Punjab insurgency

Punjab insurgency
Sikhism

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The insurgency in the Indian state of Punjab originated in the late 1970s, as Sikh revolutionaries alongside Khalistan proponents turned to militancy. The roots of the insurgency were very complex with the main factors being inadequate recognition of Sikhism and the Punjabi language and alleged mistreatment from the Indian Congress Government since its formation 1947. With all schools in Punjab teaching Punjabi children Hindi, parents and community leaders started to become concerned. The Punjabi Suba civil movement was started to address the language issue and restore Punjabi as the official language of Punjab. The Punjabi Suba movement was banned by the government on April 14, 1955. During this time the Sikhs were faced with much humiliation and difficulties including peaceful protesters and innocent pilgrims being beaten, hit with bricks, arrested, and temple raids. Following the Indo-Pak war of 1965 Punjabi was finally recognized as the official language of Punjab in 1966 when the Punjab land was further split into the states of Himachal Pradesh, the new state Haryana and Current Day Punjab However this did not solve all problems, the Sikh community still feeling alienated within India, put forward a resolution to address all grievances they had with the nation state of India. In 1973, the Sikhs put forward the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. Within this resolution were issues included both religious and political concerns. From easy issues of recognizing Sikhism as a religion to allowing all states within India to set local state level policies and not be forced to get permission from the central government. The Anandpur Resolution was rejected by the government but the religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale joined the Akali Dal to launch the Dharam Yudh Morcha in 1982, a peaceful march, in order to implement Anandpur Sahib resolution. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to demands such as a larger share of water for irrigation and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab. The Congress government decided to repress the mass agitation with a heavy

Punjab insurgency hand; over a hundred people were killed in the police firings.[2] The security forces arrested over 30,000 Sikhs in two-and-a-half months.[3] After this Bhindranwale suggested it was time for a militant approach with the help of arms and weapons to solve the problems of majority Punjab population leading to the beginning of the insurgency.[citation needed] On June 6, 1984 Bhindranwale was shot dead in Operation Blue Star and on October 31, 1984 Indira Gandhi was murdered by her Sikh bodyguards Satwant Singh and Beant Singh. These two events played a major role to the Sikh and Anti-Sikh violence that would consume Punjab till the early 1990s.[4]

Roots of Insurgency
Punjabi Suba Movement
In the 1950s and 1960s, linguistic issues in India caused civil disorder when the central government declared Hindi as the national language of India. For demanding Punjabi to be the official language of the Punjab a total of 12000 Sikhs were arrested for their peaceful demonstrations in 1955 including several Akali leaders including Tara Singh, Gurcharan Singh Tohra, and Jathedar of Akal Takht Achchhar Singh. The nationwide movement of linguistic groups seeking statehood resulted in a massive reorganisation of states according to linguistic boundaries in 1956. At that time, Indian Punjab had its capital in Shimla, and though the vast majority of the Sikhs lived in Punjab, they still did not form a majority. But if Haryana and Himachal could be separated Sikhs could have a Punjab in which they could form a majority of 60 per cent against the Hindus being 40 per cent. The Akali Dal, a Sikh dominated political party active mainly in Punjab, sought to create a Punjabi Suba. This case was presented to the States Reorganisation Commission established in 1953.

Economic impacts of the Green Revolution

While the Green Revolution in Punjab had several positive impacts, the introduction of the mechanized agricultural techniques led to unemployment. The unemployed youth could have been absorbed by industrial development, but the Indian government had been reluctant to set up heavy industries in Punjab due to its status as a high-risk border state with Pakistan. The resulting unemployed rural Sikh youth were drawn to the militant groups, and formed the backbone of the militancy.

