A TECHNICAL PAPER PRESENTATION ON..

Practical applications of ground improvement techniques

Presented by:

D.Vasanthi Ch.Namratha 11481A0122 11481A0118 III B.tech CE III B.tech CE Mail id:daggu asanthi!gmail. c"m Mail id:namrathcha##idi!gmail.c"m $egistrati"n.N":%t1000888 $egistrati"n.N":1000&'(

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING )*D+AVA++E$* EN)INEE$IN) C,++E)EGUDLAVALLERU.

ABSTRACT:

Ground Improvement techniques are often used to improve sub soil properties in terms of their bearing capacity, shear strength, settlement characteristics, drainage, etc. These techniques have a wide range of applicability from coarse grained soils to fine grained soils. Depending upon the loading conditions and nature of soil, a suitable technique which is also economical needs to be adopted. This paper gives the concept and theory of a few ground improvement techniques and describes the practical application of these techniques along with a case history for each of the techniques.

1 Gro und Impr ove men t ve rvie !

Ground improvement, is the modification of existing site foundation soils to provide better performance under design and/or operational loading conditions. Ground improvement techniques are used increasingly for new pro ects to allow utili!ation of sites with poor subsurface conditions. "reviously, these poor soils were considered as economically un ustifiable or technically not feasible and are often replaced with an engineered fill or location of the pro ect is changed. In short, Ground improvement is executed to increase the bearing capacity, reduce the magnitude of settlements and the time in which it occurs, retard seepage, accelerate the rate at which drainage occurs, increase the stability of slopes, mitigation of liquefaction potential, etc. Ground Improvement techniques may be broadly classified in to following categories# a $ I m p r o v e m e n t

b y d e e p v i b r a t i o n b$ Improvement by increasing effective stresses c$ Improvement by reinforceme nt d $ I m p r o v e m e n t b y s t r u c t u r a l f i l l s e $

I m p r o v e m e n t b y a d m i x t u r e s f $ I m p r o v e m e n t b y g r o u t i n g g$ Improvem ent by thermal stabili!ati on, etc. %ased on the soil conditions, a suitable method of ground improvement should be considered &eeping in view of the economic feasibility as well as the time frame. In practice, ground improvement is widely used in a broad construction spectrum from industrial, commercial and housing pro ects to infrastructure construction for dams, tunnels, ports, roadways and emban&ments. This paper presents four different ground improvement techniques along with a case history for each of the technique as an example.

" P r a c t i c a l A p p l i c a t i o n s

'.( Ground Improvement )sing *ibro compaction

+ o n c e p t o f * i b r o + o m p a c t i o n "articles of granular soil can be rearranged by vibration in such a way that they obtain a higher density. In non cohesive soils ,granular soils$, the effective depth of surface compactor and vibratory roller is limited to a few meters below ground level and the larger depths can be reached by

deep compaction methods using depth vibrators. The method is referred as *ibro compaction. The depth vibrator is lowered into the ground under its own weight assisted by water flushing from ets positioned near the tip of the vibrator ,i.e. bottom ets$. -xperience has shown that penetration is most effective if a high water flow rate is used, as opposed to high water pressure. .n reaching the designated final depth, the bottom ets are closed and flushing continued by water from ets positioned near the top of the vibrator. These ets direct water radially outward, assisting the surrounding sand to fall into the space around the vibrator. The vibrator is maintained at the final depth until either the power consumption of the vibrator reaches pre/ determined amperage or the pre/set time intervals have elapsed, typically 01231sec, whichever is the sooner. 4hen the amperage/time criterion is satisfied, the vibrator is raised to a pre/determined height, typically 1.52 (.1m, and again is held in position for the pre/set time or until the amperage reaches the target level, whichever is sooner. The vibrator is then lifted for the next compaction step and this procedure continues stepwise until the vibrator reaches the surface. 6s a result of *ibro compaction, the occured settlement may range between 57 to (57 of the compaction depth depending on the original density and the desired density. 6 schematic showing the stepwise installation process of *ibro compaction is shown in 8igure (. 4hen *ibro compaction is used for large areas, it is typically performed using either a triangular or rectangular grid pattern with probe spacing in the range of 'm to 9m c/c. The spacing depends on several factors, including the soil type, bac&fill type, probe type and energy, and the level of improvement required.

