10

10.13

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Ecosystem
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

10.15

21.
22.
23.
24.

10.17

25.
26.
27.
28. Fresh air advertisement
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38. Politicians mistake
39.
40.
41.

1. ()
2. ()
3. ()
4. ()
5. ()
6.
7.
8. Ecosystem ()
9. ()
10.
11.
12. ()
13.
14. ()
15.
16. ()
17. ()

42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.WTO
48.
49.
50. Bicycle trips
51. Long distance call
52. Paper
53.
10.18

54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.

10.20

10.21

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

()

25.
26.
27.
28. Fresh air advertisement
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38. Politicians mistake
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.WTO
48.
49.
50. Bicycle trips
51. Long distance call
52. Paper
53.
54.

62.

10.27

63.
64.
65. False alarm
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77. Facial muscle
78. Limestone
79.
80. Family farming
81.
82.
83. Iron impurity
84. CPI
85. TAX
86.
87.
88. Gardening Magazine
89.
90.
91.
92.
93. D
94.
95.
96. Reintroduce wolves
97. Marble statue
98.
99.
100.
101. Chess player
102. Abroad student
103.
104.
105.
106.

10.28

107.
108.
109.Shopping mall
110. Free vouchers
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116. Workforce
117. OMEGA3
118.
119.
120.

F fact P Premise C Conclusion

1.

8%
6.9%

weaken

V1 7.5 6.2
V2 A
Key: E

V3

P
C
gap

V2 V3

2.

weaken

V1

Key:

V2
check out

A
B ,
C checkout
E
E

F
P
C

V1
V2

3.

V1.
Tsunami
which explanation can be useful to identify which one of the two
hypotheses is correct? Tsunami
Tsunami tiny
distorted Tsunami earthquake

V2. 300

V3. T fossil distort

V4. JJ
ocean sediment mud flow

Tsunami distorted
ocean sediment mud flow
300

4.

...
...
...
untainted ...

V1 stomach tract
WEAKEAN

supermarket
V2
assumption

assumption

V3 s s
s s

F
P
C

gapgap

5.

K K K ...
deficit ..

K ...

V1 G
G 3% 3%
XXX()
V2

V3 X G X G X
tax X DEFICIT

F A B A B
B A
PA
C A
gap A B B
A B
B
B B

6.

50
heart attack heart attack

V1 50 50
... prep
V2
, ,?
,

V3 , anger are more likely to have heart

attack~~ anger , anger heart attack
assumption, B , (
,,)
V4 , 50
4 ,
?

P50 heart attack

C heart attack
casual-argument
casual-argument casual-argument P C
A B1 A
B2 B A3 C B4 B
A casual-argument
1
2
CA

CA

7.

diary
ranchers expect increase in business

V1 dairy demand increase, nation dairy

,, nation demand,

:
V2somewhere milk demand increases,
ranchers in this place will increase their cattle and milk production. :
fresh milk ,

F
P
C
gap

8.Ecosystem

scallop ecosystem
ecosystem,

F scallop ecosystem
P ecosystem
C
ecosystem

scallop scallop ecosystem

YY

9.

discard
boldface ...

10.

plan extend patent

evaluation

V1 test

evaluate LZ A
V2 ,
patent, ,
, , patent ,
patent , patent
(), patent ,
patent

P
TT
C
plan-goal plan goal
plan goal

11.

profit
increase
support assumption

V1 ,,
,,,
?: the more ... the less accident
(ahong99): the more ... the less accident

F
C

=
-

profit revenue cost

profit=revenue-cost

12.

cold
...
...

YY
F

P
C

13.

8INCH 10 INCH
SPORTS
IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THIS CONCLUSTION, HE MIGHT WANT TO CONDUCT THE 2ND
EXPERIEMENT :
THE SAME GROUP OF PEOPLE DIFFERENT PEOPLE

V1 volunteer 10 feet 8 feet

sports .. volunteer
10 feet volunteer ..
conducted ..
volunteer .. sport ..

F volunteer 10inch 8inch

sport
P 10inch
C

8inch 10inch

14.

( WELL ) 50% QUIET ,

LOUD . LOUD

YY

15.

