Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chap 4.1 - 4.

2013/03/27

INTRODUCTION ELX 311 Chapter 4

Underlying principles of electric machinery
performance (AC / DC)

Introduction to Rotating Machines

Develop various techniques and approximations to

reduce a physical machine to a simple mathematical model to illustrate these underlying principles.

4.1 Elementary Concepts (1)

How voltages are generated

4.1 ELEMENTARY CONCEPTS

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In rotating machines, voltages are generated in windings by:

1. Rotating the windings mechanically through a

magnetic field (DC Machine)

2. Mechanically rotating a magnetic field past the

windings (Synchronous Generator)

3. Varying the reluctance with the position of the

rotor. (Variable of Switched Reluctance Machines)

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4.1 Elementary Concepts (2)

4.1 Elementary Concepts (3)

Types of windings
Armature Winding:

Types of windings
Field Winding:

The winding that carries the LOAD current. As the load changes the armature winding current
changes.

The winding that carries the field current to create

the electro-magnetic field.

Can be on either the rotor or stator:

Rotor: Induction Machines, DC Machines Stator: Synchronous Machines

Can also be on either the rotor or the stator:

Rotor: Synchronous Machines (requires slip rings) Stator: Induction Machines, DC Machines

Can be either AC or DC
AC: DC:
Induction and Synchronous Machines DC machines, but requires a commutator.

Can use either AC or DC current

AC: DC:
Induction Machines DC and Synchronous Machines

4.1 Elementary Concepts (4)

4.1 Elementary Concepts (5)

Laminations to minimize eddy current

Variable Reluctance and Stepper motors

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4.1 Elementary Concepts (6)

3.1 Forces and Torques (5)

Types of machines
DC Brushless DC Synchronous Induction (Squirrel Cage, Wound Rotor, 3,1) Variable Reluctance Stepper Servo Permanent Magnet
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Simple physical picture

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4.2 Intro to AC & DC Machines(1)

Synchronous Machine

4.2 Introduction to AC and DC Machines

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Discuss Schematic of salient-pole ac synchronous generator Field winding: Two pole machine

Carbon brushes and sliprings Excited via DC

Armature winding
Number of coils (here only 1) with N
turns

Two coil sides a and a connected in

series at the back

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Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chap 4.1 - 4.5

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4.2 Intro to AC & DC Machines(2)

4.2 Intro to AC & DC Machines(3)

Synchronous Machine

Synchronous Machine

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4.2 Intro to AC & DC Machines(4)

4.2 Intro to AC & DC Machines(5)

Synchronous Machine: Salient vs cylindrical

Synchronous Machine: Excitation

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Projecting poles Non uniform airgap Concentrated Windings Multiple poles: Slow rotation

Non-protruding poles Uniform airgap Distributed windings in slots Two poles: Fast rotation

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collections.infocollections.org www.accessscience.com
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4.2 Intro to AC & DC Machines(6)

4.2 Intro to AC & DC Machines(7)

Synchronous Machine: Salient vs cylindrical

Synchronous Machine

Schematic views of three-phase generators: (a) two-pole, (b) four-pole, and (c) Y connection of the windings.
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Figure 4.12

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4.2 Intro to AC & DC Machines(8)

4.2 Intro to AC & DC Machines(9)

Induction Machine
AC on stator and rotor AC applied to stator Stator windings = Sync Machs

Squirrel Cage Induction Machine

www.assignmentxperts.com Stator and rotor FIELDS are in sync Rotor field and rotor are NOT in sync Rotor is said to slip and is SLOWER than the 19 two rotating magnetic fields www.ewh.ieee.org
http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/electricmotors_staticimages.html

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4.2 Intro to AC & DC Machines(10)

DC Machine

4.3 MMF of Distributed Windings

Elementary dc machine with commutator.
Figure 4.17

(a) Space distribution of air-gap flux density in an elementary dc 21 machine; (b) waveform of voltage between brushes. Figure 4.18

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4.3 MMF of Distributed Windings (1)

4.3 MMF of Distributed Windings (1)

Introduction: Rotary vs Linear Motors

(a) Schematic view of flux produced by a concentrated, full-pitch winding in a machine with a uniform air gap. (b) The air-gap mmf produced by current in this winding.
Figure 4.19

Introduction

full-pitch winding: Coil that spans 180 electrical degrees, ie one side of the coil is under N pole when other side is under S pole.
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4.3.1 MMF of Distributed Windings AC Machines (2)

4.3.1 MMF of Distributed Windings AC Machines (3)

Why distributed windings?

4.3.1 AC Machines, p189:

Why distributed windings?