8igure (. Istallation sequence of *ibro +ompaction process : u

a l i t y + o n t r o l ; : u a l i t y 6 s s u r a n c e In general, quality management of *ibro compaction wor&s are divided into two categories, namely monitoring of compaction parameters and post/ compaction testing. The compaction parameters ,depth and power consumption$ are monitored using real/time computerised system throughout the construction process. The recorded data also printed simultaneously in real/time along with the probe reference number, date and time of compaction. This ensures proper documentation of the wor& done in order to verify desired end product is acheived. "ost/ compaction testing is performed to ensure that the specifications are met. Typically, sounding methods are used to assess the effectiveness of the *ibro compaction. Dynamic penetrometer tests ,D"T$, standard penetration tests ,<"T$ and cone penetration tests ,+"T$ can be used. 6t present, +"T is the most popular post/compaction test. It is suggested to perform post/compaction testing at least one wee& after the compaction wor& such that excess pore water reduced to the initial level before compaction. 6 p p li c a b il it y o f t h e *

i b r o + o m p a c ti o n *ibro compaction is used to increase the bearing capacity of foundations and to reduce their settlements. 6nother application is the densification of sand to mitigate the liquefaction potential in earthqua&e prone !ones. *ibro compaction may be used as a ground improvement technique to support all type of structures from emban&ments to chemical plants. The use of vibro compaction mainly depends on the type of granular soil to be compacted. Depths down to 35 m have been improved so far by using *ibro compaction technique. = i m i t a t i o n s *ibro compaction methods are most effective for sands and gravels with less than about (5 to '1 percent fines as shown in 8igure '. *ibro compaction wor&s performed for an oil storage terminal is presented below for better understanding of the technique and it>s performance

8igure '. 6pplicable soil types for *ibro +ompaction and *ibro ?eplacement

'.(.( *ibro +ompaction for )niversal Terminal at @urong Island, <ingapore " r o e c t D e s c r i p t i o n # @urong Island in <ingapore is a 0,'11 ha man/made island formed by oining several small islands through extensive land reclamation wor&s. )niversal Terminals, <ingapore is building an oil storage terminal called as )niversal Terminal, at %anyan =ogispar& on @urong Island. The )niversal Terminal, one of the world>s largest and 6sia>s biggest independent oil

storage facility, consists of A0 tan&s, ranging in diameter from (0.3m to AB.3m and having heights between (5m and ''.0m ,refer to 8igure 0$. The A0 tan&s are divided into (' tan& farms. It also includes valve manifolds, pump stations and other ancillary facilities.

8igure 0. 6rtist impression of the )niversal Terminal upon completion < o i l + o n d i t i o n s # The soil on site is made up of loose to medium dense reclaimed sand fill having thic&ness between '1m and 05m und erlai n by stiff @uro ng 8or mati on.

"rop osed Grou nd Impr ovem

ent <che me# *ibro +ompaction was proposed to compact loose granular soils and to achieve uniform level of densification. The compaction wor&s were designed and built by C/< Deller to ensure that post construction settlements are within allowable limits with adequate bearing capacity for stability. *ibro +ompaction was executed using both single and twin vibro set/up as shown in 8igure 9. *ibro +ompaction wor&s of approximately ' '11,111m area which includes areas to be used for construction of tan&s, manifolds and pump stations, was completed within a short duration of 3 months between December '115 and Cay '113 using three twin vibro rigs and two single vibro rigs.

8igure 9. Twin vibro compaction rigs during the compaction wor&s at the )niversal Terminal'.'