Jarnail Bhindranwale and the Akalis

The second reason was attempts made by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi to use Bhindranwale to undermine the Akali Dal (Eternal Party), a political party. The strategy backfired when 13 Sikhs in Amritsars were killed in Nirankari - Sikh clash .They were holding a demonstration against the Nirankaris who with the permission of the than government holding a peaceful Congressional "Samagam" at the event of Baisakhi. Such a clash took violent shape and a total of 18 lives were lost by both the groups. After that Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale came to know about the real policy of Government and started challenging Indira Gandhi and the Indian government. According to the government, Bhindranwale and his followers became a source of disruption and mayhem, but a secret 3rd agency was also working to make Punjab situation unstable at the behest of the Government. Bhindranwale gained a lot of support from the Sikhs, rural Sikhs especially, because they felt alienated from the Indian government. Their disruptions became so bad that in 1984, Indira Gandhi had to order the Indian Army to flush out Bhindranwale and his followers who were in the Harimandir Sahib complex, Sikhism's most holy shrine, in Amritsar. The operation undertaken by the army was codenamed Operation Blue Star. Most Sikhs militants inside the complex were killed and the Akal Takht was bombed. Bullet holes are still visible in the complex.

Punjab insurgency

Militancy
A section of Sikhs turned to militancy in Punjab; some Sikh militant groups aimed to created an independent state called Khalistan through acts of violence directed at members of the Indian government, army or forces. Others demanded an autonomous state within India, based on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. A large numbers of Sikhs condemned the actions of the militants. By 1983, the situation in Punjab had become highly volatile. In October 1983, some Sikh militants stopped a bus and shot six Hindu bus passengers. On the same day, another group of extremists killed two officials on a train.:174 The Congress(I)-led Central Government dismissed its own Punjab's government, declaring a state of emergency, and imposed the President's Rule in the state. During the five months preceding Operation Blue Star, from 1 January 1984 to 3 June 1984, 298 people had been killed in various violent incidents across Punjab. In five days preceding the Operation, 48 people had been killed in the violence.:175

Operation Bluestar
Operation Bluestar which occurred between 3rd8 June 1984 was an Indian military operation, ordered by Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, to eliminate Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale from the Golden Temple in Amritsar. Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was accused of amassing weapons in the Sikh temple and starting a major armed uprising.[5] The government seemed unable to stop the violence in Punjab, Haryana, and Delhi. Indira Gandhi ordered the army to storm the temple complex in Punjab.Operation Blue Star was a mixed success. A variety of army units along with paramilitary forces surrounded the temple complex on 3 June 1984. The army kept asking the militants to surrender, using the public address system, but according to civilians inside the complex no announcements were made and the Army termed everyone inside the complex as enemies. The militants were asked to send the pilgrims out of the temple premises to safety, before they start fighting the army. However, nothing happened till 7 PM. General Brar then asked the police if they could send emissaries inside to help get the civilians out, but the police said that anyone sent inside would be killed by the militants. They believed that the militants were keeping the pilgrims inside to stop the army from entering the temple. Finally, around a hundred sick and old people were let out. These people informed the army that the others were not being allowed to come out. The army had grossly underestimated the firepower possessed by the militants. Thus, tanks and heavy artillery were used to forcefully suppress the anti-tank and machine-gun fire. After a 24 hour firefight, the army finally wrested control of the temple complex. According to the Indian Army, 136 army personnel were killed[6] and 249 injured. while insurgent casualties were 493 killed and 86 injured. Unofficial figures go well into the thousands. Along with insurgents, many innocent worshipers were caught in the crossfire. The estimates of innocent people killed in the operation range from a few hundred of people.