V1: ,
INCREASE AT THE SAME RATE
...
()
V2: workers work efficiency

V1
V2 54

V3 ,, productivity(:
/).
:,, productivity .?(
)
A:( blahblah...)
B:
C:
D:
E:,productivity (rate)
,.
V4

V5

supported

F1
F2

YY

16.

A 1000000

N similar
tools, N A
1000000

17.

agriculture
government regulation fares productivity ,
warm
fish...
...
...

F agriculture regulation fee

P warm
C
plan-goal
plan

18.

...
...
...

V1
, ,
, support

V2
ft pt, pt , pt extra training, pt
strengthen pt pay on hour, ft overtime
pay 50%

Fact
Plan
Goal
plan-goal goal Plan
plan
cost cost
goal plan

goal

19.

,
antisocial ,.

20.

,,,.,
,,, ()

V1 ,,
, ,,(
)
V2, fat , milk(),
, ,
V3 ,,, milk
(there are less fat in milk): PS: (not less fat)

21.

,,

V1
reduce altitude

V2 ,,

F
P
C

GMAC
V1

22.

,,
manager
,. manager
assumption
manager barrier

V1 financial-service ,, CEO
CEO , CEO (
), what can be conclued?: CEO

V2
financial-service ,, CEO
CEO , CEO (
), , CEO qualified

P CEO
C CEO

CEO
gap

V2

23.

XX, A B , A B , XX
,.
A , A
assumption
XX transfer

F XX A B A B
P XX A
CXX A

A A
gap A B A
B A

A
A gap

24.

1000
2000
assumption

consumption

V1 seeds,
seeds
seeds

V2 64 seeds Farmers only human

consumption ,

129. ( 1234 680) ,

, xx

P
C 2000
gap

25.

,, turkey ,
...

26.

Inxxx, Pain.
Cash 2 , Cash ,
pain...
assumption...

V1 brain area activity

bid bid credit card credit
card credit card cash
area
V2 pain

purchase

F I pain
P
CI pain
pain
gap pain
pain pain
V2

27.

,,
Preditor,
,, proposal,
mature ...
enjoy sports
mature ,...

V1 predator
mature predator. immature predator
mature predator
V2 Mature predator fish,

PREYBy gelukkig V35+

V3 accumulate .
prey,(By wwc008love)

F predator
P predator
C mature
mature immature mature
mature mature
mature
mature mature

28. Fresh air advertisement

V1 advertisement storm,
freshness air lung generator
call the advertisement into question

V2 negative ions
generators ~ lift mood
weaken
generator inches

V1

lz
V2

1 2 1 inch

F
P
C

gap

29.

2.99 3.00
2.99 3.00 0.01
right 0.01 competitive

30.

V1
400 400

A
V2 generations of
400 grave owners
Weaken
grave owner aristocrats

( belgium) 400 settlement

400

V1 protein
protein
...A.
aritocrats, commonerB. diet
BA
V2400
400

V3,400,,(,
artist,artist)
V4

weaken
older graves

F
P
C
CA CA CA
CA A B A B A B C
B B A
A B

31.

E... evidence
evidence

V1 interaction
suppress
() interaction against
main argument,

P
C

32.

V1 newsprint factory

V2 newsprint factory

newspaper
assumption bridge the gap
V3 US declineMost page

Yet, declinenewsprint factory

andand
raw material
change print facility print

F
P
C

=*-

33.

F
P
C
gap

34.

vivid
assumption
vivid

V1

Fill a gap
V2 flashy
assumption

V3
V1

boring

Babee2queen: boring
V4
vivid assume
that vivid Flash
V5
...vivid
booring
vivid vivid

V6
,,,:
, vivid
Flash
~

P vivid
C
fill the gap gap- vivid vivid gap
vivid
gap V1V2
V6

boring

35.

C fish embryo ...

fish crab egg,
fish fish
shrimp.( fish fish
)
strengthen
shrimp fish

V1 cell fishembryo egg translucent hatch

crab nearby embryo crab nearby
attack shrimp, cell fish hatch translucent egg

strengthen
ascientist put crab in tank to prevent them from ...
b
c sound

d some marine species preys by vision

e crabs are more difficult to eat but are more nutritious than shrimp.