Ground Improvement )sing *ibro ?eplacement

+ o n c e p t *ibro +ompaction method reaches its technical limits where the fines content is high ,i.e. in excess of (5 to '17$ as the fine particles cannot respond to the vibration and necessitates the need for externally introduced reinforcement material such as gravels or stones. To overcome the limitations of the *ibro +ompaction method, *ibro ?eplacement method was first developed in (E53. In this method, a hole is created in the ground and is filled with coarse aggregate such as stones, section by section. The coarse aggregate is then densified along with the surrounding soil by repetitive use of the depth vibrator. This process produces vibro stone column that is integral to the surrounding soil. In simple terminology, the stabili!ation of soils by displacing / replacing the soil with the help of a depth vibrator, refilling the resulting space with coarse aggregates ,gravels or stones$ and compacting the same with the vibrator is referred to as *ibro ?e/placement. The resulting matrix of compacted soil and stone columns has improved load bearing and settlement characteristics. 6 schematic showing the basic concept of the *ibro ?eplacement technique is shown in 8igure 5.

8igure 5. %asic concept of *ibro ?eplacement technique

In addition to long term reinforcement effect, stone columns can also decrease the length of the drainage path in clayey soils by means of radial drainage and there by accelerating the consolidation process. +olumn diameters typically range between 1.Am and (.(m and spacing range between (.5m and '.5m. +olumn lengths depend on soils encountered on site but typically range between 3m and '1m. In exceptional circumstances where deep wea& soil deposits are found, columns have been installed to depths up to 01m. The design of the *ibro replacement is based on the loading conditions, soil parameters, properties of granular material and intended performance criteria ,"reibe,(EE5$. There are different types of installation methods available which are broadly classified as# / / / / 4et top feed method Dry bottom feed method with purpose/built base machine Dry bottom feed crane/hung method .ffshore bottom feed method

This paper highlights only the wet top feed method. The name arises from the fact that water etting is used to assist penetration and stone is fed from the top of the vibrator. In this method, a crawler crane of sufficient capacity is used to support the assembly and penetration to the required depth is assisted by the combined action of vibrations and high pressure water ets placed at the tip of the vibrator. 6fter the vibrator reaches the re/ quired depth, the stones ,typically 05mm to A5mm$ are fed to the compaction point from the ground surface with the help of a loader. This method is a partial replacement process where some of the soil is replaced and the rest is laterally displaced and compressed. This method has been

successfully used to treat wea& soils to depths of 01m. 6 schematic of the installation procedure is shown in 8igure 3.

8igure 3. Installation sequence of wet top feed method : u a l i t y + o n t r o l ; : u a l i t y 6 s s u r a n c e In *ibro ?eplacement method, quality control monitoring consists of monitoring of column construction parameters and post construction testing.

During construction, the essential parameters of the construction process ,depth, vibrator energy during penetration and compaction processes and stone consumption$ are recorded continuously as a function of time, thus ensuring the production of a continuous well compacted column. The performance of vibro stone columns is monitored using plate load tests which should be carried out by loading a rigid steel plate or cast in/ situ concrete pad big enough to span one or more columns and the intervening ground. In contrast to the more familiar load tests on piles, both the column and the tributary area of soil around the column are loaded. In addition, the performance of the treated ground to support the intended structure is evaluated based on the results of instrumentation such as rod settlement gauges, inclinometers, etc.

6 pp lic ab ilit y of th e *i br o ? ep la ce m en t The unique characteristic of the *ibro ?eplacement technique is that it is able to treat a wide range of wea& soils ranging from loose silty sands, soft marine clays, ultra soft silts and clays from mine tailings, garbage fills to peaty clays. The structures supported by *ibro ?eplacement technique have ranged from simple earth emban&ments, modern expressway emban&ments, bridge approaches, high speed railway emban&ments, marine and offshore structures, seaport / airport facilities, power plant structures, chemical plants, sewage treatment plants to large storage tan&s. The treatment purpose has been to ensure stability and bearing capacity and to limit settlements. In earthqua&e prone regions, it has also been used to mitigate liquefaction potential. = i m i t a t i o n s *ibro ?eplacement is applicable to a very wide range of soils ,refer to 8igure '$. *ibro stone columns are not suitable in liquid soils with very low undrained shear strength, because the lateral support may be too small. Fowever, vibro stone columns have been installed successfully in ultra soft soils with undrained shear strengths between 5 and (5&"a. In general, the technique is applied to strucutres with high order of

