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Of creations, I am the beginning, the middle and the end; Of knowledge I am knowledge of the Supreme Self; The Gita, Among speakers, I am words that are unbiased and in Ch10:32 pursuit of truth
Population is basic to production and distribution of material wealth. In order to plan for, and implement, economic and social development, administrative activity or scientific research, it is necessary to have reliable and detailed data on size, distribution and composition of population. Population census is a primary source of these basic benchmark statistics, covering not only the settled population but also homeless persons and nomadic groups. Data from population censuses should allow presentation and analysis in terms of statistics on persons and households and for a wide variety of geographical units, ranging from the country as a whole to individual small localities, city wards and villages.
1.2 HISTORY
The earliest references of Census in India can be traced back to the Mauryan period in Kautilayas Arthashastra (321-296 BC) and later during the Mughal period in the writings of Abul Fazl (1595-96) in the Ain-e-Akbari. Census, in its present scientific form was conducted non synchronously between 1865 and 1872 in different parts of the country. This effort culminating in 1872 has been popularly labelled as the first Census of India. However the first synchronous Census in India was carried out in 1881. An unbroken chain of censuses since then gives the Indian Census a unique historical legacy unparalleled in the world. Census 2011 is the fifteenth Census in this continuous series from 1872 and the seventh since Independence.
800-600 BC
321-296 BC 1595-96 1872 (1865-1872) 1881 1951
15th since 1872, 7th since Independence
1.3 METHODOLOGY
The Census of India is conducted once in a decade, following an extended de facto canvasser method. Under this approach, data is collected from every individual by visiting the household and canvassing the questionnaire all over the country, over a period of three weeks. The count is then updated to the reference date and time by conducting a Revisional Round. In the Revisional Round, changes in the entries that arise on account of births, deaths and migration between the time of the enumerators visit and the reference date/time are noted down and the record is updated. In Census 2011, for Madhya Pradesh the first phase of House listing Operations or Housing Census was completed between 7th May to 22nd June 2010. The second phase of canvassing questionnaire for Population Enumeration was conducted from 9th to 28th of February 2011. Enumeration of the houseless population was done on the night of 28th February. Revisional Round was then conducted from 1st to 5th March 2011 and the count updated to the Reference Moment of 00:00 hours of 1st March 2011.
and population of up to 800. Each enumeration block is allotted to an enumerator and a supervisor looks after a Supervisory Circle comprising of five or six enumeration blocks. Census 2011 was successfully conducted in the state with the help of about 1.5 lac enumerators and supervisors.
Administrative unit
Divisions Districts Tahsils Community Development Blocks Number of Villages Number of Towns
2001
9 45 259 313 55,393 394
2011
10 50 342 313 54,903 476
Statutory town is a notified urban area. Census Town is a village with minimum population of 5000; population density of at least 400 persons/sq km; and where at least 75% of male main workers are engaged in non-agricultural activities. Outgrowth (OG) is an adjoining rural area to a statutory town with urban characteristics. Urban agglomeration (UA) is a continuum of a town and its adjoining OG; or two or more contiguous towns together and any adjoining OGs of such towns; or a continuous spread of a city with one or more adjoining towns and their OGs. Minimum total population of UA should be 20,000 with atleast one statutory town in it.
Next important step as part of pre-census activities was finalisation of the Rural-Urban frame. This exercise helped to prepare a complete up to date list of Statutory and Census Towns and villages as urban and rural areas respectively. The demarcation of Out-Growths of Towns and Urban Agglomerations was also taken up as a part of this exercise. Overall 374 Statutory Towns, 112 Census Towns, 37 Urban Agglomerations and 86 Out Growths were identiied in Census 2011 for the state of Madhya Pradesh.
RGI AND PS(HOME) IN CONFERENCE ON CENSUS 2011 : IMPORTANCE AND UTILITY FOR GOVERNMENT STAKEHOLDERS
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PRINTING
A feature that makes the Indian Census particularly complex is that the schedules are canvassed in 16 languages and the Instruction Manuals are developed in 18 languages. Since Madhya Pradesh is a Hindi speaking state, all the census material viz. Instruction Manuals, Abridged House list, Household Schedules for National Population Register, Houselisting and Housing Census Schedules, Household Schedules for Population Enumeration and other census material were printed in Hindi language. All the schedules required for the state were printed centrally in high end presses having facility of variable printing and very high production volumes. Other census materials were printed in the Central Government Press in Faridabad and in the State Government Press of Madhya Pradesh.
