There are twenty prefixes specified by the BIPM as part of the SI.

Metric prefixes

Prefix Symbol 1000m yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto
1.

10n 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101 100 101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024

Decimal 1000000000000000000000000 1000000000000000000000 1000000000000000000 1000000000000000 1000000000000 1000000000 1000000 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 0.000000000001 0.000000000000001 0.000000000000000001 0.000000000000000000001 0.000000000000000000000001

Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m n p f a z y

10008 10007 10006 10005 10004 10003 10002 10001 10002/3 10001/3 10000 10001/3 10002/3 10001 10002 10003 10004 10005 10006 10007 10008

English word short scale long scale septillion quadrillion sextillion thousand trillion quintillion trillion quadrillion thousand billion trillion billion billion thousand million million thousand hundred ten one tenth hundredth thousandth millionth billionth thousand millionth trillionth billionth quadrillionth thousand billionth quintillionth trillionth sextillionth thousand trillionth septillionth quadrillionth

Since[n 1] 1991 1991 1975 1975 1960 1960 1960 1795 1795 1795 1795 1795 1795 1960 1960 1960 1964 1964 1991 1991

Jump up^ The metric system was introduced in 1795 with six prefixes. The othe

In applied mathematics, in particular the context ofnonlinear system analysis, a phase plane is a visual display of certain characteristics of certain kinds ofdifferential equations; a coordinate plane with axes being the values of the two state variables, say (x, y), or (q, p) etc. (any pair of variables). It is a two-dimensional case of the general ndimensional phase space. The phase plane method refers to graphically determining the existence of limit cycles in the solutions of the differential equation. The solutions to the differential equation are a family offunctions. Graphically, this can be plotted in the phase plane like a two-dimensional vector field. Vectors representing the derivatives of the points with respect to a parameter (say time t), that is (dx/dt, dy/dt), at representative points are drawn. With enough of these arrows in place the system behaviour over the regions of plane in analysis can be visualized and limit cycles can be easily identified. The entire field is the phase portrait, a particular path taken along a flow line (i.e. a path always tangent to the vectors) is a phase path. The flows in the vector field indicate the time-evolution of the system the differential equation describes.

In this way, phase planes are useful in visualizing the behaviour of physical systems; in particular, of oscillatory systems such as predator-prey models (see LotkaVolterra equations). In these models the phase paths can "spiral in" towards zero, "spiral out" towards infinity, or reach neutrally stable situations called centres where the path traced out can be either circular, elliptical, or ovoid, or some variant thereof. This is useful in determining if the dynamics are [1] stable or not. Other examples of oscillatory systems are certain chemical reactions with multiple steps, some of which involve dynamic equilibria rather than reactions that go to completion. In such cases one can model the rise and fall of reactant and product concentration (or mass, or amount of substance) with the correct differential equations and a [2] good understanding of chemical kinetics.

Limit cycle
n mathematics, in the study of dynamical systemswith two-dimensional phase space, a limit cycle is a closed trajectory in phase space having the property that at least one other trajectory spirals into it either as time approaches infinity or as time approaches negative infinity. Such behavior is exhibited in somenonlinear systems. Limit cycles have been used to model the behavior of a great many real world oscillatory systems. The study of limit cycles was initiated by Henri Poincar (1854-1912).

Stable limit cycla

In the case where all the neighbouring trajectories approach the limit cycle as time approaches infinity, it is called a stable or attractive limit cycle (-limit cycle). If instead all neighbouring trajectories approach it as time approaches negative infinity, then it is an unstable limit cycle (-limit cycle). If there is a neighbouring tractory which spirals into the limit cycle as time approaches infinity, and another one which spirals into it as time approaches negative infinity, then it is a semi-stable limit cycle. There are also limit cycles which are neither stable, unstable nor semi-stable: for instance, a neighboring trajectory may approach the limit cycle from the outside, but the inside of the limit cycle is approached by a family of other cycles (which wouldn't be limit cycles). Stable limit cycles are examples of attractors. They imply self-sustained oscillations: the closed trajectory describes perfect periodic behavior of the system, and any small perturbation from this closed trajectory causes the system to return to it, making the system stick to the limit cycle.