Teacher Notes Name Key Class Date

Notes Chemical Reactions

Signs of chemical reactions When a chemical reaction occurs, the reactants are used up and new substances called the products are made. These four signs generally indicate that a new substance has been formed as a result of a chemical reaction (chemical change). 1. a change of color . a change of energy (The reaction is called !endothermic" if the system absorbs energy and !exothermic" if the system releases energy.) #. a new gas is e$ol$ed (This is not %ust a physical change such as boiling or e$aporation.) &. a new solid (precipitate ) is made Chemical reactions are often classified by type. 'ne method of classification follows.

Types of chemical reactions (. )ynthesis (also called combination or composition) *. means ! putting together or building up +. reactants, two or more elements or C. product, one compound simple " compounds

D. representati$e e-uation, * . / */ 0. e1amples 1. . #. &. 4. 2 2 . ' Cl 2 2' 2 NaCl CaC'#

2 Na . Ca' . 2 3 . 4 5e .

C' +r 3 '

2 KBr 2 Fe2O3

((. Decomposition *. means ! breaking down or breaking apart +. is the opposite/reverse one of a synthesis reaction compound C. reactant, D. products, "

two or more elements or simple compounds

Teacher Notes 0. representati$e e-uation, */ * . / 5. e1amples 1. . #. &. 4. 2 2g' 2 3Cl'# Ca('2) 2 2g . 2 3Cl . Ca' . 2' . 2 2 . ' ' 3 ' 2' )'#

2 )'& 2 2'

(Notice that each of the products in the decomposition reactions above is a neutral molecule or atom. Another type of change is called dissociation. Although its equations look similar, no new substance is produced. Dissociation is therefore a physical, not a chemical, change. Compare the following equations to decomposition equations and e plain how they are different.! a. b. NaCl(s! Ca(N%&!' (s! Na"#(aq! " Ca"'(aq! " Cl$#(aq! 2 N%&$#(aq!

(Dissociation is a physical change in which a compound splits into ions in solution; decomposition is a chemical change that produces new substances with different properties.) (((. )ingle replacement (single displacement) *. one element replaces a similar element in a +. reactants, an element element and a C. products, a different compound compound and a new compound

D. representati$e e-uations, (* is a metal) * . +/ + . */ (6 is a nonmetal, usually a halogen) 6 . +/ / . +6 0. * metal element will try to replace the element will try to replace the anion series 8. e1amples 1. . #. &. 4. 3 . 2 9i . 2g . Cl . NaCl 3Cl . Na 2 9i'2 . 2 on p. 2 cation of the compound7 a nonmetal of the compound. below it.

5. Whether a single replacement reaction will occur can be predicted by the activity !"olt#. *n element can replace elements

2 2 ' (or 2 2'2) 2 ' N: Cu+r CuCl 2 *g .

+r Cu(N'#)

2 *gN'# .

Cu

Teacher Notes ;. <. ( . Na+r $% !& is below Br on the halogen activity series# 2 2Cl 'a'l2 . 2

Ca .

Teacher Notes (=. Double replacement (double displacement) *. cations and anions in two compounds switch places/swap partners +. reactants, two compounds, usually ionic compounds in a-ueous solutions C. products, 5or these reactions to ta>e place, one of the following must be a product? 1. a precipitate (a new compound is made that is not soluble) )olubility table on p. 42( or )** . water #. a gas (such as 'O2 , "2+ or $"3 ) D. representati$e e-uation, */ . +6 *6 . +/ (Why wouldn@t the products *+ or /6 formA) 0. e1amples 1. . #. &. 4. *gN'# . Cu) . 2 3'2 . +aCl . . NaCl *gCl . 2) . 2 2' . Ba+O4 , NaN'# Cu(N'#) 3 )'& 2 -i'l

2 2N'# 2 )'& 9i )'&

Bg(N'#)

NaCl $% !$one o. the three conditions is met/#

=. Combustion *. also called ! burning " oxygen 'O2 to support combustion and "2O is also produced. +. reactants, a carbonCcontaining fuel and C. products, (if combustion is complete) ((f combustion is incomplete, dangerous D. Combustion reactions are exothermic

carbon monoxide !'O# .

Combustion in e$eryday uses, such as car engines, fireplaces and grills, is incomplete.) 0. representati$e e-uation for complete combustion, C 12y'D . ' 5. e1amples 1. . #. &. 4. C2& . 2 ' C' 3 ' 0 ' ' . 2 2' 2 'O2 . 3 'O2 . 'O2 . 2 'O2 . 3 "2O 4 "2O "2O 1* "2O C' . 2'

C 24'2 (ethanol) . C#2E (propane) . C;21 '; (glucose) . 2 C&21F (butane) .

13 '