You are on page 1of 11

Review Functions and effects of creatine in the central nervous system Robert H. Andres a, Ange lique D.

Ducraya, Uwe chlattner b,c, !heo"allimannb, Hans Rudolf "idmera, a Department of Neurosurgery, University of Berne, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Swit erlan! b Institute of Cell Biology, "#H $uri%&, Hoengger'erg, CH-(0)3 $uri%&, Swit erlan! c *a'oratory of +un!amental an! ,pplie! Bioenergeti%s, INS"-. "0//1, 0osep& +ourier University, +-3(011 2reno'le, Ce!e3 ), +ran%e articleinfo ,rti%le &istory4 Received # e$tember %&&' Received in revised form () February %&&* Acce$ted %) February %&&* Available online %+ ,arch %&&* 5eywor!s4 -reatine -reatine .inases /nergy metabolism 0rain 1eurodegenerative diseases 1euro$rotection abstract -reatine .inase catalyses the reversible trans$hos$horylation of creatine by A!2. 3n the cell, creatine .inase isoen4ymes are s$ecifically locali4ed at strategic sites of A!2 consum$tion to efficiently regenerate A!2 in situ via $hos$hocreatine or at sites of A!2 generation to build5u$ a $hos$hocreatine $ool. Accordingly, the creatine .inase6$hos$hocreatine system $lays a .ey role in cellular energy buffering and energy trans$ort, $articularly in cells with high and fluctuating energy requirements li.e neurons. -reatine .inases are e7$ressed in the adult and develo$ing human brain and s$inal cord, suggesting that the creatine .inase6$hos$hocreatine system $lays a significant role in the central nervous system. Functional im$airment of this system leads to a deterioration in energy metabolism, which is $henoty$ic for many neurodegenerative and age5related diseases. /7ogenous creatine su$$lementation has been shown to reduce neuronal cell loss in e7$erimental $aradigms of acute and chronic neurological diseases. 3n line with these findings, first clinical trials have shown beneficial effects of thera$eutic creatine su$$lementation.

Furthermore, creatinewas re$orted to $romote differentiation of neuronal $recursor cells that might be of im$ortance for im$roving neuronal cell re$lacement strategies. 0ased on these observations there is growing interest on the effects and functions of this com$ound in the central nervous system. !his review gives a short e7cursion into the basics of the creatine .inase6$hos$hocreatine system and aims at summari4ing findings and conce$ts on the role of creatine .inase and creatine in the central nervous system with s$ecial em$hasis on $athological conditions and the $ositive effects of creatine su$$lementation. 8 %&&* /lsevier 3nc. All rights reserved. Contents (. 3ntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................ . . . . . ##& (.(. !he creatine .inase6$hos$hocreatine system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##& (.%. -9 microcom$artments and high5energy $hos$hate channeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##& (.#. /7$ression of creatine .inase isoen4ymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##& (.+. !he -9 system and brain function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##( (.). 0rain energetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................................... ##% (.:. 0rain creatine synthesis and u$ta.e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##% (.'. 1on5energy5related effects of creatine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##% ,''reviations4 #512, #5nitro$ro$ionic acid; :5<HDA, :5hydro7ydo$amine; AD, Al4heimer=s disease; A>A!, arginine?glycine amidino transferase; A@ , amyotro$hic lateral sclerosis; A22, amyloid $recursor $rotein; 000, bloodAbrain barrier; 005-9, brain5s$ecific isoform of -9; -hA!, choline acetyltransferase; -9, creatine .inase; -,!, -harcot5,arie5!ooth disease; -1 , central nervous system; -r, creatine; -R!, creatine trans$orter; >AA, guanidino acetate; >A,!, 5adenosyl5l5methionine? N5guanidinoacetate methyltransferase; >2A, beta5guanidino $ro$ionic acid; HD, Huntington=s disease; @ , @eigh syndrome; ,05-9, heterodimeric isoform of -9; ,/@A ,

