er t)an a principal mem.er )E*ORMITY# means p)ysical ' liness1 permanent and definite a.normality. >ot c'ra.le .y nat'ral means or .y nat're. "t m'st .e conspic'o's and $isi.le. T)'s1 if t)e scar is 's'ally co$ered .y a dress1 it #o'ld not .e conspic'o's and $isi.le L T)e loss of 3 incisors is a $isi.le deformity. 9oss of one incisor is not. 0o#e$er1 loss of one toot) #)ic) impaired appearance is a deformity L Eeformity .y loss of teet) refers to in/'ry #)ic) cannot .e impaired .y t)e action of t)e nat're L 9oss of .ot) o'ter ears constit'tes deformity and also loss of t)e po#er to )ear. Mean#)ile1 loss of t)e lo.'le of t)e ear is only a deformity L 9oss of t)e inde2 and middle fin ers is eit)er a deformity or loss of a mem.er1 not a principal one of )is .ody or 'se of t)e same L 9oss of t)e po#er to )ear in t)e ri )t ear is considered as merely loss of 'se of some ot)er part of t)e .ody L "f t)e in/'ry #o'ld reA'ire medical attendance for more t)an 3* days1 t)e illness of t)e offended party may .e considered as lastin more t)an 3* days. T)e fact t)at t)ere #as medical attendance for t)at period of time s)o#s t)at t)e in/'ries #ere not c'red for t)at len t) of time L :nder par 41 all t)at is reA'ired is illness or incapacity1 not medical attendance N (n determining incapacit!1 t)e in/'red party m'st )a$e an a$ocation at t)e time of t)e in/'ry. 5orI7 incl'des st'dies or preparation for a profession L 5)en t)e cate ory of t)e offense of serio's p)ysical in/'ries depends on t)e period of t)e illness or incapacity for la.or1 t)ere m'st .e e$idence of t)e len t) of t)at period. ?t)er#ise1 t)e offense #ill only .e considered as sli )t p)ysical in/'ries L T)ere is no incapacity if t)e in/'red party co'ld still en a e in )is #orI alt)o' ) less effecti$ely t)an .efore M 2erio$s ph!sical in3$ries is 1$alified #)en t)e crime is committed a ainst t)e same persons en'merated in t)e article on parricide or #)en it is attended .y any of t)e circ'mstances definin t)e crime of m'rder. =owever1 serio's p)ysical in/'ries res'ltin from e2cessi$e c)astisement .y parents is not A'alified serio's p)ysical in/'ries Ortega Notes# Classi ication o 1hysical inMuries# (1) Between slight physical in9uries and less serious physical in9uries 1 yo' )a$e a d'ration of one to nine days if sli )t p)ysical in/'ries; or 1* days to 2* days if less serio's p)ysical in/'ries. Consider t)e d'ration of )ealin and treatment. T)e si nificant part )ere is .et#een sli )t p)ysical in/'ries and less serio's p)ysical in/'ries. ;o' #ill consider not only t)e )ealin d'ration of t)e in/'ry .'t also t)e medical attendance reA'ired to treat t)e in/'ry. Bo t)e )ealin d'ration may .e one to nine days1 .'t if t)e medical treatment contin'es .eyond nine days1 t)e p)ysical in/'ries #o'ld already A'alify as less serio's p)ysical in/'ries. T)e medical treatment may )a$e lasted for nine days1 .'t if t)e offended party is still incapacitated for la.or .eyond nine days1 t)e p)ysical in/'ries are already considered less serio's p)ysical in/'ries. (2) Between less serious physical in9uries and serious physical in9uries 1 yo' do not consider t)e period of medical treatment. ;o' only consider t)e period #)en t)e offended party is rendered incapacitated for la.or.
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"f t)e offended party is incapacitated to #orI for less t)an 3* days1 e$en t)o' ) t)e treatment contin'ed .eyond 3* days1 t)e p)ysical in/'ries are only considered less serio's .eca'se for p'rposes of classifyin t)e p)ysical in/'ries as serio's1 yo' do not consider t)e period of medical treatment. ;o' only consider t)e period of incapacity from #orI. (3) When the in9ury created a deformity upon the offended party, you disregard the healing duration or the period of medical treatment involved. At once1 it is considered serio's p)ysical in/'ries. Bo e$en t)o' ) t)e deformity may not )a$e incapacitated t)e offended party from #orI1 or e$en t)o' ) t)e medical treatment did not o .eyond nine days1 t)at deformity #ill .rin a.o't t)e crime of serio's p)ysical in/'ries. 5eformity re.uires the concurrence of the following conditions: (1) (2) (3) "ll'stration7 9oss of molar toot) C T)is is not deformity as it is not $isi.le. 9oss of permanent front toot) C T)is is deformity as it is $isi.le and permanent. 9oss of milI front toot) C T)is is not deformity as it is $isi.le .'t #ill .e nat'rally replaced. ;uestion A Answer !he offender threw acid on the face of the offended party* Were it not for timely medical attention, a deformity would have +een produced on the face of the victim* After the plastic surgery, the offended party was more handsome than +efore the in9ury* What crime was committedR %n what stage was it committedR T)e crime is serio's p)ysical in/'ries .eca'se t)e pro.lem itself states t)at t)e in/'ry #o'ld )a$e prod'ced a deformity. T)e fact t)at t)e plastic s'r ery remo$ed t)e deformity is immaterial .eca'se in la# what is considered is not the artificial treatment +ut the natural healing process* %n a case decided +y the Supreme "ourt, accused was charged with serious physical in9uries +ecause the in9uries produced a scar* =e was convicted under Article />7 :<;* =e appealed +ecause, in the course of the trial, the scar disappeared. "t #as )eld t)at acc'sed can not .e con$icted of serio's p)ysical in/'ries. 0e is lia.le only for sli )t p)ysical in/'ries .eca'se t)e $ictim #as not incapacitated1 and t)ere #as no e$idence t)at t)e medical treatment lasted for more t)an nine days. 2erio$s ph!sical in3$ries is p$nished with higher penalties in the following cases" (1) (2) "f it is committed a ainst any of t)e persons referred to in t)e crime of parricide 'nder Article 246; "f any of t)e circ'mstances A'alifyin m'rder attended its commission. T)e in/'ry m'st prod'ce ' liness; "t m'st .e $isi.le; T)e ' liness #ill not disappear t)ro' ) nat'ral )ealin process.
T)'s1 a fat)er #)o inflicts serio's p)ysical in/'ries 'pon )is son #ill .e lia.le for A'alified serio's p)ysical in/'ries. Re1u&lic Act No' 58"6 <T+E ANTI>+AFING LA4= +aCing 44 T)is is any initiation rite or practice #)ic) is a prereA'isite for admission into mem.ers)ip in a fraternity or sorority or any or aniJation #)ic) places t)e neop)yte or applicant in some em.arrassin or )'miliatin sit'ations or ot)er#ise s'./ectin )im to p)ysical or psyc)olo ical s'fferin of in/'ry. T)ese do not incl'de any p)ysical1 mental1 psyc)olo ical testin and trainin proced're and practice to determine and en)ance t)e p)ysical and psyc)olo ical fitness of t)e prospecti$e re 'lar mem.ers of t)e .elo#. ?r aniJations incl'de any cl'. or A+-1 ->-1 -MA or officer or cadet corps of t)e CMT or CAT.
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Bection 2 reA'ires a written notice to school authorities from the head of the organi,ation seven days prior to the rites and should not exceed three days in duration* Bection 3 reA'ires supervision +y head of the school or the organi,ation of the rites* Bection 4 .ualifies the crime if rape1 sodomy or m'tilation res'lts t)erefrom1 if t)e person .ecomes insane1 an im.ecile1 or impotent or .lind .eca'se of s'c)1 if t)e person loses t)e 'se of speec) or t)e po#er to )ear or smell or an eye1 a foot1 an arm or a le 1 or t)e 'se of any s'c) mem.er or any of t)e serio's p)ysical in/'ries or t)e less serio's p)ysical in/'ries. Also if t)e $ictim is .elo# 121 or .ecomes incapacitated for t)e #orI )e )a.it'ally en a es in for 3*1 1*1 14( days. "t )olds t)e parents1 sc)ool a't)orities #)o consented or #)o )ad act'al Ino#led e if t)ey did not)in to pre$ent it1 officers and mem.ers #)o planned1 Ino#in ly cooperated or #ere present1 present al'mni of t)e or aniJation1 o#ner of t)e place #)ere s'c) occ'rred lia.le. )a es presence a prima facie presumption of guilt for such* Article 7/" A)MINISTERING IN?URIOUS SUBSTANCES OR BE(ERAGES ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender inflicted $pon another person an! serio$s ph!sical in3$r! 2. That it was done +nowingl! administering to him an! in3$rio$s s$bstances or beverages or b! ta+ing advantage of his wea+ness of mind of cred$lit! 0. =e had no intent to +ill Notes# L T)e article 'nder consideration does not deal #it) a crime. "t refers to means of committin serio's p)ysical in/'ries. L "t is fr'strated m'rder #)en t)ere is intent to Iill M Administering means introd'cin into t)e .ody t)e s'.stance1 t)'s t)ro#in of t)e acid in t)e face is not contemplated Article 7/LESS SERIOUS .+YSICAL IN?URIES ELEMENTS# 1. That the offended part! is incapacitated for labor for 1@ da!s or more ,b$t not more than 0@ da!s), or needs medical attendance for the same period of time 2. Notes# Circumstances $uali ying the o ense# a. #)en t)ere is manifest intent to ins'lt or offend t)e in/'red person .. #)en t)ere are circ'mstances addin i nominy to t)e offense c. #)en t)e $ictim is eit)er t)e offenderGs parents1 ascendants1 'ardians1 c'rators or teac)ers d. #)en t)e $ictim is a person of ranI or person in a't)ority1 pro$ided t)e crime is not direct assa'lt L "t falls 'nder t)is article e$en if t)ere #as no incapacity .'t t)e medical treatment #as for 13 days That the ph!sical in3$ries m$st not be those described in the preceding articles
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L "n t)is article1 t)e offended party is incapacitated from #orI for ten (1*) days or more .'t not more t)an t)irty (3*) days. "f t)e in/'ry ca'ses t)e illness of t)e $ictim1 t)e )ealin d'ration m'st .e more t)an nine (() days .'t not more t)an t)irty (3*) days. L Article 265 is an e2ception to Article 4% in relation to comple2 crimes as t)e latter only taIes place in cases #)ere t)e 3e$ised -enal Code )as no specific pro$ision penaliJin t)e same #it) a definite1 specific penalty. 0ence1 t)ere is no comple2 crime of slander .y deed #it) less serio's p)ysical in/'ries .'t only less serio's p)ysical in/'ries if t)e act #)ic) #as committed prod'ced t)e less serio's p)ysical in/'ries #it) t)e manifest intent to ins'lt or offend t)e offended party1 or 'nder circ'mstances addin i nominy to t)e offense. Article 7// SLIG+T .+YSICAL IN?URIES : Kin,s# 1. That which incapacitated the offended part! for labor from 18A da!s or re1$ired medical attendance d$ring the same period 2. That which did not prevent the offended part! from engaging in his habit$al wor+ or which did not re1$ire medical attendance ,e). ?lac+8e!e) 0. (ll8treatment of another b! deed witho$t ca$sing an! in3$r! ,e). slapping b$t witho$t ca$sing dishonor) L T)is in$ol$es e$en ill4treatment #)ere t)ere is no si n of in/'ry reA'irin medical treatment. L Blappin t)e offended party is a form of ill4treatment #)ic) is a form of sli )t p)ysical in/'ries. 6 @'t if t)e slappin is done to cast dis)onor 'pon t)e person slapped1 t)e crime is slander .y deed. "f t)e slappin #as done #it)o't t)e intention of castin dis)onor1 or to )'miliate or em.arrass t)e offended party o't of a A'arrel or an er1 t)e crime is still ill4treatment or sli )t p)ysical in/'ries. L T)e crime is sli )t p)ysical in/'ry if t)ere is no proof as to t)e period of t)e offended partyGs incapacity for la.or or of t)e reA'ired medical attendance. Re1u&lic Act No' 0/!8 <S1ecial .rotection o Chil,ren against Chil, A&use2 EJ1loitation an, )iscrimination Act=2 in relation to m'rder1 m'tilation or in/'ries to a c)ild T)e last para rap) of Article &" of 3ep'.lic Act >o. !61*1 pro$ides7 F+or p'rposes of t)is Act1 t)e penalty for t)e commission of acts p'nis)a.le 'nder Articles 24%1 24(1 262 (2) and 263 (1) of Act >o 3%151 as amended of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code for t)e crimes of m'rder1 )omicide1 ot)er intentional m'tilation1 and serio's p)ysical in/'ries1 respecti$ely1 s)all .e recl'sion perpet'a #)en t)e $ictim is 'nder t#el$e years of a e.H T)e pro$isions of 3ep'.lic Act >o. !16* modified t)e pro$isions of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code in so far as t)e $ictim of t)e felonies referred to is 'nder 12 years of a e. T)e clear intention is to p'nis) t)e said crimes #it) a )i )er penalty #)en t)e $ictim is a c)ild of tender a e. "ncidentally1 t)e reference to Article 24( of t)e Code #)ic) defines and penaliJes t)e crime of )omicide #ere t)e $ictim is 'nder 12 years old is an error. Dillin a c)ild 'nder 12 is m'rder1 not )omicide1 .eca'se t)e $ictim is 'nder no position to defend )imself as )eld in t)e case of People v. Ganohon, 1A; 2#4A 601. +or m'rder1 t)e penalty pro$ided .y t)e Code1 as amended .y 3ep'.lic Act >o. !65(1 is recl'sion perpet'a to deat) C )i )er t)an #)at 3ep'.lic Act no. !61* pro$ides. Accordin ly1 insofar as t)e crime is m'rder1 Article 24% of t)e Code1 as amended1 s)all o$ern e$en if t)e $ictim #as 'nder 12 years of a e. "t is only in respect of t)e crimes of intentional m'tilation in para rap) 2 of Article 262 and of serio's p)ysical in/'ries in para rap) 1 of Article 263 of t)e Code t)at t)e A'oted pro$ision of 3ep'.lic Act >o. !16* may .e applied for t)e )i )er penalty #)en t)e $ictim is 'nder 12 years old. RA.E
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ART 7//>A RA.E The Anti84ape Law of 1AA. ,4A 7050) now classified the crime of rape as #rime Against Persons incorporated into Title 7 of the 4P# to be +nown as #hapter 0 ELEMENTS# Ra1e is committe, 1. ?! a man who have carnal +nowledge of a woman $nder an! of the following circ$mstances" a. thro$gh force, threat or intimidation b. when the offended part! is deprived of reason or otherwise $nconscio$s c. b! means of fra$d$lent machination or grave ab$se of a$thorit! d. when the offended part! is $nder 12 !ears of age or is demented, even tho$gh none of the circ$mstances mentioned above be present 2. ?! an! person who, $nder an! of the circ$mstances mentioned in par 1 hereof, shall commit an act of se)$al assa$lt b! inserting a. his penis into another personBs mo$th or anal orifice, or b. an! instr$ment or ob3ect, into the genital or anal orifice of another person Ra1e committe, un,er 1ar ! is 1unisha&le &y# 1. recl$sion perpet$a 7' reclusion 1er1etua to )EAT+ when a. $ictim .ecame insane .y reason or on t)e occasion of rape +* the rape is attempted and a homicide is committed +y reason or on the occasion thereof 0. >:AT= when a. )omicide is committed .. $ictim 'nder 1% years and offender is7 i. parent ii. ascendant iii. step4parent i$. 'ardian $. relati$e .y consan 'inity or affinity #it) t)e 3rd ci$il de ree or $i. common la# spo'se of parent of $ictim c. 'nder t)e c'stody of t)e police or military authorities or any law enforcement or penal institution d. committed in f'll $ie# of t)e spouse1 parent or any of t)e c)ildren or ot)er relati$es #it)in t)e 3 rd de ree of consan 'inity e. $ictim is a reli io's engaged in legitimate religious vocation or calling and is personally nown to +e such +y the offender +efore or at the time of the commission of the crime f. a c)ild .elo# ! years old
. offender Ino#s )e is afflicted #it) =%C or A"EB or any other sexually transmissi+le disease and the virus is transmitted to the victim ). offender; mem.er of t)e A+-1 or para8military units thereof1 or t)e ->-1 or any la# enforcement a ency or penal institution, when the offender too advantage of his position to facilitate the commission of the crime i. $ictim s'ffered permanent p)ysical m'tilation or disa+ility
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9* the offender new of the pregnancy of the offended party at the time of the commission of the crime1 and
* when the offender new of the mental disa+ility, emotional disorder andEor physical handicap or the offended party at the time of the commission of the crime Ra1e committe, un,er 1ar 7 is 1unisha&le &y# 1. prision ma!or 2. prision ma!or to recl$sion temporal a. 'se of deadly #eapon or .. .y t#o or more persons 3. recl$sion temporal C #)en t)e $ictim )as .ecome insane 4. recl$sion temporal to recl$sion pepet$a C rape is attempted and )omicide is committed 5. recl$sion perpet$a C )omicide is committed .y reason or on occasion of rape 6. recl$sion temporal C committed #it) any of t)e 1* a Notes# )I(I)ING AGE IN RA.E# a. less t)an ! yrs old1 mandatory deat) .. less t)an 12 yrs old1 stat'tory rape c. less t)an 1% yrs old and t)ere is relations)ip (e. . parent etc); mandatory deat) L @eca'se of t)is amendment #)ic) reclassified rape as a crime a ainst persons1 an impossi+le crime may now +e committed in case of rape ; t)at is1 if t)ere is in)erent impossi.ility of its accomplis)ment or on acco'nt of t)e employment of inadeA'ate or ineffect'al means. L T)e case of People vs. &rita (K.3. >o. %%!241 April 31 1((*)1 laid a ne# doctrine in -)ilippine penal la# insofar as t)e crime of rape is concerned1 as it finally did away with frustrated rape and allowed only attempted rape and consummated rape to remain in our statute +oo s* L T)e act of F touching4 s)o'ld .e 'nderstood as in)erently part of t)e entry of t)e penis into t)e la.ia of t)e female or an and not t)e mere to'c)in alone of t)e mons pu+is or t)e p'dend'm. M'rispr'dence dictates t)at t)e la+ia ma9ora (or )e o'ter lips of t)e female or an) m'st .e entered for rape to .e cons'mmated1 and not merely for t)e penis to stroIe t)e s'rface of t)e female or an. T)'s , gra,ing of the surface of the female organ or touching the mons pu+is of the pudendum is not sufficient to constitute rape. , Pp vs. #amp$han) Classi ication o ra1e O) Traditional concept $nder Article 005 C carnal Ino#led e #it) a #oman a ainst )er #ill. T)e offended party is al#ays a #oman and t)e offender is al#ays a man. 7= 2e)$al assa$lt 4 committed #it) an instr'ment or an o./ect or 'se of t)e penis #it) penetration of mo't) or anal orifice. T)e offended party or t)e offender can eit)er .e man or #oman1 t)at is1 if a #oman or a man 'ses an instr'ment on anal orifice of male1 s)e or )e can .e lia.le for rape. Bince rape is not a pri$ate crime anymore1 it can +e prosecuted even if the woman does not file a complaint* %f carnal nowledge was made possi+le +ecause of fraudulent machinations and grave a+use of authority, the crime is rape* T)is a.sor.s t)e crime of A'alified and simple sed'ction #)en no force or $iolence #as 'sed1 .'t t)e offender a.'sed )is a't)ority to rape t)e $ictim. :nder Article 2664C1 the offended woman may pardon the offender through a su+se.uent valid marriage, the effect of which would +e the extinction of the offenderDs lia+ility . Bimilarly1 t)e le al )'s.and may .e pardoned .y for i$eness of t)e #ife pro$ided t)at t)e marria e is not $oid a. initio. ?.$io'sly1 'nder t)e ra$atin circ'mstances mentioned a.o$e
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ne# la#1 t)e )'s.and may .e lia.le for rape if )is #ife does not #ant to )a$e se2 #it) )im. "t is eno' ) t)at t)ere is indication of any amo'nt of resistance as to maIe it rape. (ncest$o$s rape #as coined in B'preme Co'rt decisions. "t refers to rape committed +y an ascendant of the offended woman* "n s'c) cases1 t)e force and intimidation need not .e of s'c) nat're as #o'ld .e reA'ired in rape cases )ad t)e acc'sed .een a stran er. Con$ersely1 t)e B'preme Co'rt e2pected t)at if the offender is not nown to the woman1 it is necessary t)at t)ere .e e$idence of affirmati$e resistance p't 'p .y t)e offended #oman. Mere Fno1 noH is not eno' ) if t)e offender is a stran er1 alt)o' ) if t)e rape is incest'o's1 t)is is eno' ). T)e new rape law also re.uires that there +e a physical overt act manifesting resistance 1 if t)e offended party #as in a sit'ation #)ere )e or s)e is incapa.le of i$in $alid consent1 t)is is admissi.le in e$idence to s)o# t)at carnal Ino#led e #as a ainst )is or )er #ill. 5)en t)e victim is +elow 2/ years old, mere sexual intercourse with her is already rape . E$en if it #as s)e #)o #anted t)e se2'al interco'rse1 t)e crime #ill .e rape. T)is is referred to as stat$tor! rape. "f t)e $ictim )o#e$er is e2actly t#el$e (12) years old (s)e #as raped on )er .irt)day) or more1 and there is consent1 t)ere is no rape. 0o#e$er1 3ep'.lic Act >o. !61*1 Bec. 5 (.) pro$ides t)at7 E$en if t)e $ictim is o$er t#el$e (12) year old and t)e carnal act #as #it) )er consent as lon as s)e falls 'nder t)e classification of a c)ild e2ploited in prostit'tion and ot)er se2'al a.'se1 t)e crime is rape. "n ot)er cases1 there must +e force, intimidation, or violence proven to have +een exerted to +ring a+out carnal nowledge or the woman must have +een deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious* "t is not necessary t)at t)e force or intimidation employed .e so reat or of s'c) c)aracter as co'ld not .e resisted C it is only necessary t)at it .e s'fficient to cons'mmate t)e p'rpose #)ic) t)e acc'sed )ad in mind. <People vs. #anada, 250 2#4A 2..). Carnal Ino#led e #it) a #oman #)o is asleep constit'tes 3ape since s)e #as eit)er depri$ed of reason or ot)er#ise 'nconscio's at t)at time. <People vs. #aballero, ;1 Phil. A@@). Be2'al interco'rse #it) an insane1 deran ed or mentally deficient1 fee.le4minded or idiotic #oman is 3ape p're and simple. T)e depri$ation of reason contemplated .y la# need not .e complete; mental a.normality or deficiency is s'fficient. 5)ere t)e victim is over 2/ years old 1 it m'st .e s)o#n t)at t)e carnal Ino#led e #it) )er #as o.tained a ainst )er #ill. "t is necessary t)at t)ere .e e$idence of some resistance p't 'p .y t)e offended #oman. "t is not1 )o#e$er1 necessary t)at t)e offended party s)o'ld e2ert all )er efforts to pre$ent t)e carnal interco'rse. "t is eno' ) t)at from )er resistance1 it #o'ld appear t)at t)e carnal interco'rse is a ainst )er #ill. Mere initial resistance1 #)ic) does not indicate ref'sal on t)e part of t)e offended party to t)e se2'al interco'rse1 #ill not .e eno' ) to .rin a.o't t)e crime of rape. >ote t)at it )as .een )eld t)at in t)e crime of rape1 conviction does not re.uire medico8legal finding of any penetration on the part of the woman* A medico4le al certificate is not necessary or indispensa.le to con$ict t)e acc'sed of t)e crime of rape. "t )as also .een )eld t)at alt)o' ) t)e offended #oman #)o is t)e $ictim of t)e rape failed to add'ce e$idence re ardin t)e dama es to )er .y reason of t)e rape1 t)e co'rt may taIe /'dicial notice t)at t)ere is s'c) dama e in crimes a ainst c)astity. T)e standard amount given now is - 60,000*00, with or without evidence of any moral damage* An accused may +e convicted of rape on the sole testimony of the offended woman . "t does not reA'ire t)at testimony .e corro.orated .efore a con$iction may stand. T)is is partic'larly tr'e if t)e commission of t)e rape is s'c) t)at t)e narration of t)e offended #oman #o'ld lead to no ot)er concl'sion e2cept t)at t)e rape #as committed. "ll'stration7 Ea' )ter acc'ses )er o#n fat)er of )a$in raped )er. Alle ation of se$eral acc'sed t)at t)e #oman consented to t)eir se2'al interco'rse #it) )er is a proposition #)ic) is re$oltin to reason t)at a #oman #o'ld allo# more t)an one man to )a$e se2'al interco'rse #it) )er in t)e presence of t)e ot)ers.
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"t )as also .een r'led t)at rape can .e committed in a standin position .eca'se complete penetration is not necessary. !he slightest penetration ? contact with the la+ia ? will consummate the rape* ?n t)e ot)er )and1 as long as there is an intent to effect sexual cohesion, although unsuccessful, the crime +ecomes attempted rape* =owever, if that intention is not proven, the offender can only +e convicted of acts of lasciviousness* !he main distinction +etween the crime of attempted rape and acts of lasciviousness is the intent to lie with the offended woman* "n a case #)ere t)e acc'sed /'mped 'pon a #oman and t)re# )er to t)e ro'nd1 alt)o' ) t)e acc'sed raised )er sIirts1 t)e acc'sed did not maIe any effort to remo$e )er 'nder#ear. "nstead1 )e remo$ed )is o#n 'nder#ear and placed )imself on top of t)e #oman and started performin se2'al mo$ements. T)ereafter1 #)en )e #as finis)ed1 )e stood 'p and left. T)e crime committed is only acts of lasci$io'sness and not attempted rape. T)e fact t)at )e did not remo$e t)e 'nder#ear of t)e $ictim indicates t)at )e does not )a$e a real intention to effect a penetration. "t #as only to satisfy a le#d desi n. T)e ne# la#1 3.A. %3531 added ne# circ'mstance C t)at is1 when carnal nowledge was had +y means of fraudulent machinations or grave a+use of authority* "t #o'ld seem t)at if a #oman of ma/ority a e )ad se2'al interco'rse #it) a man t)ro' ) t)e latterGs sc)eme of pretendin to marry )er #)ic) is t)e condition 'pon #)ic) t)e #oman a reed to )a$e se2 #it) )im1 manip'latin a s)am marria e1 t)e man #o'ld .e 'ilty of 3ape 'nder t)is Bection. Bo also1 a prostit'te #)o #illin ly )ad se2'al con ress #it) a man 'pon t)e latterGs ass'rance t)at s)e #o'ld .e paid )andsomely1 may .e 'ilty of 3ape if later on )e ref'ses to pay t)e said amo'nt. A person in a't)ority #)o mane'$ered a sc)eme #)ere a #oman landed in /ail1 and #)o 'pon promise of .ein released after )a$in se2 #it) t)e officer1 #illin ly consented to t)e se2'al act1 may also .e fo'nd 'ilty of 3ape 'nder t)is ne# section. IN RA.E CASES2 COURT MUST AL4AYS BE GUI)E) BY T+E *OLLO4ING .RINCI.LES# 1. An acc'sation of rape can .e made #it) facility; it is diffic'lt to pro$e1 .'t more diffic'lt for t)e person acc'sed1 t)o' ) innocent1 to dispro$e; 2. "n $ie# of t)e intrinsic nat're of t)e crime #)ere only t#o persons are 's'ally in$ol$ed1 t)e testimony of t)e complainant m'st .e scr'tiniJed #it) e2treme ca'tion; and 3. T)e e$idence for t)e prosec'tion m'st stand or fall on its o#n merits1 and cannot .e allo#ed to dra# stren t) from t)e #eaIness of t)e e$idence for t)e defense. ,People vs. 4icafort) TITLE NINE CRIMES AGAINST .ERSONAL LIBERTY AN) SECURITY Crimes against li&erty 1. Didnappin and serio's ille al detention (Art. 26!); 2. Bli )t ille al detention (Art. 26%); 3. :nla#f'l arrest (Art. 26(); 4. Didnappin and fail're to ret'rn a minor (Art. 2!*); 5. "nd'cin a minor to a.andon )is )ome (Art. 2!1); 6. Bla$ery (Art. 2!2); !. E2ploitation of c)ild la.or (Art. 2!3); %. Ber$ices rendered 'nder comp'lsion in payment of de.ts (Art. 2!4). Crimes against security 1. A.andonment of persons in dan er and a.andonment of one,s o#n $ictim (Art. 2!5); 2. A.andonin a minor (Art. 2!6); 3. A.andonment of minor .y person entr'sted #it) )is c'stody; indifference of parents (Art. 2!!); 4. E2ploitation of minors (Art. 2!%); 5. Trespass to d#ellin (Art. 2%*); 6. ?t)er forms of trespass (Art. 2%1); !. Kra$e t)reats (Art. 2%2); %. 9i )t t)reats (Art. 2%3); (. ?t)er li )t t)reats (Art. 2%5); 1*. Kra$e coercions (Art. 2%6);
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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 9i )t coercions (Art. 2%!); ?t)er similar coercions (Art. 2%%); +ormation1 maintenance and pro)i.ition of com.ination of capital or la.or t)ro' ) $iolence or t)reats (Art. 2%(); Eisco$erin secrets t)ro' ) seiJ're of correspondence (Art. 2(*); 3e$ealin secrets #it) a.'s of office (Art. 2(1); 3e$ealin of ind'strial secrets (Art. 2(2).
Article 7/0 KI)NA..ING AN) SERIOUS ILLEGAL )ETENTION ELEMENTS# 1.&ffender is a private individ$al 2.=e +idnaps or detains another, or in an! other manner deprives the latter of his libert! 0.The act of detention or +idnapping m$st be illegal <* That in the commission of the offense, an! of the following circ$mstances are present , +ecomes serious) a.that the +idnapping*detention lasts for more than 0 da!s b.that it is committed sim$lating p$blic a$thorit! c. that an! serio$s ph!sical in3$ries are inflicted $pon the person +idnapped or detained or threats to +ill him are made, or d* that the person +idnapped or detained is a minor , except if parent is the offender ), female or a p$blic officer Note# 4hen ,eath 1enalty is im1ose,# a. "f Iidnappin is committed for t)e p'rpose of e2tortin ransom eit)er from t)e $ictim or from any ot)er person e$en if none of t)e aforementioned are present in t)e commission of t)e offense (e$en if none of t)e circ'mstances are present) .. 5)en t)e $ictim is Iilled or dies as a conseA'ence of t)e detention or is raped or is s'./ected to tort're or de)'maniJin acts L T)e essence of t)e offense is t)e act'al depri$ation of t)e $ictimGs li.erty co'pled #it) t)e intent of t)e acc'sed to effect it. T)ere m'st .e ind'.ita.le proof t)at t)e act'al intent of t)e malefactor #as to depri$e t)e offended party of li.erty. T)e restraint )o#e$er need not .e permanent. ,People vs. Godo!, 25@ 2#4A ;.;). Ortega Notes# 5)en a pu+lic officer conspires with a private person in the commission of any of the crimes under !itle %S1 t)e crime is also one committed 'nder t)is title and not 'nder Title "". "ll'stration7 "f a pri$ate person commits t)e crime of Iidnappin or serio's ille al detention1 e$en t)o' ) a p'.lic officer conspires t)erein1 t)e crime cannot .e ar.itrary detention. As far as t)at p'.lic officer is concerned1 t)e crime is also ille al detention. "n t)e act'al essence of t)e crime1 #)en one says Iidnappin 1 t)is connotes t)e idea of transportin t)e offended party from one place to anot)er. 5)en yo' t)inI ille al detention1 it connotes t)e idea t)at one is restrained of )is li.erty #it)o't necessarily transportin )im from one place to anot)er. T)e crime of idnapping is committed if the purpose of the offender is to extort ransom either from the victim or from any other person. @'t if a person is transported not for ransom, the crime can +e illegal detention. :s'ally1 t)e offended party is .ro' )t to a place ot)er t)an )is o#n1 to detain )im t)ere.
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5)en one t)inIs of Iidnappin 1 it is not only t)at of transportin one person from one place to anot)er. ?ne also )as to t)inI of t)e criminal intent* /orcible abd$ction 88 "f a #oman is transported from one place to anot)er .y $irt'e of restrainin )er of )er li.erty1 and t)at act is co'pled #it) le#d desi ns. 2erio$s illegal detention "f a #oman is transported /'st to restrain )er of )er li.erty. T)ere is no le#d desi n or le#d intent. Grave coercion "f a #oman is carried a#ay /'st to .reaI )er #ill1 to compel )er to a ree to t)e demand or reA'est .y t)e offender. "n a decided case1 a s'itor1 #)o cannot et a fa$ora.le reply from a #oman1 in$ited t)e #oman to ride #it) )im1 p'rportedly to taIe )ome t)e #oman from class. @'t #)ile t)e #oman is in )is car1 )e dro$e t)e #oman to a far place and told t)e #oman to marry )im. ?n t)e #ay1 t)e offender )ad repeatedly to'c)ed t)e pri$ate parts of t)e #oman. "t #as )eld t)at t)e act of t)e offender of to'c)in t)e pri$ate parts of t)e #oman co'ld not .e considered as le#d desi ns .eca'se )e #as #illin to marry t)e offended party. T)e B'preme Co'rt r'led t)at when it is a suitor who could possi+ly marry the woman, merely issing the woman or touching her private parts to 3compel4 her to agree to the marriage, such cannot +e characteri,ed as lewd design* "t is considered merely as t)e 3passion of a lover4* @'t if t)e man is already married1 yo' cannot consider t)at as le itimate .'t immoral and definitely amo'nts to le#d desi n. %f a woman is carried against her will +ut without lewd design on the part of the offender 1 t)e crime is ra$e coercion. "ll'stration7 Tom Cr'J in$ited >icole C)iJmacIs for a snacI. T)ey dro$e alon 3o2as @o'le$ard1 alon t)e Coastal 3oad and to Ca$ite. T)e #oman #as already cryin and #anted to .e .ro' )t )ome. Tom imposed t)e condition t)at >icole s)o'ld first marry )im. >icole fo'nd t)is as1 simply1 a mission impossi.le. T)e crime committed in t)is case is ra$e coercion. @'t if after t)ey dro$e to Ca$ite1 t)e s'itor placed t)e #oman in a )o'se and #o'ld not let )er o't 'ntil s)e a rees to marry )im1 t)e crime #o'ld .e serio's ille al detention. "f t)e $ictim is a #oman or a p'.lic officer1 t)e detention is al#ays serio's C no matter )o# s)ort t)e period of detention is. )istinction &etween illegal ,etention an, ar&itrary ,etention %llegal detention is committed .y a pri$ate person #)o Iidnaps1 detains1 or ot)er#ise depri$es anot)er of )is li.erty. Ar+itrary detention is committed .y a p'.lic officer #)o detains a person #it)o't le al ro'nds. T)e penalty for idnapping is higher than for forci+le a+duction . T)is is wrong .eca'se if t)e offender Ine# a.o't t)is1 )e #o'ld perform lasci$io's acts 'pon t)e #oman and .e c)ar ed only for forci.le a.d'ction instead of Iidnappin or ille al detention. 0e t)ere.y .enefits from t)is a.s'rdity1 #)ic) arose #)en Con ress amended Article 26!1 increasin t)e penalty t)ereof1 #it)o't amendin Article 342 on forci.le a.d'ction. Article 26! )as .een modified .y Re1u&lic Act No' 0/-6 in t)e follo#in respects7 (1) (2) "lle al detention .ecomes serio's #)en it s)all )a$e lasted for more t)an t)ree days1 instead of fi$e days as ori inally pro$ided; "n para rap) 41 if t)e person Iidnapped or detained #as a minor and t)e offender #as anyone of t)e parents1 t)e latter )as .een e2pressly e2cl'ded from t)e pro$ision. T)e lia.ility of t)e parent is pro$ided for in t)e last para rap) of Article 2!1; A para rap) #as added to Article 26!1 #)ic) states7 5)en t)e $ictim is Iilled or dies as a conseA'ence of t)e detention or is raped1 or is s'./ected to tort're1 or de)'maniJin acts1 t)e ma2im'm penalty s)all .e imposed.
(3)
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T)is amendment .rin s a.o't a composite crime of Iidnappin #it) )omicide #)en it is t)e $ictim of t)e Iidnappin #)o #as Iilled1 or dies as a conseA'ence of t)e detention and1 t)'s1 only one penalty is imposed #)ic) is deat). Article <J, on complex crimes, does not govern in this case . @'t Article 4% #ill o$ern if any ot)er person is Iilled aside1 .eca'se t)e pro$ision specifically refers to F$ictimH. Accordin ly1 t)e r'lin s in cases of .eo1le %' .arulan2 .eo1le %' Ging Sam2 and ot)er similar cases #)ere t)e acc'sed #ere con$icted for t)e comple2 crimes of Iidnappin #it) m'rder )a$e .ecome academic. "n t)e composite crime of idnapping with homicide 1 t)e term F)omicideH is 'sed in t)e eneric sense and1 t)'s1 co$ers all forms of Iillin #)et)er in t)e nat're of m'rder or ot)er#ise. "t does not matter #)et)er t)e p'rpose of t)e Iidnappin #as to Iill t)e $ictim or not1 as lon as t)e $ictim #as Iilled1 or died as a conseA'ence of t)e Iidnappin or detention. T)ere is no more separate crime of Iidnappin and m'rder if t)e $ictim #as Iidnapped not for t)e p'rpose of Iillin )er. "f t)e $ictim #as raped1 t)is .rin s a.o't t)e composite crime of idnapping with rape. @ein a composite crime1 not a comple2 crime1 t)e same is re arded as a sin le indi$isi.le offense as in fact t)e la# p'nis)es s'c) acts #it) only a sin le penalty. "n a #ay1 t)e amendment depreciated t)e serio'sness of t)e rape .eca'se no matter how many times the victim was raped, there will only +e one idnapping with rape* T)is #o'ld not .e t)e conseA'ence if rape #ere a separate crime from Iidnappin .eca'se eac) act of rape #o'ld .e a distinct co'nt. 0o#e$er for the crime to +e idnapping with rape, the offender should not have ta en the victim with lewd designs as otherwise the crime would +e forci+le a+duction1 and if the victim was raped, the complex crime of forci+le a+duction with rape would +e committed* "f t)e taIin #as forci.le a.d'ction1 and t)e #oman #as raped se$eral times1 t)ere #o'ld only .e one crime of forci.le a.d'ction #it) rape1 and eac) of t)e ot)er rapes #o'ld constit'te distinct co'nts of rape. T)is #as t)e r'lin in t)e case of .eo1le %' Bacalso' "n .eo1le %' Lactao2 ,eci,e, on Octo&er 762 !66:2 t)e B'preme Co'rt stressed t)at t)e crime is serio's ille al detention if t)e p'rpose #as to depri$e t)e offended party of )er li.erty. And if in t)e co'rse of t)e ille al detention1 t)e offended party #as raped1 a separate crime of rape #o'ld .e committed. T)is is so .eca'se t)ere is no complex crime of serious illegal detention with rape since the illegal detention was not a necessary means to the commission of rape* "n .eo1le %' Bernal2 !:! SCRA !2 t)e appellants #ere )eld 'ilty of separate crimes of serio's ille al detention and of m'ltiple rapes. 5it) t)e amendment .y 3ep'.lic Act >o. !65( maIin rape a A'alifyin circ'mstance in t)e crime of Iidnappin and serio's ille al detention1 t)e /'rispr'dence is s'perseded to t)e effect t)at t)e rape s)o'ld .e a distinct crime. Article 4% on comple2 crimes may not apply #)en serio's ille al detention and rape are committed .y t)e same offender. T)e offender #ill .e c)ar ed for t)e composite crime of serio's ille al detention #it) rape as a sin le indi$isi.le offense1 re ardless of t)e n'm.er of times t)at t)e $ictim #as raped. Also1 #)en t)e $ictim of t)e Iidnappin and serio's ille al detention #as s'./ected to tort're and s'stained p)ysical in/'ries1 a composite crime of Iidnappin #it) p)ysical in/'ries is committed. Palattao notes" 5)en t)e person is depri$ed of )is li.erty or is seiJed and forci.ly taIen to anot)er place1 t)e inA'iry #o'ld1 .e #)at is t)e p'rpose of t)e offender in taIin )im or )er a#ay7 1. "f t)e seiJ're is only to facilitate t)e Iillin of t)e $ictim t)e crime committed #o'ld eit)er .e homicide or murder and t)e crime of Iidnappin is a.sor.ed. 2. "f t)e seiJ're or depri$ation of li.erty is only to compel t)e $ictim to perform an act1 .e it ri )t or #ron 1 t)e crime committed #o'ld only .e grave coercion. ,People vs. Astorga, 270 2#4A 62@). 3. "f t)e depri$ation of li.erty is to taIe a#ay t)e $ictim to satisfy t)e le#d desi n of t)e offender1 t)e crime #o'ld only .e forci+le a+duction* 4. "f t)e seiJ're of t)e $ictim is solely to depri$e )im of )is li.erty1 t)e crime is illegal detention*
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"n t)e pen'ltimate para rap) of Article 26!1 t)ere is depri$ation of li.erty .'t not for any for t)e p'rposes en'merated a.o$e. "t is for t)e p'rpose of e2tortin ransom from t)e $ictim or from any ot)er person. T)e la# classifies t)e crime committed .y t)e offender as serio's ille al detention e$en if none of t)e circ'mstances to maIe it serio's is present in t)e commission of t)e crime. "n t)is partic'lar mode of committin t)e crime of serio's ille al detention1 demand for ransom is an indispensa.le element. ,People vs. ?$stamante, G. 4. %o. ;;62., >ec. 6, 1AA1) SAN)O(AL Notes# "f t)e $ictim #as not Iidnapped or taIen a#ay .'t #as restrained and depri$ed of )is li.erty1 liIe in t)e case of a )osta e incident #)ere t)e acc'sed1 #)o #as one of t)e occ'pants of t)e )o'se1 ra..ed a c)ild1 poIed a Inife on t)e latterGs necI1 called for media people and demanded a $e)icle from t)e a't)orities #)ic) )e co'ld 'se in escapin 1 as it t'rned o't t)at t)ere #as an 'nser$ed arrest #arrant a ainst )im1 t)e proper c)ar e is Berio's "lle al Eetention (#it)o't Iidnappin anymore) .'t liIe#ise 'nder Article 26! of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. 5)ere after taIin t)e $ictim #it) )er car1 t)e acc'sed called t)e )o'se of t)e $ictim asIin for ransom .'t 'pon oin to t)eir safe)o'se sa# se$eral police cars c)asin t)em1 promptin t)em to Iill t)eir $ictim inside t)e car1 t)ere #ere t#o crime committed C Didnappin for 3ansom and M'rder1 not a comple2 crime of Didnappin #it) M'rder as s)e #as not taIen or carried a#ay to .e Iilled1 Iillin .ein an aftert)o' )t . ,People vs. :vanoria, 2@A 2#4A 5..=' Article 7/5 SLIG+T ILLEGAL )ETENTION ELEMENTS# 1. &ffender is a private person 2. =e +idnaps or detains another or in an! other maner deprives him pof his libert! * f$rnished place for the perpet$ation of the crime 0. That the act of detention or +idnapping m$st be illegal 6. That the crime is committed witho$t the attendant of an! of the circ$mstances en$merated in Art 2;. Note# .ri%ilege, mitigating circumstances# I the o en,er# a. $ol'ntarily releases t)e person so Iidnapped or detained #it)in 3 days from t)e commencement of t)e detention .. #it)o't )a$in attained t)e p'rpose intended and c. .efore t)e instit'tion of criminal proceedin s a ainst )im Ortega Notes# ?ne s)o'ld Ino# t)e nat're of t)e ille al detention to Ino# #)et)er t)e $ol'ntary release of t)e offended party #ill affect t)e criminal lia.ility of t)e offender. 5)en t)e offender $ol'ntarily releases t)e offended party from detention #it)in t)ree days from t)e time t)e restraint of li.erty .e an1 as lon as t)e offender )as not accomplis)ed )is p'rposes1 and t)e release #as made .efore t)e criminal prosec'tion #as commenced1 t)is #o'ld ser$e to miti ate t)e criminal lia.ility of t)e offender1 provided that the idnapping or illegal detention is not serious* %f the illegal detention is serious 1 )o#e$er1 e$en if t)e offender $ol'ntarily released t)e offended party1 and s'c) release #as #it)in t)ree days from t)e time t)e detention .e an1 e$en if t)e offender )as not accomplis)ed )is p'rpose in detainin t)e offended party1 and e$en if t)ere is no criminal prosec'tion yet1 s'c) $ol'ntary release #ill not miti ate t)e criminal lia.ility of t)e offender. #ne who furnishes the place where the offended party is +eing held generally acts as an accomplice* But the criminal lia+ility in connection with the idnapping and serious illegal detention, as well as the slight illegal detention, is that of the principal and not of the accomplice*
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T)e pre$ailin r'le no# is Asistio %' ?u,ge2 #)ic) pro$ides t)at $ol'ntary release #ill only miti ate criminal lia.ility if crime #as sli )t ille al detention. "f serio's1 it )as no effect. "n idnapping for ransom1 $ol'ntary release #ill not miti ate t)e crime. T)is is .eca'se1 #it) t)e reimposition of t)e deat) penalty1 t)is crime is penaliJed #it) t)e e2treme penalty of deat). 5)at is ransom= "t is t)e money1 price or consideration paid or demanded for redemption of a capt'red person or persons1 a payment t)at releases a person from capti$ity. T)e definition of ransom 'nder t)e 9ind.er la# of t)e :.B. )as .een adopted in o'r /'rispr'dence in .eo1le %' A@iran2 !5 SCRA 7:62 7"72 s'c) t)at #)en a creditor detains a de.tor and releases t)e latter only 'pon t)e payment of t)e de.t1 s'c) payment of t)e de.t1 #)ic) #as made a condition for t)e release is ransom1 'nder t)is article. "n t)e case of .eo1le %' Roluna2 ,eci,e, March 762 !66"2 #itnesses sa# a person .ein taIen a#ay #it) )ands tied .e)ind )is .acI and #as not )eard from for si2 years. B'preme Co'rt re$ersed t)e trial co'rt r'lin t)at t)e men acc'sed #ere 'ilty of Iidnappin #it) m'rder. T)e crime is only sli )t ille al detention 'nder Article 26%1 a ra$ated .y a .and1 since none of t)e circ'mstances in Article 26! )as .een pro$ed .eyond a reasona.le do'.t. T)e fact t)at t)e $ictim )as .een missin for si2 years raises a pres'mption of deat)1 .'t from t)is disp'ta.le pres'mption of deat)1 it s)o'ld not .e f'rt)er pres'med t)at t)e persons #)o #ere last seen #it) t)e a.sentee is responsi.le for )is disappearance. Article 7/6 UNLA4*UL ARREST ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender arrests or detains another person 2. That the p$rpose of the offender is to deliver him to the proper a$thorities 0. That the arrest or detention is not a$thori'ed b! law or there is no reasonable gro$nd therefor Notes# L ?ffender is any person1 so eit)er a p'.lic officer or pri$ate indi$id'al L T)e offender in t)is article can .e a pri$ate indi$id'al or p'.lic officer. "n t)e latter case1 t)e offender1 .ein a p'.lic officer1 )as t)e a't)ority to arrest and detain a person1 .'t t)e arrest is made #it)o't le al ro'nds. +or )im to .e p'nis)ed 'nder t)is article1 t)e pu+lic officer must ma e the arrest and detention without authority to do so1 or without acting in his official capacity* L T)is felony consists in maIin an arrest or detention #it)o't le al or reasona.le ro'nd for t)e p'rpose of deli$erin t)e offended party to t)e proper a't)orities. L T)e offended party may also .e detained .'t t)e crime is not ille al detention .eca'se t)e p'rpose is to prosec'te t)e person arrested. T)e detention is only incidental; t)e primary criminal intention of t)e offender is to c)ar e t)e offended party for a crime )e did not act'ally commit. L Kenerally1 t)is crime is committed .y incriminatin innocent persons .y t)e offenderGs plantin e$idence to /'stify t)e arrest C a comple2 crime res'lts1 t)at is1 'nla#f'l arrest t)ro' ) incriminatory mac)inations 'nder Article 363. L 3efers to #arrantless arrests L "f t)e arrest is made #it)o't a #arrant and 'nder circ'mstances not allo#in a #arrantless arrest1 t)e crime #o'ld .e unlawful arrest* L "f t)e person arrested is not deli$ered to t)e a't)orities1 t)e pri$ate indi$id'al maIin t)e arrest inc'rs criminal lia.ility for illegal detention 'nder Article 26! or 26%. L "f t)e offender is a p'.lic officer1 t)e crime is ar+itrary detention 'nder Article 124. L "f t)e detention or arrest is for a le al ro'nd1 .'t t)e p'.lic officer delays delivery of the person arrested to the proper 9udicial authorities1 t)en Article 125 #ill apply.
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L >ote t)at t)is felony may also +e committed +y pu+lic officers* * %n art 2/61 t)e detention is for some le al ro'nd while here1 t)e detention is not a't)oriJed .y la# * %n art 2/61 t)e crime pertains to fail're to deli$er t)e person to t)e proper /'dicial a't)ority #it)in t)e prescri.ed period while here1 t)e arrest is not a't)oriJed .y la# Article 708 KI)NA..ING AN) *AILURE TO RETURN A MINOR ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender is entr$sted with the c$stod! of a minor person ,whether over or $nder . b$t less than 17 !rs old) 2. That he deliberatel! fails to restore the said minor to his parents * %f any of the foregoing elements is a+sent1 t)e Iidnappin of t)e minor #ill t)en fall 'nder Article 26!. * %f the accused is any of the parents1 Article 26! does not apply; Articles 2!* and 2!1 apply. * %f the ta ing is with the consent of the parents1 t)e crime in Article 2!* is committed. L "n .eo1le %' Generosa2 it #as )eld t)at deli.erate fail're to ret'rn a minor 'nder oneGs c'stody constit'tes depri$ation of li.erty. Pidnapping and failure to return a minor is necessarily included in idnapping and serious illegal detention of a minor under Article />M:<;* L "n .eo1le %' Men,oCa2 #)ere a minor c)ild #as taIen .y t)e acc'sed #it)o't t)e Ino#led e and consent of )is parents1 it #as )eld t)at t)e crime is Iidnappin and serio's ille al detention 'nder Article 26!1 not Iidnappin and fail're to ret'rn a minor 'nder Article 2!*. Article 70! IN)UCING A MINOR TO ABAN)ON +IS +OME ELEMENTS# 1. That the minor ,whether over or $nder .) is living in the home of his parents or g$ardians or the person entr$sted with his c$stod! 2. That the offender ind$ces a minor to abandon s$ch home Notes# L T)e ind'cement m'st .e act'ally done #it) malice and a determined #ill to ca'se dama e. ,People vs. Paalam, #.A., &.G. 72;.872;7). @'t #)ere t)e $ictims a.andoned t)eir respecti$e )omes o't of an irresponsi.le spirit of restlessness and ad$ent're1 t)e crime is not committed. L Minor s)o'ld not lea$e )is )ome of )is o#n free #ill L Miti atin if .y fat)er or mot)er L T)e article also p'nis)es t)e fat)er or mot)er #)o commits t)e act penaliJed 'nder t)e la#. T)is arises #)en t)e c'stody of t)e minor is a#arded .y t)e co'rt to one of t)em after t)ey )a$e separated. T)e ot)er parent #)o ind'ces t)e minor to a.andon )is )ome is co$ered .y t)is article. Article 707 SLA(ERY ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender p$rchases. 2ells, +idnaps or detains a h$man being. 2. That the p$rpose of the offender is to enslave s$ch h$man being.
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SLA(ERY is t)e treatment of a )'man .ein as a mere property1 stripped of di nity and )'man ri )ts. T)e person is red'ced to t)e le$el of an ordinary animal1 a mere c)attel #it) material $al'e capa.le of pec'niary estimation and for #)ic) reason1 t)e offender p'rc)ases and sells t)e same. Note# ;uali ying circumstance C if t)e p'rpose of t)e offender is to assi n t)e offended party to some immoral traffic (prostit'tion)1 t)e penalty is )i )er L T)is is distin 'is)ed from ille al detention .y t)e p'rpose. "f t)e p'rpose of t)e Iidnappin or detention is to ensla$e t)e offended party1 sla$ery is committed. L T)e crime is sla$ery if t)e offender is not en a ed in t)e .'siness of prostit'tion. "f )e is1 t)e crime is #)ite sla$e trade 'nder Article 341. Article 70: ED.LOITION O* C+IL) LABOR ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender retains a minor in his service. 2. That it is against the will of the minor. 0. That it is $nder the prete)t of reimb$rsing himself of a debt inc$rred b! an ascendant, g$ardian or person entr$sted with the c$stod! of s$ch minor. L "f t)e minor agrees to serve the accused 1 no crime is committed1 e$en if t)e ser$ice is rendered to pay an ascendantGs alle ed de.t. Article 70" SER(ICES REN)ERE) UN)ER COM.ULSION IN .AYMENT O* )EBT ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender compels a debtor to wor+ for him, either as ho$sehold servant or farm laborer. 2. That it is against the debtorBs will. 0. That the p$rpose is to re1$ire or enforce the pa!ment of a debt. (nvol$ntar! servit$de or service. "n t)is article1 no distinction is made #)et)er t)e offended is a minor or an ad'lt.
CRIMES AGAINST SECURITY Article 70ABAN)ONMENT O* .ERSON IN )ANGER AN) ABAN)ONMENT O* ONE9S O4N (ICTIM Acts 1unisha&le# 1. ?! failing to render assistance to an! person whom the offender finds in an inhabited place wo$nded or in danger of d!ing, when he can render s$ch assistance witho$t detriment to himself, $nless s$ch omission shall constit$te a more serio$s offense
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Elements a. That place is not inhabited. b. c. d. The acc$sed fo$nd there a person wo$nded or in danger of d!ing. The acc$sed can render assistance witho$t detriment to himself. The acc$sed fails to render assistance.
2. ?! failing to help or render assistance to another whom the offender has accidentall! wo$nded or in3$red 0. ?! failing to deliver a child, $nder . whom the offender has fo$nd abandoned, to the a$thorities or to his famil!, or b! failing to ta+e him to a safe place L :nder t)e first act1 t)e offender is lia+le only when he can render such assistance without detriment to himself, 'nless s'c) omission s)all constit'te a more serio's offense * Where the person is already wounded and already in danger of dying, there is an o+ligation to render assistance only if he is found in an uninha+ited place. "f t)e mortally #o'nded1 dyin person is fo'nd in a place not 'nin)a.ited in le al contemplation1 a.andonment #ill not .rin a.o't t)is crime. An uninha+ited place is determined +y possi+ility of person receiving assistance from another . E$en if t)ere are many )o'ses aro'nd1 t)e place may still .e 'nin)a.ited if possi.ility of recei$in assistance is remote. L "f #)at )appened #as an accident at first1 t)ere #o'ld .e no lia.ility p'rs'ant to Article 12 (4) of t)e 3-C C damn'm a.sA'e in/'ria. But if you a+andon your victim, you will +e lia+le under Article /M6* 0ere1 t)e c)aracter of t)e place is immaterial. As lon as t)e $ictim #as in/'red .eca'se of t)e accident ca'sed .y t)e offender1 t)e offender #o'ld .e lia.le for a.andonment if )e #o'ld not render assistance to t)e $ictim. Article 70/ ABAN)ONING A MINOR ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender has the c$stod! of a child. 2. That the child is $nder seven !ears of age. 0. That he abandons s$ch child. 6. That he has no intent to +ill the child when the latter is abandoned. %otes" L Conscio's1 deli.erate1 permanent L "n order to )old one criminally lia.le 'nder t)is article1 t)e offender m'st )a$e a.andoned t)e c)ild #it) deli.erate intent. T)e purpose of the offender must solely +e avoidance of the o+ligation of ta ing care of the minor. ;uali ying circumstances# a. 5)en t)e deat) of t)e minor res'lted from s'c) a.andonment .. "f t)e life of t)e minor #as in dan er .eca'se of t)e a.andonment BY .ERSON ENTRUSTE) 4IT+ +IS CUSTO)YL
Article 700 ABAN)ONMENT O* MINOR IN)I**ERENCE O* .ARENTS Acts 1unishe,#
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1. ?! delivering a minor to a p$blic instit$tion or other persons w*o consent of the one who entr$sted s$ch minor to the care of the offender or, in the absence of that one, witho$t the consent of the proper a$thorities Elements# a. That the offender has charged of the rearing or ed$cation of a minor. b. That he delivers said minor to a p$blic instit$tion or other persons. c. That the one who entr$sted s$ch child to the offender has not consented to s$ch act, or if the one who entr$sted s$ch child to the offender is absent- the proper a$thorities have not consented to it. 2. ?! neglecting his ,offenderBs) children b! not giving them ed$cation which their station in life re1$ires and financial condition permits Elements# a. That the offender is a parent. b. That he neglects his children b! not giving them ed$cation. c. That his station in life re1$ires s$ch ed$cation and his financial condition permits it. G(ndifference of parentsH C #)ile t)ey are financially capa.le of s'pportin t)e needs of t)eir c)ildren1 t)ey deli.erately ne lect to s'pport t)e ed'cational reA'irements of t)ese c)ildren t)ro' ) plain irresponsi.ility ca'sed .y #ron social $al'es. Article 705 ED.LOITATION O* MINORS Acts 1unishe,# 1. ?! ca$sing an! bo! or girl $nder 1; to perform an! dangero$s feat of balancing, ph!sical strength or contortion, the offender being an! person 2. ?! emplo!ing children $nder 1; who are not the children or descendants of the offender in e)hibitions of acrobat, g!mnast, rope8wal+er, diver, or wild8animal tamer or circ$s manager or engaged in a similar calling 0. ?! emplo!ing an! descendant $nder 12 in dangero$s e)hibitions en$merated in the ne)t preceding paragraph, the offender being engaged in an! of said callings 6. ?! delivering a child $nder 1; grat$ito$sl! to an! person following an! of the callings en$merated in par 2 or to an! habit$al vagrant or beggar, the offender being an ascendant, g$ardian, teacher or person entr$sted in an! capacit! with the care of s$ch child 5. ?! ind$cing an! child $nder 1; to abandon the home of its ascendants- g$ardians, c$rators or teachers to follow an! person engaged in an! of the callings mentioned in par 2 or to accompan! an! habit$al vagrant or beggar, the offender being an! person Note# ;uali ying Circumstance C if t)e deli$ery of t)e c)ild to any person follo#in any of t)e callin s of acro.at1 rope4#alIer1 di$er or #ild4animal trainer or circ's mana er or to any )a.it'al $a rant of .e ar is made in consideration of any price1 compensation or promise1 t)e penalty is )i )er. L T)e offender is en a ed in a Iind of .'siness t)at #o'ld place t)e life or lim. of t)e minor in dan er1 e$en t)o' ) #orIin for )im is not a ainst t)e #ill of t)e minor. %at$re of the ?$siness C T)is in$ol$es circ'ses #)ic) enerally attract c)ildren so t)ey t)emsel$es may en/oy #orIin t)ere 'na#are of t)e dan er to t)eir o#n li$es and lim.s. Age 3 M'st .e .elo# 16 years. At t)is a e1 t)e minor is still ro#in .
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L "f t)e employer is an ascendant1 t)e crime is not committed1 'nless t)e minor is less t)an 12 years old. @eca'se if t)e employer is an ascendant1 t)e la# re ards t)at )e #o'ld looI after t)e #elfare and protection of t)e c)ild; )ence1 t)e a e is lo#ered to 12 years. @elo# t)at a e1 t)e crime is committed. L @'t remem.er 3ep'.lic Act >o. !61* ( Special -rotection of "hildren against "hild A+use, Exploitation and 5iscrimination Act). "t applies to minors .elo# 1% years old1 not 16 years old as in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. As lon as t)e employment is inimical C e$en t)o' ) t)ere is no p)ysical risI C and detrimental to t)e c)ildGs interest C a ainst moral1 intellect'al1 p)ysical1 and mental de$elopment of t)e minor C t)e esta.lis)ment #ill .e closed. L Article 2!% )as no application if minor is 16 years old and a.o$e. @'t t)e e2ploitation #ill .e dealt #it) .y 3ep'.lic Act >o. !61*. L "f t)e minor so employed #o'ld s'ffer some in/'ries as a res'lt of a $iolation of Article 2!%1 Article 2!( pro$ides t)at t)ere #o'ld .e additional criminal lia.ility for t)e res'ltin felony. A))ITIONAL .ENALTIES *OR OT+ER O**ENSES# <706= Article 758 ;UALI*IE) TRES.ASS TO )4ELLING ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender is a private person. 2. That he enters the dwelling of another. 0. That s$ch entrance is against the latterBs will. %otes# )4ELLING C T)is is t)e place t)at a person in)a.its. "t incl'des t)e dependencies #)ic) )a$e interior comm'nication #it) t)e )o'se. "t is not necessary t)at it .e t)e permanent d#ellin of t)e person. Bo1 a personGs room in a )otel may .e considered a d#ellin . "t also incl'des a room #)ere one resides as a .oarder. ;uali ying circumstance# if t)e offense is committed .y means of $iolence or intimidation1 t)e penalty is )i )er L T)ere m'st .e an opposition to t)e entry of t)e acc'sed L "f t)e entry is made .y a #ay not intended for entry1 t)at is pres'med to .e a ainst t)e #ill of t)e occ'pant (e2ample1 entry t)ro' ) a #indo#). "t is not necessary t)at t)ere .e a .reaIin . L 9acI of permission to enter a d#ellin does not amo'nt to pro)i.ition. Bo1 one #)o enters a .'ildin is not presumed to +e trespasser until the owner tells him to leave the +uilding . "n s'c) a case1 if )e ref'ses to lea$e1 t)en )is entry s)all no# .e considered to )a$e .een made #it)o't t)e e2press consent of t)e o#ner. ,People vs. >e Peralta, 62 Phil. ;A) L E$en if t)e door is not locIed1 for as lon as it is closed1 t)e pro)i.ition is pres'med especially if t)e entry #as done at t)e late )o'r of t)e ni )t or at an 'n)oly )o'r of t)e day. ,D. 2. vs. 9esina, 21 Phil. ;15) L "mplied pro)i.ition is present considerin t)e sit'ation C late at ni )t and e$eryoneGs asleep or entrance #as made t)ro' ) t)e #indo# GAgainst the willH 44 T)is means t)at t)e entrance is1 eit)er e2pressly or impliedly1 pro)i.ited or t)e pro)i.ition is pres'med. @raudulent entrance may constitute trespass . T)e pro)i.ition to enter may .e made at any time and not necessarily at t)e time of t)e entrance. L To pro$e t)at an entry is a ainst t)e #ill of t)e occ'pant1 it is not necessary t)at t)e entry s)o'ld .e preceded .y an e2press pro)i.ition1 pro$ided t)at t)e opposition of t)e occ'pant is clearly esta.lis)ed .y
160