settlement tolerance. Fowever, surcharging / preloading can be considered, if a stringent settlement criteria is required. In case of very hard and/or cemented layers or well compacted surface layers, pre boring may be necessary to assist the penetration of the vibrator. 6 recent case history of a pro ect where *ibro replacement wor&s were carried out for a tan& farm is presented below. '.'.( *ibro ?eplacement 4or&s for a +rude .il Tan& 8arm at "aradeep, India " r o e c t D e s c r i p t i o n # Indian .il +orporation =imited has developed the "aradeep Faldia +rude .il "ipeline "ro ect for which a tan& farm was proposed to be built at "aradeep, .rissa. The tan& farm consists of (5 no>s of floating roof crude oil storage tan&s with 31,111m0 capacity, having AEm internal diameter and (0.5m height. < o i l + o n d i t i o n s # The subsoil consists of loose to medium dense fine sands to a depth of (1m. 6 silty clay layer of (.5m thic&ness is sandwiched between sand layers at 0m depth. %elow (1m, dense sand layers ,<"T G01 H'5$ are found. The top 0m consist of recently reclaimed fill material. "rop osed Grou nd Impr ovem ent

<che me# The purpose of the ground improvement was to limit the settlement of the tan&s to '11mm at the end of the hydrostatic tests. In addition, it was ' required to achieve a bearing capacity of (3t/m . *ibro stone columns of B11mm diameter were installed at a triangular grid spacing of 'm c/c to a depth of about (1m ,refer to 8igure A$ in order to fulfill the technical requirements. The treatment area included a !one extending 3m beyond the tan& footprint to ensure the adequate edge stability of the tan&. The success of the ground improvement by vibro replacement was underlined by the monitored final settlement at the end of the hydrostatic test, which did not exceed (11mm.

8igure A. Installation wor&s for the tan& farm at "aradeep, India

'.0 Ground Improvement )sing Deep <oil Cixing +oncept

Deep <oil Cixing ,D<C$ technology was invented almost 01 years ago and is a form of soil improvement involving the introduction and mechanical mixing of in/situ soft and wea& soils with a cementitious compound such as lime, cement or a combination of both in different proportions ,+DIT, '11'$. The mixture is often referred to as the binder. The binder is in ected into the soil either in a dry ,dry method$ or slurry ,wet method$ form. In case of dry method, the moisture in the soil is utilised for the binding process. 4hereas in the case of wet method, the slurry of grout with appropriate water/binder ratio is mixed thoroughly with in/situ soil. The technique forms columns within the treated !one whilst improving shear and compressibility parameters of the in/situ loose/soft soils. The technique ensures adequate bearing capacity whilst limiting settlement within serviceability limits. Typically undrained shear strength of the columns ranges between (11 and '111 &"a whereas load carrying capacity of the columns ranges between '1T and 51T depending on the method of mixing, characteristics of the in/ situ soil, binder content and column diameter. Depending on the type of application, following patterns as shown in 8igure B can be implemented.

8igure B. Typical patterns of Deep <oil Cixing In the deep soil mixing process, admixtures/binders are introduced into the in/situ soils througho ut the treatment depth and mixed thoroughly using large diameter single or multiple/shaft mixing tools to form columns or panels of improved material ,refer to 8igure E$. The mix/in/place columns can be up to (m or more in diameter. Typical admixtures are cement and lime, but slag / flyash and/or other additives can also be used.