V2V45+ Google

Cuttlefish could be the first animals shown to learn visually before birth or hatching, researchers
say.Cuttlefish embryos develop in eggs that stretch and become translucent slightly penetrable
by light rays . Embryos with crabs Crabs see there nearby hatch into youngsters with a distinct
preference for eating crabs, says Ludovic Dickel of theUniversity of Caen in France. Without that
pre-hatch view of crabs, the little cuttlefish prefer to attack shrimp, he and his colleagues report
in the July Animal Behaviour.That leads the researchers to conclude that the cuttlefish embryos
must peer through their eggs, and learn to recognise their prey, a behaviour which will help give
them a head-start in life. The preference develops from sight alone, Dickel says.
support
The researchers kept the crabs in containers that prevented crab
scents from getting into the water with the eggs.

GMAT
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Cuttlefish+embryos+look+and+learn:+before+hatching,+young+a
cquire...-a0182337597
http://www.boingboing.net/2008/06/10/cuttlefish-embryos-c.html

F fish crab egg

P shrimp
C

gap crab egg fish crab fish

shrimp egg fish crab egg
fish egg shrimp fish shrimp
eggshrimp egg egg
fish shrimp egg

36.

crash error 90% one or another flight error 18% 82%

same types of flight

same types of flight

V1 Airplane Accidents
accidents 80%
LZ 80% 97%
NB 17%

F crash 90%
P 90% crash crash 72%
crash 18%
C crash
CA CA
crash

A B A B

37.

costs herbs expense,

herbss costs costs
Explanation?
herbss costs

costs reimburse

V1 herbal medicine
herbal medicine
ANS: E--- herbal medicine

V2 herbal remedy , herbal

remedy ,?
ANS: herbal remedy ()

P
cost
herbs expense

C cost

cost cost *
cost

cost

38. Politicians mistake

politicians learn from mistakes

parties politician sincefill in blank)

V1
national grasp _____________

Fpolitician learn from mistakes

P_____________________
C politician
politician politician
politician
gap

39.

weaken?

V1 mm skill

manipulated assumption
..

V2 commercial television advertisement

advertise :
V3 commercial advertisement
:
character instead of positions of

P
C

gap

40.

Magna Mafna
arsenic
compounds blablaphosphorus

600,000

Magna Salt Lake County

Arsenic
photosynthesis
Phosphorus DNA
NASA
DNA

41.

/EITHER seek prominent shelf space in stores for

the product OR
trade journals
infer
prominent shelf space trade journals

V1 either has prominent shelf space or customers seek for itCustomer will
not seek for it unless supplier advertise extensively in newspaper or TV or magazineTo make
prominent shelf space, one way is to introduce it on trade journal. conclusion

A. introduce it on trade journal

B. customer doesn't seek for it, and ads on TV and newspaper are expensive,
magazine
C. introduce it on trade journal
B

P customer seek
trade journal
A
B C A B C

A B C
D C

42.

municipality
canal canal
weaken
canal

F
P canal
C canal
cost gap canal
canal canal
canal
cost gap

43.

evaluate
costs savings of geothermal plants outweigh
non-financial costs

V1 10 GEOTHERMAL
ARGUMENT
ASSUMPTION COST OUTWEIGHT
V2 PLANTS
cost nu-cleard
nu-clear ASSUMPTION
less than the nu-clear and ......
V3 operation costs
A
operation costs finical outweigh B-E
...

P
C
cost profit

cost

44.

C-reactive protein level arterial inflammation

indicator
arterial inflammation
cardiovascular diseases
C-reactive protein level . drug CRP drop
drug
evaluate
CRP level cardiovascular diseases correlation

V1 C-protein disease exercise drug C-protein

drug exercise disease E C-protein disease
consistently
V2 C a maker of cardi
ANTI-INFLATION 6 C 30%
Anti-
cardi C

V3 C
C 30%
C

V4

FC-reactive protein level arterial inflammation indicator arterial

inflammation cardiovascular diseases
P C-reactive protein level
drug C-reactive protein level
C drug

drug drug/->
->

 cure
cure drug->->
drug drug

45.( 16 ,)

Crete toolmore than 130,000 years old

120,000 tool style tool

120,000

logically completes the argument

130,000

F1 130000 tool
F2 120000
F3 tool style tool
tool
conclusion
tool 130000
120000 tool
130000

46.

