A transducer array design for Acoustic Frozen

Waves generation with a kerf optimization for

Biomedical applications
L. Castellanos, I. Baz an, A. Ramrez-Garca
SEPI ESIME-Zacatenco, Instituto Polit ecnico Nacional.
Unidad ALM, Edif. Z, Acceso 3, 3er. Piso, Del. GAM, C.P. 07738, D.F., M exico.
Email: 99071684l@gmail.com, Ph. (+52)55-57296000, ext. 54622.
Abstract
In this paper, a design of transducer array to implement Biomedical Applications by Acoustics Frozen Waves,
such as diathermy, hyperthermia or tissue ablation, is presented. The example shows a method to obtain an opti-
mal space between rings (kerf) for each Fz, based on minimization of RMSE. The results of kerf VS RMSE,
for our synthesizing functions Fz, show that the minimum kerf is the best for a minor RMSE. However, the
optimum kerf is dependent of eld pattern Fz, over z axis.
INTRODUCTION
Frozen Waves (FW) are limited-diffraction solutions for the scalar wave equation. FW are a su-
perposition of Bessel Beams with the same frequency but with different longitudinal wave numbers.
The main characteristics of FW are that remain static in space and keep the arbitrary longi-
tudinal eld pattern [5]. A patent in [4], by Recami et. al., describes the method and apparatus to
generating FW in optics. Prego et. al. in [3], propose an annular array to generate Acoustics FW.
In [1], Castellanos et. al. proposed a method to overcome the high constrains in the annular array
construction to produce FW. The conventional transducers can generate only a xed acoustics eld,
while the transducer array for acoustic Frozen Wave Generation can generate energy deposition over
a certain space with a previous chosen longitudinal eld pattern. In the present work, an example
of transducer array design for Acoustic Frozen Waves generation is shown, based on similar
method of J.-Y. Lu et. al. [2]. In this example, a optimization of the space between rings (kerf)
of array for a specic longitudinal function pattern Fz is presented.
MAIN OBJECTIVES
Investigate the relation between kerf and RMSE, to obtain an optimal kerf for each Fz,
based on minimization of RMSE.
To compared the acoustic elds of continuous apodization transducer with the annular array
for producing FW.
Applied a new method of array design of FW transducer to know the RMSE and acoustics
in diverse cases.
SUMMARY OF THE THEORY INVOLVED
Apodization function from the longitudinal function pattern to synthesizing
F

=
1
2

Fze
jz
dz
Fap =
max _
min
F

J
0
(r) (1)
Fap is the apodization function, =
_
k
2
(Q + )
2
, r is the position over the aperture, F

is a
function of parameter of Bessel Beam, Fz is the longitudinal intensity pattern over the z axis.
Sampling frequency of the aperture array
Fs >
k

a
2
Z
2
max
+ a
2
(2)
Fs is the sampling frequency, k is the wave number, a is the size of aperture, Zmax is the maximum
penetration profundity of FW.
Rayleigh-Sommerfeld Equation

d
=
z
j
a
_
0
2
_
0
Fap
e
jkr01
r
01
2
rr +
z
2
a
_
0
2
_
0
Fap
e
jkr01
r
01
3
rr
r
01
=
_
z
0
2
+ r
2
+ r
0
2
2r
0
r cos () (3)

d
is the acoustic eld diffracted and measured over (r
0
, z
0
), is the wavelength and is the angle
between the lateral axis and the point over the aperture of length r.
Root Mean Square Error RMSE
RMSE =

_
H

h=0
_

dcontinuous
(r = 0, z
h
)
darray
(r = 0, z
h
, kerf)
_
2
H
(4)
RMSE is the RMSE between the acoustic eld produced by continuous aperture
dcontinuous
and the
array aperture
darray
over z
h
points in z.
RESULTS
For this example, the following values were chosen: Zmax = 100mm , a = 15mm, (F
0
=
3.85MHz), max = 87.0803 and
min
= 87.0803, Fz = (z Zp) and from (2) the sampling
frequency is Fs > 741.7[1/mm]. We obtain the numerical solution for continuous (complete aperture
transducer) and discrete cases (annular array transducer), from computing the numerical solution of
Fap from (1), and using this in the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld from (3). The above equations were pro-
grammed in C, and Gnuplot was used for the gures. Finally, from the (4), the RMSE was calculated
and it is shown in the gure 1, for the 3 points (Zp) position of Kronecker delta Fz in the z axis.
Figure 1: Relative Amplitude of Driving Signals in
continuous (thin line) and discrete (thick line) case, for
3 different positions of Fz function (Kronecker Delta).
Figure 2: Relative Phase of Driving Signals in con-
tinuous (thin line) and discrete (thick line) case, for 3
different positions of Fz function (Kronecker Delta).
Figure 3: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for di-
verse Kerfs distributed over 0.25 to 0.75 mm, for 3 dif-
ferent positions of Fz function (Kronecker Delta).
Figure 4: Relative Acoustic Pressure Field generated
by Acoustic FW in continuous (thin line) and discrete
(thick line) case, for 3 different positions of Fz func-
tion (Kronecker Delta).
DISCUSIONS
The gure 1 and 2 shows the discretization of the aperture transducer, for the relative amplitude and
phase for each element of annular array.
For the three cases the smaller RMSE is for the minor kerf value, in the practice this parameter is
constrained by the size of the cut tool and the precision of the machine engraving (see Figure 3).
The relative acoustic pressure eld over the z axis, in r = 0mm (see gure 4), shows that the simu-
lations of eld near to the transducer face for discrete FW are more difcult to synthesize, but have
good agreement over the far distance.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of gure 1 (kerf VS RMSE), for our synthesizing function Fz, shows that the mini-
mum kerf is the best for a smaller RMSE.
However, in the FW case the optimum kerf is dependent of pattern eld Fz, over z axis, and
cannot be generalized for all functions Fz.
For our transducer design, the simulations of eld near to the transducer face for discrete FW
are more difcult to synthesize, but have good agreement over the far distance.
FORTHCOMING RESEARCH
We proposed an inspection of other parameters such as the position of each ring or the harmonic
distortion of the driving signals. As future work it is planned to construct a Hardware system and
a Transducer Array with the present design to generate Frozen Waves. The future experimental
implementation can be used in the diathermy or hyperthermia of tissue in the treatment of
cancer.
Acknowledgements
This work was developed in the IPN, ESIME-Zacatenco Ultr. Res. Labs. The Post-Doctoral Res. of
L. Castellanos in ESIME-IPN are being supported by CONACYT Estancias Postdoctorales 2013(1).
References
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