t)e circ'mstances 'nder #)ic) t)e entry is made1 s'c) as t)e e2istence of enmity or strained relations .et#een t)e acc'sed and t)e occ'pant. L -ro)i.ition is not necessary #)en $iolence or intimidation is employed .y t)e offender L ?n violence1 C'ello Calon opines t)at $iolence may .e committed not only a ainst persons .'t also a ainst t)in s. Bo1 .reaIin t)e door or lass of a #indo# or door constit'tes acts of $iolence. ?'r B'preme Co'rt follo#ed t)is $ie# in People v. Ta!ag. &iolence or intimidation m'st1 )o#e$er1 .e anterior or coetaneo's #it) t)e entrance and m'st not .e posterior. @'t if t)e $iolence is employed immediately after t)e entrance #it)o't t)e consent of t)e o#ner of t)e )o'se1 trespass is committed. "f t)ere is also $iolence or intimidation1 proof of pro)i.ition to enter is no lon er necessary. L 5)en t)ere is no o$ert act of t)e crime intended to .e committed1 t)is is t)e crime L "f t)e p'rpose in enterin t)e d#ellin is not s)o#n1 trespass is committed. "f t)e p'rpose is s)o#n1 it may .e a.sor.ed in t)e crime as in ro..ery #it) force 'pon t)in s1 t)e trespass yieldin to t)e more serio's crime. @'t if t)e p'rpose is not s)o#n and #)ile inside t)e d#ellin )e #as fo'nd .y t)e occ'pants1 one of #)om #as in/'red .y )im1 t)e crime committed #ill .e trespass to d#ellin and fr'strated )omicide1 p)ysical in/'ries1 or if t)ere #as no in/'ry1 'n/'st $e2ation. L May .e committed e$en .y t)e o#ner (as a ainst t)e act'al occ'pant) L E$en if t)e )o'se .elon ed to t)e acc'sed1 if t)e possession )as .een deli$ered to anot)er .y reason of contract or .y a mere tolerance1 )is .ein t)e o#ner #o'ld not a't)oriJe )im to enter t)e )o'se a ainst t)e #ill of t)e la#f'l occ'pant. 0is o#ners)ip is no a't)ority for )im to place t)e la# in )is )ands. ,People vs. Almeda, .5 Phil. 6.;) )istinction &etween $uali ie, tres1ass to ,welling an, %iolation o ,omicile :nliIe A'alified trespass to d#ellin 1 $iolation of domicile may .e committed only .y a p'.lic officer or employee and t)e $iolation may consist of any of t)e t)ree acts mentioned in Article 12% C (1) enterin t)e d#ellin a ainst t)e #ill of t)e o#ner #it)o't /'dicial order; (2) searc)in papers or ot)er effects fo'nd in s'c) d#ellin #it)o't t)e pre$io's consent of t)e o#ner t)ereof; and (3) ref'sin to lea$e t)e d#ellin #)en so reA'ested .y t)e o#ner t)ereof1 after )a$in s'rreptitio'sly entered s'c) d#ellin . Not a11lica&le to# a. entrance is for t)e p'rpose of pre$entin )arm to )imself1 t)e occ'pants or a t)ird person .. p'rpose is to render some ser$ice to )'manity or /'stice c. place is a cafY1 ta$ern etc #)ile open L -'rs'ant to Bection 61 3'le 113 of t)e 3'les of Co'rt1 a person #)o .elie$es t)at a crime )as .een committed a ainst )im )as e$ery ri )t to o after t)e c'lprit and arrest )im #it)o't any #arrant e$en if in t)e process )e enters t)e )o'se of anot)er a ainst t)e latterGs #ill. 9edina case# #)en t)e acc'sed entered t)e d#ellin t)ro' ) t)e #indo#1 )e )ad no intent to Iill any person inside1 .'t t)e intention to Iill came to )is mind #)en )e #as .ein arrested .y t)e occ'pants t)ereof1 t)e crime of trespass to d#ellin is a separate and distinct offense from fr'strated )omicide Article 75! OT+ER *ORMS O* TRES.ASS ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender enters the closed premises or the fenced estate of another. 2. That the entrance is made while either of them is $ninhabited. 0. That the prohibition to enter be manifest. 6. That the trespasser has not sec$red the permission of the owner or the careta+er thereof.
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T+REATS an, COERCIONS Article 757 GRA(E T+REATS Acts 1unisha&le# 2* ?! threatening another with the infliction $pon his person, honor or propert! that of his famil! of an! wrong amo$nting to a crime and demanding mone! or imposing an! other condition, even tho$gh not $nlawf$l and the offender ,$ote: threat is with condition) Elements a. That the offender threatens another person with the infliction $pon the latterBs person, honor or propert!, or $pon that of the latterBs famil!, of an! wrong. b. That s$ch wrong amo$nts to a crime. c. That there is a demand for mone! or that an! other condition is imposed, even tho$gh not $nlawf$l. d. That the offender attains his p$rpose. 2. ?! ma+ing s$ch threat witho$t the offender attaining his p$rpose 7* ?! threatening another with the infliction $pon his person, honor or propert! or that of his famil! of an! wrong amo$nting to a crime, the threat not being s$b3ect to a condition , $ote: threat is without condition) Elements a. That the offender threatens another person with the infliction $pon the latterBs person, honor or propert!, or $pon that of the latterBs famil!, of an! wrong. b. That s$ch wrong amo$nts to a crime. c. That the threat is not s$b3ect to a condition Notes# (ntimidation is an indispensa.le element in t)e crime of t)reat. T)e $ery essence of t)reat is to so# fear1 an2iety and insec'rity in t)e mind of t)e offended party. "t is done .y t)reatenin to commit t)e crime 'pon t)e person1 )onor and property of t)e offended party. T)ere is a promise of some f't're )arm or in/'ry. Aggra%ating circumstances# if made in #ritin or t)r' a middleman /r$strated C if not recei$ed .y t)e person .ein t)reatened L Art 2%4 .ond for ood .e)a$ior may .e imposed (only in t)ese offenses) Ortega Notes# Threat is a declaration of an intention or determination to in/'re anot)er .y t)e commission 'pon )is person1 )onor or property or 'pon t)at of )is family of some #ron #)ic) may or may not amo'nt to a crime7 (1) (2) Grave threats C #)en t)e #ron t)reatened to .e inflicted amo'nts to a crime. T)e case falls 'nder Article 2%2. Light threats if it does not amo'nt to a crime. T)e case falls 'nder Article 2%3.
@'t e$en if t)e )arm intended is in t)e nat're of a crime1 if made orally and in t)e )eat of an er and after t)e oral t)reat1 t)e iss'er of t)e t)reat did not p'rs'e t)e act1 t)e crime is only ot)er li )t t)reats 'nder Article 2%5.
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!o constitute grave threats, t)e t)reats m'st refer to a f't're #ron and is committed .y acts or t)ro' ) #ords of s'c) efficiency to inspire terror or fear 'pon anot)er. "t is1 t)erefore1 c)aracteriJed .y moral press're t)at prod'ces disA'iet'de or alarm. !he greater perversity of the offender is manifested when the threats are made demanding money or imposing any condition, whether lawful or not, and the offender shall have attained his purpose . Bo t)e la# imposes 'pon )im t)e penalty ne2t lo#er in de ree t)an t)at prescri.ed for t)e crime t)reatened to .e committed. But if the purpose is not attained1 t)e penalty lo#er .y t#o de rees is imposed. T)e maximum period of the penalty is imposed if t)e t)reats are made in #ritin or t)ro' ) a middleman as t)ey manifest e$ident premeditation. )istinction &etween threat an, coercion# T)e essence of coercion is $iolence or intimidation. T)ere is no condition in$ol$ed; )ence1 t)ere is no f't'rity in t)e )arm or #ron done. "n threat1 t)e #ron or )arm done is f't're and conditional. "n coercion1 it is direct and personal. )istinction &etween threat an, ro&&ery# (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) As to intimidation C "n ro..ery1 t)e intimidation is act'al and immediate; in t)reat1 t)e intimidation is f't're and conditional. As to nature of intimidation C "n ro..ery1 t)e intimidation is personal; in t)reats1 it may .e t)ro' ) an intermediary. As to su+9ect matter C 3o..ery refers to personal property; t)reat may refer to t)e person1 )onor or property. As to intent to gain C "n ro..ery1 t)ere is intent to ain; in t)reats1 intent to ain is not an essential element. "n ro..ery1 t)e ro..er maIes t)e dan er in$ol$ed in )is t)reats directly imminent to t)e $ictim and t)e o.tainment of )is ain immediate1 t)ere.y also taIin ri )ts to )is person .y t)e opposition or resistance #)ic) t)e $ictim mi )t offer; in t)reat1 t)e dan er to t)e $ictim is not instantly imminent nor t)e ain of t)e c'lprit immediate.
Article 75: LIG+T T+REATS ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender ma+es a threat to commit a wrong. 2. That the wrong does not constit$te a crime. 0. That there is a demand for mone! or that other condition is imposed, even tho$gh not $nlawf$l 6. That the offender has attained his p$rpose or, that he has not attained his p$rpose L "n order to con$ict a person of t)e crime of li )t t)reats1 t)e )arm t)reatened m'st not .e in t)e nat're of crime and t)ere is a demand for money or any ot)er condition is imposed1 e$en t)o' ) la#f'l. ;uestion A Answer Blac mailing constitutes what crimeR "t is a crime of li )t t)reat 'nder Article 2%3 if t)ere is no t)reat to p'.lis) any li.elo's or slandero's matter a ainst t)e offended party. "f t)ere is s'c) a t)reat to maIe a slandero's or li.elo's p'.lication a ainst t)e offended party1 t)e crime #ill .e one of li.el1 #)ic) is penaliJed 'nder Article 356. +or e2ample1 a person t)reatens to e2pose t)e affairs of married man if t)e latter does not i$e )im money. T)ere is intimidation done 'nder a demand.
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Article 75" BON) *OR GOO) BE+A(IOR L T)e la# imposes t)e penalty of .ond for ood .e)a$ior only in case of ra$e and li )t t)reats. "f t)e offender can not post t)e .ond1 )e #ill .e .anis)ed .y #ay of destierro to pre$ent )im from carryin o't )is t)reat. * ?ond for good behavior means t)e postin of .ond on t)e part of t)e acc'sed in order to 'arantee t)at )e #ill not molest t)e offended party. "t is in t)e nat're of an additional penalty. * ?ond to +eep peace 'nder Article 35 is applica.le to all cases and is treated as a distinct penalty. "f t)e sentenced prisoner fails to i$e t)e .ond1 )e s)all .e detained for a period not e2ceedin si2 mont)s if t)e crime for #)ic) )e #as con$icted is classified as ra$e felony or for a period not e2ceedin t)irty days if con$icted for a li )t felony. Article 75OT+ER LIG+T T+REATS ELEMENTS# 1. Person shall threaten another with a weapon, or draw weapon in a 1$arrel $nless in self8defense. 2. (n the heat of anger, person orall! threatens another with some harm constit$ting a crime, witho$t persisting in the idea involved in the threat. 2$bse1$ent acts did not persist. 0. Person orall! threatens another with harm not constit$ting a felon!. L "n t)e crime of light threats1 t)ere is no demand for money and t)e t)reat made is not planned or done #it) deli.erate intent. Bo t)reats #)ic) #o'ld ot)er#ise A'alify as ra$e t)reats1 #)en made in t)e )eat of an er or #)ic) is a prod'ct of a sp'r of t)e moment are enerally considered as li )t t)reats. L 5)et)er it is ra$e or li )t t)reats1 t)e crime is committed even in the a+sence of the person to whom the threat is directed* Article 75/ GRA(E COERCIONS ELEMENTS# 1. That a person prevented another from doing something &4 not to do something against his will, be it right or wrong2. That the prevention or comp$lsion be effected b! violence, of force as wo$ld prod$ce intimidation and control the will. 0. That the person that restrained the will and libert! b! another had not the a$thorit! of law or the right to do so, or, in other words, that the restraint shall not be made $nder a$thorit! of law or in the e)ercise of an! lawf$l right. Acts 1unishe, 1. 2. -re$entin anot)er1 .y means of $iolence1 t)reats or intimidation1 from doin somet)in not pro)i.ited .y la#; Compellin anot)er1 .y means of $iolence1 t)reats or intimidation1 to do somet)in a ainst )is #ill1 #)et)er it .e ri )t or #ron .
L "n ra$e coercion1 t)e act of pre$entin .y force m'st .e made at t)e time t)e offended party #as doin or #as a.o't to do t)e act to .e pre$ented.
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* 'rave coercion arises only if the act which the offender prevented another to do is not prohi+ited +y law or ordinance. "f t)e act pro)i.ited #as ille al1 )e is not lia.le for ra$e coercion. L "f a person pro)i.its anot)er to do an act .eca'se t)e act is a crime1 e$en t)o' ) some sort of $iolence or intimidation is employed1 it #o'ld not i$e rise to ra$e coercion. "t may only i$e rise to t)reat or p)ysical in/'ries1 if some in/'ries are inflicted. 0o#e$er1 in case of ra$e coercion #)ere t)e offended party is .ein compelled to do somet)in a ainst )is #ill1 #)et)er it .e #ron or not1 t)e crime of ra$e coercion is committed if $iolence or intimidation is employed in order to compel )im to do t)e act. $o person shall ta e the law into his own hands* "ll'stration7 Compellin t)e de.tor to deli$er some of )is properties to pay a creditor #ill amo'nt to coercion alt)o' ) t)e creditor may )a$e a ri )t to collect payment from t)e de.tor1 e$en if t)e o.li ation is lon o$er d'e. L T)e violence employed in grave coercion must +e immediate, actual, or imminent . "n t)e a.sence of act'al or imminent force or $iolence1 coercion is not committed. T)e essence of coercion is an attacI on indi$id'al li.erty. * !he physical violence is exerted to (1) pre$ent a person from doin somet)in )e #ants to do; or (2) compel )im to do somet)in )e does not #ant to do. "ll'stration7 "f a man compels anot)er to s)o# t)e contents of t)e latterGs pocIets1 and taIes t)e #allet1 t)is is ro..ery and not ra$e coercion. T)e intimidation is a means of committin ro..ery #it) $iolence or intimidation of persons. &iolence is in)erent in t)e crime of ro..ery #it) $iolence or intimidation 'pon persons and in 's'rpation of real properties .eca'se it is t)e means of committin t)e crime. L E2ception to t)e r'le t)at p)ysical $iolence m'st .e e2erted7 #)ere intimidation is so serio's t)at it is not a t)reat anymore C it appro2imates $iolence. L "n Lee v. #A, 2@1 2#A4 6@51 it #as )eld t)at neit)er t)e crime of t)reats nor coercion is committed alt)o' ) t)e acc'sed1 a .ranc) mana er of a .anI made t)e complainant si n a #it)dra#al slip for t)e amo'nt needed to pay t)e sp'rio's dollar c)ecI s)e )ad encas)ed1 and also made )er e2ec'te an affida$it re ardin t)e ret'rn of t)e amo'nt a ainst )er .etter sense and /'d ment. Accordin to t)e co'rt1 t)e complainant may )a$e acted rel'ctantly and #it) )esitation1 .'t still1 it #as $ol'ntary. "t is different #)en a complainant ref'ses a.sol'tely to act s'c) an e2tent t)at s)e .ecomes a mere a'tomaton and acts mec)anically only1 not of )er o#n #ill. "n t)is sit'ation1 t)e complainant ceases to e2its as an independent personality and t)e person #)o employs force or intimidation is1 in t)e eyes of t)e la#1 t)e one actin ; #)ile t)e )and of t)e complainant si n1 t)e #ill t)at mo$es it is t)e )and of t)e offender. Article 750 LIG+T COERCIONS ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender m$st be a creditor. 2. That he sei'es an!thing belonging to his debtor. 0. That the sei'$re of the thing be accomplished b! means of violence or a displa! of material force prod$cing intimidation6. That the p$rpose of the offender is to appl! the same to the pa!ment of the debt. UN?UST (EDATION L "n 'n/'st $e2ation1 any act committed #it)o't $iolence1 .'t #)ic) 'n/'stifia.ly annoys or $e2es an innocent person amo'nts to li )t coercion.
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L As a p'nis)a.le act1 'n/'st $e2ation s)o'ld incl'de any )'man cond'ct #)ic)1 alt)o' ) not prod'cti$e of some p)ysical or material )arm #o'ld1 )o#e$er1 'n/'stifia.ly annoy or $e2 an innocent person. L "t is distin 'is)ed from ra$e coercion 'nder t)e first para rap) .y t)e a.sence of $iolence. "ll'stration7 -ersons stonin someone elseGs )o'se. Bo lon as stonin is not serio's and it is intended to annoy1 it is 'n/'st $e2ation. "t dist'r.s t)e peace of mind. L T)e main p'rpose of t)e stat'te penaliJin coercion and 'n/'st $e2ation is precisely to enforce t)e principle t)at no person may taIe t)e la# into )is )ands and t)at o'r o$ernment is one of la#s1 not of men. T)e essence of t)e crimes is t)e attacI on indi$id'al li.erty. Article 755 OT+ER SIMILAR COERCIONS ELEMENTS O* NO' ! @orcing or compelling, directly or indirectly, or nowingly permitting the forcing or compelling of the la+orer or employee of the offender to purchase merchandise of commodities of any ind from him1 1. That the offender is an! person, agent or officer of an! association or corporation. 2. That he or s$ch firm or corporation has emplo!ed laborers or emplo!ees. 0. That he forces or compels, directl! or indirectl!, or +nowingl! permits to be forced or compelled, an! of his or its laborers or emplo!ees to p$rchase merchandise or commodities of an! +ind from his or from said firm or corporation. ELEMENTS O* NO' 7 -aying the wages due his la+orer or employee +y means of to ens or o+9ect other than the legal tender currency of the -hilippines, unless expressly re.uested +y such la+orer or employee* 1. That the offender pa!s the wages d$e a laborer or emplo!ee emplo!ed b! him b! means of to+ens or ob3ects. 2. That those to+ens or ob3ects are other than the legal tender c$rrenc! to the Philippines. 0. That s$ch emplo!ee or laborer does not e)pressl! re1$est that he be paid b! means of to+ens or ob3ects. L :nder t)e Re1u&lic Act No' /871 Ino#n as t)e 9inim$m age Law1 #a es of la.orers m'st .e paid in le al tender. Accordin ly1 it is 'nla#f'l to pay t)e #a es of t)e la.orers in t)e form of promissory notes1 $o'c)ers1 co'pons1 toIens1 or any ot)er forms alle ed to represent le al tender. Article 756 *ORMATION2 MAINTENANCE2 AN) .RO+IBITION O* COMBINATION O* CA.ITAL OR LABOR T+ROUG+ (IOLENCE OR T+REATS ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender emplo!s violence or threats, in s$ch a degree as to compel or force the laborers or emplo!ers in the free and legal e)ercise of their ind$str! or wor+ 2. That the p$rpose is to organi'e, maintain or prevent coalitions of capital or labor, stri+e of laborers or loc+o$t of emplo!ees. L -eacef'l picIetin is part of t)e freedom of speec) and is not co$ered .y t)is article. L -re$entin employees or la.orers from /oinin any re istered la.or or aniJation is p'nis)ed 'nder Art. 24% of t)e 9a.or Code.
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)ISCO(ERY AN) RE(ELATION O* SECRETS Article 768 )ISCO(ERING SECRETS T+ROUG+ SEIFURE O* CORRES.ON)ENCE ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender is a private individ$al or even a p$blic officer not in the e)ercise of his official f$nction, 2. That he sei'es the papers or letters of another. 0. That the p$rpose is to discover the secrets of s$ch another person. 6. That offender is informed of the contents or the papers or letters sei'ed. Notes# L T)is is a crime a ainst t)e sec'rity of oneGs papers and effects. T)e p'rpose m'st .e to disco$er its effects. T)e act $iolates t)e pri$acy of comm'nication. L >ot applica.le to parents #it) respect to minor c)ildren L T)e last para rap) of Article 2(* e2pressly maIes t)e pro$ision of t)e first and second para rap) t)ereof inapplica+le to parents, guardians, or persons entrusted with the custody of minors placed 'nder t)eir care or c'stody1 and to t)e spouses #it) respect to t)e papers or letters of eit)er of t)em. T)e teachers or ot)er persons entr'sted #it) t)e care and ed'cation of minors are incl'ded in t)e e2ceptions. "n a case decided .y t)e B'preme Co'rt1 a spo'se #)o r'mma ed and fo'nd lo$e letters of )'s.and to mistress does not commit t)is crime1 .'t t)e letters are inadmissi.le in e$idence .eca'se of 'nreasona.le searc) and seiJ're. T)e r'lin )eld t)at t)e #ife s)o'ld )a$e applied for a searc) #arrant. L Contents need not .e secret .'t p'rpose pre$ails L Accordin to ?rte a1 it is not necessary t)at t)e offender s)o'ld act'ally disco$er t)e contents of t)e letter. 3eyes1 citin People v. 2ingh, #A, 6@ &G, 2$ppl. 5, 05, .elie$es ot)er#ise. #irc$mstances 1$alif!ing the offense" #)en t)e offender re$eals contents of s'c) papers or letters of anot)er to a 3rd person1 t)e penalty is )i )er >istinction from estafa, damage to propert!, and $n3$st ve)ation" "f t)e act )ad .een e2ec'ted #it) intent of ain1 it #o'ld .e estafa1 "f1 on t)e ot)er )and1 t)e p'rpose #as not to defra'd1 .'t only to ca'se dama e to anot)erGs1 it #o'ld merit t)e A'alification of damage to property1 "f t)e intention #as merely to ca'se $e2ation pre$entin anot)er to do somet)in #)ic) t)e la# does not pro)i.it or compel )im to e2ec'te #)at )e does not #ant1 t)e act s)o'ld .e considered as un9ust vexation. Article 76! RE(EALING SECRETS 4IT+ ABUSE O* O**ICE ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender is a manager, emplo!ee or servant. 2. That he learns the secrets of his principal or master in s$ch capacit!. 0. That he reveals s$ch secrets. L An employee1 mana er1 or ser$ant #)o came to Ino# of t)e secret of )is master or principal in s'c) capacity and re$eals t)e same s)all also .e lia.le re ardless of #)et)er or not t)e principal or master s'ffered dama es.
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L T)e essence of t)is crime is t)at t)e offender learned of t)e secret in t)e co'rse of )is employment. 0e is en/oyin a confidential relation #it) t)e employer or master so )e s)o'ld respect t)e pri$acy of matters personal to t)e latter. L "f t)e matter pertains to t)e .'siness of t)e employer or master1 dama e is necessary and t)e a ent1 employee or ser$ant s)all al#ays .e lia.le. 3eason7 no one )as a ri )t to t)e personal pri$acy of anot)er.
Article 767 RE(ELATION O* IN)USTRIAL SECRETS ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender is a person in charge, emplo!ee or wor+man of a man$fact$ring or ind$strial establishment. 2. That the man$fact$ring or ind$strial establishment has a secret of the ind$str! which the offender has learned. 0. That the offender reveals s$ch secrets. 6. That the pre3$dice is ca$sed to the owner. L A .'siness secret m'st not .e Ino#n to ot)er .'siness entities or persons. "t is a matter to .e disco$ered1 Ino#n and 'sed .y and m'st .elon to one person or entity e2cl'si$ely. ?ne #)o merely copies t)eir mac)ines from t)ose already e2istin and f'nctionin cannot claim to )a$e a .'siness secret1 m'c) less1 a disco$ery #it)in t)e contemplation of Article 2(2.
TITLE TEN CRIMES AGAINST .RO.ERTY Crimes against 1ro1erty 1. 3o..ery #it) $iolence a ainst or intimidation of persons (Art. 2(4); 2. Attempted and fr'strated ro..ery committed 'nder certain circ'mstances (Art. 2(!); 3. E2ec'tion of deeds .y means of $iolence or intimidation (Art. 2(%); 4. 3o..ery in an in)a.ited )o'se or p'.lic .'ildin or edifice de$oted to #ors)ip (Art. 2((); 5. 3o..ery in an in)a.ited place or in a pri$ate .'ildin (Art. 3*2); 6. -ossession of picIlocIs or similar tools (Art. 3*4); !. @ri anda e (Art. 3*6); %. Aidin and a.ettin a .and of .ri ands (Art. 3*!); (. T)eft (Art. 3*%); 1*. T'alified t)eft (Art. 31*); 11. T)eft of t)e property of t)e >ational 9i.rary and >ational M'se'm (Art. 311); 12. ?cc'pation of real property or 's'rpation of real ri )ts in property (Art. 312); 13. Alterin .o'ndaries or landmarIs (Art. 313); 14. +ra'd'lent insol$ency (Art. 314); 15. B#indlin (Art. 315); 16. ?t)er forms of s#indlin (Art. 316); 1!. B#indlin a minor (Art. 31!); 1%. ?t)er deceits (Art. 31%); 1(. 3emo$al1 sale or pled e of mort a ed property (Art. 31(); 2*. Eestr'cti$e arson (Art. 32*); 21. ?t)er forms of arson (Art. 321); 22. Arson of property of small $al'e (Art. 323); 23. Crimes in$ol$in destr'ction (Art. 324); 24. @'rnin oneGs o#n property as means to commit arson (Art. 325); 25. Bettin fire to property e2cl'si$ely o#ned .y t)e offender (Art. 326); 26. Malicio's misc)ief (Art. 32!);
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2!. 2%. 2(. Bpecial case of malicio's misc)ief (Art. 32%); Eama e and o.str'ction to means of comm'nication (Art. 33*); Eestroyin or dama in stat'es1 p'.lic mon'ments or paintin s (Art. 331).
Article 76: ROBBERY IN GENERAL ELEMENTS# 1. That there be personal propert! belonging to another. 2. That there is $nlawf$l ta+ing of that propert!. 0. That the ta+ing m$st be with intent to gain, and 6. That there is violence against or intimidation of an! person, or force $pon an!thing. Notes# ROBBERY C T)is is t)e taIin or personal property .elon in to anot)er1 #it) intent to ain1 .y means of $iolence a ainst1 or intimidation of any person1 or 'sin force 'pon anyt)in . Two +inds of robber!" 1) ro..ery #it) $iolence or intimidation and 2) ro..ery #it) force 'pon t)in s. ?elonging to another C person from #)om property #as taIen need not .e t)e o#ner1 le al possession is s'fficient L T)e property m'st .e personal property and cannot refer to real property. L >ame of t)e real o#ner is not essential so lon as t)e personal property taIen does not .elon to t)e acc'sed except if crime is ro..ery #it) )omicide L T)e o#ner of t)e property may .e )eld lia.le for ro..ery #)ere )e forci.le taIes t)e property from t)e possession of t)e .ailee #it) intent to c)ar e t)e latter #it) its $al'e. ,D. 2. vs. Albao, 2A Phil. 7;) L "n t)e a.sence of any e2planation as to )o# one )as come into possession of stolen effects .elon in to a person #o'nded and treac)ero'sly Iilled1 t)e possessor m'st necessarily .e considered t)e a't)or of t)e a ression and deat) of t)e $ictim as #ell as of t)e ro..ery committed. ,People vs. 4ap$ela. G. 4. %&. 751.7, 9arch 15, 1AA@) Su11ose the 1ro1erty is res n$ll$s or without an ownerN T)e crime of ro..ery or t)eft cannot .e committed if t)e property is #it)o't an o#ner for t)e simple reason t)at no one can .e pre/'diced .y t)e taIin of t)e personal property1 e$en t)o' ) t)e intent to ain is present in t)e taIin . Ta+ing of personal propert! C m'st .e 'nla#f'l; if given in trust C estafa L T)e taIin of t)e property m'st .e co'pled #it) t)e intention to permanently depri$e t)e offended party of )is possession of t)e t)in s taIen. ,People vs. Fho #hoc, #. A., 5@ &. G. 1;;.) As to robber! with violence or intimidation C from t)e moment t)e offender ains possession of t)e t)in e$en if offender )as )ad no opport'nity to dispose of t)e same1 t)e 'nla#f'l taIin is complete As to robber! with force $pon things C t)in m'st .e taIen o't of t)e .'ildin (ntent to gain C pres'med from 'nla#f'l taIin
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L "ntent to ain may .e pres'med from t)e 'nla#f'l taIin of anot)erGs property. =owever, #)en one taIes a property 'nder t)e claim of o#ners)ip or title1 t)e taIin is not considered to .e #it) intent to ain. ,D. 2. vs. 9anl$co, et al., 27 Phil. 0;@) * When thereDs no intent to gain +ut there is violence in the ta ing C ra$e coercion L &iolence or intimidation m'st .e a ainst t)e person of t)e offended party1 not 'pon t)e t)in General r$le" $iolence or intimidation m'st .e present .efore t)e FtaIin H is complete :)cept" #)en $iolence res'lts in C )omicide1 rape1 intentional m'tilation or any of t)e serio's p)ysical in/'ries in par 1 and 2 of art 2631 t)e taIin of t)e property is ro..ery comple2ed #it) any of t)ese crimes 'nder art 2(41 e$en if taIin is already complete #)en $iolence #as 'sed .y t)e offender Dse of force $pon things C entrance to t)e .'ildin .y means descri.ed in arts 2(( and 3*2 (offender m'st enter) L T)e ot)er Iind of ro..ery is one t)at is committed #it) t)e 'se of force 'pon anyt)in in order to taIe #it) intent to ain1 t)e personal property of anot)er. T)e 'se of force )ere m'st refer to t)e force employed 'pon t)in s in order to ain entrance into a .'ildin or a )o'se. ,People vs. Adorno, #. A. 6@ &. G. 5;.) L When +oth violence or intimidation and force upon things concur C it is ro..ery #it) $iolence Ro&&ery an, The t2 com1are,' 1. Both ro++ery and theft in$ol$e 'nla#f'l taIin or asportation as an element; 2. Both in$ol$e personal property .elon in to anot)er; 3. %n +oth crimes1 t)e taIin is done #it) intent to ain; 4. %n ro++ery1 t)e taIin is done eit)er #it) t)e 'se of $iolence or intimidation of person or t)e employment of force 'pon t)in s; #)ereas in theft1 t)e taIin is done simply #it)o't t)e Ino#led e and consent of t)e o#ner. Ro&&ery with %iolence "ntent to ain "mmediate )arm Gra%e threats >o intent to ain "ntimidation; promises some f't're )arm or in/'ry Gra%e coercion >one "ntimidation (effect) is immediate and offended party is compelled to do somet)in a ainst )is #ill (#Nn ri )t or #ron ) Bri&ery 8 )as committed a crime and i$es money as #ay to a$oid arrest or prosec'tion Ki$in of money is in one sense $ol'ntary Transaction is $ol'ntary and m't'al
Ro&&ery 8 didnGt commit crime .'t is intimidated to depri$e )im of )is property Eepri$ed of money t)r' force or intimidation >eit)er E2. defendant demands payment of -2.** #it) t)reats of arrest and prosec'tion1 t)erefore1 ro..ery .eca'se (a) intent to ain and (.) immediate )arm ANTI 3 CARNA..ING ACT < RA O /-:6 =
G#arnappingH is t)e taIin 1 #it) intent to ain1 of a motor $e)icle .elon in to anot)er #it)o't t)e latterGs consent1 or .y means of $iolence a ainst or intimidation of persons1 or .y 'sin force 'pon t)in s. Any $e)icle #)ic) is motoriJed 'sin t)e streets #)ic) are p'.lic1 not e2cl'si$ely for pri$ate 'se is co$ered #it)in t)e concept of motor $e)icle 'nder t)e Anti4Carnappin 9a#. A tricycle #)ic) is not incl'ded in t)e en'meration of e2empted $e)icles 'nder t)e Carnappin 9a# is deemed to .e motor $e)icle as defined in t)e la#1 t)e stealin of #)ic) comes #it)in its penal sanction. "f t)e $e)icle 'ses t)e streets #it) or #it)o't t)e reA'ired license1 t)e same comes #it)in t)e protection of t)e la#1 for t)e se$erity of t)e offense is not to .e meas'red .y #)at Iind of street or )i )#ay t)e same is 'sed .'t .y t)e nat're of t)e $e)icle itself and t)e case to #)ic) it is de$oted. ,('on, et al., vs. People, 1@. 2#4A 117)
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Article 76" ROBBERY 4IT+ (IOLENCE AGAINST OR INTIMI)ATION O* .ERSON Acts 1unishe, as ro&&ery with %iolence against or intimi,ation o 1ersons ?! reason or on occasion of the robber!, the following are committed" 1. homicide 2. robber! accompanied with rape or intentional m$tilation, 2P( insane, imbecile, impotent or blind 0. 2P( lost the $se of speech, hear, smell, e!e, hand, foot, arm, leg, $se of an! s$ch member, incapacitated for wor+ habit$all! engaged in 6. Eiolence*intimidation shall have been carried to a degree clearl! $nnecessar! for the crime or when in the ca$se of its e)ec$tion 2P(*deformit!, or shall have lost an! part of the bod! or the $se thereof or shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance of the wor+ for N A@ da!s- N 0@ da!s 5. An! +ind of robber! with less serio$s ph!sical in3$ries or slight ph!sical in3$ries Notes# S.ECIAL COM.LED CRIMES <s1eci ic 1enalties 1rescri&e,= ROBBERY 4IT+ +OMICI)E 3 a. if ori inal desi n is ro..ery and )omicide is committed C ro..ery #it) )omicide e$en t)o' ) )omicide precedes t)e ro..ery .y an apprecia.le time. .. c. "f ori inal desi n is not ro..ery .'t ro..ery #as committed after )omicide as an aftert)o' )t C 2 separate offenses. Btill ro..ery #it) )omicide C if t)e person Iilled #as an innocent .ystander and not t)e person ro..ed and if deat) s'per$ened .y mere accident.
L T)e ori inal criminal desi n of t)e c'lprit m'st .e 3o..ery and t)e 0omicide is perpetrated #it) a $ie# to t)e cons'mmation of t)e 3o..ery. * %f death results or even accompanies a ro++ery 1 t)e crime #ill .e ro..ery #it) )omicide pro$ided t)at t)e ro..ery is cons'mmated. L As lon as t)e criminal o./ecti$e or plan is to ro.1 #)et)er t)e Iillin committed .y reason or on occasion t)ereof is intentional or accidental1 t)e crime is 3o..ery #it) 0omicide. , Pp vs. Pecato, 151 scra 16 ) As lon as t)ere #as Iillin #)en 3o..ery #as taIin place1 3o..ery #it) 0omicide #as committed1 t)e Iillin occ'rrin on t)e occasion t)ereof. -ro.lem7 A1 @1 C and E ro..ed a .anI. 5)en t)ey #ere a.o't to flee1 policemen came1 and t)ey traded s)ots #it) t)em. "f one of t)e policemen #as Iilled1 t)e offense is 3o..ery #it) 0omicide. "f one of t)e ro..ers #as t)e one Iilled1 t)e remainin ro..ers s)all .e c)ar ed also #it) 3o..ery #it) 0omicide. "f a .anI employee #as t)e one Iilled eit)er .y t)e ro..ers or .y t)e policemen in t)e co'rse of t)e latterGs action of arrestin or tryin to arrest t)e ro..ers1 t)e crime is still 3o..ery #it) 0omicide. L As lon as t)e criminal intent is to ro.1 t)at is1 ro..ery #as t)e real moti$e1 t)e offense #o'ld still .e classified as 3o..ery #it) 0omicide e$en if t)e Iillin preceded or #as done a)ead of t)e ro..in . <People vs. Tolentino, 1;5 2#4A 6A@=' L T)'s1 as a mem.er of t)e Fa a#4armasH an #)ose plan and desi n is to ro. a policeman of )is ser$ice re$ol$er1 .'t .eca'se )e fears t)at said policeman may .eat )im to t)e dra#1 first s)oots t)e policeman
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fatally and only after #)en t)e latter lies dead1 does )e et t)e 'n C t)e crime is still considered 3o..ery #it) 0omicide. L T)is is a crime against property1 and t)erefore1 yo' contend not #it) t)e Iillin .'t #it) t)e ro..ery. * As long as there is only one :2; ro++ery, regardless of the persons illed, the crime will only +e one :2; count of ro++ery with homicide* T)e fact t)at t)ere are m'ltiple Iillin s committed in t)e co'rse of t)e ro..ery #ill .e considered only as a ra$atin so as to call for t)e imposition of t)e ma2im'm penalty prescri.ed .y la#. L "f1 on t)e occasion or .y reason of t)e ro..ery1 some.ody is Iilled1 and t)ere are also p)ysical in/'ries inflicted .y reason or on t)e occasion of t)e ro..ery1 donGt t)inI t)at t)ose #)o s'stained p)ysical in/'ries may separately prosec'te t)e offender for p)ysical in/'ries. !hose physical in9uries are only considered aggravating circumstances in the crime of ro++ery with homicide . L T)is is not a comple2 crime as 'nderstood 'nder Article 4%1 .'t a sin le indi$isi.le crime. T)is is a special complex crime .eca'se t)e specific penalty is pro$ided in t)e la#. L T)e term 3homicide4 is used in the generic sense 1 and t)e comple2 crime t)erein contemplated compre)ends not only ro..ery #it) )omicide in its restricted sense1 .'t also #it) ro..ery #it) m'rder. Bo1 any ind of illing +y reason of or on the occasion of a ro++ery will +ring a+out the crime of ro++ery with homicide e$en if t)e person Iilled is less t)an t)ree days old1 or e$en if t)e person Iilled is t)e mot)er or fat)er of t)e Iiller1 or e$en if on s'c) ro..ery t)e person Iilled #as done .y treac)ery or any of t)e A'alifyin circ'mstances. "n s)ort1 t)ere is no crime of ro..ery #it) parricide1 ro..ery #it) m'rder1 ro..ery #it) infanticide C any and all forms of Iillin is referred to as )omicide. "ll'stration7 !he ro++ers enter the house* %n entering through the window, one of the ro++ers stepped on a child less than three days old* T)e crime is not ro..ery #it) infanticide .eca'se t)ere is no s'c) crime. T)e #ord )omicide as 'sed in definin ro..ery #it) )omicide is 'sed in t)e eneric sense. "t refers to any Iind of deat). L Alt)o' ) it is a crime a ainst property and treac)ery is an a ra$atin circ'mstance t)at applies only to crimes a ainst persons1 if t)e Iillin in a ro..ery is committed #it) treac)ery1 t)e treachery will +e considered a generic aggravating circumstance +ecause of the homicide . L 5)en two or more persons are illed during the ro++ery 1 s'c) s)o'ld .e appreciated as an a ra$atin circ'mstance. * As long as there is only one ro++ery, regardless of the persons illed, you only have one crime of ro++ery with homicide. >ote1 )o#e$er1 t)at Fone ro..eryH does not mean t)ere is only one taIin . "ll'stration7 (o++ers decided to commit ro++ery in a house, which turned out to +e a +oarding house* !hus, there were different +oarders who were offended parties in the ro++ery* T)ere is only one co'nt of ro..ery. "f t)ere #ere Iillin s done to different .oarders d'rin t)e ro..ery .ein committed in a .oarderGs A'arter1 do not consider t)at as separate co'nts of ro..ery #it) )omicide .eca'se #)en ro..ers decide to commit ro..ery in a certain )o'se1 t)ey are only impelled +y one criminal intent to ro+ and t)ere #ill only .e one case of ro..ery. "f t)ere #ere )omicide or deat) committed1 t)at #o'ld only .e part of a sin le ro..ery. !hat there were several illings done would only aggravate the commission of the crime of ro++ery with homicide. L "n People v. <$iPones, 170 2#4A .6.1 it #as )eld t)at t)ere is no crime of ro++ery with multiple homicides* T)e c)ar e s)o'ld .e for ro..ery #it) )omicide only .eca'se t)e n'm.er of persons Iilled is immaterial and does not increase t)e penalty prescri.ed in Article 2(4. All the illings are merged in the composite integrated whole that is ro++ery with homicide so long as the illings were +y reason or on occasion of the ro++ery* L "n anot)er case1 a .and of ro..ers entered a compo'nd1 #)ic) is act'ally a s' ar mill. 5it)in t)e compo'nd1 t)ere #ere A'arters of t)e la.orers. T)ey ro..ed eac) of t)e A'arters. T)e B'preme Co'rt )eld t)at t)ere #as only one count of ro++ery +ecause when they decided and determined to ro+ the compound, they were only impelled +y one criminal intent to ro+*
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L 5it) more reason1 t)erefore1 if in a ro..ery1 t)e offender tooI a#ay property .elon in to different o#ners1 as long as the ta ing was done at one time, and in one place, impelled +y the same criminal intent to gain, there would only +e one count of ro++ery* L "n ro..ery #it) )omicide as a sin le indi$isi.le offense1 it is immaterial who gets illed. E$en t)o' ) t)e illing may have resulted from negligence1 yo' #ill still desi nate t)e crime as ro..ery #it) )omicide. "ll'stration7 ?n t)e occasion of a ro..ery1 one of t)e offenders placed )is firearm on t)e ta.le. 5)ile t)ey #ere ransacIin t)e place1 one of t)e ro..ers .'mped t)e ta.le. As a res'lt1 t)e firearm fell on t)e floor and disc)ar ed. #ne of the ro++ers was the one illed. E$en t)o' ) t)e placin of t)e firearm on t)e ta.le #)ere t)ere is no safety preca'tion taIen may .e considered as one of ne li ence or impr'dence1 yo' do not separate t)e )omicide as one of t)e prod'ct of criminal ne li ence. %t will still +e ro++ery with homicide, whether the person illed is connected with the ro++ery or not* =e need not also +e in the place of the ro++ery* L "n one case1 in t)e co'rse of t)e str' le in a )o'se #)ere t)e ro..ery #as .ein committed1 t)e o#ner of t)e place tried to #rest t)e arm of t)e ro..er. A person se$eral meters a#ay #as t)e one #)o ot Iilled. T)e crime #as )eld to .e ro..ery #it) )omicide. L >ote t)at t)e person Iilled need not .e one #)o is identified #it) t)e o#ner of t)e place #)ere t)e ro..ery is committed or one #)o is a stran er to t)e ro..ers. %t is enough that the homicide was committed +y reason of the ro++ery or on the occasion thereof* "ll'stration7 T)ere are t#o ro..ers #)o .roIe into a )o'se and carried a#ay some $al'a.les. After t)ey left s'c) )o'se t)ese t#o ro..ers decided to c't or di$ide t)e loot already so t)at t)ey can o of t)em. Bo #)ile t)ey are di$idin t)e loot t)e ot)er ro..er noticed t)at t)e one doin t)e di$ision is tryin to c)eat )im and so )e immediately .o2ed )im. >o# t)is ro..er #)o #as .o2ed t)en p'lled o't )is 'n and fired at t)e ot)er one Iillin t)e latter. 5o'ld t)at .rin a.o't t)e crime of ro..ery #it) )omicide= Bes* Even if the ro++ery was already consummated, the illing was still +y reason of the ro++ery +ecause they .uarreled in dividing the loot that is the su+9ect of the ro++ery* L "n People v. >omingo, 176 2#4A 6@A1 on t)e occasion of t)e ro..ery1 t)e storeo#ner1 a sept'a enarian1 s'ffered a stroIe d'e to t)e e2treme fear #)ic) directly ca'sed )is deat) #)en t)e ro..ers pointed t)eir 'ns at )im. "t #as )eld t)at t)e crime committed #as ro..ery #it) )omicide. %t is immaterial that death supervened as a mere accident as long as the homicide was produced +y reason or on the occasion of the ro++ery 1 .eca'se it is only t)e res'lt #)ic) matters1 #it)o't reference to t)e circ'mstances or ca'ses or persons inter$enin in t)e commission of t)e crime #)ic) m'st .e considered. L 3emem.er also t)at intent to ro+ must +e proved. @'t t)ere m'st .e an alle ation as to t)e ro..ery not only as to t)e intention to ro.. * %f the motive is to ill and the ta ing is committed thereafter, the crimes committed are homicide and theft* "f t)e primordial intent of t)e offender is to Iill and not to ro. .'t after t)e Iillin of t)e $ictims a ro..ery #as committed1 t)en t)ere are #ill .e t#o separate crimes. "ll'stration7 "f a person )ad an enemy and Iilled )im and after Iillin )im1 sa# t)at )e )ad a .ea'tif'l rin and tooI t)is1 t)e crime #o'ld .e not ro..ery #it) )omicide .eca'se t)e primary criminal intent is to Iill. Bo1 t)ere #ill .e two crimes: one for the illing and one for the ta ing of the property after the victim was illed* >o# t)is #o'ld .rin a.o't t)e crime of t)eft and it co'ld not .e ro..ery anymore .eca'se t)e person is already dead. L +or ro..ery #it) )omicide to e2ist1 )omicide m'st .e committed .y reason or on t)e occasion of t)e ro..ery1 t)at is1 t)e )omicide m'st .e committed Fin t)e co'rse or .eca'se of t)e ro..ery.H 3o..ery and )omicide are separate offenses #)en t)e )omicide is not committed Fon t)e occasionH or F.y reasonH of t)e ro..ery.
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* Where the victims were illed, not for the purpose of committing ro++ery, and the idea of ta ing the money and other personal property of the victims was conceived +y the culprits only after the illing1 it #as )eld in People v. >omingo, 176 2#4A 6@A1 t)at t)e c'lprits committed t#o separate crimes of )omicide or m'rder (A'alified .y a.'se of s'perior stren t)) and t)eft. L T)e $ictims #ere Iilled first t)en t)eir money #as taIen t)e money from t)eir dead .odies. T)is is ro..ery #it) )omicide* %t is important here that the intent to commit ro++ery must precede the ta ing of human life in ro++ery with homicide . T)e offender m'st )a$e t)e intent to taIe personal property .efore t)e Iillin . L "t m'st .e conclusively shown that the homicide was committed for the purpose of ro++ing the victim . "n People v. =ernande'1 appellants )ad not t)o' )t of ro..ery prior to t)e Iillin . T)e t)o' )t of taIin t)e $ictimGs #rist#atc) #as concei$ed only after t)e Iillin and t)ro#in of t)e $ictim in t)e canal. Appellants #ere con$icted of t#o separate crimes of )omicide and t)eft as t)ere is a.sent direct relation and intimate connection .et#een t)e ro..ery and t)e Iillin . * =owever1 if t)e elements of t)e crime of ro..ery #it) $iolence employed a ainst persons1 fail to meet t)e reA'irements of Article 2(41 as when the ro++ery resulted only in the commission of frustrated homicide1 t)en Article 2(4 s)o'ld .e i nored and t)e eneral pro$ision of t)e la# s)o'ld .e applied1 s'c) as t)e pro$ision of Article 4%. * %f ro++ery is proved +ut the homicide is not proven 1 t)e acc'sed s)o'ld .e con$icted of ro..ery only and t)e penalty s)all not .e .ased 'nder para rap) 1 .'t on para rap) 5 of t)e same article1 since only intimidation or $iolence #as employed and it did not res'lt in any of t)e sit'ations mentioned in para rap)s 1 to 4. * %f the ro++ery is not proven +ut the homicide is esta+lished 1 t)en t)e acc'sed s)o'ld .e )eld lia.le only for )omicide and t)e penalty s)all .e taIen from Article 24(1 #)ic) deals #it) crimes a ainst property1 so1 if se$eral )omicides are alle ed in t)e information for ro..ery #it) )omicide1 and all of t)ese )omicides are pro$en .eyond reasona.le do'.t1 t)e co'rt #ill impose a separate penalty for eac) of t)e )omicide t)at is esta.lis)ed .y t)e e$idence. ,People vs. ?arr$ga, ;1 Phil. 017) L "t is important to remem.er t)at t)e special comple2 crime of ro..ery #it) )omicide is committed1 #)ere t)ere e2ists a direct relation1 an intimate connection .et#een t)e ro..ery and t)e Iillin 1 irrespecti$e of #)et)er t)e Iillin .e prior or s'.seA'ent to t)e ro..ery; or #)et)er .ot) crimes #ere committed at t)e same time. ,People vs. P$esca, 7. 2#4A 10@) * (o++ery with homicide need not +e committed inside a +uilding . 5)at constit'tes t)e crime as ro..ery #it) )omicide is t)e Iillin of a person on t)e occasion or .y reason of t)e taIin of personal property .elon in to anot)er #it) intent to ain. L T)e illing on the occasion of ro++ery may come in different forms . 1) "t may .e done .y t)e offender for t)e p'rpose of s'ppressin e$idence1 liIe #)en t)e $ictim is Iilled .eca'se )e )appens to Ino# t)e person of t)e offender; or 2) #)en t)e Iillin is done in order to pre$ent or remo$e any opposition #)ic) t)e $ictim may p't 'p as re ards t)e taIin of )is personal .elon in s. 3) T)e Iillin may also res'lt from t)e offenderGs defense of )is possession of t)e stolen oods. 4) ?r it may .e resorted to .y t)e offender to facilitate )is escape after t)e commission of t)e ro..ery. L "n People vs. 9acalalad, ( -)il. (1(*!)1 t)e B'preme Co'rt r'led t)at whenever homicide is committed as a conse.uence or on the occasion of a ro++ery, all those who too part in the commission of the ro++ery are guilty as principals in the crime of ro++ery with homicide unless it appears that the principal claiming innocence in the illing, has attempted or tried to prevent the illing* T)e .'rden of pro$in t)e attempt to pre$ent ot)ers from Iillin t)e $ictim rests on t)e co4principal of t)e crime #)o maIes s'c) assertion or claim. L T)e same principle )as .een applied .y t)e B'preme Co'rt #)ere t)e crime committed is ro..ery accompanied .y rape. !he criminal lia+ility of the person or persons who too no part in the commission of the rape which accompanied the ro++ery is the same as the ro++er or ro++ers who actually committed the rape unless the ro++er or ro++ers claiming innocence of the rape had endeavored to prevent the commission of the rape* ,People vs. Tiongco, 0. Phil. A5) ROBBERY 4IT+ RA.E 3 L intent to commit ro..ery m'st precede rape.
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L -rosec'tion of t)e crime need not .e .y offended party C fiscal can si n t)e information. L 5)en rape and )omicide co4e2ist1 rape s)o'ld .e considered as a ro..ery #it) )omicide ra$atin only and t)e crime is still
L Article 4% is not applica.le to t)is crime .eca'se ro..ery is not a necessary means for t)e commission of rape. >eit)er is rape necessary to commit ro..ery. L T)is is anot)er form of $iolence or intimidation 'pon person. T)e rape accompanies t)e ro..ery. "n t)is case #)ere rape and not )omicide is committed1 t)ere is only a crime of ro..ery #it) rape if .ot) t)e ro++ery and the rape are consummated. %f during the ro++ery, attempted rape were committed, the crimes would +e separate, that is, one for ro++ery and one for the attempted rape* L T)e rape committed on t)e occasion of t)e ro..ery is not considered a pri$ate crime .eca'se t)e crime is ro..ery1 #)ic) is a crime a ainst property. Bo1 even though the ro++er may have married the woman raped, the crime remains ro++ery with rape . T)e rape is not erased. T)is is .eca'se t)e crime is against property which is a single indivisi+le offense* * %f the woman, who was raped on the occasion of the ro++ery, pardoned the rapist who is one of the ro++ers, that would not erase the crime of rape* T)e offender #o'ld still .e prosec'ted for t)e crime of ro..ery #it) rape1 as lon as t)e rape is cons'mmated. L -ardon .y t)e offended party #ill not alter t)e criminal lia.ility of t)e offender .eca'se in ro..ery #it) rape1 t)e crime committed is not a crime a ainst c)astity .'t a crime a ainst property. E$en 'nder t)e present amendment #)ic) classifies rape as a crime a ainst person1 t)e c)an e )as no le al effect on t)e pro$ision of Article 2(4 since t)e special comple2 crime of ro..ery #it) rape is considered1 .y e2press pro$ision of la#1 a sin le crime not#it)standin t)at t)ere is a pl'rality of crimes committed. L "f t)e rape is attempted1 since it #ill .e a separate c)ar e and t)e offended woman pardoned the offender, that would +ring a+out a +ar to the prosecution of the attempted rape . "f t)e offender married the offended woman, that would extinguish the criminal lia+ility +ecause the rape is the su+9ect of a separate prosecution* L T)e intention must +e to commit ro++ery and even if the rape is committed +efore the ro++ery 1 ro..ery #it) rape is committed. @'t if the accused tried to rape the offended party and +ecause of resistance, he failed to consummate the act, and then he snatched the vanity case from her hands when she ran away, two crimes are committed: attempted rape and theft* L T)ere is no complex crime under Article <J .eca'se a sin le act is not committed and attempted rape is not a means necessary to commit t)eft and $ice4$ersa. L T)e (evised -enal "ode does not differentiate whether rape was committed +efore, during or after the ro++ery. "t is eno' ) t)at t)e ro..ery accompanied t)e rape. (o++ery must not +e a mere accident or afterthought* * %f the two :/; crimes were separated +oth +y time and place, there is no complex crime of (o++ery with (ape. T)'s1 #)en complainant #ent o't of )er room a.o't 173* a.m. to 'rinate1 one of t)e acc'sed ra..ed )er1 poIed an icepicI on )er necI 1 and dra ed )er o't of t)e )o'se and #as made to .oard a ta2i; and .efore .oardin 1 s)e sa# t)e t#o (2) companions of t)e man carryin )er type#riter and .etama2 and t)en /oinin t)em in t)e ta2i1 and t)at after ali )tin from t)e ta2i1 t)e t#o (2) companions left )er1 and t)e man #)o )ad ra..ed )er .ro' )t )er to a motel1 #)ere .y means of force and intimidation )e #as a.le to )a$e se2 #it) )er1 t)e crimes committed are 3o..ery and +orci.le A.d'ction #it) 3ape. T)e 3ape committed cannot .e comple2ed #it) 3o..ery. <People vs. Angeles, 222 2#4A 651=' L "n People v. /lores, 1A5 2#4A 2A52 alt)o' ) t)e offenders plan #as to et t)e $ictimGs money1 rape )er and Iill )er1 .'t in t)e act'al e2ec'tion of t)e crime1 t)e t)o' )ts of depri$in t)e $ictim of )er $al'a.les #as rele ated to t)e .acI ro'nd and t)e offenderGs pr'rient desires s'rfaced. T)ey persisted in satisfyin t)eir l'st. T)ey #o'ld )a$e for otten a.o't t)eir intent to ro. if not for t)e accidental to'c)in of t)e $ictimGs rin and #rist#atc). T)e taIin of t)e $ictimGs $al'a.les t'rned o't to .e an aftert)o' )t. "t #as )eld t)at t#o distinct crimes #ere committed7 rape with homicide and theft* L "n .eo1le %' )inola2 !5: SCRA "6:2 it #as )eld t)at if t)e ori inal criminal desi n of t)e acc'sed #as to commit rape and after committin t)e rape1 t)e acc'sed committed ro..ery .eca'se t)e opport'nity
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presented itself1 t#o distinct crimes C rape and ro..ery #ere committed C not ro..ery #it) rape. "n t)e latter1 t)e criminal intent to gain must precede the intent to rape* L "f rape #as t)e primary o./ecti$e of t)e acc'sed and t)e taIin of )er /e#elries #as not done #it) intent to ain .'t as a toIen of )er s'pposed consent to t)e se2'al interco'rse1 t)e acc'sed is 'ilty of t#o distinct crimes7 rape and un9ust vexation. ,People vs. Eillarino, #. A. G. 4. %o. ;06284, %ov. 2;, 1A51)
ROBBERY 4IT+ INTIMI)ATION 3 L acts done .y t)e acc'sed #)ic) .y t)eir o#n nat're or .y reason of t)e circ'mstances inspire fear in t)e person a ainst #)om t)ey are directed L "n t)e taIin of personal property1 it is necessary that violence must +e employed +y the offender in order that the ta ing may +e considered as ro++ery . Bo1 #)ere t)e taIin is #it)o't $iolence or intimidation and t)e same is complete1 .'t t)e $ictim p'rs'ed t)e offender in order to reco$er t)e personal property taIen and .y t)e reason t)ereof1 )e s'ffers less serio's or sli )t p)ysical in/'ries in t)e )ands of t)e offender1 t)e $iolence employed on t)e $ictim #)ic) res'lted to )is in/'ries #ill not con$ert t)e taIin of )is personal property to ro..ery. "n s'c) a case1 t)e offender is lia.le for t#o crimes1 namely1 theft and less serious or slight physical in9uries* L T)e intimidation must +e present at the time of the ta ing +efore it is completed . "f t)e taIin is completed #it)o't intimidation and it is employed .y t)e offender only to pre$ent t)e o#ner from reco$erin )is stolen property1 t#o crimes are committed .y t)e offender7 theft and grave threat* L "f $iolence is employed a ainst t)e offended party in order to depri$e )im of )is personal property and t)e $iolence res'lted to t)e infliction of less serio's or sli )t p)ysical in/'ries1 t)e crime committed #o'ld only .e ro..ery. 0ence1 t)ere is no crime of ro++ery with less serious or slight in9uries . ,D. 2. vs. ?arroga, 21 Phil 1;1) &n ROBBERY 4IT+ .+YSICAL IN?URIES L To .e considered as s'c)1 t)e physical in9uries must always +e serious* %f the physical in9uries are only less serious or slight, they are a+sor+ed in the ro++ery . T)e crime .ecomes merely ro..ery. @'t if the less serious physical in9uries were committed after the ro++ery was already consummated, there would +e a separate charge for the less serious physical in9uries . "t #ill only .e a.sor.ed in t)e ro..ery if it #as inflicted in t)e co'rse of t)e e2ec'tion of t)e ro..ery. T)e same is tr'e in t)e case of sli )t p)ysical in/'ries. "ll'stration7 After t)e ro..ery )ad .een committed and t)e ro..ers #ere already fleein from t)e )o'se #)ere t)e ro..ery #as committed1 t)e o#ner of t)e )o'se c)ased t)em and t)e ro..ers fo' )t .acI. "f only less serio's p)ysical in/'ries #ere inflicted1 t)ere #ill .e separate crimes: one for ro++ery and one for less serious physical in9uries* L @'t if after t)e ro..ery #as committed and t)e ro..ers #ere already fleein from t)e )o'se #)ere t)e ro..ery #as committed1 t)e o#ner or mem.ers of t)e family of t)e o#ner c)ased t)em1 and t)ey fo' )t .acI and some.ody #as Iilled1 t)e crime #o'ld still .e ro++ery with homicide* @'t if serio's p)ysical in/'ries #ere inflicted and t)e serio's p)ysical in/'ries rendered t)e $ictim impotent or insane or t)e $ictim lost t)e 'se of any of )is senses or lost a part of )is .ody1 t)e crime #o'ld still .e ro..ery #it) serio's p)ysical in/'ries. T)e p)ysical in/'ries (serio's) s)o'ld not .e separated re ardless of #)et)er t)ey retorted in t)e co'rse of t)e commission of t)e ro..ery or e$en after t)e ro..ery #as cons'mmated. * %n Article /II1 it is only #)en t)e p)ysical in/'ries res'lted in t)e deformity or incapacitated t)e offended party from la.or for more t)an 3* days t)at t)e la# reA'ires s'c) p)ysical in/'ries to )a$e .een inflicted in t)e co'rse of t)e e2ec'tion of t)e ro..ery1 and only 'pon persons #)o are not responsi.le in t)e commission of t)e ro..ery.
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* But if the physical in9uries inflicted are those falling under su+division 2 and / of Article />7 1 e$en t)o' ) t)e p)ysical in/'ries #ere inflicted 'pon one of t)e ro..ers t)emsel$es1 and e$en t)o' ) it )ad .een inflicted after t)e ro..ery #as already cons'mmated1 t)e crime #ill still .e ro..ery #it) serio's p)ysical in/'ries. T)ere #ill only .e one co'nt of acc'sation. "ll'stration7 After the ro++ers fled from the place where the ro++ery was committed, they decided to divide the spoils and in the course of the division of the spoils or the loot, they .uarreled* !hey shot it out and one of the ro++ers was illed. T)e crime is still ro..ery #it) )omicide e$en t)o' ) one of t)e ro..ers #as t)e one Iilled .y one of t)em. %f they .uarreled and serious physical in9uries rendered one of the ro++ers impotent, +lind in +oth eyes, or got insane, or he lost the use of any of his senses, lost the use of any part of his +ody1 t)e crime #ill still .e ro..ery #it) serio's p)ysical in/'ries. L "f t)e ro..ers A'arreled o$er t)e loot and one of t)e ro..ers )acIed t)e ot)er ro..er ca'sin a deformity in )is face1 t)e crime #ill only .e ro..ery and a separate c)ar e for t)e serio's p)ysical in/'ries .eca'se when it is a deformity that is caused, the law re.uires that the deformity must have +een inflicted upon one who is not a participant in the ro++ery . Moreo$er1 t)e p)ysical in/'ries #)ic) a$e rise to t)e deformity or #)ic) incapacitated t)e offended party from la.or for more t)an 3* days1 m'st )a$e .een inflicted in t)e co'rse of t)e e2ec'tion of t)e ro..ery or #)ile t)e ro..ery #as taIin place. * %f it was inflicted when the thievesEro++ers are already dividing the spoils, it cannot +e considered as inflicted in the course of execution of the ro++ery and )ence1 it #ill not i$e rise to t)e crime of ro..ery #it) serio's p)ysical in/'ries. ;o' only )a$e one co'nt of ro..ery and anot)er co'nt for t)e serio's p)ysical in/'ries inflicted. * %f, during or on the occasion or +y reason of the ro++ery, a illing, rape or serious physical in9uries too place, there will only +e one crime of ro++ery with homicide .eca'se all of t)ese C Iillin 1 rape1 serio's p)ysical in/'ries 44 are contemplated .y la# as t)e $iolence or intimidation #)ic) c)aracteriJes t)e taIin as on of ro..ery. ;o' c)ar e t)e offenders of ro..ery #it) )omicide. !he rape or physical in9uries will only +e appreciated as aggravating circumstance and is not the su+9ect of a separate prosecution . T)ey #ill only call for t)e imposition of t)e penalty in t)e ma2im'm period. * %f on the occasion of the ro++ery with homicide, ro++ery with force upon things was also committed, you will not have only one ro++ery +ut you will have a complex crime of ro++ery with homicide and ro++ery with force upon things (see %apolis v. #A). T)is is .eca'se ro..ery #it) $iolence or intimidation 'pon persons is a separate crime from ro..ery #it) force 'pon t)in s. L 3o..ery #it) )omicide1 ro..ery #it) intentional m'tilation and ro..ery #it) rape are not .ualified +y +and or uninha+ited place. T)ese a ra$atin circ'mstances only .ualify ro++ery with physical in9uries under su+division /, 7, and < of Article /II* L 5)en it is ro++ery with homicide1 t)e .and or 'nin)a.ited place is only a circ'mstance. "t #ill not A'alify t)e crime to a )i )er de ree of penalty. eneric a ra$atin
L "n People v. 2alvilla2 it #as )eld t)at if in a ro..ery #it) serio's p)ysical in/'ries1 t)e offenders )erded t)e #omen and c)ildren into an office and detained t)em to compel t)e offended party to come o't #it) t)e money1 t)e crime of serio's ille al detention #as a necessary means to facilitate t)e ro..ery; t)'s1 t)e complex crimes of ro++ery with serious physical in9uries and serious illegal detention* L @'t if t)e $ictims #ere detained .eca'se of t)e timely arri$al of t)e police1 s'c) t)at t)e offenders )ad no c)oice .'t to detain t)e $ictims as )osta es in e2c)an e for t)eir safe passa e1 t)e detention is a.sor.ed .y t)e crime of ro..ery and is not a separate crime. T)is #as t)e r'lin in People v. Astor. &n ROBBERY 4IT+ ARSON L Anot)er inno$ation of 3ep'.lic Act >o. !65( is t)e composite crime of ro..ery #it) arson if arson is committed +y reason of or on occasion of the ro++ery . T)e composite crime #o'ld only +e committed if the primordial intent of the offender is to commit ro++ery and there is no illing, rape, or intentional mutilation committed +y the offender during the ro++ery* ?t)er#ise1 t)e crime #o'ld .e ro..ery #it) )omicide1 or ro..ery #it) rape1 or ro..ery #it) intentional m'tilation1 in t)at order1 and t)e arson #o'ld only .e an a ra$atin circ'mstance. %t is essential that ro++ery precedes the arson, as in t)e case of rape
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and intentional m'tilation1 .eca'se t)e amendment incl'ded arson amon m'tilation #)ic) )a$e accompanied t)e ro..ery. t)e rape and intentional
L Moreo$er1 it s)o'ld .e noted t)at arson has +een made a component only of ro++ery with violence against or intimidation of persons in said Article /I<, +ut not of ro++ery +y the use of force upon things in Articles /II and 70/* L Bo1 if the ro++ery was +y the use of force upon things and therewith arson was committed 1 t#o distinct crimes are committed. Article 76;UALI*IE) ROBBERY 4IT+ (IOLENCE OR INTIMI)ATION ;uali ying circumstances in ro++ery with violence or intimidation of persons, if any of the offenses defined in su+divisions 7, < and 6 of Art /I< is committed: a. .. c. d. e. in an 'nin)a.ited place or .y a .and or .y attacIin a mo$in train1 street car1 motor $e)icle or airs)ip1 or .y enterin t)e passen erGs compartments in a train1 or in any manner taIin t)e passen ers t)ereof .y s'rprise in t)e respecti$e con$eyances1 or on a street1 road1 )i )#ay or alley and t)e intimidation is made #it) t)e 'se of firearms1 t)e offender s)all .e p'nis)ed .y t)e ma2 period of t)e proper penalties prescri.ed in art 2(4
Notes# L M'st .e alle ed in t)e information L CanGt .e offset .y eneric miti atin L Art 2(5 #ill not apply to7 ro..ery #N )omicide1 rape or B-" 'nder par 1 of art 263 Article 76/ ROBBERY BY A BAN) Notes# BAN) is defined as consistin of at least four armed malefactors organi,ed with the intention of carrying out any unlawful design. T)eir participation in t)e commission of t)e crime m'st .e act'al. T)e offender m'st .e principal .y direct participation1 so t)at1 a principal .y ind'cement cannot .e con$icted of t)is crime #)ere t)e a ra$atin circ'mstance of .and s)all .e appreciated a ainst )im1 since t)e la# reA'ires as a condition to its commission t)e act'al participation of t)e offender in t)e e2ec'tion of t)e crime. "n s'c) a case1 t)e con$iction of a principal .y ind'cement #ill only .e limited to )is criminal lia.ility as a co4conspirator. Liabilit! for the acts of the other members of the band a. )e #as a mem.er of t)e .and .. )e #as present at t)e commission of a ro..ery .y t)at .and c. ot)er mem.ers of t)e .and committed an assa'lt d. )e did not attempt to pre$ent t)e assa'lt #onspirac! to commit robber! with homicide C e$en if less t)an 4 armed men #onspirac! to commit robber! onl! b$t homicide was committed also on the occasion thereof C all mem.ers of t)e .and are lia.le for ro..ery #it) )omicide
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L E$en if t)e a reement refers only to t)e ro..ery1 nonet)eless1 #)ere t)e ro..ery is committed .y a .and and a person is Iilled1 any mem.er #)o #as present at t)e commission of t)e ro..ery and #)o did not do anyt)in to pre$ent t)e Iillin of t)e $ictim on t)e occasion of t)e ro..ery s)all .e )eld lia.le for t)e crime of ro..ery #it) )omicide. ,People vs. #inco, 1A6 2#4A 505) * "onspiracy is presumed #)en 4 or more armed persons committed ro..ery * &nless the others attempted to prevent the assault ? 'ilty of ro..ery .y .and only L @and is a generic aggravating circumstance in t)e crime of ro..ery #it) )omicide or rape. @'t in t)e ot)er circ'mstances pro$ided 'nder Article 2(4 partic'larly para rap)s 31 4 and 51 +and is a special aggravating circumstance #)ic) m'st .e alle ed in t)e information. L @and is a special a in/'ries. ra$atin circ'mstance if t)e ro..ery res'lts in t)e infliction of serio's p)ysical
L T)e arms contemplated 'nder t)is article refers to any deadly #eapon and is not limited to firearms1 #)et)er lon or s)ort. Article 760 ATTEM.TE) OR *RUSTRATE) ROBBERY 4IT+ +OMICI)E Notes# L 5)et)er ro..ery is attempted or fr'strated1 penalty is t)e same L 5)en t)e ro..ery is attempted or fr'strated1 Art. 2(4 )as no application .eca'se t)e ro..ery and t)e )omicide m'st .e .ot) cons'mmated. L 5)ere t)e )omicide is only attempted or fr'strated1 Article 2(! does not apply. "n t)e same manner1 #)ere t)e attempted or fr'strated ro..ery res'lts in t)e commission of serio's p)ysical in/'ries1 Article 2(! )as no application. "n s'c) a case1 t)e crime s)all .e treated 'nder t)e pro$isions of Article 4% on ordinary comple2 crimes. ConseA'ently1 t)e penalty prescri.ed .y Article 4% s)all .e o.ser$ed. Article 765 EDECUTION O* )EE)S BY MEANS O* (IOLENCE OR INTIMI)ATION ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender has intent to defra$d another. 2. That the offender compels him to sign, e)ec$te, or deliver an! p$blic instr$ment or doc$ment. 0. That the comp$lsion is b! means of violence or intimidation. L T)e element of intent to gain or fraudulent intent is #)at distin 'is)es t)is felony from ra$e coercion. Alt)o' ) .ot) crimes s)are a common element #)ic) is t)e compellin of any person to do somet)in a ainst )is #ill1 nonet)eless1 in coercion1 t)e fear created in t)e mind of t)e offended party is not immediate .'t remote. "n t)is type of ro..ery1 t)e fear is immediate and not remote. "n coercion1 t)ere is no intent to ain #)ereas in t)is form of ro..ery1 intent to ain is an indispensa.le element. Article 766 ROBBERY IN AN IN+ABITE) +OUSE OR .UBLIC BUIL)ING OR E)I*ICE )E(OTE) TO 4ORS+I. ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender entered ,a) an inhabited ho$se, or ,b) p$blic b$ildings, or ,c) edifice devoted to religio$s worship. 2. That the entrance was effected b! an! of the following means" a. Thro$gh an opening not intended for entrance or egress. b. ?! brea+ing an! wall, roof, or floor or brea+ing an! door or window.
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c. ?! $sing false +e!s, pic+loc+s or similar tools or. d. ?! $sing an! fictitio$s name or pretending the e)ercise of p$blic a$thorit!. 0. That once inside the b$ilding, the offender too+ personal propert! belonging to another with intent to gain. Notes# L "n t)is Iind of 3o..ery1 no $iolence or intimidation a ainst persons is e$er 'sed. L "ncl'des dependencies (stair#ays1 )all#ays1 etc.) L A small store located on t)e ro'nd floor of a )o'se is a dependency of t)e )o'se1 t)ere .ein no partition .et#een t)e store and t)e )o'se and in oin to t)e main stair#ay1 one )as to enter t)e store #)ic) )as a door' <D.2. vs. Eent$ra, 0A Phil. 520=' IN+ABITE) +OUSE C any s)elter1 s)ip or $essel constit'tin t)e d#ellin of one or more person e$en t)o' ) temporarily a.sent C dependencies1 co'rts1 corals1 .arns1 etc. * $#! %$"A&5E5 C ?3C0A3E1 9A>EB +?3 C:9T"&AT"?>. L "mportant for ro..ery .y 'se of force 'pon t)in s1 it is necessary t)at offender enters t)e .'ildin or #)ere o./ect may .e fo'nd. %& :%T4J, %& 4&??:4J L "n t)e a.sence of e$idence to s)o# )o# .andits effected an entrance into t)e con$ent #)ic) t)ey ro..ed1 t)ere can .e no con$iction 'nder t)is article. T)e act #o'ld .e treated as T)eft. , D.2. vs. #allotes, 2 P=(L 1; ) P*ORCE U.ON T+INGSP )as a tec)nical meanin in la#. >ot any Iind of force 'pon t)in s #ill c)aracteriJe t)e taIin as one of ro..ery. !he force upon things contemplated re.uires some element of trespass into the esta+lishment where the ro++ery was committed . "n ot)er #ords1 t)e offender m'st )a$e entered t)e premises #)ere t)e ro..ery #as committed * %f no entry was effected, even though force may have +een employed actually in the ta ing of the property from within the premises, the crime will only +e theft* L T)e term force upon things )as a le al meanin . "t means t)e employment of force to effect entrance into t)e )o'se or .'ildin .y destroyin t)e door1 #indo#1 roof1 #all or floor of t)e aforesaid )o'se or .'ildin . "n ot)er #ords1 the force upon things has no reference to personal property +ut to a house or +uilding which is ordinarily classified as real property* M :ntrance is necessar! C mere insertion of )and is not eno' ) (#)ole .ody); not to et o't .'t to enter C t)erefore1 e$idence to s'c) effect is necessary Two 1re,icates that will gi%e rise to the crime as ro&&ery# 1. 2. @y mere enterin alone1 a ro..ery #ill .e committed if any personal property is taIen from #it)in; T)e enterin #ill not i$e rise to ro..ery e$en if somet)in is taIen inside. "t is t)e .reaIin of t)e receptacle or closet or ca.inet #)ere t)e personal property is Iept t)at #ill i$e rise to ro..ery1 or t)e taIin of a sealed1 locIed receptacle to .e .roIen o'tside t)e premises.
L "f .y t)e mere enterin 1 t)at #o'ld already A'alify t)e taIin of any personal property inside as ro..ery1 it is immaterial #)et)er t)e offender stays inside t)e premises. !he +rea ing of things inside the premises will only +e important to consider if the entering +y itself will not characteri,e the crime as ro++ery with force upon things* L Modes of enterin t)at #o'ld i$e rise to t)e crime of ro..ery #it) force 'pon t)in s if somet)in is taIen inside t)e premises7 enterin into an openin not intended for entrance or e ress1 'nder Article 2(( (a). "ll'stration7 !he entry was made through a fire escape* !he fire escape was intended for egress . T)e entry #ill not c)aracteriJe t)e taIin as one of ro..ery .eca'se it is an openin intended for e ress1 alt)o' ) it may not .e intended for entrance. %f the entering were done through the window 1 e$en if t)e #indo# #as not
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.roIen1 t)at #o'ld c)aracteriJe t)e taIin of personal property inside as ro..ery .eca'se t)e #indo# is not an openin intended for entrance. "ll'stration7 #n a sari8sari store, a vehicle +umped the wall* !he wall collapsed* !here was a small opening there* At night, a man entered through that opening without +rea ing the same . T)e crime #ill already .e ro..ery if )e taIes property from #it)in .eca'se t)at is not an openin intended for t)e p'rpose. Even of there is a +rea ing of wall, roof, floor or window, +ut the offender did not enter, it would not give rise to ro++ery with force upon things* L >ote t)at in t)e crime of ro..ery #it) force 'pon t)in s1 #)at s)o'ld .e considered is t)e means of entrance and means of taIin t)e personal property from #it)in. "f t)ose means do not come #it)in t)e definition 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 t)e taIin #ill only i$e rise to t)eft. L T)ose means m'st .e employed in enterin . "f t)e offender )ad already entered #)en t)ese means #ere employed1 anyt)in taIen inside1 #it)o't .reaIin of any sealed or closed receptacle1 #ill not i$e rise to ro..ery.
"ll'stration7 A fo'nd @ inside )is (AGs) )o'se. 0e asIed @ #)at t)e latter #as dopin t)ere. @ claimed )e is an inspector from t)e local city o$ernment to looI after t)e electrical installations. At t)e time @ #as c)anced 'pon .y A1 )e )as already entered. Bo anyt)in )e tooI inside #it)o't .reaIin of any sealed or closed receptacle #ill not i$e rise to ro..ery .eca'se t)e sim'lation of p'.lic a't)ority #as made not in order to enter .'t #)en )e )as already entered. P v. Lamahang intent to ro. .ein present is necessary Place" )o'se or .'ildin ; not car .UBLIC BUIL)ING C e$ery .'ildin o#ned1 rented or 'sed .y t)e o$ernment (t)o' ) o#ned .y pri$ate persons) t)o' ) temporarily $acant * $ot ro++ery C passin t)ro' ) open door .'t ettin o't of a #indo# L "f acc'sed entered t)e )o'se t)ro' ) a door1 and it #as #)ile escapin t)at )e .roIe any #all1 floor or #indo# after taIin personal property inside t)e )o'se C t)ere is no 3o..ery committed1 only T)eft. * #utside door must +e +ro en, smashed. Theft C if locI is merely remo$ed or door #as merely p's)ed L @reaIin of t)e door 'nder Article2(( (.) C ?ri inally1 t)e interpretation #as t)at in order t)at t)ere .e a .reaIin of t)e door in contemplation of la#1 t)ere m'st .e some dama e to t)e door. L @efore1 if t)e door #as not dama ed .'t only t)e locI attac)ed to t)e door #as .roIen1 t)e taIin from #it)in is only t)eft. @'t t)e r'lin is no# a.andoned .eca'se t)e door is considered 'seless #it)o't t)e locI. Even if it is not the door that was +ro en +ut only the loc , the +rea ing of the loc renders the door useless and it is therefore tantamount to the +rea ing of the door* =ence, the ta ing inside is considered ro++ery with force upon things* *ALSE KEYS C en'ine Ieys stolen from t)e o#ner or any Ieys ot)er t)an t)ose intended .y t)e o#ner for 'se in t)e locI .ICKLOCKS C specially made1 adopted for commission of ro..ery KEY C stolen not .y force1 ot)er#ise1 itGs ro..ery .y $iolence and intimidation a ainst persons M /alse +e! C 'sed in openin )o'se and not f'rnit're inside1 ot)er#ise1 t)eft (for latter to .e ro..ery.1 m'st .e .roIen and not /'st opened)
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* &se of pic loc s or false eys refers to the entering into the premises C "f t)e picIlocI or false Iey #as 'sed not to enter t)e premises .eca'se t)e offender )ad already entered .'t #as 'sed to 'nlocI an interior door or e$en a receptacle #)ere t)e $al'a.le or personal .elon in #as taIen1 t)e 'se of false Iey or picIlocI #ill not i$e rise to t)e ro..ery #it) force 'pon t)in s .eca'se t)ese are considered .y la# as only a means to ain entrance1 and not to e2tract personal .elon in s from t)e place #)ere it is .ein Iept. GEN' RULE# o'tside door. EDCE.TION# inside door in a separate d#ellin L "f in t)e co'rse of committin t)e ro..ery #it)in t)e premises some interior doors are .roIen1 t)e taIin from inside t)e room #)ere t)e door leads to #ill only i$e rise to t)eft. T)e .reaIin of doors contemplated in t)e la# refers to t)e main door of t)e )o'se and not t)e interior door. L @'t if it is t)e door of a ca.inet t)at is .roIen and t)e $al'a.le inside t)e ca.inet #as taIen1 t)e .reaIin of t)e ca.inet door #o'ld c)aracteriJe t)e taIin as ro..ery. Alt)o' ) t)at partic'lar door is not incl'ded as part of t)e )o'se1 t)e ca.inet Ieeps t)e contents t)ereof safe. 6 E. . pretendin to .e police to .e a.le to enter (not pretendin after entrance) L 5)en t)e ro..ery is committed in a )o'se #)ic) is in)a.ited1 or in a p'.lic .'ildin or in a place de$oted to reli io's #ors)ip1 t)e 'se of fictitio's name or pretension to possess a't)ority in order to ain entrance #ill c)aracteriJe t)e taIin inside as ro..ery #it) force 'pon t)in s. L "f A and @ told t)e occ'pant of t)e )o'se t)at t)ey #ere t)e nep)e#s of t)e spo'se of t)e o#ner of t)e )o'se1 and .eca'se of t)at1 t)e closed door #as opened1 or t)at t)ey #ere >@" a ents e2ec'tin a #arrant of arrest1 and so t)e occ'pant opened t)e door1 any taIin personal property t)ereat #it) intent to ain1 #o'ld .e 3o..ery. ;uestion A Answer "ertain men pretended to +e from the -rice "ontrol "ommission and went to a warehouse owned +y a private person* !hey told the guard to open the warehouse purportedly to see if the private person is hoarding essential commodities there* !he guard o+liged* !hey went inside and +ro e in * !hey loaded some of the merchandise inside claiming that it is the product of hoarding and then drove away* What crime was committed= "t is only t)eft .eca'se t)e premises #)ere t)e sim'lation of p'.lic a't)ority #as committed is not an in)a.ited )o'se1 not a p'.lic .'ildin 1 and not a place de$oted to reli io's #ors)ip. 5)ere t)e )o'se is a pri$ate .'ildin or is 'nin)a.ited1 e$en t)o' ) t)ere is sim'lation of p'.lic a't)ority in committin t)e taIin or e$en if )e 'sed a fictitio's name1 t)e crime is only t)eft. ELEMENTS O* ROBBERY 4IT+ *ORCE U.ON T+INGS2 SUB)I(ISION <B= ART' 766 1. That the offender is inside a dwelling ho$se, p$blic b$ilding, or edifice devoted to religio$s worship, regardless of the circ$mstances $nder which he entered it 2. That the offender ta+es personal propert! belonging to another with intent to gain, $nder an! of the following circ$mstances. a. b! the brea+ing of doors, wardrobes, chests, or an! other +ind of loc+ed or sealed f$rnit$re or receptacle, or b. b! ta+ing s$ch f$rnit$re or ob3ects awa! to be bro+en or forced open o$tside the place of the robber!. Notes# L Entrance ( no matter )o# done) L "f t)e enterin does not c)aracteriJe t)e taIin inside as one of ro..ery #it) force 'pon t)in s1 it is t)e cond'ct inside t)at #o'ld i$e rise to t)e ro..ery if t)ere #o'ld .e a .reaIin of sealed1 locIed or closed
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receptacles or ca.inet in order to et t)e personal .elon in s from #it)in s'c) receptacles1 ca.inet or place #)ere it is Iept. L ?ffender may .e ser$ants or 'ests L A friend #)o )as in$ited in a )o'se and #)o enters a room #)ere )e finds a closed ca.inet #)ere money is Iept1 is 'ilty of ro..ery if )e forci.ly opens t)e said ca.inet and taIes t)e money contained t)erein. L 5)en sealed .o2 is taIen o't for t)e p'rpose of .reaIin it1 no need to open C already cons'mmated ro..ery :stafa C if .o2 is in t)e c'stody of acc'sed Theft C if .o2 fo'nd o'tside and forced open Article :88 ROBBERY IN AN UNIN+ABITE) .LACE AN) BY A BAN) * When the ro++ery with force upon things is committed in an uninha+ited place and +y a +and, the ro++ery +ecomes .ualified. "n t)e same manner1 where ro++ery with violence against or intimidation of persons is committed +y a +and or in an uninha+ited place, the crime +ecomes .ualified* L T)e place considered uninha+ited #)en it is not 'sed as a d#ellin . "t may refer to a .'ildin or a )o'se #)ic) is not 'sed as a d#ellin . L "f a )o'se is in)a.ited and its o#ners or occ'pants temporarily left t)e place to taIe a s)ort $acation in anot)er place1 t)eir cas'al a.sence #ill not maIe t)e place or )o'se 'nin)a.ited. ,D. 2. vs. Eent$ra, 0A Phil. 520) Article :8! 4+AT IS AN IN+ABITE) +OUSE2 .UBLIC BUIL)ING OR BUIL)ING )E)ICATE) TO RELIGIOUS 4ORS+I. AN) T+EIR )E.EN)ENCIES Notes# (nhabited ho$se C Any s)elter1 s)ip1 or $essel constit'tin t)e d#ellin of one or more persons1 e$en t)o' ) t)e in)a.itants t)ereof s)all temporarily .e a.sent t)erefrom #)en t)e ro..ery is committed. P$blic b$ilding C "ncl'des e$ery .'ildin o#ned .y t)e o$ernment or .elon in to a pri$ate person .'t 'sed or rented .y t)e o$ernment1 alt)o' ) temporarily 'nocc'pied .y t)e same. ,e1en,encies C are all interior co'rts1 corrals1 #are)o'ses1 ranaries or enclosed places7 a. conti 'o's to t)e .'ildin .. )a$in an interior entrance connected t)ere#it) c. #)ic) form part of t)e #)ole Garage C m'st )a$e 3 reA'irements. :)ception" orc)ardsNlands Article :87 ROBBERY IN AN UNIN+ABITE) .LACE OR IN A .RI(ATE BUIL)ING ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender entered an $ninhabited place or a b$ilding which was not a dwelling ho$se, not a p$blic b$ilding, or not an edifice devoted to religio$s worship. 2. that an! of the following circ$mstances was present" a. That entrance was effected thro$gh an opening not intended for entrance or egress. b. A wall, roof, floor, or o$tside door or window was bro+en. c. The entrance was effected thro$gh the $se of false +e!s, pic+loc+s or other similar tools.
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d. A door, wardrobe, chest, or an! sealed or closed f$rnit$re or receptacle was bro+en or e. A closed or sealed receptacle was removed, even if the same be bro+en open elsewhere. 0. That with intent to gain the offender too+ therefrom personal propert! belonging to another. Notes# L Becond Iind of ro..ery #it) force 'pon t)in s L "t m'st .e taIen note of1 t)at t)e entrance .y 'sin any fictitio's name or pretendin t)e e2ercise of p'.lic a't)ority is not amon t)ose mentioned in Article 3*2 .eca'se t)e place is :nin)a.ited and t)erefore #it)o't person present. 9iIe#ise1 in t)is class of 3o..ery1 t)e penalty depends on t)e amo'nt taIen disre ardin t)e circ'mstances of #)et)er t)e ro..ers are armed or not as in t)e case in 3o..ery in "n)a.ited -lace. UNIN+ABITE) .LACE 3 is an 'nin)a.ited .'ildin ()a.ita.le1 not any of t)e 3 places mentioned) :). #are)o'se1 frei )t car1 store. :)ception" pi sty L A store may or may not .e an in)a.ited place dependin 'pon t)e circ'mstances of #)et)er or not it is 's'ally occ'pied .y any person lod in t)erein at ni )t. Alt)o' ) it may .e 'sed as a d#ellin to s'stain a con$iction 'nder Article 2((1 t)e information m'st alle e t)at t)e same #as 'sed and occ'pied as a d#ellin <People vs. T$bog, 6A Phil. ;2@=2 ot)er#ise Art. 3*2 is applica.le. L Bame manner as 2(( e2cept t)at #as entered into #as an 'nin)a.ited place or a .'ildin ot)er t)an t)e 3 mentioned in 2((. :)ception" does not incl'de 'se of fictitio's name or pretendin t)e e2ercise of p'.lic a't)ority L @reaIin of padlocI (.'t not door) is only t)eft /alse +e!s en'ine Ieys stolen from t)e o#ner or any ot)er Ieys ot)er t)an t)ose intended .y t)e o#ner for 'se in t)e locI forci.ly opened Article :8: ROBBERY O* CEREALS2 *RUITS OR *IRE 4OO) IN AN UNIN+ABITE) .LACE OR .RI(ATE BUIL)ING L :nder Article :8:1 if t)e ro..ery 'nder Article 2(( and 3*2 consists in t)e taIin of cereals1 fr'its1 or fire#ood1 t)e penalty imposa.le is lo#er. L T)e #ord cereals )o#e$er m'st .e 'nderstood to mean Fseedlin sH or Fsemilla.H "t does not incl'de )'lled rice. "t may incl'de palay or 'n)'lled palay. L 5)ile t)e la# 'ses t)e term 'nin)a.ited place1 it )o#e$er refers to 'nin)a.ited .'ildin and its dependencies. "f t)e cereals1 fr'its or fire#ood #ere taIen o'tside a .'ildin and its dependencies1 t)e crime committed #o'ld only .e t)eft e$en t)o' ) t)e taIin #as done in an 'nin)a.ited place. Article :8" ILLEGAL .OSSESSION O* .ICKLOCKS OR SIMILAR TOOLS ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender has in his possession pic+loc+s or similar tools. 2. That s$ch pic+loc+s or similar tools are speciall! adopted to the commission of robber!. 0. That the offender does not have lawf$l ca$se for s$ch possession. %ote" Act'al 'se of t)e same is not necessary
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L T)e la# also pro)i.its t)e man'fact're or fa.rication of s'c) tools. "f t)e man'fact'rer or maIer or locIsmit) )imself is t)e offender1 a )i )er penalty is prescri.ed .y la#. Supposing that in the crime of ro++ery, the offender used a pic loc to enter a +uilding* "an he +e charged of illegal possession of pic loc s or similar tools = T)e ans#er is >? since t)e same possession of t)ese tools is already a.sor.ed in t)e ra$er crime of ro..ery. Article :8*ALSE KEYS 4+AT CONSTITUTES# 1. Pic+loc+s, etc. 2. Gen$ine +e! stolen from owner. 0. An! +e! other than those intended b! owner for $se in the loc+ forcibl! opened b! the offender %otes" L -ossession of false Ieys )ere not p'nis)a.le L "f Iey #as entr'sted and 'sed to steal1 not ro..ery (not stolen) BRIGAN)AGE ?rigandage T)is is a crime committed .y more t)an t)ree armed persons #)o form a .and of ro..ers for t)e p'rpose of committin ro..ery in t)e )i )#ay or Iidnappin persons for t)e p'rpose of e2tortion or to o.tain ransom1 or for any ot)er p'rpose to .e attained .y means of force and $iolence. Article :8/ 4+O ARE BRIGAN)S BRIGAN)S 3 more t)an t)ree armed persons formin a .and Elements o &rigan,age# 1. There are least fo$r armed persons2. 0. The! formed a band of robbersThe p$rpose is an! of the following" a. b. c. To commit robber! in the highwa!To +idnap persons for the p$rpose of e)tortion or to obtain ransom- or To attain b! means of force and violence an! other p$rpose.
Pres$mption of ?rigandage" a. if mem.ers of la#less .and and possession of 'nlicensed firearms (any of t)em) .. possession of any Iind of arms (not /'st firearm) BRIGAN)AGE -'rposes are i$en Mere formation of a .and for t)e a.o$e p'rpose ROBBERY IN BAN) ?nly to commit ro..ery1 not necessarily in )i4#ay "f t)e p'rpose is to commit a part ro..ery >ecessary to pro$e t)at .and act'ally committed ro..ery L T)ere is no need for t)e .and ro..ers to e2ec'te t)e o./ect of t)eir association in order to )old t)em criminally lia.le for t)e crime of .ri anda e. * !he primary o+9ect on the law on +rigandage is to prevent the formation of +ands of ro++ers . 0ence1 if t)e formed .and commits ro..ery #it) t)e 'se of force 'pon persons or force 'pon t)in s1 t)eir criminal lia.ility s)all .e limited to t)e commission of s'c) crimes.
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L 9iIe#ise1 if t)e offenders are c)ar ed #it) ro..ery .'t t)e same is not esta.lis)ed .y t)e e$idence and #)at appears clear are t)e elements of .ri anda e #)ere t)e alle ation in t)e information necessarily incl'des s'c) offense1 t)e offender can .e con$icted of t)e crime of .ri anda e. L "t does not mean )o#e$er t)at to constit'te $iolation of -.E. 5321 t)ere m'st .e a .and. ?ne or t#o persons can .e )eld lia.le 'nder t)is la# if t)ey perpetrated t)eir acts of depredation in -)ilippine 0i )#ays a ainst persons #)o are not pre4determined $ictims. * %f the agreement among more than three armed men is to commit a particular ro++ery, +rigandage is not committed +ecause the latter must +e an agreement to commit ro++ery in general or indiscriminately* Article :80 AI)ING AN) ABETTING A BAN) O* BRIGAN)S ELEMENTS# 1. That there is a band of brigands. 2. That the offender +nows the band to be of brigands. 0. That the offender does an! of the following acts" a. he in an! manner aids, abets or protects s$ch band of brigands, or b. he gives them information of the movements of the police or other peace officers of the government or c. =e ac1$ires or receives the propert! ta+en b! s$ch brigands. %otes" .) -:7 3 &rigan,age' 6 BeiJ're of any person for7 (a) ransom; (.) e2tortion or ot)er 'nla#f'l p'rpose; (c) taIin a#ay of property .y $iolence or intimidation or force 'pon t)in s or ot)er 'nla#f'l means 6 Committed .y any person 6 ?n any -)il )i4#ay )istinction &etween &rigan,age un,er the Re%ise, .enal Co,e an, highway ro&&eryI&rigan,age un,er .resi,ential )ecree No' -:7# (1) Brigandage as a crime under the (evised -enal "ode refers to t)e formation of a .and of ro..ers .y more t)an t)ree armed persons for t)e p'rpose of committin ro..ery in t)e )i )#ay1 Iidnappin for p'rposes of e2tortion or ransom1 or for any ot)er p'rpose to .e attained .y force and $iolence. T)e mere forming of a +and, which re.uires at least four armed persons, if for any of the criminal purposes stated in Article 70>, gives rise to +rigandage* =ighway ro++eryE+rigandage under -residential 5ecree $o* 67/ is t)e seiJ're of any person for ransom1 e2tortion or for any ot)er la#f'l p'rposes1 or t)e taIin a#ay of t)e property of anot)er .y means of $iolence a ainst or intimidation of persons or force 'pon t)in s or ot)er 'nla#f'l means committed .y any person on any -)ilippine )i )#ay.
(2)
* Brigandage under -residential 5ecree $o* 67/ refers to the actual commission of the ro++ery on the highway and can +e committed +y one person alone* "t is t)is .ri anda e #)ic) deser$es some attention .eca'se not any ro..ery in a )i )#ay is .ri anda e or )i )#ay ro..ery. A distinction s)o'ld .e made .et#een )i )#ay ro..eryN.ri anda e 'nder t)e decree and ordinary ro..ery committed on a )i )#ay 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
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L "n People v. P$no, decided +e.r'ary 1!1 1((31 t)e trial co'rt con$icted t)e acc'sed of )i )#ay ro..eryN .ri anda e 'nder -residential Eecree >o. 532 and sentenced t)em to recl'sion perpet'a. ?n appeal1 t)e B'preme Co'rt set aside t)e /'d ment and fo'nd t)e acc'sed 'ilty of simple ro..ery as p'nis)ed in Article 2(4 (5)1 in relation to Article 2(51 and sentenced t)em accordin ly. T)e B'preme Co'rt pointed o't t)at t)e p'rpose of .ri anda e Fis1 inter alia1 indiscriminate )i )#ay ro..ery. And t)at -5 67/ punishes as highway ro++ery or Brigandage only acts of ro++ery perpetrated +y outlaws indiscriminately against any person or persons on a -hilippine highway as defined therein, not acts committed against a predetermined or particular victim4 . A sin le act of ro..ery a ainst a partic'lar person c)osen .y t)e offender as )is specific $ictim1 e$en if committed on a )i )#ay1 is not )i )#ay ro..ery or .ri anda e. L "n US %' *eliciano2 : .hil' "772 it #as pointed o't t)at )i )#ay ro..ery or .ri anda e is more t)an ordinary ro..ery committed on a )i )#ay. !he purpose of +rigandage is indiscriminate ro++ery in highways* %f the purpose is only a particular ro++ery, the crime is only ro++ery or ro++ery in +and, if there are at least four armed participants* L -residential Eecree >o. 532 introd'ced amendments to Article 3*6 and 3*! .y increasin t)e penalties. "t does not reA'ire at least fo'r armed persons formin a .and of ro..ers. "t does not create a pres'mption t)at t)e offender is a .ri and #)en )e an 'nlicensed firearm is 'sed 'nliIe t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. @'t t)e essence of .ri anda e 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code is t)e same as t)at in t)e -residential Eecree1 t)at is1 crime of depredation #)erein t)e 'nla#f'l acts are directed not only a ainst specific1 intended or preconcei$ed $ictims1 .'t a ainst any and all prospecti$e $ictims any#)ere on t)e )i )#ay and #)oe$er t)ey may potentially .e.
T+E*T Article :85 T+E*T ELEMENTS# 1. That there be ta+ing of personal propert!. 2. That said propert! belongs to another. 0. That the ta+ing be done with intent to gain. 6. That the ta+ing be done witho$t the consent of the owner. 5. That the ta+ing be accomplished witho$t the $se of violence against or intimidation of persons or force $pon things. .ERSONS LIABLE# 1. Those who a) with intent to gain b) ?$t witho$t violence against or intimidation of persons nor force $pon things c) ta+e personal propert! of another d) witho$t the latterBs consent T)e taIin from an enclosed corral of a cara.ao .elon in to anot)er1 after force is employed to destroy a part of t)e corral to enter t)e same1 is considered merely as t)eft .eca'se corral is not a .'ildin nor a dependency of a .'ildin . ,D. 2. vs. 4osales, et al., 1 Phil. 0@@)
2. Those who a) having fo$nd lost propert! b) fail to deliver the same to local a$thorities or its owner Notes#
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L 3etention of moneyNproperty fo'nd is t)eft. 3etention is fail're to ret'rn (intent to ain) L T)e #ord FlostH is 'sed in t)e eneric sense. "t em.races loss .y stealin or any act of a person ot)er t)an t)e o#ner1 as #ell as t)e act of t)e o#ner1 or t)ro' ) some cas'al occ'rrence. ,People vs. 4odrigo, 1; 2#4A 6.5) L T)e felony is not limited to t)e act'al finder. T)eft of a lost property may .e committed e$en .y a person #)o is not t)e act'al finder. ,People vs. Avila, 66 Phil. .2@) L Dno#led e of o#ner is not reA'ired1 Ino#led e of loss is eno' ) L "t is not necessary t)at t)e o#ner of t)e lost property .e Ino#n to t)e acc'sed. 5)at is important is t)at )e Ino#s or )as reason to Ino# t)at t)e property #as lost and for t)is fact alone1 it is )is d'ty to t'rn it o$er to t)e a't)orities. "f )e does ot)er#ise1 liIe1 if )e sells t)e t)in to anot)er1 t)en t)e crime of t)eft is committed. L +inder in la# is lia.le =idden Treas$re :nder Article 43% and 43( of t)e Ci$il Code1 t)e finder of )idden treas're on t)e property of anot)er and .y c)ance is entitled to one4)alf of t)e treas're t)at )e fo'nd. 0is d'ty is to tell t)e o#ner a.o't t)e treas're. "f )e appropriates t)e ot)er )alf pertainin to t)e o#ner of t)e property1 )e is lia.le for t)eft as to t)at s)are. ,People vs. Longdew, #. A. G. 4. %o. A07@84, L$ne 6, 1A50) 0. Those who a) after having malicio$sl! damaged the propert! of another b) remove or ma+e $se of the fr$its or ob3ect of the damage ca$sed b! them L T)eft of dama ed property occ'rs only after t)e acc'sed )as committed t)e crime of malicio's misc)ief. "n malicio's misc)ief1 t)e offender destroys t)e property of anot)er .eca'se of )atred1 resentment or ot)er e$il moti$e a ainst t)e o#ner. Bo1 a nei ).or #)o s)oots and Iills a oat #)ic) )as destroyed )is flo#er plants and t)ereafter sla' )ters and eats t)e meat of t)e #anderin oat is 'ilty of t)eft. 6. Those who a) enter an enclosed estate or a field where b) trespass is forbidden or which belongs to another and, witho$t the consent of its owner c) h$nts or fish $pon the same or gather fr$its, cereals or other forest or farm prod$cts Notes# Theft is cons$mmated #)en offender is a.le to place t)e t)in taIen 'nder )is control and in s'c) a sit'ation as )e co'ld dispose of it at once (t)o' ) no opport'nity to dispose) i.e1 t)e control test L "n t)e crime of t)eft1 t)e la# maIes only of t)e term F ta ingH and not Fta ing away*4 T)e non4incl'sion of t)e #ord Fa#ayH is si nificant .eca'se it means t)at as soon as the culprit ta es possession of the things ta en +y him, the crime of theft is already consummated since the law does not re.uire that the thief +e a+le to carry away the thing ta en from the owner* ,People vs. Laranilla, 55 2#4A 5;0) L T)e consummation of the crime of theft ta es place upon the voluntary and malicious ta ing of the property +elonging to another which is reali,ed +y the material occupation of the thing . T)e property need not .e act'ally taIen a#ay .y t)e t)ief. "t is eno' ) t)at )e )as o.tained1 at some partic'lar moment1 complete control and possession of t)e t)in desired1 ad$erse to t)e ri )t of t)e la#f'l o#ner. ,People vs. %aval, 6; &. G. 2;61) P v. >ino C applies only in t)eft of .'lIy oods (meanin t)ere )as to .e capacity to dispose of t)e t)in s). Otherwise2 P v. :spirit$ C f'll possession is eno' ) L Ber$ant 'sin car #it)o't permission deemed A'alified t)eft t)o' ) 'se #as temporary
188

