M di l i Medical instrumentation i

BIOEN 302 11/19/2010

Medical instrumentation

Definition: instrument for sensing, diagnostics, therapeutics or surgery of human being.

Medical instrumentation

Definition: instrument for sensing, diagnostics, therapeutics or surgery of human being. Fundamental purpose: to enhance the capabilities of human beings to help themselves and each other. th

Medical instrumentation classification

Diagnostic instrumentation Therapeutic instrumentation Clinical laboratory instrumentation

Medical instrumentation classification

Diagnostic instrumentation Therapeutic instrumentation Clinical laboratory instrumentation

Diagnosis Therapy

Diagnostic g instrumentation

Definition: a device that gathers information leading to the identification of a disease or disorder.

Stethoscope (invented in 1819) ( )

CT (X-ray computed tomography )

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Diagnostic g instrumentation

Definition: a device that gathers information leading to the identification of a disease or disorder.

Stethoscope (invented in 1819) ( )

CT (X-ray computed tomography )

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Generalized composition p of diagnostic instrument

Measurand Sensor Signal processing Output display

Generalized composition p of diagnostic instrument

Measurand Sensor Signal processing Output display

Measurand: physical quantity, property, or condition that the system measures.

Measurand

Examples:

Blood oxygen saturation Electrical activity of the heart Tumor

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Measurand

Examples:

Blood oxygen saturation Electrical activity of the heart Tumor

Normal ECG (Electrocardiography)

Abnormal ECG

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Measurand

Examples:

Blood oxygen saturation Electrical activity of the heart Tumor

Tumor Liver

Ultrasound image g of tumor in liver

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Measurand

Constrains:

Accessibility Vary with time and among patients Safety

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Measurand

Constrains:

Accessibility Vary with time and among patients Safety

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Measurand

Constrains:

Accessibility Vary with time and among patients

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Measurand

Constrains:

Accessibility Vary with time and among patients Safety:

Limitation of external applied signals Electrical safety

Radiation hazard
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Generalized composition p of diagnostic instrument

Measurand Sensor Signal processing Output display

Sensor: a device that converts the measurand into a signal carrying information.

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Sensor

Classification: according to the quantities to be measured

Thermal quantities Mechanical quantities q Chemical quantities Radiation intensity y

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Sensor

Classification: according to the quantities to be measured

Thermal quantities Mechanical quantities q Chemical quantities Radiation intensity y

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Sensor

Classification: according to the quantity to be measured

Thermal quantities Mechanical quantities q Chemical quantities Radiation intensity y

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Sensor

Classification: according to the quantity to be measured

Thermal quantities Mechanical quantities q Chemical quantities Radiation intensity y

Blood glucose meter

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Sensor

Classification: according to the quantity to be measured

Thermal quantities Mechanical quantities q Chemical quantities Radiation intensity y

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Sensor

Static characteristics: the relationship between the output signal and the measurand. Limit of detection: the lowest value of measurand that can be detected by the sensor. Sensitivity: the smallest change it can detect in the quantity that it is measuring. Repeatability: ability of a sensor to reproduce output readings under the same input.

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Sensor

Requirements:

Sensitive to the measured property p p y Accurate Stable and reliable

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Generalized composition p of diagnostic instrument

Measurand Sensor Signal processing Output display

Signal processing: amplifies, filters, or in any other way changes the output of the sensor to prepare signals suitable for display.

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Signal g Processing g

Challenges:

Biological signal magnitudes are low Any measurement includes noise

Parameter ECG Blood flow speed Range 0.5 4 mV 1 300 ml/s

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Signal g Processing g

Challenges:

Biological signal magnitudes are low Any measurement includes noise

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Signal g Processing g

Noise sources:

External: power lines, radio broadcast, cell phone I t Internal: l muscle l noise, i motion ti artifact tif t

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Signal g Processing g

Eliminate noise:

Signal filtering: separate noise from the desired signal using their distinct property property. e e.g. g separate high frequency noise from low frequency signal. Opposing inputs: if noise is known, it can be remo ed from the signal by removed b subtracting s btracting the noise from the signal.

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Generalized composition p of diagnostic instrument

Measurand Sensor Signal processing Output display

Output display: convey the information obtained by the measurement in a meaningful way (visual, audible)

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Q Question?

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Therapeutic p instrumentation

Definition: D fi iti a device d i th that ti is used dt to t treat ta disease or disorder. E Example: l

Ultrasound devices in therapy

Ultrasound

Ultrasound: sound wave with a frequency beyond the upper limit of human hearing (>20 KHz).

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Ultrasound

Ultrasound: sound wave with a frequency beyond the upper limit of human hearing (>20 KHz).

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Ultrasound in cancer treatment

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU): Used High-intensity to heat and destroy tumors.

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Cancer treatment instrument

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Clinical devices

Clinical applications pp

Prostate cancer Liver cancer Breast cancer Pancreatic cancer

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Ultrasound in stop p bleeding g

Exsanguination ( (bleeding bleeding to death) death )

= 80% of early mortality in civilian injuries = 50% of all battlefield mortality.

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Ultrasound in stop p bleeding g

Portable P t bl d device i th that t could ld b be used d near th the site of trauma to reduce mortality from severe bl d l blood loss.

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Portable HIFU device

Display

Power Supply and Control Module

Therapy Array

Footswitch Dr. Myntti carrying a portable image-guided HIFU System

Imaging Probe

Ultrasound in stop p bleeding g

1 cm

Summary

Diagnostic Therapeutic
Diagnose Therapy

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Historical Perspective: p 20th Century y

1903 ECG heart diagnostic 1924 EEG brain waves 1928 ESU cauterizing scalpel 1928 Iron Lung respiration assist 1936 N Nuclear l M Medicine di i 1956 Defibrillation 1957 Pacemaker (1960 implantable)

1957 Ultrasound Imaging (anatomical imaging) 1970 CT Scanner (anatomical imaging) 1975 Inter aortic balloon pump 1982 MRI (anatomical imaging) 1984 Artificial Heart 1990s PET - use radio isotopes (physiological imaging)
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