Anti-Sikh massacre
The Operation Bluestar inflamed the Sikh community. Many saw it as an attack on their religion and beliefs. On 31 October 1984, the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi was gunned down by her two Sikh bodyguards. In the wake of Indira Gandhi's assassination, rioting mobs allegedly led by Congress leaders, who are still facing the court cases, rampaged through the streets of Delhi and other parts of India over the next few days, killing several thousand Sikhs. The police "worked to destroy a lot of the evidence about who was involved with the killings by refusing to record First Information Reports" Hundreds more were refused because the victims wanted to name Congress leaders like Sajjan Kumar, HKL Bhagat and Jagdish Tytler. Human Rights Watch reports "In the months following the killings, the government sought no prosecutions or indictments of any persons, including officials, accused in any case of murder, rape or arson." Hundreds of murders are yet to be even registered by police. The New Delhi Police was reported to be doing nothing to stop the rioting, as was the state and central government.[] It was only after three days of rioting in the capital of the country that army was called in to restore order. As violence rose,

Punjab insurgency Punjabi Hindus were killed in just retaliation and fled their home state Punjab.

After the riots

The Anti-Sikh riots across Northern India had repercussions in Punjab. A small number ofHindus were killed by ragtag gangs of Sikh militants. Trains were attacked and people were shot after being pulled from buses. In 1987, 32 Hindus were pulled out of a bus and shot near Lalru in Punjab by Sikh and Muslim militants.[7] According to Human Rights Watch "In the beginning on the 1980s, Sikh separatists in Punjab attacked non-Sikhs in the state,.[8] Indira Gandhi's son and political successor, Rajiv Gandhi, tried unsuccessfully to bring peace to Punjab (He was not able to do so because his life was abruptly ended in an LTTE planned explosion. Between 1987 and 1991, Punjab was placed under an ineffective President's rule and was governed from Delhi. Elections were eventually held in 1992 but the voter turnout was poor. A new Congress(I) government was formed and it gave the police chief of the state K.P.S. Gill a free hand. Gill was ruthless against civilians and insurgents alike, and his methods severely weakened the insurgency movement. However, Gill's reign is regarded as one of the bloodiest in the history of the country, thousands of innocent Sikhs were killed in fake encounters and countless disappeared from their homes in the dark. His police force was also accused of crimes such as rape and torture of women and children according to several reports by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.[9]

Timeline
Date Nov 1, 1966 March 1972 October 17, 1973 April 25, 1980 June 2, 1980 Aug 16, 1981 Sept 9, 1981 Sept 29, 1981 Feb 11, 1982 April 26, 1982 Apr 11, 1982 July 1982 Aug 4, 1982 Oct 11, 1982 Nov 1982 Oct 1983 Event Sikh majority Punjab state created (India split Punjab into three states (Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pardesh) Akalis routed in Punjab elections, Congress wins Akalis demand autonomy [11] Source [10]

Baba Gurbachan Singh of Sant Nirankari sect shot dead.

[12]

Akalis lose election in Punjab Militants in Golden Temple meet foreign correspndents Jagat Narain, Editor, Hind Samachar group murdered. Separatists Hijack Indian Jetliner to Pakistan US gives Visa to Jagjit Singh Chauhan Cows' heads thrown in temple

[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] , [18][19]

USA Khalistani G.S. Dhillon Barred From India Chief Minister Darbara Singh escape assassination attempt Akalis demand autonomy and additional regions for Punjab Sikh stage protests at the Indian Parliament Longowal threatens to disrupt Asian Games 6 Hindu passengers killed

[20] [21] [22]

[23] [24]

Punjab insurgency

Feb 27, 1983 May 3, 1983 Oct 14, 1983 Oct 18, 1983 Oct 1983 Oct 7 1983 Feb 9, 1984 Feb 14, 1984 Feb 19, 1984 Feb 24, 1984 Feb 29, 1984

Sikhs permitted to carry daggers in domestic flights Bhindranwale, living in Golden Temple, talks of violence A festival bombed in Chandigarh Hindus protest bomb attack on temple Hindus pulled off from trains and buses and killed Darbara Singh removed, all religious demands met A wedding procession bombed Militants shoot and kill 5 from Golden Temple Sikh-Hindu Clashes Spread in North India 6 more people killed in Punjab Arsenal in the Golden Temple; by this time, the Temple had become the center of the 19-month-old uprising by the militant Sikhs Young militants cause fear and instability in Punjab Longowal writes- he cannot control anymore Man shot dead in temple