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4.3.1 MMF of Distributed Windings AC Machines (4)

4.3.1 MMF of Distributed Windings AC Machines (5)

Fundamental mmf.
(4.5) (4.6)

Coils having difference magnetic axes

Where: kw: (0.85 0.95) Winding factor taking into account winding distribution causing the mmf s produced by the individual coils of any one phase group to have different magnetic axes (see next slide) Nph: Total number of series turns per phase ia: Winding current a : Angle measure from the magnetic axis kwNph: Effective series turns per phase for the fundamental mmf Fag1

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Example 4.1

Example 4.1a

Remember: Cosine peaks at 0

Because there are 2 coils per slot each having Nc = 8 turns

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Example 4.1c & d

Middle p192

4.3.1 MMF of Distributed Windings AC Machines (6)

For a sinusoidal phase a current

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4.3.1 MMF of Distributed Windings AC Machines (7)

4.3.2 MMF of Distributed Windings DC Machines (1)

Distributed windings on the Rotor

Fundamental mmf = Sawtooth

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4.3.2 MMF of Distributed Windings DC Machines (2)

4.3.2 MMF of Distributed Windings DC Machines (3)

Fundamental mmf = Sawtooth

MMF vs Flux Density

Note that the air-gap mmf distribution depends on only the winding arrangement and symmetry of the magnetic structure at each pole. The air-gap flux density, however, depends not only on the mmf but also on the magnetic boundary conditions, primarily the length of the air gap, the effect of the slot openings, and the shape of the pole face. (p195)
8 0.81

(a) Developed sketch of the dc machine of Fig. 4.22; (b) mmf wave; (c) equivalent sawtooth mmf wave, its fundamental component, and equivalent rectangular current sheet.
Figure 4.23

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4.3.2 MMF of Distributed Windings DC Machines (4)

4.3.2 MMF of Distributed Windings DC Machines (5)

MMF vs Flux Density

MMF vs Flux Density

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4.3.2 MMF of Distributed Windings DC Machines (6)

Multiple pole DC Machines

4.4 Magnetic Fields in Rotating Machinery

The behaviour of electric machinery is determined by the magnetic fields created by currents in the various windings of the machine. This section discusses how these magnetic fields and currents are related. p197

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Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chap 4.1 - 4.5

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4.4 Magnetic Fields in Rotating Machinery (1)

4.4 Magnetic Fields in Rotating Machinery (2)

4.4.1 Machines with uniform Air Gaps

For such a structure, with a uniform air gap of length g at radius rr (very much larger than g), it is quite accurate to assume that the magnetic field H in the air gap is directed only radially and has constant magnitude across the air gap.

4.4.1 Machines with uniform Air Gaps

Concentrated Winding:

H = B/ F = Ni = Hl Fag = Ni /2= Hagg

For a distributed Winding:

Nph:

Total number of series turns per phase

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The air-gap mmf and radial component of Hag for a concentrated full-pitch winding.
Figure 4.25

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4.4 Magnetic Fields in Rotating Machinery (3)

4.4 Magnetic Fields in Rotating Machinery (4)

4.4.2 Machines with Non-uniform Air Gaps

4.4.2 Machines with Non-uniform Air Gaps

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Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chap 4.1 - 4.5

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4.4 Magnetic Fields in Rotating Machinery (5)

4.4.2 Machines with Non-uniform Air Gaps

4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines

http://www.ece.umn.edu/users/riaz/animations/listanimations.html

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4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (1)

4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (2)

4.5.1 Single phase winding

4.5.1 Single phase winding Fag1

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Magnitude of Fag1 depends on BOTH: - Space ae (position along stator) - Time t (due to AC current)
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Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chap 4.1 - 4.5

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4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (3)

4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (4)

4.5.1 Single phase winding Fag1 decomposed

4.5.1 Single phase winding Fag1 decomposed

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4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (5)

4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (6)

4.5.1 Single phase winding Fag1 decomposed

4.5.2 MMF wave of a Polyphase Winding

Middle of p 203:

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Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chap 4.1 - 4.5

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4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (7)

4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (8)

4.5.2 MMF wave of a Polyphase Winding

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4.5.2 MMF wave of a Phase A

At t = 0

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4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (9)

4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (10)

4.5.2 MMF wave of a Phase B

cos 120 cos 120

4.5.2 MMF wave of a Phase C

cos 120 cos 120

1 cos 120 120 2 1 cos 120 120 2 1 cos 2 1 cos 120 120 2 1 cos 120 120 2 -240 = +120 1 cos 120 2 55

1 cos 120 120 2 1 cos 120 120 2 1 cos 2 1 cos 120 120 2 1 cos 120 120 2 240 = -120 1 cos 120 2 56

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Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chap 4.1 - 4.5

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4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (11)

4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (12)

4.5.2 MMF wave of A+B+C

4.5.2 Resultant MMF wave of A+B+C

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4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (13)

4.5 Rotating MMF waves in AC Machines (14)

4.5.2 Resultant MMF wave characteristics

4.5.3 Graphical Analysis of Polyphase MMF

1. It is a space-fundamental sinusoidal function of the electrical space angle ae and hence of the space angle a. 2. Constant amplitude of 3. Positive peak at angle a = (2/poles)et. 4. The air-gap mmf wave rotates at synchronous angular velocity s = (2/poles)e. 5. Synchronous speed in rpm ito fe = e/(2):
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