BF city officials insured/uninsured

both supports
the argument

GWD

City Official: At City Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and
fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured
patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of
admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have. Critics of the hospital have
concluded that the uninsured patients are not receiving proper medical care.
However, this conclusion is almost certainly false. Careful investigation has recently
shown two things: insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than
necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically
necessary.
In the city officials argument, the two boldface portions play which of the following
roles?
A. The first states the conclusion of the city officials argument; the second provides
support for that conclusion.
B. The first is used to support the conclusion of the city officials argument; the
second states that conclusion.
C. The first was used to support the conclusion drawn by hospital critics; the second
states the position that the city officials argument opposes.
D. The first was used to support the conclusion drawn by hospital critics; the second
provides support for the conclusion of the city officials argument.
E. The first states the position that the city officials argument opposes; the second
states the conclusion of the city officials argument.

GWD

47.WTO

V1 Country X WTO CountryY Country X export 2 10

Country X's decision to join the WTO benefits the exporters in Country Y greatly
evaluate
Y X
V2 X Y X X Y
evaluate
Y X

V1

V2 1880-1886

V3 imports imports
10%GDP GDP
. supplier imports
V4 currencies
unchanged.

PX Y X
CX Y
Y
Y P Y X
gap X Y X
Y X X Y

48.

612

? ()
C
E 6 12
E

V1 , keep fit,, 5 8 ,
,, assumption
:The fifth and eighth floor are not majority of workers and visitors to go
V2 from turbulence 730
, keep fit,, 5 8 ,
,, assumption
1. ,
2.
3. 5,8 3
V3 from dshimuro 5,8 ,
: D, The fifth and eighth floor are not majority of workers and VISITORs
go ( visitor), but , for the use of disabled and XXX, stops every floor.
. conclusion to make
employee and visitor use stair more to keep them fit. cover employees, visitor, and
elevator.
V4 JJ15 : 5 8 ,

,! ,:xx ,,:
assumption ?:xx xx ,
xxx
xxx
xxx
,,
assumption ,!

plan 6 12

goal
plan-goal plan
goal plan goal
6 12
6 12

 6 12
V4
GMAC

6 12

49.

winemaker
- winemaker care cost, since the price of goes up

support the main conclusion

V1 BF ,,,
,
. BF ?
the first is the evidence the author cited to refute the argument the author
intended to challenge, and the second is the evidence upon which the challenge based.
V2(from 942bu)720 :,beverage plastic
( plastic ), company
cost

V3 GWD ,

......
evidence,
V4 Many winemakers use cork stoppers; but cork stoppers can leak, crumble, or became moldy,
so that those winemakers must often discard a significant proportion of their inventory of bottled
wine. Bottle master plastic stoppers, which cannot leak, crumble, or mold, have long been
available to winemakers, at a price slightly higher than that of traditional cork stoppers. Cork
prices, however are expected to rise dramatically in the near future. Clearly, therefore,
winemakers who still use cork but wish to keep production costs from rising will be forced to
reconsider plastic stoppers. And since the wine-buying publics association of plastic stoppers
with poor-quality wine is weakening, there is an excellent chance that the Bottlemaster plastic
stopper will gain an increased share of the market for wine-bottle stoppers.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A) The first is a judgment that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument
opposes; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
B) The first is a judgment that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument
opposes; the second is conclusion drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the
argument.
C) The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence in support of
that main conclusionD) The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a
restatement of that main conclusion.
E) The first is a conclusion drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the argument; the
second is that main conclusion


P1
P2
P3
C

against

50. Bicycle trips

In the past, bicycle trips were only on roads. Then after a bicycle path was built, the total number
of bicycle trips on the bicycle trips increase by 20%, most bicycle trips use bicycle path. However,
the total number of bicycle trips roads were not decreasing.
What must be true?
most bicycle trips that use paths also use roads.