4e!es sa!s" t)ere m'st .e some c)aracter of permanency in depri$in o#ner of t)e 'se of t)e o./ect and maIin )imself t)e o#ner1 t)erefore m'st e2cl'de F/oyrideH The t# if after c'stody (only material possession) of o./ect #as i$en to t)e acc'sed1 it is act'ally taIen .y )im (no intent to ret'rn) e. . felonio's con$ersion. ?$t it is estafa if /'ridical possession is transferred e. .1 .y contract of .ailment * Quridical possession of a thing is transferred to another #)en )e recei$es t)e t)in in tr'st or on commission or for administration1 or 'nder a A'asi4contract or a contract of .ailment. 5)en possession .y t)e offender is 'nder any of t)ese circ'mstances and )e misappropriates t)e t)in recei$ed1 )e cannot .e )eld 'ilty of t)eft .'t of estafa .eca'se )ere1 )e )as .ot) t)e p)ysical and /'ridical possession of t)e property. * %ncludes electricity and gas a. inspector misreads meter to earn .. one 'sin a /'mper Personal Propert! -ersonal property in t)e crime of t)eft incl'des electric c'rrent or properties t)at may )a$e no material or concrete appearance. !he test is not whether the su+9ect is corporeal or incorporeal +ut whether it is incapa+le of appropriation +y another from the owner. 0ence1 c)ecIs1 promissory notes1 and any ot)er commercial doc'ments may .e t)e o./ect of t)eft .eca'se #)ile t)ey may not .e of $al'e to t)e acc'sed1 t)ey are #it)o't do'.t of $al'e to t)e offended party. ,D. 2. vs. 4abo!, 25 Phil. 1) "n s'c) a case1 t)e penalty s)all .e .ased on t)e amo'nt of money represented .y t)e c)ecIs or promissory note since1 #)ile it may not of $al'e to t)e t)ief1 it is 'ndo'.tedly of $al'e to t)e offended party. ,People vs. Foc 2ong, ;0 Phil. 0;A). L Bellin s)are of co4partner is not t)eft The personal propert! m$st belong to another. 1. A /oint o#ner or partner #)o sells t)e palay to ot)er persons or a co4o#ner or co4)eir #)p appropriates t)e #)ole property cannot .e 'ilty of t)eft since t)e property cannot .e said to .elon to anot)er. (:. B. 3eyes1 6 -)il. 441) 2. ?ne #)o taIes a#ay t)e property pled ed .y )im to anot)er #it)o't t)e latterGs consent1 does not commit t)eft for t)e simple reason t)at )e is t)e o#ner of t)e t)in taIen .y )im. (9. @. 3eyes) L Balary m'st .e deli$ered first to employee; prior to t)is1 taIin of -)p is t)eft * %f offender claims property as his own :in good faith; C not t)eft (t)o' ) later fo'nd to .e 'ntr'e. "f in .ad fait) C t)eft) L Kain is not /'st -)p C satisfaction1 'se1 pleas're desired1 any .enefit (e. . /oyride) Gain means t)e acA'isition of a t)in 'sef'l for t)e p'rpose of life. "t incl'des t)e .enefit #)ic) in any ot)er sense may .e deri$ed or e2pected from t)e act performed. * Actual gain is not necessary (intent to ain necessary) L Alle e lacI of consent in info is important #onsent as an element of t)e crime of t)eft m'st .e in t)e concept of consent t)at is freely i$en and not one #)ic) is inferred from mere lacI of opposition on t)e part of t)e o#ner. L 5)ere t)e c)ar e of t)eft 'nder t)e first sentence of Article 3*%1 t)e information m'st alle e lacI of consent. T)e alle ation of FlacI of consentH is indispensa.le 'nder t)e first para rap) of Article 3*% since t)e lan 'a e or epi rap) of t)e la# e2pressly reA'ires t)at t)e ('nla#f'l) taIin s)o'ld .e done #it)o't t)e consent of t)e o#ner. "n $ie# of t)e clear te2t of t)e la#1 an information #)ic) does not a$er FlacI of consent of t)e o#nerH #o'ld render t)e alle ation ins'fficient and t)e information may .e A'as)ed for fail're to alle e an essential element of t)e crime. ,P$a Ji F$n vs. People, G. 4. %o. 2;25;, L$ne 2;, 1A;7)
189