8igure E. <chematic showing overall process of Deep <oil Cixing : u a l i t y + o n t r o l ;

: u a l i t y 6 s s u r a n c e 8or both wet as well as dry Deep <oil Cixing, quality control during execution is important to ensure uniform improvement of the soil and to ascertain the required amount of binder has been mixed uniformly over the entire depth of treatment. 8or this purpose, the mixing units are equipped with automated computeri!ed recording devices to measure the real/time operating pameters such as depth of mixing tool, volume or weight of binder used, flow rate of grout, rotation speed and rate of penetration and withdrawal. 6fter allowing for sufficient curing period ,typically, 0 to 9 wee&s$, the mixed columns can also be tested using single/group column plate load tests, unconfined compressive strength tests on cored/bac&flow samples, visual examination of exposed columns, etc.

6 pp lic ab ilit y of th e D ee p < oil Ci xi ng # The technology of deep soil mixing can be implemented on wide range of wea& and problematic soil types such as loose sands, soft marine clays, ultra soft slimes, wea& silty clays and sandy silts. Typical applications include foundations of emban&ment fill for roads, highways, railways and runwaysI slope stabilisation, stabilisation of cuts and excavationsI foundations for structures ,Topolnic&i, '119 and ?a u et. al., '115$. The D<C technology can also be used for vibration reduction applications and to partially reduce water paths for water tight applications. The choice of dry or wet Deep <oil Cixing largely depends on many factors such as characteristics of in/situ soil to be treated, type of structure to be founded, type of application, performance criteria, etc.

=imitations # Deep <oil Cixing technology is applicable to broad spectrum of soils, but due considerations shall be given to peaty soils with high orgranic content in terms of acheivable strength and required curing period. <ystematic series of trial mixing with varying binder contents and subsequent laboraotry tests after allowing for varying curing periods will ensure reliable design parameters such as achieved strength, required binder content and curing period. 6nother limitation of D<C technique is treatment of soils in ex/landfill areas, where large content of waste dump soils to be improved. 6 recent case history of a pro ect where Deep <oil Cixing wor&s were carried out for a sewage treatment plant is presented below. '.0.( Deep <oil Cixing 8oundation for @elutong <ewage Treatment "lant in "enang Island, Calaysia " r o e c t D e s c r i p t i o n # 6 <ewage Treatment plant is under construction in "enang Island and when completed will cater for an ultimate capacity of (.' million population equivalent. The pro ect will serve as a centrali!ed sewage treatment facility and will include (' nos. of <equential %atch ?eactor ,<%?$ tan&s and associated process tan&s. The <%? tan&s are ma or process tan&s in the entire plant and were designed as twin tan&s made up of reinforced concrete ,total 3 nos. of twin tan&s separated by very narrow gap$ supported on treated ground. The dimension of each twin tan& is approximately E1m x 31m x Am high. 6t the time of writing this paper, the building wor&s are almost completed, whilst mechanical and process installation wor&s are ongoing. < o i l + o n d i t i o n s #

The site was originally reclaimed from the sea and approximately, half of the <%? tan&s area was covered by former domestic landfill ,0m to 5m thic&$ waste dumps ,where *ibro +oncrete +olumns were constructed as the rubbish dumps cannot mixed using D<C technology$. In the remaining half of the <%? tan&s area ,where D<C technique is used$, the subsoil primarily consists of 0m to 5m thic& reclaimed fill followed by 5m to Am thic& soft marine clay. This is followed by stiff to very stiff cohesive deposits to over 51m depth. "rop osed Grou nd Impr ovem ent <che me# The original foundation design was piled foundation to over 91m depthI but this was later found to present a few undesirable construction limitations li&e noise pollution during pile drivingI requirement of pre/boring and removal of landfill materialI and transportation and storage of pre/cast piles on a congested siteI as well as relatively high cost. 6s an alternative, ground improvement techniques ,*ibro +oncrete +olumns and Deep <oil Cixing$ were utilised to support the <%? tan&s. *ibro +oncrete +olumns ,*++$ were constructed for 0 nos. of twin tan&s in the former landfill area, forming concrete pile/li&e elements by displacing the domestic waste dumps rather than requiring removal. Deep <oil Cixing columns were constructed for remaining 0 nos. of twin tan&s in the marine clay outside the landfill area which increased strength of marine clay by more than 91 times. The execution of D<C wor&s ,typically, B11mm diameter to a maximum depth of (9m$ are shown in 8igure (1. The alternative foundation system was designed to ensure adequate bearing capacity, limit the total settlement of the structure to be less than A5mm and differential settlement to be less than (#031. The technical performance of the alternative foundation system was well proven by means of factual monitoring results during hydro/testing stage.