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STATE LEVEL
Liaisoning with various departments of the State Government was made possible with the help of a committee under the chairmanship of Chief Secretary, constituted with Principal Secretaries and Secretaries of different departments of the State Government as members. Other invited members included the State Representative of UNICEF. Concomitant circulars for census planning, budget, management, human resources, training and publicity were issued by the departments of Home Affairs, Finance, General Administration, Health, Education, Urban development, Forest, Rural Development, PRIs and Social Welfare.
DISTRICT LEVEL
District Census group was constituted under the chairmanship of Collector for proper management of census operations at the district level. Heads of different departments of district administration including Chief Executive Officer of Zila Panchayat, District Planning Officer, District Education Officer, Deputy Directors of different departments, Sub-Division Officers, Charge Officers and Civil Society Organisations (CSO) were members. Weekly meetings were held to review the census work.
VILLAGE/WARD LEVEL
Census groups at Village and Ward level were constituted to provide the element of community participation, local wisdom and popular support to census operations at the grass roots. The group in a village was headed by the Sarpanch of Gram Panchayat with members including members of the Village Development Committee, Forest Committee (in forest areas), Project Committee (wherever there are development projects), Self Help Groups, village level workers like Patwari (local revenue official), Secretary of Village Panchayat, Asha, Anganwadi Workers and Village Kotwar (local watchman). In wards of urban bodies the members included the Ward Counsellors, Secretaries of Housing Societies and Ward Officials.
CSOs working in the state and helped evolve strategies for coverage of deprived sections like people with disabilities, shelterless and nomadic population, primitive tribes and people living in forest areas or urban slums in Census 2011. Second workshop on Census 2011: Importance and Utility was held on 21st January, 2011 for government stakeholders which was presided over by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India and Principal Secretary (Home) to State Government and was attended by Principal Secretaries/ Secretaries of different departments of the State Government and District Census Officers. Third workshop on Role of Media in Census was held on 4th February, 2011 to sensitize the media on the importance of census and to discuss the role in educating the people at large about census.
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District Census Officers, City Census Officers, Charge Officers and Master trainers were trained in this way. The trainings were conducted by the faculty of trained National Trainers (NTs) and MTFs drawn from the Directorate and CARD (CSO).
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STATE LEVEL
Media and publicity plan was prepared at the Directorate and all the districts of the state, using separate strategies for rural and urban areas. Appeals to general public for co-operation in census were issued by His Excellency the Governor and Honourable Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh and were published on the first day of operations during both the phases of Census 2011. In order to create popular awareness about census in public, appeals from national and state level brand ambassadors were used in creatives and designs of publicity material, while their endorsements were broadcast on radio and television. Mr. Gulzar (poet and lyricist) rendered a special couplet for Census 2011 in Madhya Pradesh, and appealed for the enumeration of people with disabilities. Theme based posters, banners, stickers and hoardings were prepared with help of a professional agency, Madhyam (State Publicity Corporation) and support of the state office of UNICEF. They were extensively used in cities and villages, on airports, railway and bus stations, on public transport, government and private vehicles and ATM machines (Punjab National Bank) for creating mass awareness. Census 2011 also made use of internet social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to make available census related information for the net-savvy sections of society. Directorate launched its own website, set up Madhya Pradesh census page on Facebook and started a channel on YouTube with census related videos. A special video spot on people with disabilities was prepared in collaboration with Arushi and UNICEF. Various other audio and video spots were produced and broadcast over All India Radio, local FM channels and Doordarshan. The spots were adopted nationally and broadcast in all Hindi speaking states. These were also used on cable television networks and cinema halls across the state. Talk shows were organised in the studios of All India Radio, FM channels, Doordarshan and Gyan Darshan (IGNOU radio channel) Mobile telephone networks were used to send bulk Short Message Service (SMS) with census slogans to mobile phone users for mass awareness about census enumeration with complementary support of mobile companies like BSNL, Airtel, Reliance and Tata Indicom. Census slogans were also printed on electricity bills with the support of electricity distribution companies, and census stickers were pasted on packets of milk products by the State Milk Federation. In the parade and celebrations held on the Republic day in the State Capital as well as in many districts, census tableaus depicting various themes of Census of 2011 were displayed. The directorate also organized a car rally for the blind at Bhopal in collaboration with Arushi and other sponsors of the event like Sight savers. The rally was unique in that while the cars were driven by volunteers of Bhopal city in their own vehicles, the blind people - who came from all over the state - were navigators and were given codes in Braille to chart the rally route. A photo exhibition on disability with Gulzars couplets was displayed at various locations in Bhopal city, including the Secretariat and the Vidhan Sabha. The events were well covered in the media and helped in enumeration coverage of people with disabilities in Census 2011.