4obber! and theft disting$ished. +or ro..ery to e2ist1 it is necessary t)at personal property .e taIen a ainst t)e #ill of t)e o#ner; #)ereas in t)eft1 it is s'fficient t)at consent on t)e part of t)e o#ner is lacIin . Pres$mption" A person fo'nd in possession of a t)in taIen in t)e recent doin of a #ron f'l act is t)e taIer of t)e t)in and t)e doer of t)e #)ole act. L -ossession is not limited to act'al personal c'stody. ?ne #)o deposits stolen property in a place #)ere it cannot .e fo'nd may .e deemed to )a$e s'c) property in )is possession.
ELEMENTS O* +UNTING2 *IS+ING OR GAT+ERING *RUITS2 ETC' IN ENCLOSE) ESTATE <.AR' NO':2 ART' :85= 1. That there is an enclosed estate or a field where trespass is forbidden or which belongs to another2. That the offender enters the same. 0. That the offender h$nts or fishes $pon the same or gathers fr$its, cereals or other forest or farm prod$cts, and 6. That the h$nting or fishing or gathering of prod$cts is witho$t the consent of the owner. %ote# +is) not in fis)pond1 ot)er#ise1 A'alified Ortega Notes# /encing 'nder .resi,ential )ecree No' !/!7 is a distinct crime from theft and ro++ery . "f t)e participant #)o profited is .ein prosec'ted #it) person #)o ro..ed1 t)e person is prosec'ted as an accessory. "f )e is .ein prosec'ted separately1 t)e person #)o partooI of t)e proceeds is lia.le for fencin . "n .eo1le %' ?u,ge ,e GuCman2 it #as )eld t)at fencing is not a continuing offense. Qurisdiction is with the court of the place where the personal property su+9ect of the ro++ery or theft was possessed, +ought, ept, or dealt with* !he place where the theft or ro++ery was committed was inconse.uential* Bince Bection 5 of -residential Eecree >o. 1612 e2pressly pro$ides t)at mere possession of anything of value which has +een su+9ect of theft or ro++ery shall +e prima facie evidence of fencing, it follo#s t)at a possessor of stolen oods is pres'med to )a$e Ino#led e t)at t)e oods fo'nd in )is possession after t)e fact of t)eft or ro..ery )as .een esta.lis)ed. T)e pres'mption does not offend t)e pres'mption of innocence in t)e f'ndamental la#. T)is #as t)e r'lin in Pamint$an v. People1 decided on M'ly 111 1((4. Burden of proof is upon fence to overcome presumption ; if e2planation ins'fficient or 'nsatisfactory1 co'rt #ill con$ict. T)is is a malum prohi+itum so intent is not material. @'t if prosec'tion is 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 as an accessory1 t)e criminal intent is controllin . 5)en t)ere is notice to person .'yin 1 t)ere may .e fencin s'c) as #)en t)e price is #ay .elo# ordinary prices; t)is may ser$e as notice. 0e may .e lia.le for fencin e$en if )e paid t)e price .eca'se of t)e pres'mption. Cattle Rustling an, ;uali ie, The t o Large Cattle C T)e crime of cattle4r'stlin is defined and p'nis)ed 'nder .resi,ential )ecree No' -::2 t)e Anti4Cattle 3'stlin la# of 1(!41 as t)e ta ing +y any means, method or scheme, of any large cattle, with or without intent to gain and whether committed with or without violence against or intimidation of person or force upon things, so long as the ta ing is without the consent of the ownerE+reed thereof* T)e crime incl'des t)e Iillin or taIin t)e meat or )ide of lar e cattle #it)o't t)e consent of t)e o#ner.
190