8igure (1. Deep soil Cixing wor&s at @elutong <ewage Treatment "lant

'.9

Ground Improvement )sing "ermeation Grouting +oncept

"ermeation grouting is the in ection of a fluid grout into granular, fissured or fractured ground to produce a solidified mass to carry increased load and/or fill voids and fissures to control water flow. The process of permeation grouting is schematically represented in 8igure ((. The primary role of permeation grouting is to improve the strength, imperviousness and stiffness of soil or roc& formations. The process is quiet flexible and it can be designed with a minimal disruption at the surface and therefore, it is advantageous for use in urban areas or areas with limited access.

8igure ((. %asic concept of "ermeation Grouting During grouing process, in ection pressures are usually limited to prevent fracturing or volume change in the natural soil/roc& formation. 6s a rule of thumb, maximum in ection pressure is about '1&"a per meter of depth. %ased on the field trials and the soil conditions, the in ection pressures and the grout volumes will be ustified to meet the intended perforamance. The process is limited to relatively coarse/grained soils ,refer to 8igure (0$, so as to enable the grout to flow through the formation to replace the void spaces or oints. "articulate grouts ,e.g. cement or bentonite$ are generally used for medium to coarse grained sands, such that the particles in the grout easily percolate through the formation. Cicro fine cement is also used for fine grained sands where .rdinary "ortland +ement cannot percolate through the formation.. +hemical grouts ,e.g. silicates$ are used in formations with smaller pore spaces, but are limited to soils coarser than fine grained sands. The typical spacing for permeation grouting holes is between 9 to B feet The process of permeation grouting is schematically shown in 8igure ('. 8irst, a borehole is drilled to the required depth and the grout pipe ,T6C pipe$ is lowered into the subsurface where permeation grouting to be carried out. The grout is pumped down the hole or upward through the T6C pipe and e ected from a no!!le at the end to permeate into the surrounding soil. .nce the termination criterion ,pressure or volume$ as per the design has been met, the grout rod is raised and the in ection process continues at the next level.

8igure ('. <chematic showing process of "ermeation Grouting

: u a l i t y + o n t r o l ; : u a l i

t y 6 s s u r a n c e =i&e any other grouting improvement process, the quality control during permeation grouting is very important to ascertain the effectiveness of the technique. 6s such, the process parameters such as grout pressure, flow rate, volume of grout for corresponding depth are monitored through out the construction process. "ost construction in/situ permeability tests are conducted after sufficient curing period to validate the effectiveness of permeation grouting. 6pp lica bilit y of the "er me atio n Gro utin g The "ermeation Grouting is very effective in sands, gravels, coarser si!e materials ,e.g. boulders and cobbles$ and fissured/ ointed/ fractured roc& formations ,refer to 8igure (0$. The technique is well suited for a wide variety of applications, such as foundation retrofitting, dam rehabilitation, subsidence and liquefaction mitigation, contaminant containments and barriers, tunneling and mining operations, offshore construction, etc. 6pplications can be categori!ed into the following general areas, site improvement, foundation rehabilitation, excavation support, groundwater control, and contaminant/pollution control ,Darol ,(EE1$.