Tumhara haq hai, tum ginti mein aao Jo bhi ho, Jaise bhi ho, naam likhao
Gulzar
Code
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Census 2011
Grass/thatch/bamboo Plastic/polythene Mud/unburnt brick Wood Stone packed with mortar Stone not packed with mortar GI/metal/asbestos sheets Burnt Brick Concrete Any Other
Code
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
(ii) Type of roof: The Codes for material of roof have been modified by distinguishing handmade tiles from machine made-tiles. The codes used in Census 2011 compared to the Census 2001 are given below: Census 2001
Grass/thatch/bamboo/wood/ mud etc. Plastic/polythene Tiles Slate GI/metal/asbestos sheets Brick Stone Concrete Any Other
Code
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Census 2011
Grass/thatch/bamboo/wood/mud etc. Plastic/polythene Hand made tiles Machine made tiles Burnt brick Stone Slate GI/metal/asbestos sheets Concrete Any other
Code
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
(iii) Main source of drinking water: The heading of the question has been changed from Drinking water source to Main source of drinking water. Drinking water cannot be classified as safe or unsafe without proper testing. However an attempt has been made for improving the categorisation of the sources of drinking water through provision of separate codes for tap water from treated source and tap water from untreated source. The set of codes as used in Census 2011 and the corresponding Census 2001 Codes are as follows: Census 2001 Drinking Water Source
Tap Handpump Tubewell Well Tank/pond/lake River/canal Spring Any Other
Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
(iv) Source of Lighting: The heading has been modified as Main Source of Lighting (v) Bathing facility within premises: Realising that bathroom within the house was a predominantly urban phenomenon, the heading has been changed as bathing facility within the premises. Moreover, the categories have been expanded to include Enclosure without roof. The code list for the Census 2011 along with codes as were in Census 2001 are given below: Census 2001
Yes No
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Code
1 2
Census 2011
Bathroom Enclosure without roof No
Code
1 2 3
Code
0 1 2 3
Census 2011
Flush/pour flush latrine connected to Piped sewer system Septic system Other system Pit Latrine With slab/Ventilated Improved Pit Without slab/open pit Night soil disposed into open drain Service Latrine Night soil removed by human Night soil serviced by animals No latrine within premises Public Latrine Open
Code
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
(vii) Computer: This is a new question. Computer and internet penetration in the country is still a matter of conjecture as there are no authentic sources for this data. The Census 2011 would give rich data on this, which would be a vital input for policy planning. The codes for the new question in Census 2011 are as follows: Census 2011
Computer/Laptop possessed Yes With Internet Without Internet No 1 2 3
Code
(viii) Telephone: The scope of the question on Telephone has been expanded to separately include Mobile Phone also. With the rapid expansion of Mobile Phone coverage, traditional land line telephones have become less attractive. The present Census would give rich data on this aspect. The codes in Census 2011 are as follows: Census 2001 Telephone
Yes 1
Code
Code
1 2 3 4
No
Both No
QUESTIONS DROPPED
a) Household engaged in cultivation/plantation : The following question was canvassed in Census 2001: Total net area of land under cultivation/plantation ; Net area of irrigated land and Tenure status of land under cultivation/plantation. The question was canvassed but could not be tabulated on account of widespread non-response. There were also other technical problems like, variation in the units of measurment, comparability with other sources of data namely, the Agricultural Census, land holding survey of the NSS, etc. Hence it was decided to drop this questions in Census 2011. b) A comparision of the questions proposed in Census 2011 with the questions canvassed in Census 2011 is presented below.