Since the intent to gain is not essential, the illing or destruction of large cattle, even without ta ing any part thereof, is not a crime of malicious mischief +ut cattle8rustling* T)e -residential Eecree1 )o#e$er1 does not s'persede t)e crime of A'alified t)eft of lar e cattle 'nder Article 31* of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 .'t merely modified t)e penalties pro$ided for t)eft of lar e cattle and1 to t)at e2tent1 amended Articles 3*( and 31*. >ote t)at t)e o$ert act t)at i$es rise to t)e crime of cattle4r'stlin is t)e taIin or Iillin of lar e cattle * Where the large cattle was not ta en, +ut received +y the offender from the ownerEoverseer thereof, the crime is not cattle8rustling1 it is .ualified theft of large cattle* Where the large cattle was received +y the offender who thereafter misappropriated it, the crime is .ualified theft under Article 720 if only physical or material possession thereof was yielded to him* %f +oth material and 9uridical possession thereof was yielded to him who misappropriated the large cattle, the crime would +e estafa under Article 726 :2+;* -residential Eecree >o. 533 is not a special la# in t)e conte2t of Article 1* of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. "t merely modified t)e penalties pro$ided for t)eft of lar e cattle 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code and amended Article 3*( and 31*. T)is is e2plicit from Bection 1* of t)e -residential Eecree. ConseA'ently1 t)e trial co'rt s)o'ld not )a$e con$icted t)e acc'sed of fr'strated m'rder separately from cattle4r'stlin 1 since t)e former s)o'ld )a$e .een a.sor.ed .y cattle4r'stlin as Iillin #as a res'lt of or on t)e occasion of cattle4r'stlin . "t s)o'ld only .e an a ra$atin circ'mstance. @'t .eca'se t)e information did not alle e t)e in/'ry1 t)e same can no lon er .e appreciated; t)e crime s)o'ld1 t)erefore .e only1 simple cattle4r'stlin . ,People v. 9artinada, +e.r'ary 131 1((1) .ENALTIES *OR ;UALI*IE) T+E*TL <:86= L T)e .asis of t)e penalty is t)e $al'e of t)e t)in s stolen. L "f t)e property )as some $al'e .'t is not pro$en #it) reasona.le certainty1 t)e minim'm penalty s)all .e imposed 'nder par. 6 of Art. 3*( ,People vs. 4e!es, 57 Phil. A;6). L 5)en t)ere is no e$idence as to t)e $al'e of t)e property stolen1 t)e co'rt is allo#ed to taIe /'dicial Ino#led e of t)e $al'e of s'c) property. ,People vs. dela #r$', 60 &. G. 02@;) L 5)en t)e res'ltin penalty for t)e accessory to t)e crime of t)eft )as no medi'm period1 t)e co'rt can impose t)e penalty #)ic) is fo'nd fa$ora.le to t)e acc'sed. ,#ristobal vs. People, 76 Phil. 6.0). Article :!8 ;UALI*IE) T+E*T T+E*T IS ;UALI*IE) 4+EN# 1. #ommitted b! domestic servant, or 2. ith grave ab$se of confidence, or
0. Propert! stolen is" a. motor vehicle b. mail matter c. large cattle d. cocon$t from plantation e. fish from fishpond or fisher!, or 6. &n occasion of calamities and civil dist$rbance. %otes" L 5)en t)e t)eft is committed .y a domestic ser$ant1 t)e offended party may eit)er .e t)e employer #)ere t)e offender is #orIin as a )o'se)old )elp1 or a t)ird person as a 'est in t)e )o'se. T)e room+oy is a )otel is em.raced #it)in t)e term Fdomestic ser$ant.H EGRA(E ABUSEG C )i ) de ree of confidence e. . 'ests
191

* %n the case of a+use of confidence, the latter must +e 3grave4 in order to comply with the re.uirement of the law +ecause a+use of confidence is not enough . T)ere m'st .e an alle ation in t)e information t)at t)ere is a relation .et#een t)e acc'sed and t)e offended party #)erein t)e latter confided )is sec'rity as to )is person1 life and property to t)e acc'sed #it) s'c) de ree of confidence and t)at t)e acc'sed a.'sed t)e same. * A+use of confidence is determined from the trust reposed +y the offended party to the offender . "t may also refer to t)e nat're of t)e #orI of t)e offender #)ic) m'st necessarily in$ol$e tr'st and confidence. * A+use of confidence is also an element of estafa . To a$oid conf'sion .et#een t)eft #it) a.'se of confidence (A'alified t)eft) and estafa #it) a.'se of confidence1 #)ere t)e offender misappropriates a t)in after )e recei$es it from t)e $ictim1 t)e st'dent m'st remem.er t)at in .ualified theft, only the physical or material possession of the thing is transferred* %f the offender ac.uires the 9uridical as well as the physical possession of the thing and he misappropriates it, the crime committed is estafa . M'ridical possession of t)e t)in is acA'ired #)en one )olds t)e t)in in tr'st1 or on commission1 or for administration or 'nder any ot)er o.li ation in$ol$in t)e d'ty to deli$er or to ret'rn t)e t)in recei$ed. "f t)e possession of t)e offender is not 'nder any of t)ese concepts1 t)e crime is A'alified t)eft. M no confidence, not 1$alified theft T+E*T material possessionG ESTA*A /'ridical possession L 5)ere only t)e material possession is transferred1 con$ersion of t)e property i$es rise to t)e crime of t)eft. 5)ere .ot) t)e material and /'ridical possession is transferred1 misappropriation of t)e property #o'ld constit'te estafa. When the material and 9uridical possession of the thing transfers ownership of the property to the possessor, any misappropriation made +y the possessor will not result in the commission of any crime, either for theft of estafa* <$alified" if done .y one #)o )as access to place #)ere stolen property is Iept e. .1 'ards1 tellers * novation theory applies only if t)ereGs a relation L ind'strial partner is not lia.le for TT (estafa) L #)en acc'sed considered t)e deed of sale as s)am (mod's) and )e )ad intent to ain1 )is a.scondin is TT L motor $e)icle in Ia.it system sold to anot)er4t)eft. Motor $e)icle not 'sed as -: in Ia.it system .'t 'nder D of lease4estafa On carna11ing an, the t o motor %ehicle 5)en t)e s'./ect is motor $e)icle1 t)e T)eft .ecomes A'alified. :nder 3.A. 653(1 Anti4Carnappin Act of 1(!21 t)e term motor $e)icle incl'des1 #it)in its protection1 any $e)icle #)ic) 'ses t)e streets1 #it) or #it)o't t)e reA'ired license1 or any $e)icle #)ic) is motoriJed 'sin t)e streets1 s'c) as a motoriJed tricycle. <('on vs. People, 1@. 2#4A 120= L T)e ta ing with intent to gain of a motor vehicle +elonging to another, without the latterDs consent, or +y means of violence or intimidation of persons, or +y using force upon things is penaliJed as carnappin 'nder Re1u&lic Act No' /-:6 <An Act .re%enting an, .enaliCing Carna11ing= 1 as amended. T)e o$ert act #)ic) is .ein p'nis)ed 'nder t)is la# as carnappin is also t)e taIin of a motor $e)icle 'nder circ'mstances of t)eft or ro..ery. "f t)e motor $e)icle #as not taIen .y t)e offender .'t #as deli$ered .y t)e o#ner or t)e possessor to t)e offender1 #)o t)ereafter misappropriated t)e same1 t)e crime is eit)er A'alified t)eft 'nder Article 31* of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code or estafa 'nder Article 315 (.) of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. Oualified theft of a motor vehicle is the crime if only the material or physical possession was yielded to the offender1 otherwise, if 9uridical possession was also yielded, the crime is estafa* L mail matter C pri$ate mail to .e TT1 >ot postmaster C Art. 226 L t)eft of lar e cattle Article :!! T+E*T O* .RO.ERTY O* T+E NATIONAL LIBRARY AN) NATIONAL MUSEUM
192
USUR.ATION Article :!7 OCCU.ATION O* REAL .RO.ERTY OR USUR.ATION O* REAL RIG+TS IN .RO.ERTY Acts 1unishe,# 1. 2. Ta+ing possession of an! real propert! belonging to another b! means of violence against or intimidation of personsDs$rping an! real rights in propert! belonging to another b! means of violence against or intimidation of persons.
ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender ta+es possession of an! real propert! or $s$rps an! real rights in propert!. 2. That the real propert! or real rights belong to another. 0. That violence against or intimidation of persons is $sed b! the offender in occ$p!ing real propert! or $s$rpation real rights in propert!. 6. That there is intent to gain. L Bince t)is is a crime a ainst property1 t)ere m'st .e intent to ain. "n t)e a.sence of t)e intent to ain1 t)e act may constit'te Coercion. L :se t)e degree of intimidation to determine t)e de ree of t)e penalty to .e applied for t)e 's'rpation. L :s'rpation 'nder Article 312 is committed in the same way as ro++ery with violence or intimidation of persons. T)e main difference is that in ro++ery, personal property is involved1 while in usurpation of real rights, it is real property. (People v. L$dge Alfeche1 M'ly 231 1((2) L T)e possession of t)e land or real ri )ts m'st .e done .y means of $iolence or intimidation. Bo1 if t)e e$idence of t)e prosec'tion s)o#s t)at t)e acc'sed entered t)e premises .y means of strate y1 stealt) or met)ods ot)er t)an t)e employment of $iolence1 no crime #as committed .y t)e offender. ,People vs. Alfeche, Lr., 211 2#4A ..@) L &surpation of real rights and property should not +e complexed using Article <J when violence or intimidation is committed. T)ere is only a sin le crime1 .'t a t#o4tiered penalty is prescri.ed to .e determined on #)et)er t)e acts of $iolence 'sed is aIin to t)at in ro..ery in Article 2(41 ra$e t)reats or ra$e coercion and an incremental penalty of fine .ased on t)e $al'e of t)e ain o.tained .y t)e offender. L T)ere is no crime of t)reat and 's'rpation of real property since t)reat is an 's'rpation of real ri )ts. 0ence1 #)ere t)reats are 'ttered to t)e o#ner of real occ'pyin it1 t)e crime committed is not t)e comple2 crime of 's'rpation of t)reats .eca'se maIin a t)reat is an in)erent element of 's'rpation of real #$belo, 70 2#4A ;.@) indispensa.le element of property .y one ille ally real property #it) ra$e property. ,#astrodes vs.
L T)e complainant m'st .e t)e person 'pon #)om $iolence #as employed. "f a tenant #as occ'pyin t)e property and )e #as t)reatened .y t)e offender1 .'t it #as t)e o#ner #)o #as not in possession of t)e property #)o #as named as t)e offended party1 t)e same may .e A'as)ed as it does not c)ar e an offense. T)e o#ner #o'ld1 at most1 .e entitled to ci$il reco'rse only. &n s1$atting Accordin to t)e Ur&an )e%elo1ment an, +ousing Act1 t)e follo#in are sA'atters7 1. 2. 3. T)ose #)o )a$e t)e capacity or means to pay rent or for le itimate )o'sin .'t are sA'attin any#ay; Also t)e persons #)o #ere a#arded lots .'t sold or lease t)em o't; "ntr'ders of lands reser$ed for socialiJed )o'sin 1 pre4emptin possession .y occ'pyin t)e same.
193

L >ote t)at violation of Article 72/ is punisha+le only with fine. Bo1 if p)ysical in/'ries are inflicted on t)e $ictim d'e to t)e $iolence employed .y t)e offender in t)e 's'rpation of real ri )ts1 t)e latter s)all .e p'nis)ed separately for t)e crime of p)ysical in/'ries. L &iolence employed res'lts to t)e deat) of t)e offended party. 5)en s'c) e$ent'ality does occ'r1 t)en t)e crime may ri )tf'lly .e denominated as 's'rpation of real ri )ts res'ltin to )omicide1 m'rder1 parricide1 or infanticide as t)e case may .e. Article :!: ALTERING BOUN)ARIES OR LAN)MARKS ELEMENTS# 1. That there be bo$ndar! mar+s or mon$ments of towns, provinces, or estates, or an! other mar+s intended to designate the bo$ndaries of the same. 2. That the offender alters said bo$ndar! mar+s. CUL.ABLE INSOL(ENCY Article :!" *RAU)ULENT INSOL(ENCY <cul1a&le insol%ency= ELEMENTS 1. That the offender is a debtor- that is, he was obligations d$e and pa!able. 2. That he absconds with his propert!. 0. That there be pre3$dice to his creditors. L To .e lia.le for fra'd'lent insol$ency1 t)e disposal of the merchandise must +e done with malice* T)e mere circ'mstance t)at a person )as disposed of )is merc)andise .y remo$in t)em from t)e place #)ere t)ey #ere Iept #o'ld necessarily imply fra'd. 5)at is reA'ired is actual pre9udice to the creditor . T)e intention of t)e acc'sed alone is not eno' ). ,People vs. G$'man, #. A. 6@ &. G. 2;55) L T)e la# does not reA'ire t)e offender to .e a merc)ant. T)e la# says 3any person,4 and t)is refers to anyone #)o .ecomes a de.tor and performs t)e acts made p'nis)a.le .y t)e la#. L T)e property #)ic) t)e offender may a.scond #)ic) consists of .ot) real and personal property. ,People vs. #hong #h$! Lingobo, 65 Phil. 0.2) L T)e law on fraudulent insolvency is different from the %nsolvency Aaw . +or t)e %nsolvency Aaw to apply1 t)e criminal act m'st )a$e .een committed after t)e instit'tion of t)e insol$ency proceedin s a ainst t)e offendin de.tor. @'t 'nder t)e present article1 t)ere is no reA'irement t)at t)e acc'sed s)o'ld .e ad/'d ed .anIr'pt or insol$ent. S4IN)LING AN) OT+ER )ECEITS ESTA*A is em.eJJlement 'nder common la#. "t is a #ell4Ino#n crime to la#yers and .'sinessmen. "t is a contin'in crime 'nliIe t)eft. @ein a p'.lic crime1 it can .e prosec'ted de officio. Article :!A' ELEMENTS O* ESTA*A IN GENERAL# <:!-= 1. That the acc$sed defra$ded another ,a.) b! ab$se of confidence, or ,b) or means of deceit and 2. That damage or pre3$dice capable of pec$niar! estimation is ca$sed to the offended part! or third person L T)e concept of damage 'nder t)is article does not mean act'al or real dama e. "t may consist in mere dist'r.ance of t)e property ri )ts of t)e offended party. 0o#e$er1 t)e damage must +e capa+le of pecuniary estimation. T)is reA'irement is important .eca'se in estafa1 t)e penalty is dependent on t)e $al'e of t)e property.
194

L Bince estafa is a material crime 1 it can .e di$ided into cons'mmated1 attempted or fr'strated sta es. "n t)e latter case1 t)e dama e can .e in t)e form of temporary pre/'dice or s'fferin 1 or incon$enience capa.le of pec'niary estimation. B' ELEMENTS O* ESTA*A 4IT+ UN*AIT+*ULNESS# <:!-= 1. That the offender has an onero$s obligation to deliver something of val$e. 2. That he alters its s$bstance, 1$antit!, or 1$alit!. 0. That damage or pre3$dice is ca$sed to another. L T)e acc'sed does not recei$e t)e oods .'t deli$ers a t)in 'nder an onero's o.li ation #)ic) is not in accordance #it) t)e s'.stance1 A'antity or A'ality a reed 'pon. %t is the altering of the su+stance, .uality or .uantity of the thing delivered which ma es the offender lia+le for the crime of estafa* L T)e #ord 3onerous4 means t)at t)e offended party )as f'lly complied #it) )is o.li ations to pay. Bo1 if the thing delivered whose su+stance was altered, is not yet fully or partially paid, then the crime of estafa is not committed* C' ELEMENTS O* ESTA*A 4IT+ ABUSE O* CON*I)ENCE UN)ER SUB)I(ISION NO'! .AR' <B=2 O* ART':!1. That mone!, goods, or other personal propert! be received b! the offender in tr$st, or on commission, or for administration, or $nder an! other obligation involving the d$t! to ma+e deliver! of or to ret$rn, the same. 2. That there be misappropriation or conversion of s$ch mone! or propert! b! the offender, or dental on his part of s$ch receipt. 0. that s$ch misappropriation or conversion or dental is to the pre3$dice of another and 6. That there is a demand made b! the offended part! to the offender. (T)e fo'rt) element is not necessary #)en t)ere is e$idence of misappropriation of t)e oods .y t)e defendant. QTu&& %' .eo1le2 et al'2 !8! .hil' !!"R ). L "t is necessary in t)is Iind of estafa1 for t)e money1 oods or personal property to )a$e .een recei$ed .y t)e offender in tr'st1 or on commission or for administration. 0e m'st acA'ire .ot) material or p)ysical as #ell as /'ridical possession of t)e t)in recei$ed. %n these instances, the offender, who is the transferee, ac.uires a right over a thing which he may set up even against the owner* L A money marIet transaction )o#e$er partaIes of t)e nat're of a loan1 and non4payment t)ereof #o'ld not i$e rise to criminal lia.ility for Estafa t)ro' ) misappropriation or con$ersion. "n money marIet placements1 t)e 'npaid in$estor s)o'ld instit'te a ainst t)e middleman or dealer1 .efore t)e ordinary co'rts1 a simple action for reco$ery of t)e amo'nt )e )ad in$ested1 and if t)ere is alle ation of fra'd1 t)e proper for'm #o'ld .e t)e Bec'rities and E2c)an e Commission. <2esbreno vs. #o$rt of Appeals, et al., 26@ 2#4A ;@;=' )' 7N) ELEMENT O* ESTA*A 4IT+ ABUSE O* CON*I)ENCE UN)ER .ARAGRA.+ <B=2 SUB)I(ISION N8'!2 ART' :!- S : 4AYS O* COMMITTING# 1. ?! misappropriating the thing received. 2. ?! converting the thing received. 0. ?! den!ing that the thing was received. %otes" Dnfaithf$lness or Ab$se of #onfidence a. .y alterin t)e s'.stance
195

.. e2istin o.li ation to deli$er C e$en if it is not a s'./ect of la#f'l commerce c. t)in deli$ered )as not .een f'lly or partially paid for C not estafa c. no a reement as to A'ality C >o estafa if deli$ery is 'nsatisfactory ?! misappropriating and converting a. t)in is recei$ed .y offender 'nder transactions transferrin /'ridical possession1 not o#ners)ip .. $nder P> 115 ,Tr$st 4eceipts Law) C fail're to t'rn o$er to t)e .anI t)e proceeds of t)e sale of t)e oods co$ered .y T3 C Estafa c. same t)in recei$ed m'st .e ret'rned ot)er#ise estafa; sale on credit .y a ency #)en it #as to .e sold for cas) C estafa d. Estafa C not affected .y >o$ation of Contract .eca'se it is a p'.lic offense e. >o$ation m'st taIe place .efore criminal lia.ility #as inc'rred or per)aps prior to t)e filin of t)e criminal information in co'rt .y state prosec'tors f. 9isappropriating 3 to taIe somet)in for oneGs o#n .enefit
. #onverting 3 act of 'sin or disposin of anot)erGs property as if it #as oneGs o#n; t)in )as .een de$oted for a p'rpose or 'se different from t)at a reed 'pon ). !here must +e pre9udice to another C not necessary t)at offender s)o'ld o.tain ain L T)ere is no estafa through negligence. T)ere is liIe#ise no estafa where the accused did not personally profit or gain from the misappropriation* i. -artners C >o estafa of money or property recei$ed for t)e partners)ip #)en t)e .'siness is commercial and profits accr'ed. @:T if property is recei$ed for specific p'rpose and is misappropriated C estafaZ +ail're to acco'nt after t)e EEMA>E is circ'mstantial e$idence of misappropriation
/.
I. EEMA>E is not a condition precedent to e2istence of estafa #)en misappropriation may .e esta.lis)ed .y ot)er proof l. "n t)eft1 'pon deli$ery of t)e t)in to t)e offender1 t)e o#ner e2pects an immediate ret'rn of t)e t)in to )im C ot)er#ise1 Estafa
m. Ber$ant1 domestic or employee #)o misappropriates a t)in )e recei$ed from )is master is >?T 'ilty of estafa .'t of A'alified t)eft 5)en in t)e prosec'tion for mal$ersation t)e p'.lic officer is acA'itted1 t)e pri$ate indi$id'al alle edly in conspiracy #it) )im may .e )eld lia.le for estafa MAL(ERSATION offenders are entr'sted #it) f'nds or property and are contin'in offenses @unds: p'.lic f'nds or property #ffender: p'.lic officer acco'nta.le for p'.lic f'nds Committed .y appropriatin 1 taIin 1 misappropriatin
ESTA*A 4IT+ ABUSE O* CON*I)ENCE ?ffenders are entr'sted #it) f'nds or property and are contin'in offenses @unds: al#ays pri$ate #ffender: pri$ate indi$id'al1 or p'.lic officer not acco'nta.le Committed .y misappropriatin 1 con$ertin 1 denyin )a$in recei$ed money
E' ELEMENTS O* ESTA*A BY TAKING UN)UE A)(ANTAGE O* T+E SIGNATURE IN BLANK# <:!-=
196

1. That the paper with the signat$re of the offended part! be in blan+. 2. That the offended part! sho$ld have delivered it to offender. 0. That above the signat$re of the offended part! a doc$ment is written b! the offender witho$t a$thorit! to do so. 6. That the doc$ment so written creates a liabilit! of, or ca$ses damage to, the offended part! or an! third person. L T)e element of t)is estafa is also a.'se of confidence. T)e offended party lea$es a .lanI paper #it) )is si nat're to anot)er1 #it) specific instr'ctions to maIe entries t)ereon accordin to t)e #is)es of t)e offended party. @'t contrary to s'c) instr'ctions and #is)es1 t)e acc'sed maIes entries in #ritin #)ic) creates lia.ilities a ainst t)e o#ner of t)e si nat're. L "f t)e 'na't)oriJed #ritin s #ere done .y a person ot)er t)an t)e one to #)om t)e o#ner of t)e si nat're deli$ered t)e paper in .lanI1 and it ca'sed dama e to t)e offended party1 t)e crime committed .y t)e t)ird party is not estafa .'t falsification. Note# %f the paper with signature in +lan was stolen C +alsification if .y maIin it appear t)at )e participated in a transaction #)en in fact )e did not so participate *' ELEMENTS O* ESTA*A BY MEANS O* )ECEIT# <:!-= 1. that there m$st be a false pretense, fra$d$lent means m$st be made or e)ec$ted prior to or 2. That s$ch false pretense, fra$d$lent act or fra$d$lent means m$st be made or e)ec$ted prior to or sim$ltaneo$sl! with the commission of the fra$d. 0. That the offended part! m$st have relied on the false pretense, fra$d$lent act, or fra$d$lent means, that is, he was ind$ced to part with his mone! or propert! beca$se of the false pretense, fra$d$lent act, or fra$d$lent means. 6. That as a res$lt thereof, the offended part! s$ffered damage. %otes" *ALSE .RETENSES OR *RAU)ULENT ACTS C e2ec'ted prior to or sim'ltaneo'sly #it) deli$ery of t)e t)in .y t)e complainant L T)ere m'st .e e$idence t)at t)e pretense of t)e acc'sed t)at )e possesses po#erNinfl'ence is false L T)e representation t)at acc'sed possessed infl'ence1 to decei$e and in$ei le t)e complainant into partin #it) )is money m'st )o#e$er .e false to constit'te deceit 'nder >o. 2 of Article 3151 3-C. <>ela #r$' vs. #o$rt of Appeals, et al., 2;5 2#4A 2AA=' Elements o esta a &y means o alse 1retenses or rau,ulent acts un,er Article :!- <7= Acts 1unishe, un,er 1aragra1h <a= 1. 2. 3. :sin fictitio's name; +alsely pretendin to possess po#er1 infl'ence1 A'alifications1 property1 credit1 a ency1 .'siness or ima inary transactions; or @y means of ot)er similar deceits.
L "n t)e prosec'tion of estafa 'nder Article 3151 no. 2(a)1 it is indispensa+le that the element of deceit consisting in the false statement or fraudulent representation of the accused, +e made prior to, +efore or at least simultaneously with the delivery of the thing +y the offended party* T)e added reA'irement t)at s'c) false statement or fraudulent representation constitutes the very motive or the only reason or cause which induces the offended party to part with the thing #)ile t)ey may .e false representation after t)e deli$ery of t)e oods or t)e t)in .y t)e a rie$ed party1 s'c) false statement or false representation1 no
197

matter )o# fra'd'lent and o.no2io's it may appear1 cannot ser$e as a .asis for prosec'tion 'nder t)is cate ory of estafa. +or t)e case to prosper a ainst t)e acc'sed1 t)e prosecution must prove two indispensa+le elements: deceit and damage to another. ,#elino vs. #o$rt of Appeals, 1;0 2#4A A.) CRE)IT means t)e a.ility to .'y t)in s or merc)andise on t)e .asis of oneGs c)aracter1 capacity to pay or ood#ill in t)e .'siness comm'nity. Bo1 if it is 'sed to decei$e anot)er and t)e deception is t)e principal reason for t)e deli$ery of t)e oods #)ic) res'lts in dama e to t)e offended party1 t)e crime committed is estafa. Un,er 1aragra1h <&= Alterin t)e A'ality1 fineness1 or #ei )t of anyt)in pertainin to )is art or .'siness. Un,er 1aragra1h <c= -retendin to )a$e .ri.ed any o$ernment employee1 #it)o't pre/'dice to t)e action for cal'mny #)ic) t)e offended party may deem proper to .rin a ainst t)e offender. G' ELEMENTS O* ESTA*A BY .OST)ATING A C+ECK OR ISSUING A C+ECK IN .AYMENT O* AN OBLIGATION# <:!-= 1. That the offender postdated a chec+, or iss$ed a chec+ in pa!ment of an obligation. 2. That s$ch postdatig or iss$ing a chec+ was done when the offender had no f$nds in the ban+ or his f$nds deposited therein were not s$fficient to cover the amo$nt of the chec+. %otes" >ote t)at t)is onl! applies if C (1) (2) T)e o.li ation is not pre4e2istin ; T)e c)ecI is dra#n to enter into an o.li ation; (3emem.er t)at it is the chec that is supposed to +e the sole consideration for the other party to have entered into the o+ligation* +or e2ample1 3ose #ants to p'rc)ase a .racelet and dra#s a c)ecI #it)o't ins'fficient f'nds. T)e /e#eler sells )er t)e .racelet solely .eca'se of t)e consideration in t)e c)ecI.) (3) "t does not co$er c)ecIs #)ere t)e p'rpose of dra#in t)e c)ecI is to 'arantee a loan as t)is is not an o.li ation contemplated in t)is para rap)
L T)e c)ecI m'st .e en'ine. "f t)e c)ecI is falsified and is cas)ed #it) t)e .anI or e2c)an ed for cas)1 t)e crime is estafa t)r' falsification of a commercial doc'ment. L T)e general r$le is t)at t)e acc'sed m'st .e a.le to o.tain somet)in from t)e offended party .y means of t)e c)ecI )e iss'ed and deli$ered. :)ception" #)en t)e c)ecI is iss'ed not in payment of an o.li ation. L "t m'st not .e promissory notes1 or 'aranties. L ood fait) is a defense. (--* CS* C%AAA-A$5#1 56 -0"9.31) * dishonor for lac of funds 4 prima facie e$idence of deceit or fail're to maIe ood #it)in t)ree days after notice of. L "f t)e c)ecIs #ere iss'ed .y t)e defendant and )e recei$ed money for t)em1 t)en stopped payment and did not ret'rn t)e money1 and )e )ad an intention to stop payment #)en )e iss'ed t)e c)ecI1 t)ere is estafa. L Eeceit is pres'med if t)e dra#er fails to deposit t)e amo'nt necessary to co$er t)e c)ecI #it)in t)ree days from receipt of notice of dis)onor or ins'fficiency of f'nds in t)e .anI.
198

L "f c)ecI #as iss'ed in payment of pre8existing de+t C no estafa L "t is t)erefore essential that the chec +e issued in payment of a simultaneous o+ligation . T)e c)ecI in A'estion m'st .e 'tiliJed .y t)e offender in order to defra'd t)e offended party. Bo1 if t)e c)ecI #as iss'ed in payment of a promissory note #)ic) )ad mat'red and t)e c)ecI #as dis)onored1 t)ere is not estafa since t)e acc'sed did not o.tain anyt)in .y means of said c)ecI. ,People vs. #anlas, &. G. 1@A2) * %f a +ouncing chec is issued to pay a pre8existing o+ligation 1 t)e dra#er is lia.le 'nder B* -* Blg* // #)ic) does not maIe any distinction as to #)et)er a .ad c)ecI is iss'ed in payment of an o.li ation or to 'arantee an o.li ation. ,<$e vs. People, .021.817, 2ept. 21, 1A7.) L ?ffender m'st .e a.le to o.tain somet)in from t)e offended party .y means of t)e c)ecI )e iss'es and deli$ers L T)e chec must +e issued in payment of an o+ligation . "f t)e c)ecI #as iss'ed #it)o't any o.li ation or if t)ere is lacI of consideration and t)e c)ecI is s'.seA'ently dis)onored1 t)e crime of estafa is not committed. L "f postdatin a c)ecI iss'ed as mere 'aranteeNpromissory note C no estafa +' ELEMENTS O* O**ENSE )E*INE) IN T+E *IRST .ARAGRA.+ O* SECTION !# B. 77 1. That a person ma+es or draws and iss$es an! chec+. 2. That the chec+ is made or drawn and iss$ed to appl! on acco$nt or for val$e. 0. That the person who ma+es or draws and iss$es the chec+ +nows at the time of iss$e that he does not have s$fficient f$nds in or credit with the drawee ban+ for the pa!ment of s$ch chec+ in f$ll $pon its presentment. 6. That the chec+ is s$bse1$entl! dishonored b! the drawee ban+ for ins$fficienc! of f$nds or credit, or wo$ld have been dishonored for the same reason had not the drawee, witho$t an! valid reason, ordered the ban+ to stop pa!ment. %ote# +ail're to maIe ood #it)in 5 .anIin days prima facie e$idence of Ino#led e of lacI and ins'fficiency I' ELEMENTS O* T+E O**ENSE )E*INE) IN T+E SECON) .ARAGRA.+ O* SECTION !# B. 77 1. That a person has s$fficient f$nds in or credit with the drawee ban+ when he ma+es or draws and iss$es a chec+. 2. That he fails to +eep s$fficient f$nds or to maintain a credit to cover the f$ll amo$nt of the chec+ if presented within a period of A@ da!s from the date appearing thereon. 0. That the chec+ is dishonored b! the drawee ban+. %ote" +ail're to maIe ood #it)in 5 .anIin days prima facie e$ididence of Ino#led e of lacI and ins'fficiency )istinction &etween esta a un,er Article :!- <7= <,= o the Re%ise, .enal Co,e an, %iolation o Batas .am&ansa Blg' 77# (1) :nder .ot) Article 315 (2) (d) and @atas -am.ansa @l . 221 t)ere is criminal lia.ility if t)e c)ecI is dra#n for non4pre4e2istin o.li ation. "f t)e c)ecI is dra#n for a pre4e2istin o.li ation1 t)ere is criminal lia.ility only 'nder @atas -am.ansa @l . 22. (2) Estafa 'nder Article 315 (2) (d) is a crime a ainst property #)ile @atas -am.ansa @l . 22 is a crime a ainst p'.lic interest. T)e ra$amen for t)e former is t)e deceit employed1 #)ile in t)e latter1 it is t)e iss'ance of t)e c)ecI. 0ence1 t)ere is no dou+le 9eopardy*
199