mitochondrial myo$athy, ence$halo$athy, lactic acidosis with stro.e5li.e e$isodes syndrome; ,H-, myosin heavy chain; mHH, mutant huntingtin $rotein; ,,5-9, muscle5s$ecific isoform of -9; ,22B, (5methyl5+5$henyl $yridinium; ,R , magnetic resonance s$ectrosco$y; 2-r, $hos$hocreatine; 2D, 2ar.inson=s disease; 2/!, $ositron emission tomogra$hy; 2i , inorganic $hos$hate; 2! D, $ost5traumatic stress disorder; s,t5-9, sarcomeric mitochondrial -9; !03, traumatic brain inCury; u,t5-9, ubiquitous mitochondrial -9; U2DR , unified 2ar.inson=s disease rating scale. ulasan Fungsi dan efe. dari creatine dalam sistem saraf $usat Robert H. Andres a , Ange D @ique D. Ducraya , Uwe chlattner b , c , !heo"allimannb , Hans Rudolf "idmera , E De$artemen 0edah araf , University of 0erne , 3nsels$ital , -H 5 #&(& 0erne , wiss b 3nstitute of -ell 0iology , /!H Furich , Hoenggerberg , -H 5 *&G# Furich , wiss c @aboratorium Fundamental dan !era$an 0ioenergeti.a , 31 /R, /&%%( , Hose$h Fourier University, F 5 #*&+( >renoble , -ede7 G , 2rancis tricleinfo 2asal seCarah ? Diterima # e$tember %&&' Diterima dalam bentu. direvisi () Februari %&&* Diterima %) Februari %&&* !ersedia online %+ ,aret %&&* 9ata .unci ? creatine .inase creatine metabolisme energi ota. $enya.it neurodegenerative $elindung saraf abstract -reatine .inase meng.atalisis trans$hos$horylation reversibel creatine oleh A!2 . Dalam sel , creatine isoen4im .inase secara .husus lo.al di lo.asi strategis .onsumsi A!2 untu. secara efisien regenerasi A!2 in situ melalui $hos$hocreatine atau situs generasi A!2 untu. membangun 5u$ .olam $hos$hocreatine . Dengan demi.ian , sistem creatine .inase 6 $hos$hocreatine memain.an $eran .unci dalam $enyangga energi sel dan trans$ortasi energi , terutama dalam sel dengan .ebutuhan energi tinggi dan berflu.tuasi se$erti neuron . creatine .inase disaCi.an $ada orang dewasa dan mengembang.an ota. manusia dan sumsum tulang bela.ang , menunCu..an bahwa sistem creatine .inase 6 $hos$hocreatine memain.an $eran $enting dalam sistem saraf $usat . fungsional gangguan sistem ini mengarah .e $enurunan metabolisme energi , yaitu fenoti$i. untu.

banya. $enya.it neurodegenerative dan ber.aitan dengan usia . u$lemen creatine e.sogen telah terbu.ti untu. mengurangi hilangnya sel saraf dalam $aradigma e.s$erimental $enya.it saraf a.ut dan .ronis . seCalan dengan temuan ini , uCi .linis $ertama telah menunCu..an efe. menguntung.an dari su$lementasi creatine tera$euti.. elanCutnya , creatinewas dila$or.an untu. mem$romosi.an diferensiasi sel $re.ursor saraf yang mung.in menCadi $enting untu. mening.at.an strategi $enggantian sel saraf . 0erdasar.an $engamatan ini ada tumbuh bunga atas efe. dan fungsi dari senyawa ini dalam sistem saraf $usat . ulasan ini memberi.an tamasya sing.at .e dasar5dasar dari sistem creatine .inase 6 $hos$hocreatine dan bertuCuan mering.as !emuan dan .onse$ tentang $eran creatine .inase dan creatine dalam sistem saraf $usat dengan $ene.anan .husus $ada .ondisi $atologis dan efe. $ositif dari su$lemen creatine . 8 %&&* /lsevier 3nc All rights reserved . isi ( . 2endahuluan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................ . . . . . . ##& (.( . !he creatine .inase sistem 6 $hos$hocreatine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##& (.% . ,icrocom$artments -9 dan $enyaluran fosfat berenergi tinggi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##& (.# . /.s$resi creatine .inase isoen4im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##& (.+ . istem -9 dan fungsi ota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##( (.) . /nergeti.a ota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................................... ##% (.: . intesis <ta. creatine dan sera$an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##% (.' . /fe. 5 1on 5 energi ter.ait creatine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##% ing.atan ? # 5 12 , asam # 5 nitro$ro$ionic , : 5 <HDA , : 5 hydro7ydo$amine , AD , $enya.it Al4heimer , A>A! , arginin ? glisin amidino transferase , A@ , amyotro$hic lateralis sclerosis , A22 , $rotein $re.ursor amiloid , 000 , $enghalang darah5ota. , 00 5 -9 , isoform 5 ota. tertentu dari -9 , chatting , .olin asetiltransferase , -9 , creatine .inase , -,! , 2enya.it -harcot 5 ,arie 5 !ooth , -1 , sistem saraf $usat, -r , creatine , -R! , creatine trans$orter , >AA , guanidino asetat; >A,! , 5 adenosyl 5 l 5 metionin ?