Sl. No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Census 2001
Name of person Relationship to head Sex Age in completed years Current marital status Age at marriage Religion Mother tongue Other languages known Literacy status Highest educational level attained Status of attendance in educational institution Disability Did the person work any time last year For main or marginal worker
Census 2011
Name of the person Relationship to head Sex Date of Birth Current marital status Age at marriage Religion Mother tongue Other languages known Literacy status Highest educational level attained Status of attendance in educational institution Disability Worked any time during last year
Remarks
No Change No Change Provision for returning a gender other than male or female Date of Birth in addition to age Seperate code for Divorced and Seperated No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change Seperate Code for persons who have never attended and who have attended before Question modified. Three questions instead of one. Additional code for two types of marginal workers (3-6 months, less than 3 months) No Change No Change No Change No Change Adding a seperate code for rentiers No Change
15 16 17 18 19 20
Category of economic activity Occupation of the person Describe in detail the nature of industry, trade or service Class of worker For marginal workers or non-workers Record Code of non-economic activity Is the person seeking/available for work For other workers Journey to place to work Distance from residence to place of work in kilometers Mode of travel to place of work (Code) Birth place Place of last residence At the time of migration, was the place of last residence Rural/Urban Reason for migration of this person Duration of stay in this village or town since migration For ever married woman Number of children surviving at present Total no. of children ever born alive For currently married woman Number of children born alive during last one year For household engaged in cultivation/ plantation Total net area of land under cultivation/ plantation For currently married woman Net area of irrigated land Tenure status of land under cultivation/ plantation
Work category Occupation Nature of industry, trade or service Class of worker Non-economic activity Seeking/available for work
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
One way distance from usual residence to place of work in kilometers Mode of travel to place of work (Code) Birth place Place of last residence At the time of migration, was the place of last residence Rural/Urban Reason for migration of this person Duration of stay in this village or town since migration Number of children surviving at present Total no. of children ever born alive Number of children born alive during last one year
No Change No Change Name of village/town is also added Name of village/town is also added No Change No Change No Change
29 30 31
32
Dropped
33 34
22
Dropped Dropped
Net omission rates (per thousand persons) at the All-India level - by sex and residence - are presented below:
Sex 1981
Persons Males Females 18.0 17.1 18.8
Total 1991
17.6 17.3 17.9
Rural 2001
23.3 23.5 23.1
Urban 2001
16.8 16.2 17.5
1981
15.0 13.8 16.3
1991
16.8 16.0 17.7
1981
27.6 27.7 27.5
1991
19.8 21.1 18.3
2001
39.8 41.5 37.9
1.23 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Census is one of the largest administrative exercises in our country and requires extensive co-ordination and management on a monumental scale. I acknowledge the help, support and co-operation of each of those people and dignitaries who helped to make it a success. On the eve of commencement of the house listing operation and population enumeration His Excellency, the Governor of Madhya Pradesh and the Honourable Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh issued appeals for the people of Madhya Pradesh to provide complete and correct information in census. Honble CM also wrote to the Ministers, MPs, MLAs and Chair-persons of Zilla Panchayats to elicit their participation in the census. Honble Home Minister of the state in turn wrote to Mayors and Chair-persons of municipal bodies. I express my sincere gratitude to them. I am grateful to Chief Secretary, Mr Avani Vaish and Principal Secretary, Department of Home Affairs, Mr Ashok Das (and earlier, Mr Rajan Katoch) for their unstinted guidance and support to the successful completion of Census 2011 in the state. My thanks to Additional Chief Secretary, Department of Forest; Principal Secretaries of the Departments of Finance, General Administration, Education, Revenue, Labour and Tribal Welfare; Chief Post Master General (CPMG) of the state; Secretaries/ Commissioners of Departments of Rural Development, Urban Development, Social Welfare, Rajya Shiksha Kendra (SSA), Revenue (and Controller Government Press), Public Relations, National Rural Health Mission, Excise, Treasuries; Managing Directors of Milk Federation, Tourism Development Corporation, Madhayam; Chairmen and Managing Directors of Electricity Distribution Companies; Chief General Manager (BSNL); Regional Director (IGNOU); Regional Manager (Punjab National Bank); Station Directors of All India Radio and Doordarshan and Deputy director (Press Information Bureau) for extending support of their departments and organisations for census operations. Thanks are also due to all the senior officers of State Government who toured the state, inspected the field operations and provided valuable guidance to the district officials. I am grateful to Secretary (Home) and Nodal Officer for Census 2011 for enabling co-ordination with the State Government. Ms. Seema Sharma, Mr. Chandrahas Dube, Mr. V M Upadhyay and Mr. Vijay Kataria officiated as nodal Officers from time to time. The longest tenure of Mr Chandrahas Dube, his pragmatic and pro-active approach left a lasting impact on census. All out support of all the nodal officers was of great help in the successful conduct of Census 2011 in the state. Special thanks to State Information Officer (National Informatics Centre) and his dedicated team who arranged the video conferences, hosted the website and designed the Census MIS in a very short time. This monumental task was made possible by the leadership and involvement of Divisional Commissioners, District Collectors and Principle Census Officer, Commissioners of municipal corporations and Principal Census Officers; and the hard work of Divisional Census officers, District Census Officers, Additional District Census Officers, City Census Officers, Additional City Census Officers, Charge Officers and Special Charge Officers. All MTFs, MTs, census enumerators and supervisors must be appreciated for their pains taking efforts in the field. I am indebted to Mr. Gulzar (poet & lyricist) and Ms Divyanka Tripathi (Actor) for complementarily endorsing the mass publicity campaign as State Census Ambassadors. Their popular appeals went a long way in eliciting support of one and all in the state.
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SACHIN SINHA
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