VOCABULARY

Unit 1
format - brainchild - stumbled across quandaries - phobias - succinct position eavesdrop exhaustion - thrill awkward - relieve fascination impression - satisfaction generosity - anxiety embarrassment, - disappointment - nervousness similarity frustration caution eccentric flexiblegenuine mean moody naive sympathetic - trustworthy - witty enrolment - sign in - refundable - matinee served limited keep myself to myself geek tight-fisted people person to be particular about (something) pull your waight (around) down-to-earth being out until the early hours a good laugh get into...(something, like talikng etc.)

Unit 2
pollution famine - homelessness obesity - drug abuse drunkenness - divorce - drought - debt - domestic violence poverty - lack of drinking water flood earthquake drought forest fire landslide tornado tsunami volcanic eruption global urban rural domestic industry politics economics speed - accountable deterrent - invasion - law-abiding - recognition - log monitors - microchip - keep track street level cameras CCTV cameras - nuber plate recognition illegal - sensible unethical - justifiable - inevitable disturbing - outrageous inoffensive increase - decrease export - import - permit - appeal - sponsors - present produce - project suspect substitute - a crash course - would-be - plausible - go grey - go undercover - blend in - confide in eye-opening against it - in favour of it agree to some extent to have a point not so sure convinced seems to fair enough according to like such as for instance

INDIRECT QUESTIONS
2 types of questions: 1) direct questions word order: question word (what, why, where) + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb *exceptions: subject questions - question word + affirmative form of the verb (who + verb + adverb) *prepositions in questions usually come at the end 2) indirect questions - used for personal or more polite questions word order: introductory phrase + question word + affirmative form *in yes/no questions use if/whether + affirmative form

PRESENT & PAST TENSES

PRESENT SIMPLE formation: infinitive + -s for the 3rd person singular - verbs ending in ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z -o add es e.g. kisses, pushes, teaches, boxes, buzzes, goes, does - when y follows a consonant we change it into i and add es e.g. cry + es = cries Uses: - permanent facts, habitual and repeated actions - with verbs that perform the action they describe, verbs describing attitudes and feelings - newspaper headlines, commentaries, reports, recipes, jokes, stories, instructions - timetables & schedules Adverbs used: always, often, sometimes, usually, constantly, continually, every (week), on (Mondays), (twice) a week, occasionally, never PRESENT CONTINUOUS formation: to be (present tense) + present participle am, are, is verb + -ing - if a verb ends in e it is dropped before ing. exceptions: age (ageing); dye (dyeing); singe (singeing); and verbs ending in ee (agree agreeing, see seeing) - If a verb consists of one syllable and single vowel and ends in a consonant, this consonant is doubled before ing. e.g. hit - hitting uses: - Action being performed at the very moment of speaking, action happening about this time, but not necessarily at the moment of speaking, temporary actions - when we talk about changes, developments and trends, definite arrangement in the near future - to emphasize (especially if that frequent action is annoying) adverbs used: at the moment, now, at present, currently, still PRESENT PERFECT formation: have/has (present tense) + past participle (verb + -ed) uses: action completed in the past having results in the present, recent actions, time clauses action that has been repeated a number of times up to now, actions occurring in an incomplete period of time, or when we do not have definite time in the past adverbs used: already, yet, not yet, just, ever, never, since, lately, recently, once, twice, several times, often, for, up till now, so far. SINCE From a point in the past to the time of speaking FOR Period of time , not terminated

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS formation: have/has (present tense) + past participle of to be (been) + present participle (verb + -ing) uses: - describes an action or situation in progress from the past, up to the present and still continuing. - emphasizes the length of time f the action

PAST SIMPLE formation: past participle (verb + -ed) uses: - action finished in the past - regarding to some previous event or action when time is unknown

PAST CONTINUOUS formation: past simple of to be (was/were) + present participle (verb + -ing) uses: - action that was happening in the past when some other action interupted it, or in the stated time, - paralel with few simultanious actions, for description adverb used: when

PAST PERFECT formation: past simple of to have (had) + past participle (verb + -ed) uses: - the action that happened before other past action - evidence of the other past action

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS formation: past simple of to have (had) + past participle of to be (been) + present participle (verb + -ing) uses: - duration of the action in the past compared to a certain moment in the past (or up to specific time in the past) - as equivalent to present perfect continuous but for past action - past action wich had visible results in the past

PASSIVE
formation: verb to be (of the required tense) + past participle (of transitive verbs)

same tense as in active sentence

transformation: active sentence object

verbs that need an object

pasive sentence same tense becomes subject (expresed only if its very important)

construction of passive sentence: 1) passive + infinitive 2) it + passive + that clause uses: - when the object of the verb, rather then the subject (the agent), is in the focus of the sentence - when agent is obvious, not important, or unknown - to create a distance between the agent an the action, for example to avoid responsibility - in more formal texts (e.g. academic writing, business reports) and certain text types (e.g. newspaper articles, radio/ tv news)