(3) (4) "n t)e estafa 'nder Article 315 (2) (d)1 deceit and dama e are material1 #)ile in @atas -am.ansa @l . 221 t)ey are immaterial. "n estafa 'nder Article 315 (2) (d)1 Ino#led e .y t)e dra#er of ins'fficient f'nds is not reA'ired1 #)ile in @atas -am.ansa @l . 221 Ino#led e .y t)e dra#er of ins'fficient f'nds is reAired.
* When is there prima facie evidence of nowledge of insufficient fundsR L T)ere is a prima facie e$idence of Ino#led e of ins'fficient f'nds #)en t)e c)ecI #as presented #it)in (* days from t)e date appearin on t)e c)ecI and #as dis)onored. :)ceptions 1. 2. 5)en t)e c)ecI #as presented after (* days from date; 5)en t)e maIer or dra#er 44 a. .. -ays t)e )older of t)e c)ecI t)e amo'nt d'e #it)in fi$e .anIin days after recei$in notice t)at s'c) c)ecI )as not .een paid .y t)e dra#ee; MaIes arran ements for payment in f'll .y t)e dra#ee of s'c) c)ecI #it)in fi$e .anIin days after notice of non4payment
L T)e dra#ee m'st ca'se to .e #ritten or stamped in plain lan 'a e t)e reason for t)e dis)onor. L "f t)e dra#ee .anI recei$ed an order of stop4payment from t)e dra#er #it) no reason1 it m'st .e stated t)at t)e f'nds are ins'fficient to .e prosec'ted )ere. L "f t)e drawer has valid reasons for stopping payment 1 )e cannot .e )eld criminally lia.le 'nder @.-. @l . 22. L T)e 'npaid or dis)onored c)ecI #it) t)e stamped information re7 ref'sal to pay is prima facie e$idence of (1) t)e maIin or iss'ance of t)e c)ecI; (2) t)e d'e presentment to t)e dra#ee for payment V t)e dis)onor t)ereof; and (3) t)e fact t)at t)e c)ecI #as properly dis)onored for t)e reason stamped on t)e c)ecI. On issuance o a &ouncing chec@ !he issuance of chec with insufficient funds may +e held lia+le for estafa and Batas -am+ansa Blg* //* @atas -am.ansa @l . 22 e2pressly pro$ides t)at prosec'tion 'nder said la# is #it)o't pre/'dice to any lia.ility for $iolation of any pro$ision in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. 5ou+le Qeopardy may not +e invo ed .eca'se a $iolation of @atas -am.ansa @l . 22 is a mal'm pro)i.it'm and is .ein p'nis)ed as a crime a ainst t)e p'.lic interest for 'nderminin t)e .anIin system of t)e co'ntry1 #)ile 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 t)e crime is mal'm in se #)ic) reA'ires criminal intent and dama e to t)e payee and is a crime a ainst property. (n estafa, t)e chec must have +een issued as a reciprocal consideration for parting of goods : aliwaan;* T)ere m'st .e concomitance. T)e deceit m'st .e prior to or sim'ltaneo's #it) dama e done1 t)at is1 seller relied on c)ecI to part #it) oods. "f it is iss'ed after partin #it) oods as in credit accommodation only1 t)ere is no estafa. "f t)e c)ecI is iss'ed for a pre4e2istin o.li ation1 t)ere is no estafa as dama e )ad already .een done. T)e dra#er is lia.le 'nder @atas -am.ansa @l . 22. /or criminal liabilit! to attach $nder ?atas Pambansa ?lg. 221 it is enough that the chec was issued to Napply on account or for valueN and upon its presentment it was dishonored +y the drawee +an for insufficiency of funds, provided that the drawer had +een notified of the dishonor and inspite of such notice fails to pay the holder of the chec the full amount due thereon within five days from notice* &nder Batas -am+ansa Blg* //1 a drawer must +e given notice of dishonor and given five +an ing days from notice within which to deposit or pay the amount stated in the chec to negate the presumtion that drawer new of the insufficiency. After t)is period1 it is concl'si$e t)at dra#er Ine# of t)e ins'fficiency1 t)'s t)ere is no more defense to t)e prosec'tion 'nder @atas -am.ansa @l . 22. L T)e mere iss'ance of any Iind of c)ecI re ardless of t)e intent of t)e parties1 #)et)er t)e c)ecI is intended to ser$e merely as a 'arantee or as a deposit1 maIes t)e dra#er lia.le 'nder @atas -am.ansa
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@l . 22 if t)e c)ecI .o'nces. As a matter of p'.lic policy1 t)e iss'ance of a #ort)less c)ecI is a p'.lic n'isance and m'st .e a.ated. L Eac) act of dra#in and iss'in a .o'ncin c)ecI constit'tes a $iolation of @. -. @l . 22. L "n )e (illa %' CA2 ,eci,e, A1ril !52 !66!2 it #as )eld t)at 'nder @atas -am.ansa @l . 221 t)ere is no distinction as to the ind of chec issued . As lon as it is deli$ered #it)in -)ilippine territory1 t)e -)ilippine co'rts )a$e /'risdiction. E$en if t)e c)ecI is only presented to and dis)onored in a -)ilippine .anI1 @atas -am.ansa @l . 22 applies. T)is is tr'e in t)e case of dollar or forei n c'rrency c)ecIs. 5)ere t)e la# maIes no distinction1 none s)o'ld .e made. L "n .eo1le %' Nita an2 it #as )eld t)at as long as instrument is a chec under the negotia+le instrument law, it is covered +y Batas -am+ansa Blg* //* A memorandum chec is not a promissory note1 it is a c)ecI #)ic) )a$e t)e #ord Fmemo1H FmemH1 Fmemorand'mH #ritten across t)e face of t)e c)ecI #)ic) si nifies t)at if t)e )older 'pon mat'rity of t)e c)ecI presents t)e same to t)e dra#er1 it #ill .e paid a.sol'tely. @'t t)ere is no pro)i.ition a ainst dra#er from depositin memorand'm c)ecI in a .anI. L 5)ate$er .e t)e a reement of t)e parties in respect of t)e iss'ance of a c)ecI is inconseA'ential to a $iolation to @atas -am.ansa @l . 22 #)ere t)e c)ecI .o'nces. * "ross chec s do not maIe t)em non4ne otia.le and t)erefore t)ey are #it)in t)e co$era e of @. -. @l . 22. L T)e la# does not distin 'is) .et#een forei n and local c)ecIs. <>e Eilla vs. #o$rt of Appeals, et al., 1A5 2#4A .22=' L @'t o$erdraft or credit arran ement may .e allo#ed .y .anIs as to t)eir preferred clients and @atas -am.ansa @l . 22 does not apply. "f c)ecI .o'nces1 it is .eca'se .anI )as .een remiss in )onorin a reement. * !he chec must +e presented for payment within a I08day period* "f presented for payment .eyond t)e (* day period and t)e dra#erGs f'nds are ins'fficient to co$er it1 t)ere is no @atas -am.ansa @l . 22 $iolation. L 5)ere c)ecI #as iss'ed prior to A' 'st %1 1(%41 #)en Circ'lar >o. 12 of t)e Eepartment of t)e M'stice tooI effect1 and t)e dra#er relied on t)e t)en pre$ailin Circ'lar >o. 4 of t)e Ministry of M'stice to t)e effect t)at c)ecIs iss'ed as part of an arran ementNa reement of t)e parties to 'arantee or sec're f'lfillment of an o.li ation are not co$ered .y @atas -am.ansa @l . 221 no criminal lia.ility s)o'ld .e inc'rred .y t)e dra#er. Circ'lar s)o'ld not .e i$en retroacti$e effect. ,La'aro v. #A1 >o$em.er 111 1((31 citin -eople $. Al.erto1 ?cto.er 2%1 1((3) ?' BY OBTAINING *OO) OR CRE)IT AT +OTELS2 INNS2 RESTAURANTS ETC' Acts 1unishe, un,er 1aragra1h <e= 1. a. .. c. 2. a. .. 3. a. .. c. ?.tainin food1 refres)ment1 or accommodation at a )otel1 inn1 resta'rant1 .oardin )o'se1 lod in )o'se1 or apartment )o'se; 5it)o't payin t)erefor; 5it) intent to defra'd t)e proprietor or mana er. ?.tainin credit at any of t)e esta.lis)ments; :sin false pretense; A.andonin or s'rreptitio'sly remo$in any part of )is .a a e in t)e esta.lis)ment; After o.tainin credit1 food1 refres)ment1 accommodation; 5it)o't payin .
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L +ail're to pay food or accommodation in a )otel1 resta'rant or inn 's'ally i$es rise to ci$il lia.ility .'t if t)e intent to defra'd is clear liIe a s'rreptitio's remo$al of .a a e from t)e )otel1 or resortin to deceitf'l means to e$ade payment1 t)e act s)all .e p'nis)ed criminally as Estafa. K' ELEMENTS O* ESTA*A BY IN)UCING ANOT+ER TO SIGN ANY )OCUMENTS# <:!-= 1. That the offender ind$ced the offended part! to sign a doc$ment. 2. That deceit be emplo!ed to ma+e him sign the doc$ment. 0. That the offended part! personall! signed the doc$ment. 6. That pre3$dice be ca$sed. %ote" "f offended party #illin ly si ned t)e doc'ment and t)ere #as deceit as to t)e c)aracter or contents of t)e doc'ment C falsification; .'t #)ere t)e acc'sed made representation to mislead t)e complainants as to t)e c)aracter of t)e doc'ments 4 estafa Un,er 1aragra1h <&= 3esortin to some fra'd'lent practice to ins're s'ccess in a am.lin L' ELEMENTS O* )OCUMENTS# <:!-= ESTA*A BY REMO(ING2 ame; OR )ESTROYING
CONCEALING
1. That there be co$rt records, office files, doc$ments or an! other papers. 2. That the offender removed, concealed or destro!ed an! of them. 0. That the offender had intent to defra$d another. L "n order to commit a crime1 t)e offender must have the intention to defraud. "n ot)er #ords1 t)e remo$al1 concealment or destr'ction of t)e co'rt record s)o'ld .e done #it) t)e intent to defra'd t)e $ictim. T)is is distinguished from the crime of removal, concealment or destruction of documents under Article //> wherein fraud is not an element of the crime, and which is committed only +y pu+lic officers . 5)at is p'nis)ed 'nder t)is Article is t)e dama e to p'.lic interest. L "f t)e act of remo$in 1 concealin or destroyin res'lts from )atred1 re$en e1 or ot)er e$il moti$e1 t)e crime committed is malicious mischief 'nder Article 32!. %ote# >o intent to defra'd C destroyin or remo$al O malicious mischief 5)en a la#yer1 pretendin to $erify a certain pleadin in a case pendin .efore a co'rt1 .orro#s t)e folder of t)e case1 and remo$es or destroys a doc'ment #)ic) constit'te e$idence in t)e said case1 said la#yer is 'ilty of Estafa 'nder par. 3 (c) of Article 3151 3-C. SYN)ICATE) ESTA*A' A syndicate of fi$e or more persons formed #it) intent to carry o't an 'nla#f'l or ille al act1 transaction or sc)eme and defra'dation #)ic) res'lts in misappropriation of money contri.'ted .y stocI)olders or mem.ers of r'ral .anIs1 cooperati$es1 sama)an nayon or formerGs association; or f'nds contri.'ted .y corporations or associations for t)e eneral #elfare. M' )AMAGE OR .RE?U)ICE CA.ABLE O* .ECUNIARY ESTIMATION# <:!-= (second element of any form of estafa) T+E ELEMENTS O* )AMAGE OR .RE?U)ICE MAY CONSIST O* T+E **'# 1. The offender part! being deprived of his mone! or propert!, as a res$lt of the defra$dation. 2. >ist$rbance in propert! right or 0. Temporar! pre3$dice.
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N' ELEMENTS O* S4IN)LING <.AR'!= BY CON(EYING2 SELLING2 ENCUMBERING2 OR MORTGAGING ANY REAL .RO.ERTY2 .RETEN)ING TO BE T+E O4NER O* T+E SAME# <:!/= 1. That the thing be immovable, s$ch as a parcel of land or a b$ilding. 2. That the offender who is not the owner of said propert! represented that he is the owner thereof. 0. That the offender sho$ld have e)ec$ted an act of ownership ,selling, leasing, enc$mbering or mortgaging the real propert!). 6. That the act be made to the pre3$dice of the owner or a third person. ESTA*A -ri$ate indi$id'al #as entr'sted "ntent to defra'd IN*I)ELITY IN T+E CUSTO)Y O* )OCUMENTS -'.lic officer entr'sted >o intent to defra'd
O' ELEMENTS O* S4IN)LING <.AR' 7= BY )IS.OSING O* REAL .RO.ERTY AS *REE *ROM ENCUMBRANCE2 ALT+OUG+ SUC+ ENCUMBRANCE BE NOT RECOR)E)# <:!/= 1. that the thing disposed of be real propert!. 2. That the offender +new that the real propert! was enc$mbered, whether the enc$mbrance is recorded or not. 0. That there m$st be e)press representation b! the offender that the real propert! is free from enc$mbrance. 6. That the act of disposing of the real propert! be made to the damage of another. L "n Sa,,ul ?r' %' CA2 !67 SCRA 7002 it #as )eld t)at t)e act of using or disposing of anotherDs property as if it were oneDs own, or of devoting it to a purpose or use different from that agreed upon, is a misappropriation and conversion to the pre9udice of the owner . #onversion is 'na't)oriJed ass'mption an e2ercise of t)e ri )t of o#ners)ip o$er oods and c)attels .elon in to anot)er1 res'ltin in t)e alteration of t)eir condition or e2cl'sion of t)e o#nerGs ri )ts. .' ELEMENTS O* S4IN)LING <.AR':= BY 4RONG*ULLY TAKING BY T+E O4NER +IS .ERSONAL *ROM ITS LA4*UL .OSSESSOR# <:!/= 1. That the offender is the owner of personal propert!. 2. That said personal propert! is in the lawf$l possession of another. 0. That the offender wrongf$ll! ta+es it from its lawf$l possessor. 6. That pre3$dice is thereb! ca$sed to the possessor or third person. Un,er 1aragra1h " C .y e2ec'tin any fictitio's contract to t)e pre/'dice of anot)er Un,er 1aragra1h - C .y acceptin any compensation for ser$ices not rendered or for la.or not performed ;' ELEMENTS O* S4IN)LING <.AR' /= BY SELLING2 MORTGAGING OR ENCUMBERING REAL .RO.ERTY OR .RO.ERTIES 4IT+ 4+IC+ T+E O**EN)ER GUARANTEE) T+E *UL*ILLMENT O* +IS OBLIGATION AS SURETY# <:!/= 1. That the offender is a s$ret! in a bond given in a criminal or civil action.
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2. That he g$aranteed the f$lfillment of s$ch obligation with his real propert! or properties. 0. That he sells, mortgages, or, in an! other manner enc$mbers said real propert!. 6. That s$ch sale, mortage or enc$mbrance is ,a) witho$t e)press a$thorit! from the co$rt, or ,b) made before the cancellation of his bond, or ,c) before being relieved from the obligation contracted b! him.
R' ELEMENTS O* S4IN)LING A MINOR# <:!0= 1. That the offender ta+es advantage of the ine)perience or emotions or feelings of a minor. 2. That he ind$ces s$ch minor ,a) to ass$me an obligation, or ,b) to give release, or ,c) to e)ec$te a transfer of an! propert! right. 0. That the consideration is ,a) some loan of mone! ,b) credit or ,c) other personal propert!. 6. That the transaction is to the detriment of s$ch minor. L T)e property referred to in t)is article is not real property. "t is limited to personal property since a minor cannot convey real property without 9udicial intervention . Bo1 if #)at is in$ol$ed is real property1 t)e crime of swindling a minor 'nder t)is article is not committed e$en if t)e offender s'cceeds in ind'cin t)e minor to deal #it) s'c) real property since no dama e or detriment is ca'sed a ainst t)e minor. S' ELEMENTS O* OT+ER )ECEITS# <:!5= 1. not mentioned above2. interpretation of dreams, forecast, f$t$re8telling for profit or gain. L T)e meanin of other deceits 'nder t)is article )as reference to a sit'ation #)erein fra'd or dama e is done to anot)er .y any ot)er form of deception #)ic) is not co$ered .y t)e precedin articles. L Anot)er form of deceit #o'ld .e in t)e nat're of interpretin dreams1 or maIin forecasts1 tellin fort'nes or simply .y taIin ad$anta e of t)e cred'lity of t)e p'.lic .y any ot)er similar manner1 done for profit or ain. C+ATTEL MORTGAGE Article :!6 A' SELLING OR .LE)GING .ERSONAL .RO.ERTY ALREA)Y .LE)GE) ELEMENTS# 1. That personal propert! is alread! pledged $nder the terms of the chattel mortgage law. 2. That the offender, who is the mortgagee of s$ch propert!, sells or pledges the same or an! part thereof. 0. That there is no consent of the mortgagee written on the bac+ of the mortgage and noted on the record thereof in the office of the register of deeds. B' KNO4INGLY REMO(ING MORTGAGE) .ERSONAL .RO.ERTY ELEMENTS#
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1. that personal propert! is mortgaged $nder the chattel mortage law. 2. That the offender +nows that s$ch propert! is so mortaged. 0. That he removes s$ch mortgaged personal to an! province or cit! other than the one in which it was located at the time of the e)ec$tion of the mortgage. 6. that the removal is permanent. 5. That there is no written consent of the mortgagee or his e)ec$tors, administration or assigns to s$ch removal. L "t #o'ld .e t)e mort a or #)o is made lia.le if t)e personal property is transferred to t)e pro)i.ited place. T)e lia.ility e2tends to t)ird persons #)o s)all Ino#in ly remo$e t)e mort a ed to anot)er city or pro$ince. L "f t)e c)attel mort a e is not re istered1 t)ere is no $iolation of Article 31( ARSON AN) OT+ER CRIMES IN(OL(ING )ESTRUCTIONS (%ote# -5 2>27 expressly repealed or amended Arts 7/087/>, +ut -5 2M<< revived Art 7/0 ) A' ELEMENTS O* ARSONS O* .RO.ERTY O* SMALL (ALUES 1. That an $ninhabited h$t, storeho$se, barn, shed or an! other propert! is b$rned 2. That the val$e of the propert! b$rned does not e)ceed 25 pesos 0. That the b$rning was done at a time or $nder circ$mstances which clearl! e)cl$de all danger of the fire spreading B' ELEMENTS O* CRIME IN(OL(ING )ESTRUCTION 1. That the offender ca$ses destr$ction of the propert! 2. That the destr$ction was done b! means of" a. e)plosion b. discharge of electric c$rrent c. in$ndation d. sin+ing or stranding of a vessel e. damaging the engine of the vessel f. ta+ing $p rails from the railwa! trac+
g. destro!ing telegraph wires and posts or those of an! other s!stem h. other similar effective means of destr$ction C' ELEMENTS O* BURNING ONE9S .RO.ERTY AS A MEANS TO COMMIT ARSON 1. That the offender set fire to or destro!ed his own propert! 2. That the p$rpose of the offender in doing so was to commit arson or to ca$se a great destr$ction 0. That the propert! belonging to another was b$rned or destro!ed
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)' ELEMENTS O* ARSON 1. That the propert! b$rned is the e)cl$sive propert! of the offender 2. That ,a) the p$rpose of the offender is b$rning it is to defra$d or ca$se damage to another or ,b) pre3$dice is act$all! ca$sed, or ,c) the thing b$rned is a b$ilding in an inhabited place Palattao notes" Arson is defined as t)e intentional or malicio's destr'ction of a property .y fire. Legal e ect i ,eath results rom arson' T)e crime committed is still arson. Eeat) is a.sor.ed in t)e crime of arson .'t t)e penalty to .e imposed ran es from reclusion perpetua to deat). (Bec. 51 -.E. >o. 1613) +ow arson is esta&lishe,' Arson is esta.lis)ed .y pro$in t)e corpus delicti1 's'ally in t)e form of circ'mstancial e$idence s'c) as t)e criminal a ency1 meanin t)e s'.stance 'sed1 liIe asoline1 Ierosene or ot)er form of .'sti.le materials #)ic) ca'sed t)e fire. "t can also .e in t)e form of electrical #ires1 mec)anical1 c)emical or electronic contri$ance desi ned to start a fire; as)es or traces of s'c) o./ects #)ic) are fo'nd in t)e r'ins of t)e .'rned premises. Notes# * %f the crime of arson was employed +y the offender as a means to ill the offended party 1 t)e crime committed is murder. T)e .'rnin of t)e property as t)e means to Iill t)e $ictim is #)at is contemplated .y t)e #ord F fireH 'nder Article 24% #)ic) A'alifies t)e crime to m'rder. ,People vs. Eillarosa, 56 &. G. 0672) * When the +urning of the property was done +y the offender only to cause damage +ut the arson resulted to death of a person1 t)e crime committed is still arson .eca'se t)e deat) of t)e $ictim is a mere conseA'ence and not t)e intention of t)e offender. ,People vs. Paterno, 6. &. G. 6;@@) L T)ere is no special complex crime of arson with homicide . 5)at matters in resol$in cases in$ol$in intentional arson is t)e criminal intent of t)e offender. L T)ere is s'c) a crime as rec less imprudence resulting in the commission of arson . 5)en t)e arson res'lts from recIless impr'dence and it leads to deat)1 serio's p)ysical in/'ries and dama e to t)e property of anot)er1 t)e penalty to .e imposed s)all not .e for t)e crime of arson 'nder -. E. >o. 1613 .'t rat)er1 t)e penalty s)all .e .ased on Article 365 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code as a felony committed .y means of culpa. MALICIOUS MISC+IE* Article :7/ MALICIOUS MISC+IE* ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender deliberatel! ca$sed damage to the propert! of another. 2. That s$ch act does not constit$te arson or other crimes involving destr$ction. 0. That the act damaging anotherBs propert! be committed merel! for the sa+e of damaging it. %otes" MALICIOUS MISC+IE* C #illf'l dama in of anot)erGs property for t)e saIe of ca'sin dama e d'e to )ate1 re$en e or ot)er e$il moti$e L >o ne li ence
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Example* Dillin t)e co# as re$en e * %f no malice C only ci$il lia.ility Meaning o E,amageG in malicious mischie ' 6 "t means not only loss .'t a dimin'tion of t)e $al'e of oneGs property. "t incl'des defacin 1 deformin or renderin it 'seless for t)e p'rpose for #)ic) it #as made. * But after damaging the thing, he used it O the t L T)ere is destr'ction of t)e property of anot)er .'t t)ere is no misappropriation. ?t)er#ise1 it #o'ld .e t)eft if )e at)ers t)e effects of destr'ction. L Eama e is not incident of a crime (.reaIin #indo#s in ro..ery) Article :75 S.ECIAL CASES O* MALICIOUS MISC+IE* 1. &bstr$ct performance of p$blic f$nctions. 2. Dsing poisono$s or corrosive s$bstances. 0. 2preading infection or contagio$s among cattle. 6. >amage to propert! of national m$se$m or librar!, archive, registr!, waterwor+s, road, promenade, or an! other thing $sed in common b! the p$blic. L T)e cases of malicio's misc)ief en'merated in t)is article are so4called 1$alified malicio$s mischief. T)e crime .ecomes A'alified eit)er .eca'se of t)e nat're of t)e dama e ca'sed to o.str'ct a p'.lic; or .eca'se of t)e Iind of s'.stance 'sed to ca'se t)e dama e. T)e crime is still malicio's misc)ief .eca'se t)e offender )as no intent to ain .'t deri$es satisfaction from t)e act .eca'se of )ate1 re$en e or ot)er e$il moti$e. %ote# T'alified malicio's misc)ief C no 'prisin or sedition ([1) Article :76 OT+ER MISC+IE* ELEMENTS# 1. %ot incl$ded in 027 a. scattering h$man e)crement b. +illing of cow as an act of revenge L T)e offender is p'nis)ed accordin to t)e $al'e of t)e dama e ca'sed to t)e offended party. "f t)e dama es cannot .e estimated1 t)e minim'm penalty is arresto menor or a fine of not more t)an 2** pesos s)all .e imposed on t)e offender. Article ::8 )AMAGE AN) OBSTRUCTION TO MEANS O* COMMUNICATION done b! damaging railwa!s, telegraph, telephone lines, electric wires, traction cables, signal s!stem of railwa!s %otes" L remo$in rails from tracIs is destr'ction (art 324) L not applica.le #)en tele rap)Np)one lines donGt pertain to rail#ays (e2ample7 for transmission of electric po#erNli )t) people +illed as a res$lt"
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a. m'rder C if derailment is means of intent to Iill .. none C art 4% L "f t)e dama e #as intended to ca'se derailment only #it)o't any intention to Iill1 it #ill .e a crime in$ol$in destr'ction 'nder Article 324. "f t)e derailment is intentionally done to ca'se t)e deat) of a person1 t)e crime committed #ill .e m'rder 'nder Article 24%. L circ'mstance A'alifyin t)e offense if t)e dama e s)all res'lt in any derailment of cars1 collision or ot)er accident C a )i )er penalty s)all .e imposed Article ::! )ESTROYING OR )AMAGING STATUES2 .UBLIC MONUMENTS OR .AINTINGS Article ::7 EDEM.TION *ROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN CRIMES AGAINST .RO.ERTY .ersons eJem1t rom criminal lia&ility 1. 2po$se, ascendants and descendants or relatives b! affinit! in the same line 2. The widowed spo$se with respect to the propert! w*c belonged to the deceased spo$se before the same passed into the possession of another 0. ?rothers and sisters and brothers8in8law and sisters8in8law, if living together O enses in%ol%e, in the eJem1tion 1. Theft , not robber! ) 2. 2windling 0. 9alicio$s mischief Notes# L E2emption is .ased on family relations L +or t)e e2emption to apply insofar as .rot)ers and sisters1 and .rot)ers4in4la# and sisters4in4la# are concerned1 t)ey m'st .e li$in to et)er at t)e time of t)e commission of t)e crime of t)eft1 estafa or malicio's misc)ief. L -arties to t)e crime not related to t)e offended party still remains criminally lia.le Persons e)empt incl$de" a. .. c. d. stepfat)erNmot)er (ascendants .y affinity) adopted c)ildren (descendants) conc'.ineNparamo'r (spo'se) common la# spo'se (property is part of t)eir earnin s)
L ?nly t)e relati$es en'merated inc'r no lia.ility if t)e crime relates to t)eft (not ro..ery)1 s#indlin 1 and malicio's misc)ief. T)ird parties #)o participate are not e2empt. T)e relations)ip .et#een t)e spo'ses is not limited to le ally married co'ples; t)e pro$ision applies to li$e4in partners. L Estafa s)o'ld not .e comple2ed #it) any ot)er crime in order for e2emption to operate.
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TITLE ELE(EN CRIMES AGAINST C+ASTITY Crimes against chastity 1. Ad'ltery (Art. 333); 2. Conc'.ina e (Art. 334); 3. Acts of lasci$io'sness (Art. 336); 4. T'alified sed'ction (Art. 33!); 5. Bimple sed'ction (Art. 33%); 6. Acts of lasci$io'sness #it) t)e consent of t)e offended party (Art. 33(); !. Corr'ption of minors (Art. 34*); %. 5)ite sla$e trade (Art. 341); (. +orci.le a.d'ction (Art. 342); 1*. Consented a.d'ction (Art. 343). L T)e crimes of ad'ltery1 conc'.ina e1 sed'ction1 a.d'ction and acts of lasci$io'sness are t)e so4called private crimes* T)ey cannot +e prosecuted except upon the complaint initiated +y the offended party . T)e la# re ards t)e pri$acy of t)e offended party )ere as more important t)an t)e dist'r.ance to t)e order of society. +or t)e la# i$es t)e offended party t)e preference #)et)er to s'e or not to s'e. But the moment the offended party has initiated the criminal complaint, the pu+lic prosecutor will ta e over and continue with prosecution of the offender* T)at is #)y 'nder Article 3441 if t)e offended party pardons t)e offender1 t)at pardon #ill only .e $alid if it comes .efore t)e prosec'tion starts. !he moment the prosecution starts, the crime has already +ecome pu+lic and it is +eyond the offended party to pardon the offender* Article ::: A)ULTERY ELEMENTS# 2* That the woman is married ,even if marriage su+se.uently declared void) 2. That she has se)$al interco$rse with a man not her h$sband. 0. That as regards the man with whom she has se)$al interco$rses, he m$st +now her to be married. Notes# L T)ere are two reasons wh! ad$lter! is made p$nishable b! law . -rimarily1 it is a $iolation of t)e marital $o# and secondarily1 it pa$es t)e #ay to t)e introd'ction of a sp'rio's c)ild into t)e family. * Adultery is a crime not only of the married woman +ut also of the man who had intercourse with a married woman nowing her to +e married . E$en if t)e man pro$es later on t)at )e does not Ino# t)e #oman to .e married1 at t)e .e innin 1 )e m'st still .e incl'ded in t)e complaint or information. T)is is so .eca'se whether he nows the woman to +e married or not is a matter of defense and its up to him to ventilate that in formal investigations or a formal trial* L "f after preliminary in$esti ation1 t)e p'.lic prosec'tor is con$inced t)at t)e man did not Ino# t)at t)e #oman is married1 t)en )e co'ld simply file t)e case a ainst t)e #oman. L T)e ac.uittal of the woman does not necessarily result in the ac.uittal of her co8accused* %n order to constitute adultery, there must +e a 9oint physical act . Moint criminal intent is not necessary. Alt)o' ) t)e criminal intent may e2ist in t)e mind of one of t)e parties to t)e p)ysical act1 t)ere may .e no s'c) intent in t)e mind of t)e ot)er party. ?ne may .e 'ilty of t)e criminal intent1 t)e ot)er innocent1 and yet t)e /oint p)ysical act necessary to constit'te t)e ad'ltery may .e complete. Bo1 if t)e man )ad no Ino#led e t)at t)e #oman #as married1 )e #o'ld .e innocent insofar as t)e crime of ad'ltery is concerned .'t t)e #oman #o'ld still .e 'ilty; t)e former #o'ld )a$e to .e acA'itted and t)e latter fo'nd 'ilty1 alt)o' ) t)ey #ere tried to et)er.
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* A hus+and committing concu+inage may +e re.uired to support his wife committing adultery under the rule in pari delicto* * @or adultery to exist, there must +e a marriage although it +e su+se.uently annulled* !here is no adultery, if the marriage is void from the +eginning* L Ad'ltery is an instantaneo's crime #)ic) is cons'mmated and completed at t)e moment of t)e carnal 'nion. Each sexual intercourse constitutes a crime of adultery . Ad'ltery is not a contin'in crime 'nliIe conc'.ina e. "ll'stration7 Madamme 8 is a married #oman residin in -asay City. 0e met a man1 ;1 at 3o2as @o'le$ard. B)e a reed to o #it) to @a 'io City1 s'pposedly to come .acI t)e ne2t day. 5)en t)ey #ere in @'lacan1 t)ey stayed in a motel1 )a$in se2'al interco'rse t)ere. After t)at1 t)ey proceeded a ain and stopped at Ea 'pan City1 #)ere t)ey #ent to a motel and )ad se2'al interco'rse. L T)ere are t#o co'nts of ad'ltery committed in t)is instance7 one ad'ltery in @'lacan1 and anot)er ad'ltery in Ea 'pan City. E$en if it in$ol$es t)e same man1 eac) interco'rse is a separate crime of ad'ltery. * 9itigated if wife was a+andoned without 9ustification +y the offended spouse (man is entitled to t)is miti atin circ'mstance) * A+andonment without 9ustification is not exempting +ut only a mitigating circumstance* ?ne #)o in$oIes a.andonment in t)e crime of ad'ltery )ypot)etically admits criminal lia.ility for t)e crime c)ar ed. ,D. 2. vs. 2errano, et al., 27 Phil. 20@) L 5)ile a.andonment is pec'liar only to t)e acc'sed #)o is related to t)e offended party and m'st .e considered only as to )er or )im as pro$ided 'nder Article 621 para rap) 31 nonet)eless1 /'dicially speaIin 1 in t)e crime of ad'ltery1 t)ere is only one act committed and conseA'ently +oth accused are entitled to this mitigating circumstance* ,People vs. Avelino, 6@ &.G. 2$pp. 11, 1A6) Attempted" ca' )t disro.in a lo$er L T)ere is no frustrated adultery .eca'se of t)e nat're of t)e offense. L "n t)e case of People vs. Pontio G$in$c$d1 et al.1 :6J -hil* >/2;, a pri$ate a reement #as entered into .et#een t)e )'s.and and #ife for t)em to separate from .ed and .oard and for eac) of t)em to o for )is and )er o#n separate #ay. T)ereafter1 t)e #ife 3osario Ta ay'm li$ed #it) )er co4acc'sed -ontio K'in'c'd in a near.y .aran ay. T)eir lo$e affair 'ltimately em.roiled t)e spo'sesG conser$ati$e and rep'ta.le families in a )'man drama e2posed in le al .attles and #)ispers of 'n#anted ossips. "n dismissin t)e complaint1 t)e Co'rt r'led t)at while a private agreement +etween the hus+and and wife was null and void, the same was admissi+le proof of the express consent given +y the condescending hus+and to the prodigal wife, a license for her to commit adultery* B'c) a reement .ars t)e )'s.and from instit'tin a criminal complaint for ad'ltery. L After filin t)e complaint for ad'ltery and #)ile t)e case is pendin trial and resol'tion .y t)e trial co'rt1 t)e offended spo'se m'st not )a$e se2'al interco'rse #it) t)e ad'ltero's #ife since an act of intercourse su+se.uent to the adulterous conduct is considered as implied pardon . ,People vs. 9$g$er'a, et al., 10 #.A. 4ep. 1@.A) L "t is seldom t)e case t)at ad'ltery is esta.lis)ed .y direct e$idence. T)e le al tenet )as .een and still is Fcirc'mstancial and corro.orati$e e$idence as #ill lead t)e 'arded discretion of a reasona.le and /'st man to t)e concl'sion t)at t)e criminal act of ad'ltery )as .een committed #ill .rin a.o't con$iction for t)e crime.H ,D. 2. vs. /eliciano, 0; Phil. .50)
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Article ::" CONCUBINAGE ELEMENTS# 1. That the man m$st be married. 2. That he committed an! of the following acts" a. Feeping a mistress in the con3$gal dwelling. b. =aving se)$al interco$rse $nder scandalo$s circ$mstances with a woman who is not his wife. c. #ohabiting with her in an! other place. 0. That as regards the woman she m$st +now him to be married. %ote# EScan,alG consists in any repre)ensi.le #ordNdeed t)at offends p'.lic conscience1 redo'nds to t)e detriment of t)e feelin s of )onest persons and i$es occasions to t)e nei ).orGs spirit'al dama e and r'in L 5it) respect to conc'.ina e t)e same principle applies7 only t)e offended spo'se can .rin t)e prosec'tion. T)is is a crime committed .y t)e married man1 t)e )'s.and. Bimilarly1 it incl'des t)e #oman #)o )ad a relations)ip #it) t)e married man. L "t )as .een asIed #)y t)e penalty for ad'ltery is )i )er t)an conc'.ina e #)en .ot) crimes are infidelities to t)e marital $o#s. T)e reason i$en for t)is is t)at when the wife commits adultery, there is a pro+a+ility that she will +ring a stranger into the family* %f the hus+and commits concu+inage, this pro+a+ility does not arise +ecause the mother of the child will always carry the child with her* Bo e$en if t)e )'s.and .rin s #it) )im t)e c)ild1 it is clearly Ino#n t)at t)e c)ild is a stran er. >ot in t)e case of a married #oman #)o may .rin a c)ild to t)e family 'nder t)e 'ise of a le itimate c)ild. T)is is t)e reason #)y in t)e former crime t)e penalty is )i )er t)an t)e latter. L :nliIe ad'ltery1 concu+inage is a continuing crime* * %f the charges consist in eeping a mistress in the con9ugal dwelling, there is no need for proof of sexual intercourse. T)e con/' al d#ellin is t)e )o'se of t)e spo'se e$en if t)e #ife )appens to .e temporarily a.sent t)erefrom. T)e #oman )o#e$er m'st .e .ro' )t into t)e con/' al )o'se .y t)e acc'sed )'s.and as a conc'.ine to fall 'nder t)is article. T)'s1 if t)e co4acc'sed #as $ol'ntarily taIen and s)eltered .y t)e spo'ses in t)eir )o'se and treated as an adopted c)ild .ein a relati$e of t)e complainin #ife1 )er illicit relations #it) t)e acc'sed )'s.and does not maIe )er a mistress. ,People vs. =ilao, et al., ,#.A.) 52 &.G. A@6). L "t is only #)en a married man )as se2'al interco'rse #it) a #oman else#)ere t)at F scandalous circumstances4 .ecomes an element of crime. L +or t)e e2istence of t)e crime of conc'.ina e .y )a$in se2'al interco'rse 'nder scandalo's circ'mstances1 t)e latter m'st .e impr'dent and #anton as to offend modesty and sense of morality and decency. L 5)en spies are employed to c)ronicle t)e acti$ities of t)e acc'sed and t)e e$idence presented to pro$e scandalo's circ'mstances are t)ose taIen .y t)e detecti$es1 it is o.$io's t)at t)e se2'al interco'rse done .y t)e offenders #as not 'nder scandalo's circ'mstances. ,D.2. vs. #ampos84$eda, 05 Phil. 51) * "ausal sexual intercourse with a woman in a hotel is not concu+inage . 9iIe#ise1 Ieepin of a mistress in a to#n)o'se proc'red and f'rnis)ed .y a married man #)o does not li$e or sleep #it) )er in said to#n)o'se does not constit'te conc'.ina e since t)ere is no co)a.itation. L T)e r'le is t)at1 if a married manGs cond'ct #it) a #oman #)o is not )is #ife #as not confined to occasional or transient inter$ie# for carnal interco'rse .'t is carried n in t)e manner of )'s.and and #ife
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and for some period of time1 t)en s'c) association is s'fficient to constit'te co)a.itation. <People vs. Q$niga, #A 5. &.G. 26A.) L "f t)e e$idence of t)e prosec'tion consists of a marria e contract .et#een t)e offender and t)e offended party1 and t)e additional fact of t)e .irt) certificate of a c)ild s)o#in t)e acc'sed to .e t)e fat)er of t)e c)ild #it) t)e alle ed coc'.ine1 t)e same #ill not .e s'fficient to con$ict t)e acc'sed of conc'.ina e since t)e la# clearly states t)at t)e act m'st .e one of t)ose pro$ided .y la#. Article ::-' Ra1e T)is )as .een repealed .y 3ep'.lic Act >o. %353 or t)e Anti>Ra1e Law o !660. Bee Article 7//>A' Article ::/ ACTS O* LASCI(IOUSNESS ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender commits an! act of lascivio$sness or lewdness. 2. That it is done $nder an! of the following circ$mstances" a. b! $sing force or intimidation, or b. when the offended part! is deprived of reason or otherwise $nconscio$s, or c. when the offended part! is $nder 12 !ears of age. 0. That the offended part! is another person of either se). >ote t)at t)ere are two inds of acts of lasciviousness 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code7 (1) 'nder Article 3361 and (2) 'nder Article 33(. 1. Article ::/' Acts o Lasci%iousness :nder t)is article1 t)e offended party may +e a man or a woman . T)e crime committed1 when the act performed with lewd design was perpetrated under circumstances which would have +rought a+out the crime of rape if sexual intercourse was effected 1 is acts of lasci$io'sness 'nder t)is article. T)is means t)at t)e offended party is either C (1) (2) 'nder 12 years of a e; or .ein o$er 12 years of a e1 t)e lasci$io's acts #ere committed on )im or )er t)ro' ) $iolence or intimidation1 or #)ile t)e offender party #as depri$ed of reason1 or ot)er#ise 'nconscio's.
2.
Article ::6' Acts o Lasci%iousness with the Consent o the O en,e, .arty# :nder t)is article1 t)e victim is limited only to a woman. T)e circumstances under which the lascivious acts were committed must +e that of .ualified seduction or simple seduction, t)at is1 t)e offender tooI ad$anta e of )is position of ascendancy o$er t)e offender #oman eit)er .eca'se )e is a person in a't)ority1 a domestic1 a )o'se)elp1 a priest1 a teac)er or a 'ardian1 or t)ere #as a deceitf'l promise of marria e #)ic) ne$er #o'ld really .e f'lfilled.
L Al#ays remem.er t)at there can +e no frustration of acts of lasciviousness, rape or adultery .eca'se no matter )o# far t)e offender may )a$e one to#ards t)e realiJation of )is p'rpose1 if )is participation amo'nts to performin all t)e acts of e2ec'tion1 t)e felony is necessarily prod'ced as a conseA'ence t)ereof. * %ntent to rape is not a necessary element of the crime of acts of lasciviousness . ?t)er#ise1 t)ere #o'ld .e no crime of attempted rape.
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L "n t)e crime of acts of lasciviousness, t)e intention of t)e #ron doer is not $ery material. T)e moti$e t)at impelled t)e acc'sed to commit t)e offense is of no importance .eca'se t)e essence of lewdness is in the act itself. * What constitutes lewd or lascivious conduct m'st .e determined from t)e circ'mstances of eac) case. T)e demarcation line is not al#ays easy to determine .'t in order to s'stain a con$iction for acts of lasci$io'sness, it is essential that the acts complained of +e prompted +y lust or lewd designs and the victim did not consent to nor encouraged the act* L To .e 'ilty of t)is crime )o#e$er1 t)e acts of lasci$io'sness m'st .e committed 'nder any of t)e circ'mstances t)at )ad t)ere .een se2'al interco'rse1 t)e crime #o'ld )a$e .een 3ape. 5)ere circ'mstances )o#e$er are s'c)1 indicatin a clear intention to lie #it) t)e offended party1 t)e crime committed as Attempted 3ape. L T)is crime :Art* 77>; can +e committed +y either sex 'nliIe in Acts of 9asci$io'sness #it) Consent 'nder Article 33(. T)'s1 a les.ian #)o toyed #it) t)e pri$ate part of an ele$en4year4old irl #)o en/oyed it since s)e #as i$en U5* dollars .efore t)e act1 is 'ilty of Act of 9asci$io'sness 'nder t)is Article as t)e $ictim is .elo# t#el$e year old; and )ad se2'al interco'rse .een possi.le and done1 t)e act #o'ld )a$e .een 3ape. SE)UCTION Article ::0 ;UALI*IE) SE)UCTION O* A (IRGIN Two classes o $uali ie, se,uction# 1.2ed$ction of a virgin over 12 and $nder 17 !ears of age b! certain persons, s$ch as a person in a$thorit!, priest, teachers etc and 2.2ed$ction of a sister b! her brother or descendant b! her ascendant, regardless of her age or rep$tation ,incest$o$s sed$ction) Elements# 2* That the offended part! is a virgin, ,presumed if she unmarried and of good reputation*) 2.That she m$st be over 12 and $nder 17 !ears of age. 0.That the offender has se)$al interco$rse with her. <* That there is ab$se of a$thorit!, confidence or relationship on the part of the offender , person entrusted with education or custody of victim1 person in pu+lic authority, priest1 servant ) .ersons lia&le# 1.Those who ab$se their a$thorit!" a. persons in p'.lic a't)ority .. 'ardian c. teac)er d. person #)o1 in any capacity1 is entr'sted #it) t)e ed'cation or c'stody of t)e #oman sed'ced 2.Those who ab$sed the confidence reposed in them" a. priest .. )o'se ser$ant c. domestic 0.Those who ab$sed their relationship" a. .rot)er #)o sed'ced )is sister .. ascendant #)o sed'ced )is descendant L T)is crime also in$ol$es sexual intercourse. T)e offended woman must +e over 2/ +ut +elow 2J years*
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L T)e distinction .et#een A'alified sed'ction and simple sed'ction lies in t)e fact1 amon ot)ers1 t)at t)e #oman is a $ir in in .ualified seduction1 #)ile in simple seduction1 it is not necessary t)at t)e #oman .e a $ir in. "t is eno' ) t)at s)e is of ood rep'te. L +or p'rposes of A'alified sed'ction1 virginity does not mean physical virginity. "t means t)at t)e offended party has not had any experience +efore* L T)e $ir inity referred to )ere1 is not to .e 'nderstood in so material a sense as to e2cl'de t)e idea of a.d'ction of a $irt'o's #oman of a ood rep'tation. T)'s1 #)en t)e acc'sed claims )e )ad prior interco'rse #it) t)e complainant1 t)e latter is still to .e considered a $ir in ,D.2. vs. #asten, 06 Phil. 7@7)* @'t if it #as esta.lis)ed t)at t)e irl )ad a carnal relations #it) ot)er men1 t)ere can .e no crime of Bed'ction as s)e is not a $ir in. L Alt)o' ) in A'alified sed'ction1 t)e a e of t)e offended #oman is considered1 if the offended party is a descendant or a sister of the offender C no matter )o# old s)e is or #)et)er s)e is a prostit'te C t)e crime of A'alified sed'ction is committed. "ll'stration7 "f a person oes to a sa'na parlor and finds t)ere a descendant and despite t)at1 )ad se2'al interco'rse #it) )er1 re ardless of )er rep'tation or a e1 t)e crime of A'alified sed'ction is committed. * %n the case of a teacher1 it is not necessary t)at t)e offended #oman .e )is st'dent. "t is eno' ) t)at s)e is enrolled in t)e same sc)ool. * 5eceit is not necessary in .ualified seduction . T'alified sed'ction is committed e$en t)o' ) no deceit inter$ened or e$en #)en s'c) carnal Ino#led e #as $ol'ntary on t)e part of t)e $ir in. T)is is .eca'se in s'c) a case1 t)e la# taIes for ranted t)e e2istence of t)e deceit as an inte ral element of t)e crime and p'nis)es it #it) reater se$erity t)an it does t)e simple sed'ction1 taIin into acco'nt t)e a.'se of confidence on t)e part of t)e a ent. A.'se of confidence )ere implies fra'd. L T)e fact t)at t)e offended party a$e )er consent to t)e se2'al interco'rse is not a defense. Aac of consent on the part of the complainant is not an element of the crime* L T)e term domestic refers to a person 's'ally li$in 'nder t)e same roof #it) t)e offended party. "t incl'des all t)ose persons residin #it) t)e family and #)o are mem.ers of t)e same )o'se)old1 re ardless of t)e fact t)at t)eir residence may only .e temporary or t)at t)ey may .e payin for t)eir .oard and lod in . L A domestic s)o'ld not .e conf'sed #it) a )o'se ser$ant. A domestic is not necessarily a )o'se ser$ant. L 5)ere t)e offended party is .elo# 12 years of a e1 re ardless of #)et)er t)e $ictim is a sister or a descendant of t)e offender1 t)e crime committed is rape* L "f t)e offended party is married and o$er 12 years of a e1 t)e crime committed #ill .e adultery* L An essential element of a A'alified sed'ction is virginity (doncella;* "t is a condition e2istin in a #oman #)o )as )ad no se2'al interco'rse #it) any man. "t does not refer to t)e condition of t)e )ymen as .ein intact. L ?ne #)o is c)ar ed #it) A'alified sed'ction can .e con$icted of rape. @'t one #)o is c)ar ed #it) rape cannot .e con$icted of A'alified sed'ction 'nder t)e same information. ,People vs. 4amire', ;A 2#4A 166) L E$en if t)e #oman )as already lost )er $ir inity .eca'se of rape1 in t)e eyes of t)e la#1 s)e remains a $irt'o's #oman e$en if p)ysically s)e is no lon er a $ir in.
214
Article ::5 SIM.LE SE)UCTION ELEMENTS# 1. That the offended part! is over 12 and $nder 17 !ears of age. 2. That she m$st be of good rep$tation, single or widow. 0. That the offender has se)$al interco$rse with her. 6. That it is committed b! means of deceit. * 5eceit generally ta es the form of unfulfilled promise to marry . T)e promise of marria e m'st ser$e as t)e ind'cement. T)e #oman m'st yield on acco'nt of t)e promise of marria e or ot)er forms of ind'cement. ,People vs. =ernande', 2A Phil. 1@A) L 5)ere t)e acc'sed failed to )a$e se2 #it) t)is s#eet)eart o$er t#el$e (12) .'t .elo# ei )teen (1%) years old .eca'se t)e latter ref'sed as t)ey #ere not yet married1 and t)e acc'sed proc'red t)e performance of a fictitio's marria e ceremony .eca'se of #)ic) t)e irlfriend yielded1 )e is 'ilty of Bimple Bed'ction. ,D.2. vs. =ernande', 2A Phil. 1@A). 0ere1 t)ere #as deceit employed. !his act may now +e considered (ape under (*A* J767, Sec* / par* >* L A promise of material things in e2c)an e for t)e #omanGs s'rrender of )er $irt'e does not constit'te deceit. L "f a #oman 'nder 1% years of a e .'t o$er 12 a rees to a se2'al interco'rse #it) a man #)o promised )er precio's /e#elries .'t t)e man rene es on )is promise1 t)ere is no sed'ction t)at t)e #oman is of loose morals. :Auis B* (eyes; Promise of marriage m$st precede se)$al interco$rse. 6 A promise of marria e made .y t)e acc'sed after se2'al interco'rse )ad taIen place1 or after t)e #oman )ad yielded )er .ody to t)e man .y m't'al consent #ill not render t)e man lia.le for simple sed'ction. L T)e offended #oman m'st .e under 2J +ut not less than 2/ years old ; ot)er#ise1 t)e crime is stat'tory rape. L :nliIe in A'alified sed'ction1 virginity is not essential in this crime . 5)at is reA'ired is t)at t)e #oman .e unmarried and of good reputation . Bimple sed'ction is not synonymo's #it) loss of $ir inity. %f the woman is married, the crime will +e adultery* Article ::6 ACTS O* LASCI(IOUSNESS 4IT+ T+E CONSENT O* T+E O**EN)E) .ARTY ELEMENTS# 1. that the offender commits acts of lascivio$sness or lewdness. 2. That the acts are committed $pon a woman who is virgin or single or widow of good rep$tation, $nder 17 !ears of age b$t over 12 !ears, or a sister or descendant regardless of her rep$tation or age. 0. that the offender accomplishes the acts b! ab$se of a$thorit!, confidence, relationship, or deceit. * When the acts of lasciviousness is committed with the use of force or intimidation or when the offended party is under 2/ years of age1 t)e o./ect of t)e crime can eit)er .e a #oman or a man. L 5)ere t)e acts of t)e offender #ere limited to acts of le#dness or lasci$io'sness1 and no carnal Ino#led e #as )ad; .'t )ad t)ere .een se2'al interco'rse1 t)e offense #o'ld )a$e .een Bed'ction1 )e is 'ilty of Acts of 9asci$io'sness 'nder t)is article.
215