= i m a t a t i o n s "ermeation grouting is not suitable in cohesive soils such as silts and clays. The other types of grouting techniques such as fracturing grouting and et grouting can be considered to improve such soils. 6 recent case history where "ermeation Grouting wor&s were executed for a dam pro ect is presented below.

'.9.( 6lluvium permeation grouting wor&s for Teesta =ow Dam# India " r o e c t D e s c r i p t i

o n

#
The Gational Fydro "ower +orporation =td is developing Teesta =ow Dam ,<tage/I*$, Fydro "ower "lant at Dali hora, 4est %engal, India. The +onstruction of the dam required to form a "ermeation Grout curtain in the coffer dam, to allow the excavation wor&s and the construction activities of the proposed dam. The layout of the coffer dam for this stage and the proposed grout curtain are presented in the 8igures (9 and (5..

8igure (9. =ayout of the "ermeation Grout curtain along the coffer dam

8igure (5. +ross <ection of the coffer dam and proposed grout curtain < o i l + o n d i t i o

n s # The <oils of the coffer dam consisted of a typical river bed material with boulders intermixed with silty sand. The permeability of the coffer dam /0 /9 formed with these natural soils was in the range of (1 to (1 m/sec and /3 the target permeability was set to be (1 m/sec. "rop osed Grou nd Impr ovem ent <che me# The trial grouting wor&s were carried out to establish a grid pattern suitable to the existing soil conditions in order to achieve the desired imperviousness, before commencement of the actual wor&s. The grout curtain was formed from the coffer dam surface and soc&eted (m into the bed roc&. 8or this purpose a total of (,9'1 holes were drilled in the coffer dam in three rows. The height of the grout curtain ranged from about '1m at the dy&e portion and reduced to 5m towards the up/stream. The variation is due to the non/uniformity in the roc& head levels. The grouting was carried out from bottom to the surface progressively at predetermined steps, pressures and grout volumes which were established after the initial site trial. %asic grout material consisted of cement in the outer rows and <ilica gel in the middle row with some additives. The effectiveness of the grout curtain was demonstrated by means of in/situ permeability tests, which recorded the average permeability values to be /A about (1 m/sec.

"$%

Conclusions

Ground Improvement techniques forms technically sound and cost effective solution where the sub soils are wea& and needs to be treated to enable the intended construction. Its applicability has been proven in the recent past for a wide range of structures such as roads, runways, ports, power plants, railways, dams, slope stabili!ation, excavations, tunneling and other infrastructure facilities ,?a u *.?. ,'119$. These techniques have been used all over the world for a wide range of soils starting from loose sands, silts, marine clays to wea& roc&s. %ased on the soil conditions, loading intensity and intended performance, an appropriate ground improvement technique can be designed to attain the desired performance.

" $ & R e f e r e n c e s
+oastal Development Institute of Technology ,+DIT$ ,'11'. The Deep Cixing Cethod/ "rinciple, Design and +onstruction, 6. 6. %al&ema "ublishers. Darol, ?.F. (EE1. +hemical Grouting#

Carcel De&&er Inc., Gew Jor& ,)<6$, 935 p. "riebe, F.@. (EE5. The Design of *ibro ?eplacement, Ground -ngineering, December, pp. 0(/0A. ?a u, *.?, 6bdullah 6.. '115. Ground Treatment )sing Dry Deep <oil Cixing for a ?ailway -mban&ment in Calaysia. "roc. Int. +onf. on Deep Cixing best "ractice and ?ecent 6dvances, <toc&holm ,<weden$. ?a u, *.?., 4egner, ?. Fari&rishna, J. '119. Ground Improvement using th *ibrotechniques in 6sia (EE9 2 '119 2 6 (1 yrs review, 5 International +onference on Ground Improvement Techniques, Calaysia, '119. Topolnic&i, C. '119. In/situ <oil Cixing, Ground Improvement ,'nd -dition$, -dited by Coseley, C.". and Dirsch, D, <pon "ress. '119, pp. 00(/9'B.