V1 Before the construction of bicycle paths, the bicyclists took trips on the road. After the
construction of bicycle paths, the trips on those paths almost doubled and the bicyclists also
increased. Yet the trips on the road didnt decline much.Which of the following gives the best
explanation of the final sentence of the above argument? : Most of the
bicyclists who rode on the road also took trips on the paths...
V2 bike path bike path bike rides
20%, bike path rides rides 50%, rides
rides bike path
V3 ,
V2
, ,, evaluate

V4 (road),(bicycle path)
bicycle trips made 20%, make
use of the new bicycle path, road
, bicycle trips , , bicycle trips
,
V5 ,, ,
20%, most of however,
:If the argument is true, which of the following must
be true? most (-- can be true ,
must be true ) ,
( )

F bicycle road
P bicycle road 20% bicycle road

 20% bicycle road

Z0,
1.2Z0, bicycle road 50% bicycle road
1.2Z0*0.5=0.6Z0,
bicycle road

51. Long distance call

Province get subsidy of long distance calls based on the number of long distance calls going to
the province. long distance call
subsidy
Assumption
proposal

V1 online survey, online survey

online survey self-selected ,,
V2,
,,

V3,
,
, representative,
, whether,,

F
P
C

52. Paper

DNA paper the DNA of the dated

paper undated paper DNA
undated paper paper

Assumption

DNA
J

53.

sugar does not exaberate hyperactivity of children.

Assumption

V1 ,,
,( ?)
,,

support.
V2 (:,O,B)
( A ),
,:, ,
V3 ()( disorder ),
, (),
+,
bystacey890823(710,V35)

P:

V1

54.

milk stroke milk

B
stroke
milk stroke
assumption

V1 , ,,
component ,:
V2 A ,,
A , A :
V3 , ,, :____

F milk stroke
P milk B B
stroke
Cmilk stroke
gap B stroke
B
B B stroke B
stroke B
stroke stroke B

55.

magazine demand
newspaper raise ==
support newspaper

56.

~==

58.

long-term pension savings

long-term pension savings
critics

why
polls

(By jessiehou0726 V40)

59.

4 5
4 5

, 4 5 , 4 5

60.

weaken

61.

...
...
...

62.

500
1500

63.

short gene
mammal gene short gene efficient flight
support...
B bat gene,E mammal gene
...

64.

V1 BF: Fund , .
Drop .
lecture lecture
V2

support , sub-support

65. False alarm

false alarm
false alarm residents fine, false alarm

not all false alarms are uncontrolled by residents

66.

() coral ,
ecosystem ,. manager ,
coral, ,

: oil-efficient
: seafloor around has a small portion of coral

67.

V1 paper

or
or

C.

E.
V2 Paper , Office paper , electronic
,:
, electronic ,

68.

V1

V2 , environmental
friendly

V3 mall

mall

69.

...
...
...

70.

,,

71.

300 500
...
3 1

72.

mark
chipping and mark
chipping
,

73.

BF mill bf
bf
therefore blablabla argue
circumstance, rule out a explanation

74.

, 2 ,

75.

packaging,,,
strangest justification

76.

, ,

77. Facial muscle

facial muscle, ,
support

78. Limestone

cr limestone limestone

limestone mix

limestone too heavy to transport without use of

few brock remnants are found

79.

,,
,

80. Family farming

V1 family farming grain crop factory farming factory

family factory
assumption
family
V2 family farming morden farming family farming
since________

family farming efficiently

81.

pointless, obstruct clarity...

disagree ...

clarity
pointless
...

82.

V1 F
C
assumption,
V2 ()
income

infer ?

83. Iron impurity

H B maker maker tool

iron impurity ...
...

iron impurity...

84. CPI

CPI goods price CPI

discrepancy
regular ,,
,

85. TAX

estate ,property, property , tax ,

Explain
rate , rate

86.

87.

,,

88. Gardening Magazine

V1 ,. !!
,
alternatives ,
sellers...