* !he crime of acts of lasciviousness under Article 77I is one that is done with the consent of the offended party who is always a woman . T)e le#d acts committed a ainst )er is #it) )er consent only .eca'se t)e offender tooI ad$anta e of )is a't)ority1 or t)ere #as a.'se of confidence1 or t)e employment of deceit1 or t)e offender is related to t)e $ictim. L "n t)e commission of t)e acts of lasciviousness eit)er .y force or intimidation1 or #it) t)e consent of t)e offended party1 there must +e no sexual intercourse, or the acts performed are short of sexual intercourse . "n t)e first sit'ation1 t)e crime #o'ld eit)er .e A'alified sed'ction or simple sed'ction if t)e offender s'cceeds in )a$in se2'al interco'rse #it) t)e $ictim. "n t)ese t#o cases1 t)ere is consent .'t t)e same is proc'red .y t)e offender t)ro' ) t)e employment of deceit1 a.'se of confidence1 a.'se of a't)ority or .eca'se of t)e e2istence of .lood relations)ip. Article :"8 CORRU.TION O* MINORS Act 1unisha&le# ?! promoting or facilitating the prostit$tion or corr$ption of persons $nderage to satisf! the l$st of another L "t is not reA'ired t)at t)e offender .e t)e 'ardian or c'stodian of t)e minor. L "t is not necessary t)at t)e minor .e prostit'ted or corr'pted as t)e la# merely p'nis)es t)e act of promotin or facilitatin t)e prostit'tion or corr'ption of said minor and t)at )e acted in order to satisfy t)e l'st of anot)er. L A sin le act of promotin or facilitatin t)e corr'ption or prostit'tion of a minor is s'fficient to constit'te $iolation of t)is article. L 5)at t)e la# p'nis)es is t)e act of pimp ( +ugaw) #)o facilitates t)e corr'ption of a minor. "t is not t)e 'nc)aste act of t)e minor #)ic) is .ein p'nis)ed. Bo1 a mere proposal to promote or facilitate t)e prostit'tion or corr'ption of a minor is s'fficient to cons'mmate t)e crime. L ;o'n minor s)o'ld en/oy a ood rep'tation. Apparently1 a prostit'te a.o$e 12 and 'nder 1% years of a e cannot .e t)e $ictim in t)e crime of corr'ption of minors. Article :"! 4+ITE SLA(E TRA)E Acts 1enaliCe,# 1. :ngaging in the b$siness of prostit$tion 2. Profiting b! prostit$tion 0. :nlisting the service of women for the p$rpose of prostit$tion L T)e person lia.le 'nder Article 341 is t)e one #)o maintains or en a es in t)e trade of prostit'tion. A white slave is a #oman )eld 'n#illin ly for p'rposes of commercial prostit'tion. A white slaver on t)e ot)er )and is one en a ed in #)ite sla$e traffic1 proc'rer of #)ite sla$es or prostit'tes. L T)e most common #ay of committin t)is crime #o'ld .e t)ro' ) t)e maintenance of a .ar or saloon #)ere #omen en a e in prostit'tion. +or eac) interco'rse1 t)e #omen pay t)e maintainer or o#ner of a certain amo'nt in t)is case1 t)e maintainer of o#ner of t)e .ar or saloon is lia.le for #)ite sla$e trade. ,People vs. Go Lo, 5; &.G. 6@5;)
AB)UCTION Article :"7 *ORCIBLE AB)UCTION
216

ELEMENTS# 1. That the person abd$cted is an! woman, regardless of her age, civil stat$s, or rep$tation. 2. That the abd$ction is against her will. 0. That the abd$ction is with lewd designs. %ote# Be2'al interco'rse is >?T necessary #rimes against chastit! where age and rep$tation of victim are immaterial" rape1 acts of lasci$io'sness1 A'alified sed'ction of sisterNdescendant1 forci.le a.d'ction *orci&le a&,uction ,e ine,' 6 "t is t)e taIin a#ay of any #oman a ainst )er #ill1 from )er )o'se or t)e place #)ere s)e may .e1 for t)e p'rpose of carryin )er to anot)er place #it) intent to marry or corr'pt )er. * A woman is carried against her will or +rought from one place to another against her will with lewd design* L :nliIe in 3ape and Bed'ction1 in t)e crime of A.d'ction1 #)et)er +orci.le or Consented1 there is no sexual intercourse. T)e acts are limited to taIin a#ay from a place t)e $ictim1 .'t t)e same m'st .e #it) le#d desi ns1 t)at is1 #it) 'nc)aste desi n manifested .y Iissin and to'c)in t)e $ictimGs pri$ate parts. L "f t)e element of le#d desi n is present1 t)e carryin of t)e #oman #o'ld A'alify as a.d'ction; ot)er#ise1 it #o'ld amo'nt to idnapping. "f t)e #oman #as only .ro' )t to a certain place in order to .reaI )er #ill and maIe )er a ree to marry t)e offender1 t)e crime is only grave coercion .eca'se t)e criminal intent of t)e offender is to force )is #ill 'pon t)e #oman and not really to restrain t)e #oman of )er li.erty. L 5)ere le#d desi n #as not pro$ed or s)o#n1 and t)e $ictim #as depri$ed of )er li.erty1 t)e crime is Didnappin #it) Berio's "lle al Eetention 'nder t)is Article 26!1 3-C. L T)e element of lewd designs1 #)ic) is essential to t)e crime of a.d'ction t)ro' ) $iolence refers to t)e intention to a.'se t)e a.d'cted #oman. "f s'c) intention is lacIin or does not e2ist1 t)e crime may .e ille al detention. "t is necessary to esta.lis) t)e 'nc)aste desi n or p'rpose of t)e offender. @'t it is s'fficient t)at t)e intent to sed'ce t)e irl is present. T)e e$il p'rpose of t)e offender may .e esta.lis)ed or inferred from t)e o$ert acts of t)e acc'sed. L "f t)e offended woman is under 2/ years old 1 e$en if s)e consented to t)e a.d'ction1 t)e crime is forci.le a.d'ction and not consented a.d'ction. L 5)ere t)e offended #oman is .elo# t)e a e of consent1 e$en t)o' ) s)e )ad one #it) t)e offender t)ro' ) some deceitf'l promises re$ealed 'pon )er to o #it) )im and t)ey li$e to et)er as )'s.and and #ife #it)o't t)e .enefit of marria e1 t)e r'lin is t)at forci.le a.d'ction is committed .y t)e mere carryin of t)e #oman as lon as t)at intent is already s)o#n. "n ot)er #ords , where the man cannot possi+ly give the woman the +enefit of an honora+le life, all that man promised are 9ust machinations of a lewd design and, therefore, the carrying of the woman is characteri,ed with lewd design and would +ring a+out the crime of a+duction and not idnapping . T)is is also tr'e if t)e #oman is depri$ed of reason and if t)e #oman is mentally retardate. +orci.le a.d'ction is committed and not consented a.d'ction. * Aewd designs may .e demonstrated .y t)e lasci$io's acts performed .y t)e offender on )er. Since this crime does not involve sexual intercourse, if the victim is su+9ected to this, then a crime of rape is further committed and a complex crime of forci+le a+duction with rape is committed* * Aewd design does not include sexual intercourse . Bo1 if se2'al interco'rse is committed a ainst t)e offended party after )er forci.le a.d'ction1 t)e offender commits anot)er crime separate and distinct from forci.le a.d'ction. "n t)is case1 t)e acc'sed s)o'ld .e c)ar ed #it) forci.le a.d'ction #it) rape. ,People vs. Lose, et al., 0. 2#4A 65@) L "f t)e acc'sed carried or tooI a#ay t)e $ictim .y means of force and #it) le#d desi n and t)ereafter raped )er1 t)e crime is +orci.le A.d'ction #it) 3ape1 t)e former .ein a necessary means to commit t)e latter. T)e s'.seA'ent t#o (2) ot)er se2'al interco'rse committed a ainst t)e #ill of t)e complainant #o'ld .e treated as independent separate crimes of 3ape. ,People vs. ?acalso, 21@ 2#4A 2@;).
217