1 5 methyltransferase guanidinoacetate , 329 , asam $ro$ionat beta 5 guanidino , HD , $enya.it Huntington , @ , sindrom @eigh , ,0 5 -9 , -9 isoform heterodimeric dari ; ,elas , mio$ati mito.ondria , ensefalo$ati , asidosis la.tat dengan sindrom e$isode se$erti stro.e , ,H- , myosin rantai berat , ,HH , $rotein huntingtin mutan , ,, 5 -9 , isoform 5 otot tertentu dari -9 , ,22 B , ( 5 metil 5 + 5 fenil $yridinium , ,R , s$e.tros.o$i resonansi magneti. , 2-r , $hos$hocreatine , 2D , $enya.it 2ar.inson , 2/! , $ositron emission tomogra$hy , 2i , fosfat anorgani. , 2! D , gangguan stres $asca 5trauma , ,! 5 -9 , -9 sarcomeric mito.ondria , !03 , cedera ota. traumatis , U,! 5 -9 , -9 mito.ondria di mana5mana , U2DR , ter$adu s.ala rating $enya.it 2ar.inson . %. /ffects of creatine on cognitive $rocesses and in $sychiatric disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##% #. 3nborn errors of metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##+ #.(. ,itochondrial ence$halomyo$athies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##+ #.%. -reatine5deficiency syndrome with defects in creatine synthesis and trans$ort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##+ #.#. Hy$erammonemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) +. -reatine and acute neurological disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) +.(. -erebral ischemia and stro.e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) +.%. !raumatic brain and s$inal cord inCury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) +.#. 3nCury of the $eri$heral nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) ). -reatine and neurodegenerative diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) ).(. Al4heimer=s disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ##)

).%. Amyotro$hic lateral sclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##: ).#. -harcot5,arie5!ooth disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##: ).+. Huntington=s disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##: ).). 2ar.inson=s disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##* :. -reatine and cell re$lacement strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................... ##* '. -onclusions and outloo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................ . . ##G -onflict of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##G Ac.nowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................ . ##G References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................ . . . ##G 1. Introduction -ellular energy demand and su$$ly are balanced and tightly regulated for economy and efficiency of energy use. -ells with high and fluctuating energy requirements, such as neurons, may increase the rate of A!2 hydrolysis within seconds by several orders of magnitude, but intracellular A!2 levels remain ama4ingly constant. !his stability $arado7 I*G,G&J can be e7$lained by the action of immediately available, fast and efficiently wor.ing energy su$$orting and bac.5u$ systems that connect sites of energy consum$tion with those of energy $roduction via $hos$horyl transfer networ.s I:),:+,(+*,(GGJ. 3n this res$ect, creatine K-rL and the creatine .inase6$hos$hocreatine K-962-rL systemhave recently receivedincreasing attention.Agrowingnumber of re$orts now $rovide evidence for the eminent im$ortance of the -962-rsystem and -r metabolism for normal function of the brain, as well as under neuro$athological conditions. Hence the $resent review aims at summari4ing the function and role of the -962-r5system in the brain and s$inal cord. "e tried as much as $ossible to incor$orate the most recent wor. in the field. For a more e7tensive coverage of the literature on -r and the -962-r5system, the reader