[25] [26] [27] [28] [29]

[30] [31] [32] [33] [34]

April 3, 1984 April 8, 1984 April 15, 1984 April 17, 1984 May 27, 1984 June 2, 1984

[35] [36] [37]

Deaths in factional fighting

[38]

Ferosepur politician killed Total media and the press black out in Punjab, the rail, road and air services in Punjab suspended. Foreigners' and NRIs' entry was also banned and water and electricity supply cut off. Army controls Punjab security Heavy fighting, Punjab shut-down from outside world. 20 Sikhs killed in Punjab following June 3 invasion, daylong battle in Amritsar Harmandir Sahib over taken by army. Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale dead 27 Sikhs killed in protests in Srinagar, Ludhiana, Amritsar after Government forces fired on protesters Weapons seized, troops fired on Reports of anti-Sikh riots and killings Delhi Negotiators close to a settlement on waters Sikh alienation, deserters, Indira Gandhi killed

[39]

June 3, 1984 June 5, 1984 June 6, 1984 June 7, 1984 June 7, 1984 June 8, 1984 June 9, 1984 June 10, 1984 June 11, 1984 June 12, 1984 October 31, 1984 November 1, 1984

[40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50]

Mass Sikh killings begin in Delhi

Punjab insurgency

November 3, 1984

Indian National Army and local police units manage to simmer the Anti Sikh Violence, a total of 2,733 Sikhs were killed in Delhi and more Sikh 2,000 killed in other towns and cities scores of Sikh women raped Sikh property worth crores of rupees looted or sacked. Sant Harchand Singh Longowal assassinated [51]

20 August 1985

September 29, 60% vote, Akali Dal won 73 of 115 seats, Barnala CM 1985 December 1, 1986 May 19, 1987 March 25, 1988 July 11, 1990 June 25, 1989 Militants kill 24 Hindu passengers

[52]

[53]

General Secretary CPI(M)Comrade Deepak Dhawan murdered brutually at Village Sangha. Tarn Taran Militants kill other Sikhs [54]

Sikh Who Promoted Truce Is Shot to Death 27 Swayamsevaks of the RSS who were participating in the daily shakha conducted at Nehru Park, Moga were shot dead by some Khalistani terrorists who came on motorcycles, raised provocative slogans and started firing indiscriminately. 80 killed by militants on two trains Congress sweeps Punjab Assembly elections

[55]

June 16, 1991 February 25, 1992 September 3, 1995 1997 June 2001 February 26, 2002 April 4, 2007

[56] [57]

CM Beant Singh killed in blast

[58]

SAD and BJP win state elections Chauhan return to India Congress wins majority in assembly

[59] [60] [61]

Jagjit Singh Chauhan, Sikh Militant Leader in India, Dies at 80

|+ Punjab Insurgancy Chronology Outline

Bibliography
The Punjab Mass Cremations Case: India Burning the Rule of Law [62]. Ensaaf. January 2007. Kaur, Jaskaran; Sukhman Dhami (October 2007). Protecting the Killers: A Policy of Impunity in Punjab, India [63] 19 (14). New York: Human Rights Watch. Lewis, Mie; Kaur, Jaskaran (October 5, 2005). Punjab Police: Fabricating Terrorism Through Illegal Detention and Torture [64]. Santa Clara: Ensaaf. Silva, Romesh; Marwaha, Jasmine; Klingner, Jeff (January 26, 2009). Violent Deaths and Enforced Disappearances During the Counterinsurgency in Punjab, India: A Preliminary Quantitative Analysis [65]. Palo Alto: Ensaaf and the Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG). Cry, the beloved Punjab: a harvest of tragedy and terrorism, by Darshan Singh Maini. Published by Siddharth Publications, 1987. Genesis of terrorism: an analytical study of Punjab terrorists, by Satyapal Dang. Published by Patriot, 1988. Combating Terrorism in Punjab: Indian Democracy in Crisis, by Manoj Joshi. Published by Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, 1993. Politics of terrorism in India: the case of Punjab, by Sharda Jain. Published by Deep & Deep Publications, 1995. ISBN 81-7100-807-0.

