TRANSFORMERS

Dr. Hariharan Muthusamy, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis(UniMAP)

INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy is generated from hydro-electric, nuclear, diesel, or thermal power stations. It is to be transmitted to villages, towns and cities. Transmission of electrical energy at high voltages is economical, therefore some means are required for stepping up the voltage at generating stations and stepping down the same at the places where it is to be used. Electrical apparatus Transformer. used for this purpose is

INTRODUCTION (Contd.)
Transformer is an AC machine that transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another without a change of frequency and by the principle of electro-magnetic induction Has electric circuits that are linked by a common magnetic circuit. It is also called as Static Transformer, since there is no moving part. When the output voltage of a transformer is higher than its input voltage, it is called the Step-up Transformer and when it lowers the voltage it is called the Step-down Transformer.

BASIC CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER

Transformer consists of a soft iron or steel core and two windings. The windings are insulated from both the core and each other.

The core is built up of thin soft iron or silicon steel laminations to provide a path of low reluctance to the magnetic flux. The winding connected to the supply main is called primary and the winding connected to the load circuit is called the secondary. WORKING PRINCIPLE When the primary winding is connected to an AC supply mains, a current flows through it and produces alternating flux in the core. Since the flux is alternating and links with the secondary winding also induces an EMF in the secondary winding.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
Core type Shell type

Core type Windings surround a considerable part of the core. Shell Type The core surrounds a considerable portion of the windings

EMF equation
The induced EMF from the transformer is proportional to the product of number of turns N and the rate of change of flux d
dt

Magnetic flux increases from its zero to its maximum value,max = Bm x A dt =1/4f second d = / (1/4) f Average rate of change of flux, max dt = 4 f max

Since average induced EMF is equal to the product of the number of turns and rate of change of flux Average induced EMF(Eav) = N * d = N *4 f max
dt

Since the flux varies sinusoidally, therefore, the RMS induced EMF is 1.11 times of average induced EMF ERMS = 1.11 * 4Nfmax = 4.44 Nfmax Volts If the number of turns on primary and secondary windings are N1 and N2 respectively, then induced EMFs in primary and secondary windings are given as E1 = 4.44 N1fmax volts and E2 = 4.44 N2fmax volts.

In an ideal transformer the voltage drop in primary and secondary windings is negligible. So E1 will be approximately equal and opposite to V1 and terminal voltage V2 will be approximately equal to E2 and Voltage ratio = V2/V1= E2/E1

4.44f N 2 max N 2 4.44f N 1 max N 1

Voltage Transformation Ratio (K) The ration of secondary voltage to the primary voltage is known as transformation ratio (K). Voltage transformation ratio(K) = V2/V1= E2/E1 = N2/N1= K

If N2 > N1 i.e., K > 1, then transformer is called step-up transformer. If N2 < N1 i.e., K <1, then transformer is called step-down transformer. For an ideal transformer ( losses are negligible) Input VA= output VA V1 I1 = V2 I2 I2 / I1 = V1 / V2 = (1/K), From the above equation, primary and secondary currents are inversely proportional to their respective turns

Problem 1: A sinusoidal flux 0.02 wb (maximum) links with 55 turns of a transformer secondary coil. Calculate the RMS value of the induced EMF in the secondary. The supply frequency is 50Hz. Solution: RMS value of induced EMF in the secondary E2 = 4.44 fmax N2 Volts = 4.44 x 50 x 0.02 x 55 = 244. 2 V

Problem 2: A single phase transformer has 350 primary turns and 1050 secondary turns. The net cross sectional area of core is 55 cm2. If the primary winding be connected to a 400V, 50Hz single phase supply, calculate the maximum value of flux density in the core and the voltage induced in the secondary. Solution: Maximum value of flux in the core, E1 400 max =
4.44f N 1 4.44 x 50 x 350

0.005148 wb

Cross-sectional area of the core, a = 55 cm2 = 0.0055 m2 Peak value of flux density in the core, Bmax = max / a = 0.936 wb/m2 Number of secondary turns, N2 = 1050 Voltage induced in secondary, E2 = E1 x (N2/N1) = 400 x (1050/350) = 12oo V

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS Three single phase transformers have each a primary winding upon one leg. These transformers are symmetrically wound and each winding is connected to one wire of a 3 phase system. The three core are placed 120o apart so that the empty legs of the three are in contact. The centre-leg formed by these three, carries the flux produced by the three phase currents I1 , I2, and I3. At any instant, I1 + I2 +I3 = 0, hence the sum of three fluxes is also zero. Three phase core type transformer Three phase shell type transformer.

3-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Advantages: Considerably less weight Occupy less floor space and costs less than 3 single phase transformers of equal rating. Disadvantages: If one of the phase becomes defective, then whole of transformer is to be replaced. Three phase transformer connections: 1. Star (Y) or Delta () connection. 2. Four ways of connecting the winding of a 3-phase transformer for transformation of 3-phase voltages, namely, Y-Y, - , Y- , and Y. The interconnections are made inside of the case so that only the terminal leads need to be brought outside the case.

Delta Delta Connections:

It is generally used in systems which carry large currents on low voltages and especially when continuity of service must be maintained even through one of the phases develops fault.

Advantages: There is no phase displacement between the primary and secondary voltages. There is no distortion of flux, because the 3rd harmonic current can flow through delta connected primary windings without flowing in the line wires. The cross section of conductor is reduced and no difficulty experienced due to unbalancing of loads on secondary side.

Problem 1: Three single phase transformers are connected in delta-delta to step down a line voltage of 138kV to 4160 V to supply power to a manufacturing plant. The plant draws 21 MW at a lagging power factor of 86%. Calculate (a), the apparent power drawn by the plant, (b). The apparent power furnished by the HV line, (c). The current in the HV lines, (d). The current in the LV lines, (e). The currents in the primary and secondary windings of each transformer. Solution: The apparent power drawn by the plant is (a). S= P/cos = 21/0.86 = 24.4 MVA, (b). Losses are negligible, so the apparent power furnished by the HV line is also 24.4 MVA. (c). The current in each HV line is I1 = S/3E = 24.4 x 106/ 3 x 138000 = 102 A. (d). The current in the LV lines is I2 = S/3E = 24.4 x 106/3 x 4160 = 3386 A

(e).The current in each primary winding is (IP) = 102 /3= 58. 9 A. The current in each secondary winding is (Is) = 3386/3 = 1955 A. (f). Because the plant load is balanced, each transformer carries one-third of the total load 24.4/3 = 8.13 MVA.

Star Star Connections: Economical and for small current rating, high voltage transformers Advantages: The number turns per phase and the amount of insulation is minimum. There is no phase displacement between primary and secondary voltages. Disadvantages: Due to unbalanced load, the phase voltages of load side change. Third and fifth harmonic currents cannot flow, if neutral of primary winding is not connected to neutral of generator and hence the flux in the core cannot be of sinusoidal wave and therefore the voltages will be distorted.

Disadvantages: More insulation is required in comparison to Y Y connections. The absence of star point may be disadvantageous. If one line gets earthed due to fault, maximum voltage between windings and core will be full line voltage. Star Delta Connections: This type of connections is used where the voltage is to be stepped down. In this type of connection of transformers the neutral of the primary winding is earthed.

Delta - Star Connections:

This type of transformer connection is used where the voltage is to be stepped up. Less insulation is required. Neutral point is stable and will not float when load is unbalanced.

SUMMARY Principle and operation of single phase transformer have been discussed. Derivation of current and voltage ratio ideal transformer have been presented. Basic principle and operation of three phase transformer have been explained.