is referred to the following review articles by 0rosnan and 0rosnan I+&J, chlattner et al. I()GJ, "allimann et al. I(G+,(G:J, and "yss and 9addurah5Daou. I%&)J. 1616 #&e %reatine 7inase8p&osp&o%reatine system -reatine KN5aminoiminomethyl5N5methylglycineL is a guanidino com$ound synthesi4ed fromthe amino acids arginine, glycine andmethionine. -r is ta.en u$ in diets containing fresh meat or fish. 3n addition, -r can be endogenously synthesi4ed by the liver, .idney, $ancreas, and to some e7tent in the brain Ksee ection (.:L. -9, cataly4ing the reversible transfer of the N5$hos$horyl grou$ from 2-r to AD2 to regenerate A!2, is a maCor en4yme of higher eu.aryotes that deal with high and fluctuating energy demands to maintain cellular energy homeostasis and to guarantee stable, locally buffered A!26AD2 ratios I%+,(%G,()&,()(,(G&,(G#,(GG,%&'J. !he inter$lay between cytosolic and mitochondrial -9 isoen4ymes Ksee ection (.#L accom$lishes multi$le roles in cellular energy homeostasis IG',(+*,(:(,()G,(:&,(G',(GGJ. 0oth isoen4ymes contribute to the build5u$ of a large intracellular $ool of 2-r that re$resents an efficient tem$oral energy buffer and $revents a ra$id fall in global A!2 concentrations u$on cell activation or sudden stress conditions I(%GJ, when the cytosolic -9 equilibrates the cytosolic overall A!26AD2 ratio. Due to the s$ecific locali4ation of mitochondrial and cytosolic -9 isoen4ymes, the much faster diffusion rate of 2-r as com$ared to A!2 I(:#,(*GJ, and the significantly higher diffusion rate of -r com$ared to AD2 I(&&J, the -962-rsystem ma.e available for a s$atial Menergy shuttleN or Menergy circuitN, bridging sites of A!2 generation with sites of A!2 consum$tion KFig. (L. 16/6 C5 mi%ro%ompartments an! &ig&-energy p&osp&ate %&anneling For the understanding of the functioning of the -962-r5circuit, the $resence of subcellular -9 com$artments are of im$ortance. For e7am$le, a significant fraction of cytosolic -9 is structurally and functionally associated or co5locali4ed with different, structurally bound A!2ases. !hese A!2ases include, KiL different ion $um$s in the $lasma membrane, KiiL the actin5activated myosin A!2ase of the contractile a$$aratus in muscle, where -9 is located at the sarcomeric ,5band and 35band of the myofibrils, and KiiiL the calcium $um$of the muscular sarco$lasmic reticulum. 3n all these cases, 2-r is used for local in situ regeneration of A!2, which is directly channeled from-9to the consumingA!2ase.At theA!25generating side, a $art of cytosolic -9 is associated with glycolytic en4ymes, and even more im$ortantly the mitochondrial $roteoli$id com$le7es containing ubiquitous mitochondrial -9 Ku,t5-9L are cou$led to o7idative A!2 $roduction KFig. (L. 1636 "3pression of %reatine 7inase isoen ymes