* %f the main o+9ect of the offender is to rape the victim 1 and t)e forci.le a.d'ction #as resorted to .y t)e acc'sed in order to facilitate t)e commission of t)e rape1 t)en t)e crime committed is only rape. ,People vs. Toledo, 70 Phil. ...) L 5)ere t)e $ictim #as taIen from one place to anot)er1 solely for t)e p'rpose of Iillin )im and not detainin )im for any le al len t) of time1 t)e crime committed is murder* ,People vs. &ng, ;2 2#4A 1.6) L Tr'e intention of t)e offender s)o'ld .e ascertained. "f t)e detention is only incidental1 t)e same s)o'ld .e considered as a.sor.ed. ?t)er#ise1 it s)o'ld .e treated as a separate offense. 5)en s'c) a sit'ation arises1 #e s)o'ld consider t)e application of Article 4% on comple2 crimes. L T)e taIin a#ay of t)e #oman may .e accomplis)ed .y means of deceit at t)e .e innin and t)en .y means of $iolence and intimidation later. L T)e virginity of the complaining witness is not a determining factor in forci+le a+duction . L "n order to demonstrate t)e presence of t)e le#d desi n1 illicit criminal relations #it) t)e person a.d'cted need not .e s)o#n. T)e intent to seduce a girl is sufficient* L "f t)ere is a separation in fact1 t)e taIin .y t)e )'s.and of )is #ife a ainst )er #ill constit'tes grave coercion* )istinction &etween orci&le a&,uction an, illegal ,etention# 5)en a #oman is Iidnapped #it) le#d or 'nc)aste desi ns1 t)e crime committed is forci+le a+duction* 5)en t)e Iidnappin is #it)o't le#d desi ns1 t)e crime committed is illegal detention* 6 @'t #)ere t)e offended party #as forci.ly taIen to t)e )o'se of t)e defendant to coerce )er to marry )im1 it #as )eld t)at only grave coercion #as committed and not ille al detention. * @orci+le a+duction must +e distinguished from the crime of idnapping . 5)en t)e $iolent taIin of a #oman is moti$ated .y le#d desi n1 t)e crime committed is forci+le a+duction. @'t if t)e moti$e of t)e offender is to depri$e t)e #oman of )er li.erty1 t)e crime committed is idnapping. A+duction is a crime a ainst c)astity #)ile idnapping is a crime a ainst personal li.erty. Article :": CONSENTE) AB)UCTION ELEMENTS# 1. That the offended part! m$st be a virgin. 2. That she m$st be over 12 and $nder 17 !ears of age. 0. That the ta+ing awa! of the offended part! m$st be with her consent, after solicitation or ca3oler! from the offender. 6. That the ta+ing awa! of the offended part! m$st be with lewd designs. (IRGINITY may .e pres'med from t)e fact t)at t)e offended party is 'nmarried and )as .een leadin moral life. &ir inity or maiden)ood s)o'ld not .e 'nderstood in s'c) a matter of fact as to completely e2cl'de a #oman #)o )as )ad pre$io's se2'al interco'rse. "f t)e pre$io's se2'al interco'rse #as t)e res'lt of t)e crime of rape1 t)e interco'rse committed #it) )er a ainst )e #ill and o$er )er $iolent o./ection s)o'ld not render )er 'nc)aste and a #oman of .ad rep'tation. L "f t)e $ir in in 'nder 12 years old1 t)e crime committed is forci.le a.d'ction .eca'se of t)e t)eory t)at a c)ild .elo# 12 years of a e )as no #ill of )er o#n. L T)e p'rpose of t)e la# on consented a.d'ction is to p'nis) t)e offender for ca'sin dis race and scandal to t)e family of t)e offended party. T)e la# does not p'nis) t)e offender for t)e #ron done to t)e #oman since in t)e eyes of t)e la#1 s)e consented to )er sed'ction.
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L T)e deceit #)ic) is termed .y t)e la# as solicitation or ca9olery may.e in t)e form of )oneyed promises of marria e. L "n consented A.d'ction1 it is not necessary t)at t)e yo'n $ictim1 (a $ir in o$er t#el$e and 'nder ei )teen) .e personally taIen from )er parentGs )ome .y t)e acc'sed; it is s'fficient t)at )e #as instr'mental in )er lea$in t)e )o'se. 0e m'st )o#e$er 'se solicitation1 ca/olery or deceit1 or )oneyed promises of marria e to ind'ce t)e irl to escape from )er )ome. L "n consented a.d'ction1 t)e taIin a#ay of t)e $ir in m'st .e #it) le#d desi n. Act'al se2'al interco'rse #it) t)e #oman is not necessary. 0o#e$er1 if t)e same is esta.lis)ed1 t)en it #ill .e considered as a stron e$idence to pro$e le#d desi n. L 5)ere se$eral persons participated in t)e forci.le a.d'ction and t)ese persons also raped t)e offended #oman1 t)e ori inal r'lin in t)e case of .eo1le %' ?ose is t)at t)ere #o'ld .e one co'nt of forci.le a.d'ction #it) rape and t)en eac) of t)em #ill ans#er for )is o#n rape and t)e rape of t)e ot)ers min's t)e first rape #)ic) #as comple2ed #it) t)e forci.le a.d'ction. T)is r'lin is no lon er t)e pre$ailin r'le. T)e $ie# adopted in cases of similar nat're is to t)e effect t)at where more than one person has effected the forci+le a+duction with rape, all the rapes are 9ust the consummation of the lewd design which characteri,es the forci+le a+duction and, therefore, there should only +e one forci+le a+duction with rape* Article :"" .ROSECUTION O* A)ULTERY2 CONCUBINAGE2 SE)UCTION2 AB)UCTION RA.E AN) ACTS O* LASCI(IOUSNESS 1. Ad$lter! and conc$binage m$st be prosec$ted $pon complaint signed b! the offended spo$se 2. 2ed$ction, abd$ction, rape or acts of lascivio$sness m$st be prosec$ted $pon complaint signed b!" a. b. c. d. offended part! b! her parents grandparents g$ardians in the order in which the! are named above
L T)e crimes of adultery and concu+inage m'st .e prosec'ted 'pon a complaint si ned .y t)e offended spo'se. "n t)e complaint1 t)e offended party m'st incl'de .ot) 'ilty parties if t)ey are .ot) ali$e. L Eistin 'is)ed .et#een a pri$ate crime and a p'.lic crime. "n t)e case of a private crime, t)e same cannot .e prosec'ted de oficio, meanin it cannot .e initiated .y any person e2cept t)e offended party. T)ese are t)e crimes a ainst c)astity s'c) as sed'ction1 ad'ltery1 conc'.ina e and acts of lasci$io'sness. T)ese are crimes #)ic) are initiated #it) t)e filin of an information. A p$blic crime is one #)ic) can .e prosec'ted de officio1 meanin it can .e prosec'ted .y any person interested to prosec'te t)e same. T)e acc'sation is 's'ally initiated #it) t)e fillin of an information. L T)e la# reA'ires t)at t)e complaint m'st .e initiated .y t)e said persons in order t)at t)ey are named or en'merated in t)e article. "f t)is le al reA'irement is not o.ser$ed1 t)e case s)o'ld .e dismissed for lacI of /'risdiction o$er t)e s'./ect matter. L "f t)e offended party is of a e and is in complete possession of )er mental fac'lties1 s)e alone can file t)e complaint ,People vs. 9andia, ;@ Phil. 0.2) L "f t)e offended party cannot si n t)e complaint .eca'se of )er tender a e1 t)e parents can do it for )er. T)e same can .e done eit)er .y t)e fat)er or t)e mot)er. ,D.2. vs. Gariboso, 25 Phil 1.1 ) L T)e #ord guardian as mentioned in t)e la# refers to t)e 'ardian appointed .y t)e co'rt. ,People vs. /ormento, et al., ;@ Phil. 606) hat is the meaning of Gshall have consentedH which bars the instit$tion of criminal action for ad$lter! or conc$binageC T)e term Fconsent4 )as reference to t)e tie prior to t)e commission of t)e crime. "n ot)er #ords1 t)e offended party i$es )is or )er consent to t)e f't're infidelity of t)e offendin spo'se. 6 And so1 #)ile consent refers to t)e offense prior to its commission1 pardon refers to t)e offense after its commission. ,People vs. 2chne+enb$rger, et al., .0 Phil. 610)
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%ote# Marriage of t)e offender #it) t)e offended party e2tin 'is)es t)e criminal action or remit t)e penalty already imposed 'pon )im. T)is applies as #ell to t)e accomplices1 accessories4after4t)e4fact. @'t marria es m'st .e in ood fait). T)is r'le does not apply in case of m'ltiple rape L "n t)e crimes in$ol$in rape1 a.d'ction1 sed'ction1 and acts of lasci$io'sness1 t)e marriage +y the offender with the offended woman generally extinguishes criminal lia+ility, not only of the principal +ut also of the accomplice and accessory* 0o#e$er1 t)e mere fact of marria e is not eno' ) .eca'se it is already decided t)at if t)e offender marries t)e offended #oman #it)o't any intention to perform t)e d'ties of a )'s.and as s)o#n .y t)e fact t)at after t)e marria e1 )e already left )er1 t)e marria e #o'ld appear as )a$in .een contracted only to a$oid t)e p'nis)ment. Even with that marriage, the offended woman could still prosecute the offender and that marriage will not have the effect of extinguishing the criminal lia+ility* * -ardon +y the offended woman of the offender is not a manner of extinguishing criminal lia+ility +ut only a +ar to the prosecution of the offender . T)erefore1 t)at pardon m'st come .efore t)e prosec'tion is commenced. 5)en t)e prosec'tion is already commenced or initiated1 pardon .y t)e offended #oman #ill no lon er .e effecti$e .eca'se pardon may precl'de prosec'tion .'t not pre$ent t)e same. L -ardon in crimes a ainst c)astity1 is a .ar to prosec'tion. @'t it m'st come .efore t)e instit'tion of t)e criminal action. (2ee the cases of People vs. Eillorente, 21@ 2#4A ;6.- People vs. Avila, 1A2 2#4A ;05) To .e effecti$e1 it m'st incl'de .ot) acc'sed. =ow abo$t pardon declared b! the offended part! d$ring the trial of the caseC B'c) a declaration is not a ro'nd for t)e dismissal of t)e case. -ardon is a matter of defense #)ic) t)e acc'sed m'st plead and pro$e d'rin t)e trial. ,People vs. 4iotes, #.A., 6A &.G.06@0). * All these private crimes ? except rape C cannot .e prosec'ted de officio. %f any slander or written defamation is made out of any of these crimes, the complaint of the offended party is still necessary +efore such case for li+el or oral defamation may proceed* "t #ill not prosper .eca'se t)e co'rt cannot acA'ire /'risdiction o$er t)ese crimes 'nless t)ere is a complaint from t)e offended party. T)e paramo'nt decision of #)et)er )e or s)e #anted t)e crime committed on )im or )er to .e made p'.lic is )is or )ers alone1 .eca'se t)e indi nity or dis)onor .ro' )t a.o't .y t)ese crimes affects more t)e offended party t)an social order. T)e offended party may prefer to s'ffer t)e o'tra e in silence rat)er t)an to $indicate )is )onor in p'.lic* Article :"CI(IL LIABILITY O* .ERSONS GUILTY O* RA.E2 SE)UCTION OR AB)UCTION 1. To idemnif! the offended women 2. To ac+nowledge the offspring, $nless the law sho$ld prevent him from doing so 0. (n ever! case to s$pport the offspring L T)e ci$il lia.ility of t)e ad'lterer and t)e conc'.ine is limited to indemnity for dama es ca'sed to t)e offended spo'se. T)e la# does not mention t)e ad'lteress in t)e crime of ad'ltery s'c) t)at only t)e ad'lterer s)all .e )eld ci$illy lia.le. L T)ere is liIe#ise no mention of t)e offender in t)e crime of acts of lasci$io'sness1 as .ein )eld lia.le for ci$il dama es 'nder Article 3451 t)e la# only mentioned t)e crimes of rape1 sed'ction and a.d'ction. L :nder Article 221( of t)e Ci$il Code1 moral dama es may .e reco$ered in sed'ction1 a.d'ction1 rape or ot)er lasci$io's acts. T)e crimes of ad'ltery and conc'.ina e are also incl'ded. L "n t)e crimes of rape1 a.d'ction and sed'ction1 if t)e offended #oman )ad i$en .irt) to t)e c)ild1 amon t)e lia.ilities of t)e offender is to s'pport t)e c)ild. T)is o.li ation to s'pport t)e c)ild may .e tr'e e$en if t)ere are se$eral offenders. As to #)et)er all of t)em #ill acIno#led e t)e c)ild1 t)at is a different A'estion .eca'se t)e o.li ation to s'pport )ere is not fo'nded on ci$il la# .'t is t)e res'lt of a criminal act or a form of p'nis)ment. L "t )as .een )eld t)at #)ere t)e #oman #as t)e $ictim of t)e said crime co'ld not possi.ly concei$e anymore1 t)e trial co'rt s)o'ld not pro$ide in its sentence t)at t)e acc'sed1 in case a c)ild is .orn1 s)o'ld s'pport t)e c)ild. T)is s)o'ld only .e proper #)en t)ere is a pro.a.ility t)at t)e offended #oman co'ld i$e .irt) to an offsprin .
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Article :"/ LIABILITY O* ASCEN)ANTS2 OT+ER .ERSONS ENTRUSTE) 4IT+ CUSTO)Y O* O**EN)E) .ARTY 4+O BY ABUSE O* AUT+ORITY OR CON*I)ENCE S+ALL COO.ERATE AS ACCOM.LIES
TITLE T4EL(E CRIMES AGAINST T+E CI(IL STATUS O* .ERSONS Crimes against the ci%il status o 1ersons 1. Bim'lation of .irt)s1 s'.stit'tion of one c)ild for anot)er and concealment or a.andonment of a le itimate c)ild (art. 34!); 2. :s'rpation of ci$il stat's (Art. 34%); 3. @i amy (Art. 34(); 4. Marria e contracted a ainst pro$isions of la# (Art. 35*); 5. -remat're marria es (Art. 351); 6. -erformance of ille al marria e ceremony (Art. 352). Article :"0 SIMULATION O* BIRT+S2 SUBSTITUTION O* ONE C+IL) *OR ANOT+ER2 AN) CONCEALMENT OR ABAN)ONMENT O* A LEGITIMATE C+IL) Acts .unishe,# 1. 2im$lation of births 2. 2$bstit$tion of one child for another 0. #oncealing or abandoning an! legitimate child with the intent to ca$se s$ch child to lose its civil stat$s Re$uisites# 1.The child m$st be legitimate 2.The offender conceals or abandons s$ch child 0.The offender has the intent to ca$se the child to lose its civil stat$s Elements o Simulation o Birth 1.#hild is bapti'ed or registered in the 4egistr! of birth as hers 2.#hild loses its real stat$s and ac1$iires a new one 0.ActorBs p$rpose was to ca$se the loss of an! trace as to the childBs tr$e filiation 2im$lation of birth taIes place #)en a #oman pretends to .e pre nant #)en in fact s)e is not and on t)e day of t)e s'pposed deli$ery1 s)e taIes t)e c)ild of anot)er and declares t)e c)ild to .e )er o#n. T)is is done .y enterin in t)e .irt) certificate of t)e c)ild t)at t)e offender is t)e alle ed mot)er of t)e c)ild #)en in fact t)e c)ild .elon s to anot)er. "ll'stration7 -eople who have no child and who +uy and adopt the child without going through legal adoption* %f the child is +eing idnapped and they new that the idnappers are not the real parents of their child 1 t)en sim'lation of .irt) is committed. %f the parents are parties to the simulation +y ma ing it appear in the +irth certificate that the parents who +ought the child are the real parents 1 t)e crime is not falsification on t)e part of t)e parents and t)e real parents .'t sim'lation of .irt). ;uestions A Answers
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1. A woman who has given +irth to a child a+andons the child in a certain place to free herself of the o+ligation and duty of rearing and caring for the child* What crime is committed +y the womanR T)e crime committed is a.andonin a minor 'nder Article 2!6. 2. Suppose that the purpose of the woman is a+andoning the child is to preserve the inheritance of her child +y a former marriage, what then is the crime committedR T)e crime #o'ld fall 'nder t)e second para rap) of Article 34!. T)e p'rpose of t)e #oman is to ca'se t)e c)ild to lose its ci$il stat's so t)at it may not .e a.le to s)are in t)e in)eritance. 3. Suppose a child, one day after his +irth, was ta en to and left in the midst of a lonely forest, and he was found +y a hunter who too him home* What crime was committed +y the person who left it in the forestR "t is attempted infanticide1 as t)e act of t)e offender is an attempt a ainst t)e life of t)e c)ild. Bee US %' Ca1illo2 et al'2 :8 .hil' :"6' Article :"5 USUR.ATION O* CI(IL STATUS #ommitted b! a person who represents himself as another and ass$mes the filiation or rights pertaining to s$ch person %otes" L T)ere m'st .e criminal intent to en/oy t)e ci$il ri )ts of anot)er .y t)e offender Ino#in )e is not entitled t)ereto L T)e term Ncivil statusN incl'des one,s p'.lic station1 or t)e ri )ts1 d'ties1 capacities and incapacities #)ic) determine a person to a i$en class. "t seems t)at t)e term Pci$il stat'sP incl'des one,s profession. L Committed .y as'min t)e filiation1 or t)e parental or con/' al ri )ts of anot)er L :s'rpation is committed .y ass'min t)e filiation or parental (#)en maternal1 paternal or con/' al) claim of anot)er. To .e lia.le for 's'rpation of ci$il stat's1 t)e offender m'st )a$e t)e intent to en/oy t)e ri )ts arisin from t)e ci$il stat's of anot)er. #irc$mstances 1$alif!ing the offense" penalty is )ea$ier #)en t)e p'rpose of t)e impersonation is to defra'd t)e offended party or )is )eirs
Article :"6 BIGAMY ELEMENTS# 1.That the offender has been legall! married. 2.That the marriage has not been legall! dissolved or, in case his or her spo$se is absent, the absent spo$se co$ld not !et be pres$med dead according to the civil code. 0.That he contracts a second or s$bse1$ent marriage. 6.That the second or s$bse1$ent marriage has all the essential re1$isites for validit!. %otes"
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L T)e crime does not fall #it)in t)e cate ory of pri$ate crimes t)at can .e prosec'ted only at t)e instance of t)e offended party -:@9"C C3"ME +or t)e crime of .i amy to prosper t)e first marria e m'st .e $alid. "f t)e first marria e is $oid from t)e .e innin 1 s'c) n'llity of t)e marria e is not a defense in a c)ar e of .i amy. ConseA'ently1 #)en raised as a defense1 t)e acc'sed s)o'ld .e con$icted since 'ntil and 'nless ann'lled1 t)e .ond of matrimony remains or is maintained. >eed for /'dicial declaration of n'llity T)e second marria e m'st )a$e all t)e essential reA'isites for $alidity #ere it not for t)e e2istence of t)e first marria e.
L A simulated marriage is not marria e at all and can .e 'sed as a defense for .i amy * 'ood faith is a defense in +igamy* L ?ne #)o1 alt)o' ) not yet married .efore1 Ino#in ly consents to .e married to one #)o is already married is 'ilty of .i amy Ino#in t)at t)e latterGs marria e is still $alid and s'.sistin . L "n t)e crime of .i amy1 t)e second spouse is not necessarily lia+le . T)e lan 'a e of Article 34( indicates t)e crime of .i amy is committed .y one person #)o contracts a s'.seA'ent marria e #)ile t)e former marria e is $alid and s'.sistin . %f the second wife new of the previous marriage of the accused, she will +e lia+le for the crime of +igamy +ut only as an accomplice* L T)ere m'st .e a s'mmary proceedin to declare t)e a.sent spo'se pres'mpti$ely dead for p'rposes of remarria e L +ail're to e2ercise d'e dili ence to ascertain t)e #)erea.o'ts of t)e 1 st #ife is +igamy through rec less imprudence L A 9udicial declaration of the nullity of a marriage void a+ initio is no# reA'ired L T)e lan 'a e of t)e la# is clear #)en it declared F +efore the former marriage has +een legally dissolved*H T)e B'preme Co'rt said t)e e$en if t)e acc'sed1 as plaintiff in t)e ci$il case pre$ails1 and )is first marria e is ann'lled1 s'c) prono'ncement )as no retroacti$e effect as to e2c'lpate )im in t)e .i amy case. -arties to a marriage should not +e permitted to 9udge its nullity, for only competent courts have such authority* ,Landicho vs. 4elova, 22 2#4A .01, .05) L T)e ci$il case for ann'lment of t)e first marria e does not pose a pre9udicial .uestion as to #arrant t)e s'spension of t)e trial and proceedin in t)e criminal case for .i amy. ,4oco, et al., #inco, et al., ;7 &.G.2A52) L ?ne con$icted for .i amy may .e prosec'ted for conc'.ina e as .ot) are distinct offenses L ?ne con$icted of .i amy may also .e prosec'ted for conc'.ina e as .ot) are distinct offenses. T)e first is an offense a ainst ci$il stat's1 #)ic) may .e prosec'ted at t)e instance of t)e state; t)e second is an offense a ainst c)astity1 and may .e prosec'ted only at t)e instance of t)e offended party. T)e test is not #)et)er t)e defendant )as already .een tried for t)e same act1 .'t #)et)er )e )as .een p't in /eopardy for t)e same offense. L ?ne #)o $o'c)es t)at t)ere is no le al impediment Ino#in t)at one of t)e parties is already married is an accomplice )istinction &etween &igamy an, illegal marriage# Bigamy is a form of illegal marriage . T)e offender m'st )a$e a $alid and s'.sistin marria e. Eespite t)e fact t)at t)e marria e is still s'.sistin 1 )e contracts a s'.seA'ent marria e. %llegal marriage incl'des also s'c) ot)er marria es #)ic) are performed #it)o't complyin #it) t)e reA'irements of la#1 or s'c) premat're marria es1 or s'c) marria e #)ic) #as solemniJed .y one #)o is not a't)oriJed to solemniJe t)e same.
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Article :-8 MARRIAGE CONTRACTE) AGAINST .RO(ISIONS O* LA4S ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender contracted marriage. 2. That he +new at the time that a. the re1$irement of the law were not complied with, or b. The marriage was in disregard of a legal impediment. Note# #irc$mstance 1$alif!ing the offense" if eit)er of t)e contractin parties o.tains t)e consent of t)e ot)er .y means of $iolence1 intimidation or fra'd The re$uirements o the law or a %ali, marriage are# 1. T)e le al capacity of t)e contractin parties; 2. T)eir consent freely i$en; 3. A't)ority of t)e person performin t)e marria e; and 4. Marria e license1 e2cept in marria e 'nder e2ceptional circ'mstances. L T)e la# f'rt)er pro$ides t)at for acc'sed to .e lia.le 'nder t)is article1 )e s)o'ld not .e 'ilty of .i amy .eca'se ot)er#ise1 t)e crime p'nis)ed 'nder Article 35* is deemed a.sor.ed in t)e .i amy. Marria es contracted a ainst t)e pro$isions of la#s 1. T)e marria e does not constit'te .i amy. 2. T)e marria e is contracted Ino#in t)at t)e reA'irements of t)e la# )a$e not .een complied #it) or in disre ard of le al impediments. 3. ?ne #)ere t)e consent of t)e ot)er #as o.tained .y means of $iolence1 intimidation or fra'd. 4. "f t)e second marria e is $oid .eca'se t)e acc'sed Ino#in ly contracted it #it)o't complyin #it) le al reA'irements as t)e marria e license1 alt)o' ) )e #as pre$io'sly married.
5. Marria e solemniJed .y a minister or priest #)o does not )a$e t)e reA'ired a't)ority to solemniJe marria es.
Article :-! .REMATURE MARRIAGE Acts 1unishe,# 1. A widow who within 0@1 da!s from death of h$sband, got married or before her deliver!, if she was pregnant at the time of his death 2. A woman whose marriage having been dissolved or ann$lled, married before her deliver! or within 0@1 da!s after the legal separation * T)e B'preme Co'rt )as already taIen into acco'nt t)e reason #)y s'c) marria e #it)in 3*1 days is made criminal1 t)at is1 .eca'se of t)e pro+a+ility that there might +e a confusion regarding the paternity of the child who would +e +orn. "f t)is reason does not e2ist .eca'se t)e former )'s.and is impotent1 or #as s)o#n to .e sterile s'c) t)at t)e #oman )as )ad no c)ild #it) )im1 t)at .elief of t)e #oman t)at after
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all t)ere co'ld .e no conf'sion e$en if s)e #o'ld marry #it)in 3*1 days may .e taIen as e$idence of ood fait) and t)at #o'ld ne ate criminal intent. L Article %4 of t)e Ci$il Code pro$ides t)at no marria e license s)all .e iss'ed to a #ido# 'ntil after 3** days follo#in t)e deat) of )er )'s.and1 'nless in t)e meantime s)e )as i$en .irt) to a c)ild. Article :-7 .ER*ORMANCE O* ILLEGAL MARRIAGE CEREMONY Act 1unishe,# performance of an! illegal marriage ceremon! b! a priest or minister of an! religio$s denomination or sect or b! civil a$thorities
TITLE T+IRTEEN CRIMES AGAINST +ONOR Crimes against honor 1. 9i.el .y means of #ritin s or similar means (Art. 355); 2. T)reatenin to p'.lis) and offer to pre$ent s'c) p'.lication for a compensation (Art. 356); 3. -ro)i.ited p'.lication of acts referred to in t)e co'rse of official proceedin s (Art. 35!); 4. Blander (Art. 35%); 5. Blander .y deed (Art. 35(); 6. "ncriminatin innocent person (Art. 363); !. "ntri 'in a ainst )onor (Art. 364). Article :-: LIBEL ELEMENTS# 1. That there m$st be an imp$tation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginar!, or an! act, omission, condition, stat$s, or circ$mstances. 2. That the imp$tation m$st be made p$blicl!. 0. That it m$st be malicio$s. 6. That the imp$tation m$st be directed at a nat$ral or 3$ridical person, or one who is dead. 5. That the imp$tation m$st tend to ca$se the dishonor, discredit or contempt of the person defamed. Notes# LIBEL is a p'.lic and malicio's imp'tation of a crime1 or a $ice or defect1 real or ima inary or any act1 commission1 condition1 stat's or circ'mstances tendin to ca'se t)e dis)onor1 discredit or contempt of a nat'ral or /'ridical person1 or to .lacIen t)e memory of one #)o is dead Character o the wor,s use, to ma@e it ,e amatory' 5ords calc'lated to ind'ce s'spicion are more effecti$e in destroyin rep'tation t)an false c)ar es directly made. "ronical and metap)orical lan 'a e is a fa$ored $e)icle for slander. A charge is sufficient if the words are calculated to induce the hearer to suppose and understand that the person against whom they are uttered is guilty of certain offenses, or are sufficient to impeach his honesty, virtue or reputation, or to hold him up to pu+lic ridicule. ,D.2. vs. &B#onnell, 0. Phil. .;.) Malice )as .een defined as a term 'sed to indicate t)e fact t)at t)e defamer is prompted .y personal ill or spite and speaIs not in response to d'ty .'t merely to in/'re t)e rep'tation of t)e person defamed. Kin,s o Malice'
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9alice in law C T)is is ass'med and is inferred from t)e defamatory c)aracter of an imp'tation. T)e pres'mption of malice attac)es to t)e defamatory statement especially if it appears to .e ins'ltin per se. T)e la# pres'mes t)at t)e defamer made t)e imp'tation #it)o't ood intention or /'stifia.le moti$e. 9alice in fact C T)is refers to malice as a fact. T)e presence and e2istence of personal ill4#ill or spite may still appear e$en if t)e statement is not defamatory. Bo1 #)ere t)e defamatory acts may .e pres'med from t)e p'.lication of t)e defamatory acts imp'ted refer to t)e pri$ate life of t)e indi$id'al1 malice may .e pres'med from t)e p'.lication of t)e defamatory statement .eca'se no one )as a ri )t to in$ade anot)erGs pri$acy. )istinction &etween malice in act an, malice in law 9alice in fact is t)e malice which the law presumes from every statement whose tenor is defamatory . "t does not need proof. T)e mere fact t)at t)e 'tterance or statement is defamatory ne ates a le al pres'mption of malice. %n the crime of li+el, which includes oral defamation, there is no need for the prosecution to present evidence of malice. "t is eno' ) t)at t)e alle ed defamatory or li.elo's statement .e presented to t)e co'rt $er.atim. "t is t)e co'rt #)ic) #ill pro$e #)et)er it is defamatory or not. "f t)e tenor of t)e 'tterance or statement is defamatory1 t)e le al pres'mption of malice arises e$en #it)o't proof. )alice in fact +ecomes necessary only if the malice in law has +een re+utted . ?t)er#ise1 t)ere is no need to add'ce e$idence of malice in fact. Bo1 while malice in law does not re.uire evidence, malice in fact re.uires evidence* Malice in la# can .e ne ated .y e$idence t)at1 in fact1 t)e alle ed li.elo's or defamatory 'tterance #as made #it) ood moti$es and /'stifia.le ends or .y t)e fact t)at t)e 'tterance #as pri$ile ed in c)aracter. "n la#1 )o#e$er1 t)e privileged character of a defamatory statement may +e a+solute or .ualified* When the privileged character is said to +e a+solute 1 t)e statement #ill not .e actiona.le #)et)er criminal or ci$il .eca'se t)at means t)e la# does not allo# prosec'tion on an action .ased t)ereon. "ll'stration7 As re ards t)e statements made .y Con ressmen #)ile t)ey are deli.eratin or disc'ssin in Con ress1 #)en t)e pri$ile ed c)aracter is A'alified1 proof of malice in fact #ill .e admitted to taIe t)e place of malice in la#. When the defamatory statement or utterance is .ualifiedly privileged, the malice in law is negated. T)e 'tterance or statement #o'ld not .e actiona.le .eca'se malice in la# does not e2ist. T)erefore1 for t)e complainant to prosec'te t)e acc'sed for li.el1 oral defamation or slander1 )e )as to pro$e t)at t)e acc'sed #as act'ated #it) malice (malice in fact) in maIin t)e statement. L Malice is pres'med to e2ist in in/'rio's p'.lications L 5)ere t)e imp'tation is .ased 'pon matters of p'.lic interest1 t)e pres'mption of malice does not arise from t)e mere p'.lication of t)e defamatory statement. A matter of p'.lic interest is common property. Malice in fact comes into play #)en t)e statement made is not defamatory per se, as #)en t)e offender resorts to 'nderser$ed praises or satirical met)od of impeac)in t)e $irt'e1 )onesty and rep'tation of t)e offended party. "t can also appear in t)e form of innuendos* L T)is disc'ssion leads to t)e concl'sion t)at t)e determination of li.elo's meanin is left to t)e ood /'d ment of t)e co'rt after considerin all t)e circ'mstances #)ic) lead to t)e 'tterance or p'.lication of t)e defamatory statement. T)e A'estion is not #)at t)e #riter of an alle ed li.el means .'t #)at t)e #ords 'sed .y )im mean. T)e meanin i$en .y t)e #riter or t)e #ords 'sed .y )im is immaterial. T)e A'estion is not #)at t)e #riter meant .'t #)at )e con$eyed to t)ose #)o )eard or read )im ,People vs. :ncarnacion, 2@6 2#4A 1) +ow to o%ercome the 1resum1tion o malice' !he presumption of malice is re+utted +y showing : 1. t)at t)e acc'sed p'.lis)ed t)e defamatory imp'tation #it) ood intention;
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2. t)at t)ere is /'stifia.le moti$e for maIin it; 3. t)at t)e comm'nication made is pri$ile ed; and 4. acc'sed m'st pro$e t)e tr't) of t)e defamatory imp'tation in t)ose cases #)erein tr't) is a defense. .UBLICATION is t)e comm'nication of t)e defamatory matter to some t)ird personNs P$blication is t)e comm'nication of t)e defamatory matter to a t)ird person or persons. Bo1 t)e deli$ery of a defamatory #ritin to a typesetter is s'fficient p'.lication. 5ritin a letter to anot)er person ot)er t)an t)e person defamed is s'fficient p'.lication. ,2ee 2a'on vs. #o$rt of Appeals, 255 2#4A ;A2) 6 T)e crime is li+el if t)e defamation is in #ritin or printed media. 6 T)e crime is slander or oral defamation if it is not printed. * -erson li+eled must +e identified. @'t t)e p'.lication need not refer .y name to t)e li.eled party. "f not named it m'st .e s)o#n t)at t)e description of t)e person referred to in t)e defamatory p'.lication #as s'fficiently clear so t)at at least a 3rd person #o'ld )a$e identified t)e plaintiff. * When a li+el is addressed to several persons, unless they are identified in the same li+el, even if there are several persons offended +y the li+elous utterance or statement 1 t)ere #ill only .e one co'nt of li.el. * %f the offended parties in the li+el were distinctly identified, even though the li+el was committed at one and the same time1 t)ere #ill .e as many li.els as t)ere are persons dis)onored. "ll'stration7 "f a person 'ttered t)at FAll t)e Marcoses are t)ie$es1P t)ere #ill only .e one li.el .eca'se t)ese partic'lar Marcoses re arded as t)ie$es are not specifically identified. "f t)e offender said1 FAll t)e Marcoses C t)e fat)er1 mot)er and da' )ter are t)ie$es.H T)ere #ill .e t)ree co'nts of li.el .eca'se eac) person li.eled is distinctly dis)onored. L "f yo' do not Ino# t)e partic'lar persons li.eled1 yo' cannot consider one li.el as i$in rise to se$eral co'nts of li.el* %n order that one defamatory utterance or imputation may +e considered as having dishonored more than one person, those persons dishonored must +e identified* #therwise, there will only +e one count of li+el* L >ote t)at in li.el1 t)e person defamed need not +e expressly identified . "t is eno' ) t)at )e co'ld possi.ly .e identified .eca'se Finn'endos may also .e a .asis for prosec'tion for li.el. As a matter of fact1 e$en a compliment #)ic) is 'ndeser$ed1 )as .een )eld to .e li.elo's. L To pres'me p'.lication t)ere m'st .e a reasona.le pro.a.ility t)at t)e alle ed a li.elo's matter #as t)ere.y e2posed to .e read or seen .y 3rd persons. Re1u&lication o ,e amatory article is 1unisha&le' ?ne is lia.le for p'.lication of defamatory #ords a ainst anot)er alt)o' ) )e is only repeatin #)at )e )eard and names t)e so'rce of )is information. A person #)o repeats a slander or li.elo's p'.lication )eard or read from anot)er is pres'med to indorse it. ,People vs. 2al$mbides and 4ean'ares, #.A., 55 &.G. 2;07) Criterion to ,etermine whether statements are ,e amatory 1) #ords are calc'lated to ind'ce t)e )earers to s'ppose and 'nderstand t)at t)e person a ainst #)o t)ey are 'ttered #ere 'ilty of certain offenses1 or are s'fficient to impeac) t)eir )onesty1 $irt'e or rep'tation1 or to )old t)e person 'p to p'.lic ridic'le,D2 v &B#onnel) 2 )constr'ed not only as to t)e e2pression 'sed .'t also #it) respect to t)e #)ole scope and apparent o./ect of t)e #riter'<P v :ncarnacion= L T)e test of li.elo's meanin s is not t)e analysis of a sentence into component p)rases #it) t)e metic'lo's care of t)e rammarian or stylist1 .'t t)e import con$eyed .y t)e entirety of t)e lan 'a e to t)e ordinary reader. ,Lacsa vs. /A#, et al., 1;1 2#4A 62.).
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L "n li.el cases1 t)e A'estion is not #)at t)e offender means .'t #)at t)e #ords 'sed .y )im mean. , 2a'on vs. #A, 255 2#4A ;A2) .raises un,eser%e, are slan,er in ,isguise' 5)ere t)e comments are #orded in praise of t)e plaintiff1 liIe descri.in )im #it) A'alities #)ic) plaintiff does not deser$e .eca'se of )is social1 political and economic stat's in t)e comm'nity #)ic) is too #ell Ino#n to all concerned1 are #)ic) intended are intended to ridic'le rat)er t)an praise )im1 t)e p'.lication is deemed li.elo's ,Limene' vs. 4e!es, 2. 2#4A 52) * Even if what was imputed is true, the crime of li+el is committed unless one acted with good motives or 9ustifia+le end* -oof of tr't) of a defamatory imp'tation is not e$en admissi.le in e$idence1 'nless #)at #as imp'ted pertains to an act #)ic) constit'tes a crime and #)en t)e person to #)om t)e imp'tation #as made is a p'.lic officer and t)e imp'tation pertains to t)e performance of official d'ty. ?t)er t)an t)ese1 t)e imp'tation is not admissi.le. 4hen 1roo o truth is a,missi&le 1. 2. 5)en t)e act or omission imp'ted constit'tes a crime re ardless of #)et)er t)e offended party is a pri$ate indi$id'al or a p'.lic officer; 5)en t)e offended party is a o$ernment employee1 e$en if t)e act or omission imp'ted does not constit'te a crime1 pro$ided if its related to t)e disc)ar ed of )is official d'ties.
Re$uisites o ,e ense in ,e amation 1. 2. 3. "f it appears t)at t)e matter c)ar ed as li.elo's is tr'e; "t #as p'.lis)ed #it) ood moti$es; "t #as for /'stifia.le ends.
"f a crime is a private crime1 it cannot .e prosec'ted de officio. A complaint from t)e offended party is necessary. Li&el 4false acc'sation need not .e made 'nder oat) .erMury 4false acc'sation is made 'nder oat)
%ewswee+ v (A# >e#s#eeI portrayed t)e island pro$ince of >e ros ?ccidental as a place dominated .y .i lando#ners. -laintiffs are associations of s' arcane planters. =EA5: Eismissed. !o maintain a li+el suit, the specific victim must +e identifia+le* 5efamatory remar s directed at a group of persons are not actiona+le unless the statements are all8em+racing or sufficiently specific for victim to +e identifia+le . An action for li.el alle edly directed a ainst a ro'p of s' ar planters cannot .e done .y resort to filin a class s'it as eac) $ictim )as )is specific rep'tation to protect. "n t)is case1 eac) of t)e plaintiffs )as a separate and distinct rep'tation in t)e comm'nity. Rule regar,ing .u&lic O icers# Eefamatory remarIs and comments on t)e cond'ct or acts of p'.lic officers #)ic) are related to t)e disc)ar e of t)eir official d'ties #ill not constit'te li.el if t)e acc'sed pro$es t)e tr't) of t)e imp'tation. @'t any attacI 'pon t)e pri$ate c)aracter of t)e p'.lic officers on matters #)ic) are not related to t)e disc)ar e of t)eir official f'nctions may constit'te 9i.el. L 5)ere malice cannot .e inferred from false defamatory statements1 t)e r'lin appears to .e t)e tr'e only if t)e offended party is a o$ernment employee1 #it) respect to facts related to t)e disc)ar e of )is official d'ties. 5it) )is /'rispr'dence1 it s)o'ld no# .e emp)asiJed t)at \ actual malice4 is no# reA'ired to .e pro$en. "t is eno' ) to rely on pres'med malice in li.el cases in$ol$in a p'.lic official or p'.lic fi 're.
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* )alice is no# 'nderstood to mean p'.lication #it) Ino#led e of false)ood or recIless disre ard of t)e statementGs $eracity. !he +urden of proof has not only +een shifted to the plaintiff in li+el, +ut proof has not only +een shifted to the plaintiff in li+el, +ut proof of malice must now +e clear and convincing* Case )octrines# L T)e fact t)at a comm'nication is pri$ile ed is not a proper ro'nd for t)e dismissal of a complaint for li.el. "n t)e first place1 it is a matter of defense. Becondly1 t)e fact t)at a comm'nication is pri$ile ed does not mean t)at it is not actiona.le. !he privileged character simply does away with the presumption of malice which the prosecution has to prove in such a case* ,L$ #h$ 2ing, et al., vs. L$ Tiong G$i, .; Phil. ;;A) L 9i.el in ans#er to anot)er li.el is not a defense. ,Pellicena vs. Gon'ales, ; Phil. 5@) L "f t)e defamatory imp'tation is in t)e nat're of self4defense 'nder Article 11 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code s'c) t)at t)e p'.lication #as done in ood fait)1 #it)o't malice and /'st adeA'ate eno' ) to protect )is ood name1 t)e statement may .e considered pri$ile ed. ,People vs. ?a3a, 6@ &.G. 2@;- People vs. 9endo'a, #.A. .6 &.G. 5;@.) L T)e fair and tr'e report of official proceedin s refer to proceedin s in t)e t)ree .ranc)es of o$ernment1 to #it7 /'dicial1 le islati$e and e2ec'ti$e. T)e p'.lis)er is limited only to t)e narration of #)at )ad taIen place e$en if t)e report contains defamatory and in/'rio's matter affectin anot)er person1 li.el is not committed for as lon as #)at is contained is a fair and tr'e report of t)e proceedin s. L :nder Article 3541 t)e p'.lis)er .ecomes lia.le #)en )e maIes comments or remarIs 'pon t)e pri$ate c)aracter of person1 #)ic) are not rele$ant or related to t)e /'dicial1 le islati$e or e2ec'ti$e proceedin s. L :nder o'r li.el la#1 defamatory remarIs a ainst o$ernment employees #it) respect to facts related to t)e disc)ar e of t)eir official d'ties #ill not constit'te li.el1 if defendant is a.le to pro$e t)e tr't) of t)e imp'tations. @'t any attacI on t)e pri$ate c)aracter of t)e officer on matters #)ic) are not related to t)e disc)ar e of )is official f'nctions may constit'te li.el since 'nder o'r la#s1 t)e ri )t of t)e press to criticiJe p'.lic officers does not a't)oriJe defamation. ,D.2. vs. ?$stos, s$pra- 2a'on vs. #o$rt of Appeals, s$pra).
Article:-" RE;UIREMENT O* .UBLICITY Kin,s o 1ri%ilege, communication a. ABSOLUTELY .RI(ILEGE) C not actiona.le e$en if t)e actor )as acted in .ad fait) .. ;UALI*IE)LY .RI(ILEGE) C t)ose #)ic) alt)o' ) containin defamatory imp'tations co'ld not .e actiona.le 'nless made #it) malice or .ad fait) L 5)en t)e defamatory imp'tation comes 'nder t)e criteria of an a.sol'te pri$ile ed comm'nication1 t)e pres'mption of malice 'nder Article 354 )as no application. L T)e pres'mption of malice1 )o#e$er1 comes into play #)en t)e defamatory statement is a conditional or A'alified pri$ile ed comm'nication. To o$ercome t)is pres'mption of malice in la#1 t)e defamer m'st pro$e d'rin t)e proceedin t)at t)e defamatory imp'tation #as committed .eca'se of a le al1 moral or social d'ty. L -ri$ile ed comm'nication as cate oriJed in t)is disc'ssion is a matter of defense. "t is not a ro'nd for a motion to A'as) after t)e arrai nment of t)e acc'sed. ,2ee 9ercado vs. #/( of 4i'al, 11; 2#4A A0). "f after t)e prosec'tion )as presented its e$idence1 it .ecomes e$ident t)at t)e defamatory statement #as made .y t)e acc'sed .eca'se of a le al1 moral or social d'ty1 t)en t)e acc'sed can file a dem'rrer to e$idence1 as in t)e meantime1 t)ere is a.sence of malice in la# #)ic) is pres'med in all defamatory imp'tations. GENERAL RULE# E$ery defamatory imp'tation is pres'med malicio's e$en if it .e tr'e1 if no ood intention and /'stifia.le moti$e for maIin it is s)o#n
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EDCE.TION# a. private comm$nication in performance of legal, moral or social d$t! Re$uisites 1. t)at t)e person #)o made t)e comm'nication )ad a le al1 moral or social d'ty to maIe t)e comm'nication or at least )e )ad an interest to .e 'p)eld 2. 3. fact b. fair and tr$e report, made in good faith, witho$t an! comments and remar+s Re$uisites 1. t)at t)e p'.lication of a report of an official proceedin is a fair and tr'e report of a /'dicial1 le islati$e1 or ot)er official proceedin s #)ic) are not of confidential nat're1 or of a statement1 report1 or speec) deli$ered in said proceedin s1 or of any ot)er act performed .y a p'.lic officer 2. 3. t)at it is made in ood fait) t)at it is made #it)o't any comments or remarIs t)at t)e comm'nication is addressed to an officer or a .oard1 or s'perior1 )a$in some interest or d'ty on t)e matter t)at t)e statements in t)e comm'nication are made in ood fait) #it)o't malice in
)octrine o air comment FA fair comment on matters of p'.lic interest is incl'ded and is co$ered .y t)e mantle of pri$ile ed comm'nication #)ic) constit'tes a $alid defense a ainst li.el and slander.H 3%f the comment is an expression of opinion +ased on esta+lished facts, then it is immaterial that the opinion happens to +e mista en, as long as it might +e reasona+ly inferred from the facts*4 +'rt)er e2plainin t)e ri )t to comment on a p'.lic iss'e1 t)e Co'rt said1 F"f a matter is a s'./ect of p'.lic or eneral interest1 it cannot .ecome less so merely .eca'se a pri$ate indi$id'al is in$ol$ed. T)e p'.lic primary interest is in t)e e$ent; t)e p'.lic foc's is on t)e cond'ct of t)e participants and not on t)eir prior anonymity or notoriety. , ?or3al vs. #A, 0@1 2#4A 1 ) 2antos v #A =EA5: >o malice1 )e simply f'rnis)ed t)e readers #it) t)e info t)at a complaint )as .een filed a ainst t)e .roIera e firm and reprod'ced t)e pleadin $er.atim #it) no em.ellis)ments. Article :-LIBEL BY MEANS O* 4RITING OR SIMILAR MEANS A li&el may &e committe, &y means o 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. !. %. (. 5ritin ; -rintin ; 9it)o rap)y; En ra$in ; 3adio; -)oto rap); -aintin ; T)eatrical e2)i.ition; Cinemato rap)ic e2)i.ition; or
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1*. Any similar means.
L "n t)e en'meration a.o$e1 television is not incl'ded1 pro.a.ly .eca'se at t)e time t)e 3e$ised -enal Code #as concei$ed1 tele$ision )ad not yet .een in$ented. 0o#e$er1 t)e la# pro$ides1 F or any similar means4 #)ic) easily A'alifies tele$ision is s'c) species or cate ory. ,People vs. #asten, #.A., G.4. %o. @.A268#4 prom$lgated >ecember 10, 1A.6) Article :-/ T+REATENING TO .UBLIS+ LIBEL AN) O**ER TO .RE(ENT SUC+ .UBLICATION *OR A COM.ENSATION Acts 1unishe, 1. 2. T)reatenin anot)er to p'.lis) a li.el concernin )im1 or )is parents1 spo'se1 c)ild1 or ot)er mem.ers of )is family; ?fferin to pre$ent t)e p'.lication of s'c) li.el for compensation or money consideration.
L "t in$ol$es t)e 'nla#f'l e2tortion of money .y appealin to t)e fear of t)e $ictim1 t)ro' ) t)reats of acc'sation or e2pos're. "t contemplates of t#o offenses7 a t)reat to esta.lis) a li.el and an offer to pre$ent s'c) p'.lication. T)e ra$amen of t)e crime is t)e intent to e2tort money or ot)er t)in s of $al'e. ?lac+mail ? "n its metap)orical sense1 .lacImail may .e defined as any 'nla#f'l e2tortion of money .y t)reats of acc'sation or e2pos're. T#o #ords are e2pressi$e of t)e crime C )'s) money. :D2 v. :g$ia, et al., 07 Phil. 75.; ?lac+mail is possible in :2; light threats under Article /J71 and :/; threatening to pu+lish, or offering to prevent the pu+lication of, a li+el for compensation, under Article 76>*
Article :-0 .RO+IBITE) .UBLICATION O* ACTS RE*ERRE) TO IN T+E COURSE O* O**ICIAL .ROCEE)INGS ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender is a reporter, editor or manager of a newspaper, dail! or maga'ine. 2. That he p$blishes facts connected with the private life of another. 0. That s$ch facts are offensive to the honor, virt$e and rep$tation of said person. Note# L E$en t)o' ) made in connection #it) or 'nder t)e prete2t t)at it is necessary in t)e narration of any /'dicial or administrati$e proceedin s #)erein s'c) facts )a$e .een mentioned. L 5it) its pro$isions1 Article 35! )as come to .e Ino#n as t)e EGag Law.H "t pro)i.its reporters1 editors or mana ers of ne#spapers from p'.lis)in articles containin facts connected #it) t)e pri$ate life of an indi$id'al; facts #)ic) are offensi$e to t)e )onor1 $irt'e and rep'tation of persons. @'t t)ese m'st refer to facts #)ic) are intimately related to t)e offended partyGs family and )ome. ?ccasionally1 it in$ol$es con/' al tro'.les and A'arrels .eca'se of infidelity1 ad'ltery or crimes in$ol$in c)astity. Lacsa v (A# 9acsa fo'nd t)at MarA'eJ #as not a proprietary mem.er of -CA t)'s not A'alified to .e president. 0e #rote to t)e @?E and to MarA'eJ. 0e ca'sed to p'.lis) t)e second letter. =EA5: 9etter is not pri$ile ed comm'nication. To .e classified as s'c) it m'st .e free from malice. Krantin t)at t)e letter #as pri$ile ed comm'nication1 #ritten o't of a d'ty of an officer to#ards t)e mem.ers1 s'c) c)aracter #as lost #)en it #as p'.lis)ed.
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L :nder 4ep$blic Act %o. 16..1 amendin 3ep. Act. >o. 5%1 t)e p'.lis)er1 editor1 col'mnist or d'ly accredited reporter of any ne#spaper1 ma aJine or periodical of eneral circ'lation cannot .e compelled to re$eal t)e so'rce of any ne#s report information appearin in t)e said p'.lication #)ic) #as related to )im in confidence 'nless t)e co'rt or a )o'se or committee of Con ress finds t)at s'c) re$elation is demanded .y t)e sec'rity of t)e Btate. Article :-5 ORAL )E*AMATION I SLAN)ER Two Kin,s o Oral )e amation# 1. action of a serio's and ins'ltin nat're ,Grave slander) 2. li )t ins'lt or defamation C not serio's in nat're ,simple slander) *actors that ,etermine gra%ity o the o ense# a) e2pressions 'sed .) personal relations of t)e acc'sed and t)e offended party c) circ'mstances s'rro'ndin t)e case %otes" L T)e ra$ity of oral defamation depends not only on t)e e2pressions .'t also on t)e personal relation of t)e acc'sed #it) t)e offended party. ?t)er circ'mstances liIe t)e presence of important people #)en t)e crime #as committed1 t)e social standin and position of t)e offended party are factors #)ic) may infl'ence t)e ra$ity and defamatory imp'tation ,Eictorio vs. #o$rt of Appeals, 1.0 2#4A ;65). L >ote t)at slander can .e committed e$en if t)e defamatory remarI #as done in t)e a.sence of t)e offended party. ,People vs. #larin, #.A., 0. &.G. 11@;) L 5ords 'ttered in t)e )eat of an er constit'te li )t oral defamation <P v >oronilla= L "f t)e 'tterances #ere made p'.licly and #ere )eard .y many people and t)e acc'sed at t)e same time le$elled )is fin er at t)e complainant1 oral defamation is committed ,P v 2alle1$e= L T)e #ord Ep$ta G does not imp'te t)at t)e complainant is prostit'te. ,People vs. Atien'a, G.4. %o. L8 1A75., &ct. 2;, 1A;7 ) "t is a common e2pression of an er or displeas're. "t is seldom taIen in its literal sense .y t)e )earer. "t is $ie#ed more as a t)reat on t)e part of t)e acc'sed to manifest and emp)asiJe a point. ,4e!es vs. People, 2. 2#4A ;7;) Article :-6 SLAN)ER BY )EE) ELEMENTS# 1. That the offender performs an! act not incl$ded in an! other crime against honor. 2. That s$ch act is performed in the presence of other person or persons. 0. That s$ch act casts dishonor, discredit or contempt $pon the offended part!. %otes" Slan,er &y ,ee, is a defamation committed .y t)e offender a ainst t)e complainant t)ro' ) t)e performance of any act #)ic) casts dis)onor1 discredit or contempt 'pon anot)er person. L Blander .y deed refers to performance of an act1 not 'se of #ords.
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Two @in,s o slan,er &y ,ee, 1. 2. Bimple slander .y deed; and Kra$e slander .y deed1 t)at is1 #)ic) is of a serio's nat're.
L Whether a certain slanderous act constitutes slander +y deed of a serious nature or not 1 depends on t)e social standin of t)e offended party1 t)e circ'mstances 'nder #)ic) t)e act #as committed1 t)e occasion1 etc. L T)e acts of slappin and .o2in t)e #oman1 a teac)er1 in t)e presence of many people )as p't )er to dis)onor1 contempt and ridic'le. <P v #osta= L "f t)e acts committed a ainst t)e offended party ca'sed )er p)ysical in/'ry #)ic) did not reA'ire medical attendance1 t)en t)e crime #o'ld .e maltreatment #)ic) is classified as sli )t p)ysical in/'ries. P v 9otita 6 Acc'sed )eld a mirror .et#een t)e le s of complainant to reflect )er pri$ate parts. T)e cro#d la' )ed. K'ilty of slander .y deed. )istinctions# a. Dn3$st Ee)ation4irritation or annoyanceNanyt)in t)at annoys or irritates #it)o't /'stification. .. 2lander b! >eed4irritation or annoyance < attendant p'.licity and dis)onor or contempt. c. Acts of lascivio$sness4irritation or annoyance < any of 3 circ'mstance pro$ided in Art335 of 3-C on rape i. 'se of force or intimidation ii. depri$ation of reason or renderin t)e offended 'nconscio's iii. offended party 'nder 12 yrs of a e<le#d desi ns Article :/8 .ERSONS RES.ONSIBLE *OR LIBEL 4ho are lia&le# a. person who p$blishes, e)hibits or ca$ses the p$blication or e)hibition of an! writing or similar means,par*2) b. a$thor or editor of a boo+ or pamphlet c. editor or b$siness manager of a dail! newspaper maga'ine or serial p$blication, par*/) d. owner of the printing plant which p$blishes a libelo$s article with his consent and all other persons who in an! wa! participate in or have connection with its p$blication , &S v #rti,) L A defamatory statement .y itself is not a crime. "t is t)e 'nd'e p'.lication of t)e defamatory imp'tation #)ic) maIes it a crime. "t is t)erefore in t)is concept t)at proprietors and editors of periodicals are also made responsi.le for t)e appearance of defamatory matters in any ne#spaper 'nder t)eir mana ement. (enue o criminal an, ci%il action or ,amages in cases o written ,e amation# a. #)ere t)e li.elo's article is printed and 1st p'.lis)ed ?3 .. #)ere any of t)e offended parties act'ally resides at t)e time of t)e commission of t)e offense L 9i.el cases are #it)in t)e ori inal and e2cl'si$e /'risdiction of t)e 3e ional Trial Co'rts. "nferior co'rts )a$e no /'risdiction to try #ritten defamation. ,People vs. =echanova, 56 2#4A 1@1) here one of the offended parties is a p$blic officer" a. if his office is in the "ity of )anila 4 3TC of Manila ?3 4 cityNpro$ince #)ere t)e article is printed and 1 st p'.lis)ed defamation in
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.. #therwise 4 3TC of t)e cityNpro$ince #)ere )e )eld office at t)e time of offense ?3 4 #)ere t)e article is 1st p'.lis)ed here one of the offended parties is a private individ$al" 4 3TC of pro$inceNcity #)ere )e act'ally resides at t)e time of t)e crime 4 #)ere article #as printed or 1st p'.lis)ed L "n order to pre$ent contro$ersies as to t)e $en'e of criminal actions for #ritten defamation1 t)e information or complaint m'st contain a$erments as to #)et)er t)e offended party is a pri$ate or p'.lic officer at t)e time of t)e commission of t)e offense and #)ene$er possi.le1 t)e place #)ere t)e #ritten defamation #as printed and first p'.lis)ed. ,Agba!ani, et al., vs. =on. 2a!o, et al., L86.77@, April 0@, 1A.A) %ote" ?ffended party m'st file complaint for defamation imp'tin a crime #)ic) cannot .e prosec'ted de oficio (e. . ad'ltery1 conc'.ina e1 rape1 sed'ction1 a.d'ction1 and acts of lasci$io'sness) L :nder t)e last para rap) of Article 36*1 only defamation consistin of t)e imp'tation of pri$ate offenses s'c) as ad'ltery1 conc'.ina e1 sed'ction1 a.d'ction and acts of lasci$io'sness s)all .e prosec'ted .y t)e offended party .y filin a complaint. ?'tside of t)is en'meration .y la#1 t)e crime is considered a p'.lic crime #)ic) may .e prosec'ted de oficio* 2oriano v (A# 6 T)e -)ilippines follo#s t)e m$ltiple p$blication r$le #)ic) means t)at e$ery time t)e same #ritten matter is comm'nicated1 s'c) comm'nication is considered a distinct and separate p'.lication of li.el. L Where the pu+lication is li+elous per se, actual damages need not +e esta+lished . T)is is so .eca'se li.el1 .y its $ery nat're1 ca'ses dis)onor1 disrep'te and discredit and in/'ry to t)e rep'tation of t)e offended party. "t is somet)in in)erent and nat'ral in t)e crime of li.el. ,L$ #h$ 2ing vs. L$ Tiong G$i, .; Phil. ;;A) Article :/! .ROO* O* T+E TRUT+ A,missi&le when# a' t)e act or omission imp'ted constit'tes a crime re ardless of #)et)er t)e offended party is a pri$ate indi$id'al or a p'.lic officer &' t)e offended party is a o$ernment employee1 e$en if t)e act or omission imp'ted does not constit'te a crime pro$ided it is related to t)e disc)ar e of )is official d'ties Re$uisites or Ac$uittal# a' it appears t)at t)e matter c)ar ed as li.elo's is T3:E (for sit'ations 1 and 2 a.o$e) &' it #as p'.lis)ed #it) ood moti$es and for a /'stifia.le end (for sit'ation 1 only) %otes" T)e proof of t)e tr't) of t)e acc'sation cannot .e made to rest 'pon mere )earsay1 r'mors1 or s'spicion. "t m'st rest 'pon positi$e direct e$idence1 'pon #)ic) a definite findin may .e made .y t)e co'rt <D2 v 2otto= L Admission on t)e part of t)e acc'sed t)at )e committed a mistaIe #ill not ser$e to free )im from criminal lia.ility. @'t it may ser$e to miti ate t)e penalty imposed on )im or lessen )is ci$il lia.ility. , Phee vs. La Eang$ardia, 65 Phil 211 ) Article :/7 LIBELOUS REMARKS Libelo$s remar+s or comments on privileged matters ,$nder Art. 056) if made with malice in fact will not e)empt the a$thor and editor. L T)is article is a limitation to t)e defense of pri$ile ed comm'nication.
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L T)e main t)r'st of t)e la# is to p'nis) li.elo's remarIs or comments on matters #)ic) are pri$ile ed1 if made #it) malice in fact. Bo1 a ne#spaper reporter #)o distorts facts connected #it) official proceedin s or #)o adds comments t)ereon as to cast aspersion on t)e c)aracter of t)e parties in$ol$ed1 is 'ilty of li.el e$en t)ro' ) t)e defamatory matter is p'.lis)ed in connection #it) a pri$ile ed comm'nication. ,>orr vs. D. 2., 11 Phil. .@;)
INCRIMINATORY MAC+INATIONS Article:/: INCRIMINATING INNOCENT .ERSON ELEMENTS# 1.That the offender performs an act. 2.That b! s$ch act he directl! incriminates or imp$tes to an innocent person the commission of a crime. 0.That s$ch act does not constit$te per3$r!. Two Kin,s# a' maIin a statement #)ic) is . i. defamatory or ii. per/'rio's (if made 'nder oat) and is false) &' plantin e$idence %ote# article is limited to plantin e$idence and t)e liIe L !his crime cannot +e committed through ver+al incriminatory statements . "t is defined as an act and1 t)erefore1 to commit t)is crime1 more t)an a mere 'tterance is reA'ired. L %f the incriminating machination is made orally1 t)e crime may .e slander or oral defamation. L %f the incriminatory machination was made in writing and under oath 1 t)e crime may .e per/'ry if t)ere is a #illf'l falsity of t)e statements made. L %f the statement in writing is not under oath 1 t)e crime may .e falsification if t)e crime is a material matter made in a #ritten statement #)ic) is reA'ired .y la# to )a$e .een rendered. L As far as t)is crime is concerned1 t)is )as .een interpreted to .e possi.le only in t)e so4called planting of evidence* L T)ere is s'c) a crime as incriminatin an innocent person t)ro' ) 'nla#f'l arrest. ,People vs. Alagao, et al., G.4. %o. L82@.21, April 0@, 1A;;) Article :/" INTRIGUING AGAINST +ONOR +ow committe,# 8b! an! person who shall ma+e an! intrig$e which has for its principal p$rpose to blemish the honor or rep$tation of another person
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Notes# L T)e crime is committed .y resortin to any form of sc)eme or plot desi ned to .lemis) t)e rep'tation of a person. T)e offender does not employ #ritten or spoIen #ords1 pict'res or caricat'res to ridic'le t)e $ictim. 3at)er1 )e 'ses some in enio's1 crafty and secret ploy #)ic) prod'ces t)e same effect. L %ntriguing against honor is referred to as gossiping. T)e offender1 #it)o't ascertainin t)e tr't) of a defamatory 'tterance1 repeats t)e same and pass it on to anot)er1 to t)e dama e of t)e offended party. 5)o started t)e defamatory ne#s is 'nIno#n. L 5)ere t)e so'rce of poll'ted information can .e traced and pinpointed1 and t)e acc'sed adopted as )is o#n t)e information )e o.tained1 and passed it to anot)er in order to ca'se dis)onor to t)e complainantGs rep'tation1 t)e act is Slander and not "ntri 'in A ainst 0onor. @'t #)ere t)e so'rce or t)e a't)or of t)e dero atory information can not .e determined and t)e acc'sed .orro#s t)e same1 and #it)o't s'.scri.in to t)e tr't) t)ereof1 passes it to ot)ers1 t)e act is one of %ntriguing Against =onor. L Committed .y sayin to ot)ers an 'nattri.'ta.le t)in 1 if said to t)e person )imself it is slander. )istinction &etween intriguing against honor an, slan,er# 5)en t)e so'rce of t)e defamatory 'tterance is 'nIno#n and t)e offender simply repeats or passes t)e same1 t)e crime is intriguing against honor* "f t)e offender made t)e 'tterance1 #)ere t)e so'rce of t)e defamatory nat're of t)e 'tterance is Ino#n1 and offender maIes a rep'.lication t)ereof1 e$en t)o' ) )e repeats t)e li.elo's statement as comin from anot)er1 as lon as t)e so'rce is identified1 t)e crime committed .y t)at offender is slander* )istinction &etween intriguing against honor an, incriminating an innocent 1erson# "n intriguing against honor1 t)e offender resorts to an intri 'e for t)e p'rpose of .lemis)in t)e )onor or rep'tation of anot)er person. "n incriminating an innocent person1 t)e offender performs an act .y #)ic) )e directly incriminates or imp'tes to an innocent person t)e commission of a crime. RA"788 The Anti > 4ire Ta11ing Act Acts 1unishe,# != any person, not authori,ed +y all the parties to any private communication or spo en word a; taps any wire of ca+le #( +; uses any other device or arrangement, to secretly overhear, intercept, or record such communication or spo en word +y using a device commonly nown as a dictaphone or dictagraph or wal ie tal ie or tape recorder 7= any person, whether or not a participant in the a+ove8mentioned acts: a; nowingly possesses any tape record, wire record, disc record, or any other such record or copies thereof of any communication or spo en word +; replays the same for any other person c;communicates the contents thereof, whether complete or partial, to any other person %otes" L -eace officer is e2empt if acts done 'nder la#f'l order of t)e co'rt. ;o' can only 'se t)e recordin for t)e case for #)ic) it #as $alidly reA'ested. L "nformation o.tained in $iolation of t)e Act is inadmissi.le in e$idence in any )earin or in$esti ation. Gaanan v (A#
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6 An e2tension p)one is not one of t)ose pro)i.ited 'nder 3A 42**. T)ere m'st .e eit)er a p)ysical interr'ption t)ro' ) t)e #iretap or t)e deli.erate installation of a de$ice or arran ement in order to o$er)ear1 intercept or record t)e spoIen #ords. T)e e2tension p)one #as not installed for s'c) p'rpose.
CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE Article :/ELEMENTS O* RECKLESS IM.RU)ENCE# 1. That the offender does or fails to do an act. 2. That the doing of or the fail$re to do that act is vol$ntar!. 0. That it be witho$t malice. 6. That material damage res$lts. 5. That there is ine)c$sable lac+ of preca$tion on the part of the offender, ta+ing into consideration a. his emplo!ment or occ$pation b. degree of intelligence, ph!sical condition, and c. other circ$mstances regarding persons, time and place. ELEMENTS O* SIM.LE IM.RU)ENCE# 1. That there is lac+ of preca$tion on the part of the offender. 2. That the damage impending to be ca$sed in not immediate or the danger is not clearl! manifest. ;uasi>o enses 1unishe, 1. 2. 3. 4. Committin t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence any act #)ic)1 )ad it .een intentional1 #o'ld constit'te a ra$e or less ra$e felony or li )t felony; Committin t)ro' ) simple impr'dence or ne li ence an act #)ic) #o'ld ot)er#ise constit'te a ra$e or a less serio's felony; Ca'sin dama e to t)e property of anot)er t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence or simple impr'dence or ne li ence; Ca'sin t)ro' ) simple impr'dence or ne li ence some #ron #)ic)1 if done malicio'sly1 #o'ld )a$e constit'ted a li )t felony.
)istinction &etween rec@less im1ru,ence an, negligence# T)e t#o are distin 'is)ed only as to #)et)er t)e dan er t)at #o'ld .e impendin is easily percei$a.le or not. "f t)e dan er t)at may res'lt from t)e criminal ne li ence is clearly percei$a.le1 t)e impr'dence is rec less. "f it co'ld )ardly .e percei$ed1 t)e criminal ne li ence #o'ld only .e simple. L T)ere is no more iss'e on #)et)er c'lpa is a crime in itself or only a mode of inc'rrin criminal lia.ility. "t is practically settled t)at criminal negligence is only a modality in incurring criminal lia+ility . T)is is so .eca'se 'nder Article 31 a felony may res'lt from dolo or c'lpa.
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Notes# Test or ,etermining whether or not a 1erson is negligent o ,oing o an act which results in inMury or ,amages to another 1erson or his 1ro1erty' Would a prudent man in the position of the person to whom negligence is attri+uted, foresee harm to the person in9uredR "f so1 t)e la# imposes on t)e doer1 t)e d'ty to refrain from t)e co'rse of action1 or to taIe preca'tion a ainst s'c) res'lt. +ail're to do so constit'tes ne li ence. 3easona.le foresi )t of )arm1 follo#ed .y i norin t)e admonition .orne of t)is pro$isions1 is t)e constit'ti$e fact of ne li ence. ,Picart vs. 2mith, 0. Phil. 7@A, 710)
Test o Negligence' 5id the defendant, in doing the alleged negligent act, use the reasona+le care and caution which an ordinary prudent person would have used in the same situationR "f not1 t)en )e is 'ilty of ne li ence. The 1enalties un,er Article :/- has no a11lication in the ollowing cases# 1. 5)en t)e penalty pro$ided for t)e offense ifs eA'al or lo#er t)an t)at pro$ided in pars.1 and 2 of Article 365. "n t)is case1 t)e penalty s)all .e t)at #)ic) is ne2t lo#er in de ree t)an t)at #)ic) s)o'ld .e imposed1 in t)e period #)ic) t)e co'rt may deem proper to apply. 2. 5)en .y impr'dence or ne li ence and #it) $iolation of t)e A'tomo.ile 9a#1 t)e deat) of a person is ca'sed1 t)e penalty is prision correccional in its medi'm and ma2im'm periods. 1) Art.64 on miti atin and a ra$atin circ'mstances not applica.le. 2) +ail're to lend on t)e spot assistance to $ictim of )is ne li ence7 penalty ne2t )i )er in de ree. 3) A.andonin 's'ally p'nis)a.le 'nder Art 2!51 if c)ar ed 'nder Art 365 is only A'alifyin and if not alle ed cannot e$en .e an a ra$atin circ'mstance. 4) Contri.'tory ne li ence]not a defense1 only miti atin H T)e defense of contri.'tory ne li ence does not apply in criminal cases committed t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence. "t is a ainst p'.lic policy to in$oIe t)e ne li ence of anot)er to escape criminal lia.ility. ,People vs. <$iPones, #.A., 66 &.G. 152@) H T)e a.o$e4mentioned doctrine s)o'ld .e reconciled #it) t)e doctrine of Econc$rrent pro)imate ca$se of two negligent drivers.H H "n t)e case of People vs. >esalis, et al., #.A., 5. &.G. 7;7A 1 t)e t#o acc'sed #ere dri$ers of t#o speedin $e)icles #)ic) o$ertooI $e)icles a)ead of t)em and e$en encroac)ed on t)e ot)erGs lane #it)o't taIin d'e preca'tion as reA'ired .y t)e circ'mstances. T)e co'rt fo'nd t)e conc'rrent or s'ccessi$e ne li ent act or omission of t)e t#o dri$ers as t)e direct and pro2imate ca'se of t)e in/'ry ca'sed to t)e offended party. T)e co'rt co'ld not determine in #)at proportion eac) dri$er contri.'ted to t)e in/'ry. @ot) #ere declared 'ilty for t)e in/'ry s'ffered .y t)e t)ird person. L 5)en ne li ence does not res'lt in any in/'ry to persons or dama e to property1 t)en no crime is committed. >e li ence .ecomes p'nis)a.le #)en it res'lts in t)e commission of a crime. ,Lanto+, Lr. vs. =on. Gorgonio, L80.0A;, April 0@, 1A.A, .5 &.G. ..;0) Last clear chance ,octrine> 6 T)e contri.'tory ne li ence of t)e in/'red party #ill not defeat t)e action if it .e s)o#n t)at t)e acc'sed mi )t1 .y t)e e2ercise of reasona.le care and pr'dence1 )a$e a$oided t)e conseA'ences of t)e ne li ence of t)e in/'red party Emergency rule> 6 An a'tomo.ile dri$er1 #)o1 .y t)e ne li ence of anot)er1 is s'ddenly placed in an emer ency and compelled to act instantly to a$oid a collision or in/'ry is not 'ilty of ne li ence if )e maIes a c)oice
238

#)ic) a person of ordinary pr'dence placed in s'c) a position mi )t maIe e$en t)o' ) )e did not maIe t)e #isest c)oice. )octrine o .re>em1tion 6 "t is a r'le in collision cases #)ic) t)e dri$er of a motor $e)icle to maIe a f'll stop #)en crossin a t)r'4street. Any accident t)erefore #)ic) taIes place in said corner i$es to rise to t)e pres'mption of ne li ence on t)e part dri$er of t)e motor $e)icle r'nnin t)r'4street )as already reac)ed t)e middle part of t)e intersection. "n s'c) a case1 t)e ot)er dri$er #)o )as t)e ri )t of #ay )as t)e d'ty to stop )is motor $e)icle in order to a$oid a collision. ,People vs. Tarad3i, 0 #.A. 4ep. R25S 6;@) P v #ano 6 >e li ence is a A'asi4offense. 5)at is p'nis)ed is not t)e effect of t)e ne li ence .'t t)e recIlessness of t)e acc'sed. P v #arillo 6 13 yr old irl dies 3 days after s'r ery d'e to an o$erdose of >'.ain #)ic) tri ered a )eart attacI t)at ca'sed .rain dama e. =EA5: K'ilty of simple ne li ence res'ltin to )omicide. Carillo #as t)e anest)esiolo ist1 )e and )is co4acc'sed failed to monitor and pro$ide close patient care1 to inform t)e parents of t)e c)ildGs tr'e condition1 to pro$e t)at t)ey e2ercised necessary and appropriate de ree of care and dili ence to pre$ent t)e condition. ?$earano v #A 6 Con$iction of t)e acc'sed in t)e c)ar e of sli )t and less serio's p)ysical in/'ries t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence constit'tes do'.le /eopardy to t)e c)ar e of t)e crime of dama e to property t)ro' ) recIless impr'dence. L Since this is the mode of incurring criminal lia+ility, if there is only one carelessness, even if there are several results, the accused may only +e prosecuted under one count for the criminal negligence* Bo t)ere #o'ld only +e one information to .e filed1 e$en if t)e ne li ence may .rin a.o't res'ltin in/'ries #)ic) are sli )t. L Eo not separate t)e acc'sation from t)e sli )t p)ysical in/'ries from t)e ot)er material res'lt of t)e ne li ence. L "f t)e criminal ne li ence res'lted1 for e2ample1 in )omicide1 serio's p)ysical in/'ries and sli )t p)ysical in/'ries1 do not /oin only t)e )omicide and serio's p)ysical in/'ries in one information for t)e sli )t p)ysical in/'ries. Bou are not complexing slight when you 9oin it in the same information* %t is 9ust that you are not splitting the criminal negligence +ecause the real +asis of the criminal lia+ility is the negligence. L %f you split the criminal negligence, that is where dou+le 9eopardy would arise* H Acc'sed is not criminally lia.le for t)e deat) or in/'ries ca'sed .y )is ne li ence to trespassers #)ose presence in t)e premises )e #as not a#are of. "n t)e case of People vs. #$adra, #.A., 50 &.G. .2;51 acc'sed #as a tr'cI dri$er. :nIno#n to )im1 se$eral persons .oarded )is tr'cI and #)ile dri$in alon a slippery road #)ic) )as a declinations of 25 de rees1 t)e left front #)eel of t)e tr'cI fell into a ditc). "n )is effort to ret'rn t)e tr'cI to t)e center of t)e road1 t)e tr'cI t'rned t'rtle1 t)ro#in off t#o of t)e passen ers #)o .oarded t)e tr'cI #it)o't )is Ino#led e. As a conseA'ence1 one of t)em died. C'adra #as acA'itted of t)e crime of recIless impr'dence res'ltin in )omicide and p)ysical in/'ries. H ?$ertaIin of anot)er $e)icle is a normal occ'rrence in dri$in . @'t #)en t)e o$ertaIin is done from ri )t1 it s)o#s recIlessness and disre ard of traffic la#s and re 'lations. "t is liIe#ise so #)en t)e o$ertaIin is done #)ile anot)er $e)icle is approac)in from t)e opposite direction. T)is is a $iolation of Bection 5((.) of t)e Motor &e)icle 9a# ,People vs. 2ongalla, #.A., ;. &.G. 700@) H Eri$in #it)in t)e speed limit is not a 'aranty of d'e care. Bpeed limits impose t)e ma2im'm speed #)ic) s)o'ld not .e e2ceeded. T)e de ree of care reA'ired of a motorist is not o$erned .y speed limits .'t .y t)e circ'mstances and conditions o.tainin in t)e place at t)e partic'lar time. Bo1 if t)e ma2im'm speed limit is %* Iilometers per )o'r and t)e $e)icle dri$en at 3* Iilometers per )o'r1 .'t .eca'se of t)e $ery slo# pace of t)e $e)icle1 an accident occ'rs1 t)e o.ser$ation of t)e speed limit #ill not .e accepta.le e$idence of d'e care. ,people vs. #al$'a, #.A., 57 &.G. 7@;@) *orce maMeure in relation to negligence' > @orce ma9eure )as reference to an e$ent #)ic) cannot .e foreseen or #)ic) .ein foreseen1 is ine$ita.le. "t implies an e2traordinary circ'mstance independent of t)e #ill of t)e actor or perpetrator. %n
239

negligence1 t)e immediate personal )arm or dama e to property is percei$a.le and can .e pre$ented .y t)e e2ercise of reasona.le care. As t)e e$ent is foreseea.le1 t)e fail're of t)e actor to 'se reasona.le care to pre$ent )arm or dama e constit'tes recIless impr'dence or simple ne li ence. ,People vs. :lea'ar )
240

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Ar&itrary )etention <!7"= Eetention is ille al from t)e .e innin .

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Sigma Rho ( ) reviewers

Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

&ffending the 4eligio$s /eeling ,100)

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

Cou1 ,9etat Se,ition <!:6= <!:">A=

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

BeiJin or Bee en'meration in diminis)in article. state po#er.

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

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