V2 ,

Editor:
Articles in Gardening Magazine often spur sales of the plants they describe, particularly among
people new to gardening.
Accordingly, we will no longer publish articles or accept advertisements praising the beauty of
rare wildflowers.
Most such plants sold to gardeners have been difficult to propagate under cultivation, so plant
sellers often collect them in the wild.
Our new policy is part of our efforts to halt this yearly plundering of our native plant populations.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the wisdom of the magazine's new policy
as a way of pursuing the intended effect?
A. When people new to gardening buy plants, they often fail to take adequate care of the plants
that they buy and become discouraged from buying those varieties again.
B. Plant sellers who sell rare wildflowers have no reasonably inexpensive alternative way to offer
their wares directly to new gardeners.
C. The demand for rare wildflowers rarely exceeds the number of such plants that can be
collected in the wild by plant sellers.
D. The propagation of rare wildflowers often depends on the plants' interaction with other
organisms in their environment, such as plants that create suitable soil conditions or insects and
birds that disperse seeds.
E. Revenues from sales of plants collected in the wild are supporting the discovery of new
low-cost techniques enabling rare wildflowers to be readily propagated in nurseries.

89.

V1 10 jj 39
,.

vulnerable, ,
V2 ()

90.

xx yy , d , ,
xx , yy .
, yy 9%, xx 6%,
xx
Evaluate
,

91.

copy , 625 3 ,
625 11 . copy 625
evaluate
copy

92.

V1 west east , decrease west east

, ,
weaken
west east west east density
V2 east west power plant, decrease west east
,
weaken

93. D

V1 research D
D

D
research

V2
positive benefit humans
D positive
V D benefit humans
the argument is not convincing because it fails
to________

94.

95.

30
weaken
,

96. Reintroduce wolves

reintroduce wolves wolves elks

. wolves elks
, wolves
wolves elks

97. Marble statue

chamber marble statue of queen

statue 11 carbon radiation
12 support carbon radiation
chamber 16

98.

flaw

any other
rule out

99.

V1 ,
, popular , self-esteem ,
self-esteem

most children self-esteem

V2
respect materials self-esteem
,

interfere

assumption

100.

101. Chess player

V1 chess player chess diagram chess player abstract

disgram
chess player reasoning ability (
)
chess diagram practices
assumption
chess player
V2 novice chess
patern chess no faster
than novice chess diagram chess
novice chess diagram
innate
assumption

102. Abroad student

study abroad tend to have more academic motivation(

)

studyabroad

103.

assumption

104.

surge

105.

G ,, G
, G

G G ,

106.

,,
,

107.

,,,,

108.

overflow ,, cost ,
household charge , tax household
charge 100
assumption

109.Shopping mall

Shopping mall square excluded some convenience stores out of the mall, the residents
surrounding the shopping mall attributed the traffic, loud noise and garbage, to the shopping
mall's decision to close these stores. However, it is not caused by the closing of these
convenience stores since all these stores excluded from shopping mall did not open new stores in
surrounding area. which of the following weakens the argument
One of the big convenience store chain started opening new stores in the
surrounding area when they heard of such a proposal to close convenience stores in the shopping
mall

110. Free vouchers

One provincial government gives free vouchers to the government agencies and some companies.
but companies always sell some of their vouchers to the government agencies, accordingly, the
vouchers issued by the government
, can be inferred?
at least one company sold part of his vouchers to the govrnment agencies.
Not all government agencies All companies sold part of their
vouchers

111.

assumption

112.

V1 A ,,
.B
B

V2 AJ :.
.
M :
.
( TO BEGIN WITH )
M
few

113.

, it is unfair ,
100 (
)

100

114.

,,,,. ,
social,.

skill

115.

.
....

promotion
train

116. Workforce

concept workforce goods and service value

fact1 fact
Last year 98%

fact2

prediction concept
fact prediction
significantly increase.
fact1 employ rate number 98%

117. OMEGA3

OMEGA3
.
evaluation

118.

, secretary finance compensate, vote

. secretary,,

E, regulation S
vote
C .....,

119.

,,,
, A , A
depress . ,, depress
:,
: depress () A
depress

120.

,, ,
,,
:
1.
2.