!issue5 and com$artment5s$ecific isoen4ymes of -9 do e7ist which is crucial to their functions in cellular energy metabolism I:*J. ,ost vertebrate tissues e7$ress two -9 isoen4yme combinations, either dimeric, cytosolic, muscle5ty$e ,,5-9 together with mostly octameric sarcomeric mitochondrial s,t5-9, or alternatively, brain5ty$e 005-9, together with u,t5-9 I(GGJ. !he -9 isoen4yme combination, ,,5-9 with s,t5-9, is e7$ressed in differentiated sarcomeric muscle, cardiac I:GJ and s.eletal I%&#J. <n the other hand, the combination 005-9 with u,t5-9 is $rominently e7$ressed in brain IGGJ, neuronal cells I#GJ, retina $hotorece$tor cells I(G*,%&%J, hair cell bundles of the inner ear I(:*J, smooth muscle IG+J, .idney I*(J, endothelial cells I)#J, s$ermato4oa I(&&J and s.in I()*J. -9 isoforms were shown to be $resent through % . /fe. creatine $ada $roses .ognitif dan gangguan .eCiwaan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##% # . 9esalahan metabolisme bawaan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##+ #.( . /nce$halomyo$athies mito.ondria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##+ #.% . indrom defisiensi -reatine dengan cacat dalam sintesis creatine dan trans$ortasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##+ #.# . Hi$eramonemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) + . -reatine dan gangguan neurologis a.ut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) +.( . 3s.emia ota. dan stro.e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) +.% . <ta. traumatis dan cedera sumsum tulang bela.ang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) +.# . -edera saraf $erifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) ) . -reatine dan $enya.it neurodegenerative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##) ).( . 2enya.it Al4heimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ##) ).% . Amyotro$hic lateral sclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##:

).# . 2enya.it -harcot 5 ,arie 5 !ooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................................... ##: ).+ . 2enya.it Huntington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................... ##: ).) . 2enya.it 2ar.inson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##* : . -reatine dan $enggantian sel strategi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##* ' . 9esim$ulan dan outloo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ##G 9onfli. .e$entingan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................... ##G Uca$an !erima 9asih . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................ . . . ##G Referensi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................ . . ##G ( . $engantar 2ermintaan energi seluler dan su$lai yang seimbang dan .etat diatur untu. e.onomi dan efisiensi $enggunaan energi . sel dengan .ebutuhan energi yang tinggi dan berflu.tuasi , se$erti neuron , mung.in mening.at.an laCu hidrolisis A!2 dalam hitungan deti. oleh bebera$a li$at , teta$i ting.at A!2 intraselular teta$ luar biasa .onstan . tabilitas ini $arado.s I *G,G& J da$at diCelas.an oleh a.si segera tersedia , ce$at dan efisien be.erCa energi $endu.ung dan sistem bac.5 u$ yang menghubung.an situs .onsumsi energi dengan orang5orang dari $rodu.si energi melalui fosforil Caringan !ransfer I :),:+,(+*,(GG J . Dalam hal ini , creatine K -r L dan creatine .inase 6 $hos$hocreatine K -9 6 2-r L systemhave baru5baru receivedincreasing attention.Agrowingnumber la$oran se.arang memberi.an bu.ti untu. .e$entingan ter.emu.a dari -9 6 2-rsystem dan -r metabolisme untu. fungsi normal ota. , serta se$erti di bawah .ondisi neuro$athological . <leh .arena itu review ini bertuCuan mering.as fungsi dan $eran -9 6 2-r 5 sistem ota. dan sumsum tulang bela.ang . 9ami mencoba sebisa mung.in untu. menggabung.an $e.erCaan terbaru di la$angan . Untu. lebih luas ca.u$an literatur tentang -r dan -9 6 2-r 5 sistem , $embaca