Punjab insurgency Terrorism: Punjab's recurring nightmare, by Gurpreet Singh, Gourav Jaswal. Published by Sehgal Book Distributors, 1996. Terrorism in Punjab: understanding grassroots reality, by Harish K. Puri, Paramjit S. Judge, Jagrup Singh Sekhon. Published by Har-Anand Publications, 1999. Terrorism in Punjab, by Satyapal Dang, V. D. Chopra, Ravi M. Bakaya. Published by Gyan Books, 2000. ISBN 81-212-0659-6. Rise and Fall of Punjab Terrorism, 1978-1993, by Kalyan Rudra. Published by Bright Law House, 2005. ISBN 81-85524-96-3. The Long Walk Home, by Manreet Sodhi Someshwar. Harper Collins, 2009. Global secutiy net 2010, Knights of Falsehood by KPS Gill, 1997

References
[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Sikhism_sidebar& action=edit [2] Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai (1 January 1991). Expanding Governmental Lawlessness and Organized Struggles. Popular Prakashan. pp. 6466. ISBN 978-81-7154-529-2. [3] Harnik Deol (2000). Religion and nationalism in India: the case of the Punjab. Routledge. pp. 102106. ISBN 978-0-415-20108-7. [4] Documentation, Information and Research Branch, Immigration and Refugee Board, DIRB-IRB. India: Information from four specialists on the Punjab, Response to Information Request #IND26376.EX, 17 February 1997 (Ottawa, Canada). [5] Operation Bluestar, 5 June 1984 (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ LAND-FORCES/ Army/ History/ 1970s/ Bluestar. html) [6] List of Martyrs in Operation Blue Star on the Official Website of the Indian Army (http:/ / indianarmy. nic. in/ Site/ martyrs/ home. aspx) [7] Gunment Slaughter 38 on Bus in India in Bloodiest Attack of Sikh Campaign. 7 July 1987. Page A03. The Philadelphia Inquirer. [8] Human Rights Watch (http:/ / hrw. org/ english/ docs/ 2007/ 10/ 18/ india17103. htm); Time for India to Deliver Justice in Punjab] [9] Amnesty (http:/ / web. amnesty. org/ library/ Index/ ENGASA200022003?open& of=ENG-IND) [10] Partition of Punjab Goes Into Effect, The New York Times, November 2, 1966 [11] http:/ / www. khalistan-affairs. org/ media/ pdf/ Anandpur_Sahib_Resolution. pdf The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Vol. 1, 1995, ed., Harbans Singh, page 133-141 [12] The New York Times, April 26, 1980. [13] Mrs. Gandhi's Party Wins Easily In 8 of 9 States Holding Elections, The New York Times, June 3, 1980 (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F10F17FB395F12728DDDAA0894DE405B8084F1D3& scp=1& sq=akali+ + 1980) [14] IN INDIA, SIKHS RAISE A CRY FOR INDEPENDENT NATION, MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, THE NEW YORK TIMES, August 16, 1981 [15] GUNMEN SHOOT OFFICIAL IN A TROUBLED INDIAN STATE, THE NEW YORK TIMES, October 18, 1981 [16] Sikh Separatists Hijack Indian Jetliner to Pakistan, MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, New York Times Sep 30, 1981 [17] Two Visa Disputes Annoy and Intrigue India, MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, The New York Times, Feb 11, 1982 [18] Dictionary of Terrorism By John Richard Thackrah, Published 2004, p. 245 [19] India Seizes 350 After Religious Clashes, New York Times, May 4, 1982 [20] Sikh Separatist Is Barred From Visiting India, New York Times, Apr 11, 1982 [21] ANGRY SIKHS STORM INDIA'S ASSEMBLY BUILDING, WILLIAM K. STEVENS,THE NEW YORK TIMES, October 12, 1982 (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F40A14FA3C5F0C718DDDA90994DA484D81& scp=1& sq=ANGRY+ SIKHS+ STORM+ INDIA'S+ ASSEMBLY+ BUILDING) [22] The Sikh Diaspora: The Search for Statehood By Darshan Singh Tatla [23] Sikhs Raise the Ante at A Perilous Cost to India, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, New York Times, Nov 7, 1982 [24] INDIAN GOVERNMENT TAKES OVER A STATE SWEPT BY RELIGIOUS STRIFE, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, October 7, 1983 [25] Concessions Granted to Sikhs By Mrs. Gandhi's Government, New York Times, Feb 28, 1983 [26] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F6071FF73E5C0C708CDDAC0894DB484D81& scp=8& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt SIKH HOLY LEADER TALKS OF VIOLENCE, WILLIAM K. STEVENSS, The New York Times, May 3, 1983 [27] Mrs. Gandhi Says Terrorism Will Fail, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, The New York Times, Oct 16, 1983 [28] Sikh Gunmen Kill Policeman in Punjab, The New York Times, Oct 18, 1983 [29] 11 PEOPLE KILLED IN PUNJAB UNREST, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, The New York Times, Feb 23, 1984 [30] General Strike Disrupts Punjab By SANJOY HAZARIKA, The New York Times, Feb 9, 1984; [31] 9 Reported Killed in India Strike Special to The New York Times New York Times (1857-Current file); Feb 15, 1984 [32] Sikh-Hindu Clashes Spread in North India, New York Times, Feb 19, 1984 [33] Sikh-Hindu Violence Claims 6 More Lives, New York Times, Feb 25, 1984 [34] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F10C17FE3F5D0C7A8EDDAB0894DC484D81& scp=14& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt Sikh Temple: Words of Worship, Talk of Warfare, New York Times, Feb 29, 1984