disebut review arti.el beri.ut oleh 0rosnan dan 0rosnan I +& J , chlattner et al . I ()G J , "allimann et al . I (G+(G: J , dan "yss dan 9addurah 5 Daou. I %&) J . (.( . istem creatine .inase 6 $hos$hocreatine -reatine K 1 5 aminoiminomethyl 5 1 5 methylglycine L adalah sebuah guanidino senyawa disintesis dari dana asam amino arginin , glisin andmethionine . -r diambil dalam diet yang mengandung daging segar atau i.an . elain itu, -r da$at endogen disintesis oleh hati, ginCal , $an.reas , dan sam$ai batas tertentu di ota. K lihat 0agian (.: L . -9 , .atalis transfer reversibel dari .elom$o. 1 5 fosforil dari 2-r .e AD2 untu. regenerasi A!2 , meru$a.an en4im utama yang lebih tinggi eu.ariota yang berhubungan dengan .ebutuhan energi tinggi dan berflu.tuasi untu. mem$ertahan.an homeostasis energi sel dan untu. menCamin stabil , buffered lo.al A!2 6 AD2 rasio I %+.(%G.()&.()(.(G&.(G#.(GG.%&' J . 3ntera.si antara sitosol dan isoen4im -9 mito.ondria K lihat 0agian (.# L menyelesai.an $eran ganda dalam energi sel homeostasis I G'.(+*.(:(.()G.(:&.(G'.(GG J . 9edua isoen4im ber.ontribusi untu. membangun5 u$ dari .olam intraseluler besar 2-r yang meru$a.an $enyangga energi tem$oral yang efisien dan mencegah ce$at Catuh .onsentrasi A!2 global yang $ada saat a.tivasi sel atau tiba5tiba .ondisi stres I (%G J , .eti.a -9 sitosoli. menyeimbang.an sitosol .eseluruhan rasio A!2 6 AD2 . 9arena lo.alisasi s$esifi. mito.ondria dan sitosol isoen4im -9 , lebih ce$at difusi ting.at 2-r dibanding.an dengan A!2 I (:#(*G J , dan secara signifi.an !ing.at difusi yang lebih tinggi dibanding.an dengan -r AD2 I (&& J , -9 6 2-rsystem membuat tersedia untu. s$asial O shuttle energi O atau O energi sir.uit O , menCembatani situs generasi A!2 dengan situs .onsumsi A!2 K>ambar ( L . (.% . ,icrocom$artments -9 dan fosfat berenergi tinggi channeling Untu. $emahaman fungsi -9 6 2-r 5 sir.uit , .ehadiran .om$artemen -9 subselular sangat $enting . ,isalnya, fra.si yang signifi.an dari -9 sitosol secara stru.tural dan fungsional ter.ait atau co 5 lo.al dengan berbeda , secara stru.tural teri.at A!2ase . A!2ase ini meli$uti , K i L $om$a ion yang berbeda dalam membran $lasma , K ii L a.tin 5 myosin A!2ase dia.tif.an dari a$arat .ontra.til dalam otot , di mana -9 terleta. di sarcomeric yang , 5band dan 35 band dari miofibril , dan K iii L .alsium $um$of reti.ulum sar.o$lasma otot . Dalam semua .asus ini , 2-r diguna.an untu. lo.al dalam regenerasi situ A!2 , yang langsung disalur.an from-9to the consumingA!2ase.At theA!2 menghasil.an sisi , bagian dari -9 sitosol di.ait.an dengan en4im gli.oliti. , dan bah.an lebih $enting .om$le.s $roteoli$id mito.ondria -9 mengandung mito.ondria di mana5mana K U,! 5 -9 L yang digabung.an .e $rodu.si A!2 o.sidatif K>ambar ( L . (.# . /.s$resi creatine .inase isoen4im

!issue 5 dan isoen4im 5 .om$artemen .husus -9 memang ada yang sangat $enting untu. fungsi mere.a dalam metabolisme energi sel I :* J . 9ebanya.an Caringan vertebrata mengung.a$.an dua .ombinasi -9 isoen4im , bai. dimer , sitosol , otot 5Cenis ,, 5 -9 bersama5sama dengan sebagian besar octameric sarcomeric mito.ondria ,! 5 -9 , atau sebali.nya, ota. 5 ti$e 00 5 -9 , bersama5sama dengan U,! 5 -9 I (GG J . !he -9 9ombinasi isoen4im , ,, 5 -9 dengan ,! 5 -9 , dinyata.an dalam dibeda.an otot sarcomeric , Cantung I :G J dan s.eletal I %&# J . $ada sisi lain , .ombinasi 00 5 -9 dengan U,! 5 -9 adalah Celas dinyata.an dalam ota. I GG J , sel5sel saraf I #G J , fotorese$tor retina sel I (G*%&% J , bundel sel rambut telinga bagian dalam I (:* J , halus otot I G+ J , ginCal I *( J , sel5sel endotel I )# J , s$ermato4oa I (&& J dan .ulit I ()* J . 3soform -9 ditunCu..an untu. hadir melalui

You might also like