Punjab insurgency
[35] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F5071EFB345D0C708CDDAD0894DC484D81& scp=11& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt WITH PUNJAB THE PRIZE, SIKH MILITANTS SPREAD TERROR, New York Times, April 3, 1984 [36] SIKH WARNS NEW DELHI ABOUT PUNJAB STRIFE, New York Times, April 8, 1984 [37] http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9D01E4DA1438F936A25757C0A962948260& scp=15& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt, New York Times, April 15, 1984 [38] 3 Sikh Activists Killed In Factional Fighting, New York Times, April 17, 1984 [39] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F40616FE3F5F0C748EDDAC0894DC484D81& scp=22& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt 5 MORE DIE IN CONTINUING INDIAN UNREST, New York Times, April 17, 1984 [40] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=FB0A11FB3E5F0C708CDDAF0894DC484D81& scp=9& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt INDIAN ARMY TAKES OVER SECURITY IN PUNJAB AS NEW VIOLENCE FLARES, New York Times, June 3, 1984 [41] HEAVY FIGHTING REPORTED AT SHRINE IN PUNJAB, New York Times, June 5, 1984 [42] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F10C10FC395F0C758CDDAF0894DC484D81& scp=6& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt INDIANS REPORT DAYLONG BATTLE AT SIKH TEMPLE , New York Times, June 6, 1984 [43] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F70914FB395F0C748CDDAF0894DC484D81& scp=3& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt 308 PEOLPLE KILLED AS INDIAN TROOPS TAKE SIKH TEMPLE, New York Times, June 7, 1984 [44] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F50A1FF8395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81& scp=2& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt, SIKH CHIEFS: FUNDAMENTALIST PRIEST, FIREBRAND STUDENT AND EX-GENERAL New York Times, June 8, 1984 [45] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F10D11F9395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81& scp=4& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt SIKHS PROTESTING RAID ON SHRINE; 27 DIE IN RIOTS, New York Times, June 8, 1984 [46] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F10D11F9395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81& scp=4& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt SIKHS IN TEMPLE HOLD OUT: MORE VIOLENCE IS REPORTED; 27 DIE IN RIOTS, New York Times, June 9, 1984 [47] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F10911FE385F0C738DDDAF0894DC484D81& scp=8& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt INDIAN GOVERNMENT TAKES ON SIKHS IN A BLOODY ENCOUNTER, New York Times, June 10, 1984 [48] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F00B14FB385F0C718DDDAF0894DC484D81& scp=4& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt, New York Times, June 12, 1984 [49] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F10614FB385F0C718DDDAF0894DC484D81& scp=5& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt TEMPLE RAID PUTS SIKHS 'IN A VERY FOUL MOOD', New York Times, June 12, 1984 [50] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F1091FFF385D0C728CDDA80994DC484D81& scp=5& sq=Indira+ gandhi+ killed& st=nyt, GANDHI, SLAIN, IS SUCCEEDED BY SON; KILLING LAID TO 2 SIKH BODYGUARDS New York Times, November 1, 1984 [51] Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab,By Harnik Deol, Routledge, 2000 [52] http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9E02E5DF1239F93AA1575AC0A963948260& scp=8& sq=punjab+ election& st=nyt TEMPLE Gandhi Hails A Loss in Punjab, New York Times, September 29, 1985 [53] http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=F50711F83B550C728CDDAB0994DE484D81& scp=54& sq=punjab+ election& st=nyt TEMPLE SIKH EXTREMISTS HIJACK PUNJAB BUS AND KILL 24 PEOPLE , New York Times, December 1, 1986 [54] http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=940DE7D9173BF936A15750C0A96E948260& scp=58& sq=punjab+ election& st=nyt In Punjab, Sikh Turns Against Sikh, New York Times, March 25, 1988 [55] http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9C0CE3DB173CF932A25754C0A966958260, Sikh Who Promoted Truce Is Shot to Death, New York Times, July 11, 1990 [56] http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9D0CE7DE1539F935A25755C0A967958260& scp=3& sq=congress+ win+ punjab& st=nyt Extremists in India Kill 80 on 2 Trains As Voting Nears End, New York Times, June 16, 1991 [57] http:/ / www. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0004-4687(199211)32%3A11%3C988%3ATPE1BO%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-4 The Punjab Elections 1992: Breakthrough or Breakdown? Gurharpal Singh, Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 11 (Nov., 1992), pp. 988-999 [58] http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=990CE7DE143FF930A3575AC0A963958260& scp=2& sq=beant+ Singh+ & st=nyt Assassination Reminds India That Sikh Revolt Is Still a Threat , September 3, 1995 [59] http:/ / www. punjabilok. com/ full_coverage/ punjab_election4. htm, Main results of major parties of 1997 elections [60] http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 04/ 11/ world/ asia/ 11chauhan. html?_r=1& scp=1& sq=Bhindranwale& st=nyt& oref=slogin, New York Times, April 11, 2007 [61] http:/ / www. rediff. com/ election/ 2002/ feb/ 24_pun_agen_rep_20. htm Congress gets a simple majority in Punjab, February 24, 2002 [62] http:/ / www. ensaaf. org/ publications/ reports/ cremations. pdf [63] http:/ / www. hrw. org/ sites/ default/ files/ reports/ india1007webwcover. pdf [64] http:/ / www. ensaaf. org/ publications/ reports/ fabricatingterrorism/ fabricatingterrorism. pdf [65] http:/ / www. ensaaf. org/ publications/ reports/ descriptiveanalysis/ reportwcover. pdf

Times of India article on riots (http://info.indiatimes.com/1984/6.html) Amnesty International on Punjab lack of Justice and Impunity (http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ ENGASA200022003?open&of=ENG-IND) (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-12-02/news/ 8603310128_1_sikh-extremists-punjab-gurcharan-singh-tohra)

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