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    Ideal op Amps have Infinite gain for differential input signal, zero gain for common-mode mode input signal. Summing-point constraint forces differential input voltage and input current to zero. Op-amps are almost always used with negative feedback, in which part of the output signal is returned to the input in opposition to the source signal.

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    Lecture 10Hambley OpAmps

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    Ideal op Amps have Infinite gain for differential input signal, zero gain for common-mode mode input signal. Summing-point constraint forces differential input voltage and input current to zero. Op-amps are almost always used with negative feedback, in which part of the output signal is returned to the input in opposition to the source signal.

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    35 views38 pages

    Op Amp Circuits Op-Amp Circuits

    Uploaded by

    Salvador Flores Torres
    Ideal op Amps have Infinite gain for differential input signal, zero gain for common-mode mode input signal. Summing-point constraint forces differential input voltage and input current to zero. Op-amps are almost always used with negative feedback, in which part of the output signal is returned to the input in opposition to the source signal.

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    of 38

    Lecture 10 Op Amp Circuits Op-Amp

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Characteristics of Ideal Op p Amps


    Infinite gain for the differential input signal Zero gain for the common common-mode mode input signal Infinite input impedances Zero output impedance Infinite bandwidth

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Real Versus Ideal Op Amp

    Parameter Open-loop gain A Input resistance, Ri Output resistance, Ro

    Typical Range 10^5-10^8 10^5 to 10^13 10 to 100

    Ideal Values 0

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    741 Op-Amp

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    741 Op-Amp
    Current Mirrors

    Output Stage

    Differential Amplifier

    Class A Amplifier

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    SUMMING-POINT SUMMING POINT CONSTRAINT


    Operational amplifiers are almost always used with negative feedback, in which part of the output signal is returned to the input in opposition to the source signal.

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    In a negative feedback system, the ideal opamp output voltage attains the value needed to force the differential input voltage and input current to zero. We call this fact the summing-point constraint.

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Ideal op op-amp amp circuits are analyzed by the following steps:


    1. Verify that negative feedback is present. 2. Assume that the differential input voltage and the input current of the op amp are forced to zero. (This is the summing-point constraint.)

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    3. Apply standard circuit circuit-analysis analysis principles principles, such as Kirchhoffs laws and Ohms law, to solve for the quantities of interest interest.

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    The Basic Inverter

    v x > 0 vo << 0 v x decreases


    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Applying the Summing Point Constraint

    i2 =

    0 vo v = i1 = in R2 R1

    vo vin = R2 R1

    Av =

    vo R = 2 vin R1

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Inverting g Amplifier

    vin = R1 Z in = iin

    Vout

    R2 = vin R1

    Z out = 0

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Summing g Amplifier

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Summing g Amplifier
    iA iB iF

    VA iA = RA

    VB iB = RB

    V A VB iF = i A + iB = + R A RB V A VB vo = R F R + R B A

    0 vo vo V A V B iF = = = + RF RF R A RB

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Summing g Amplifier
    vA iA = RA
    iout V=0 iB VB RB Rf Vout

    iA VA

    RA

    vB iB = RB

    iout iout vout

    0 voutt voutt = = RF RF vout v A v B = i A + iB = + RF R A RB v A vB = RF R + R B A

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Summing g Amplifier

    Input resistance seen by vA = RA Input resistance seen by vB = RB Since the output voltage does not depend on the load resistance RL, the output impedance is zero.
    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Exercise 14.2(a)

    Fi d i1, i2, ix, io and Find d v o:


    vin 1V i1 = = = 1mA R1 1k i2 = i1 = 1mA vo 1 R2 1 10k io = = v = 1V = 10mA in R L R L R2 1k 1k i x + i2 = io i x = io i2 = 10mA 1mA = 11mA R2 10k vo = (10mA)(1k) = 10V = vin = (1V ) R2 1k
    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Exercise 14.2(b)
    v

    i1 =

    5V = 5mA = i2 1k 0v i2 = = 5mA v = 5V 1k 0 v 5V i3 = = = 5mA 1k 1k i4 = i2 + i3 = 5mA + 5mA = 10mA = v vo 5 vo = 1k 1k vo = 15V

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Exercise 14.3

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Exercise 14.3
    vo = 20 v1 10

    Inverting amplifier

    Summing amplifier

    1 20 v v2 v vout = 20k o + 2 = 20k v + = 4v1 2v2 1 10k 10k 10k 10 10k


    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Positive Feedback
    With positive feedback the op feedback, amps input and output voltages increase in magnitude until the output voltage reaches one of its extremes.
    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Non-inverting g Amplifier

    vi = 0 v1 = vin R1 v1 = vo R1 + R2 Av = R2 R1 + R2 vo = vin = 1+ vin R1 R1

    v o R2 = 1+ vin R1

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Non-inverting g Amplifier
    0 vin iin = R1
    iin 0 R1 Vin R2 iout Vout

    iout

    vin vout = R2 vin vin vout = R1 R2

    iin = iout

    vout vin vin = + R2 R1 R2 vout R2 = vin 1 + R 1

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    NONINVERTING AMPLIFIERS
    Under the ideal-opamp p assumption, p , the non- inverting amplifier p is an ideal voltage amplifier having g infinite input p resistance and zero output p resistance.

    vo R2 Av= =1+ vin R1

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Voltage g Follower

    vo R2 0 A v= = 1+ = 1+ = 1 vin R1
    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Exercise 14.4

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Exercise 14.4
    i2 = 0 i1 = 0
    vin
    v
    vin

    v+ = vin + Riin = vin vin v+ =0 R i2 = i1 = 0 i1 = vout = Ri2 + vin = vin


    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    vo = vin

    Exercise 14.4

    R vo = vin = vin R
    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Voltage-to-Current g Converter

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Voltage-to-Current g Converter

    vin

    vin io = RF
    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Exercise 14.6
    vin
    i1 i1

    v2
    i2 i3

    i1 =

    vin R1 vin ( R1 + R2 ) R1

    v2 = i1 R2 + i1 R1 = i1 ( R1 + R2 ) = i3 = i1 + i2 =

    vin R1 + R2 vin v2 vin 1 vin + = + ( R1 + R2 ) = 1 + R R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R 1 1 vin v R ( R1 + R2 ) + in 2 R1 R1 R1 + R2 1 + R 1


    2

    vo = v2 + i3 R2 =

    vo R R R R R R R2 = 1+ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 2 = 1+ 3 2 + vi R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R 1

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Design of Simple Amplifiers


    Amplifier design using op amps mainly consists of selecting a suitable circuit configuration and values for the feedback resistors.

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    If the resistances are too small, an impractical amount of current and power will be needed to operate the amplifier.

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Very y large g resistance may y be unstable in value and lead to stray coupling of undesired signals. g

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Example 14.3
    Want the voltage gain to be -10 5 percent: Varying resistance

    vout R2 = 10 5% = vs RS + R1

    Need R1>>RS so that variability y in RS is a small percentage change

    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Example 14.3

    Choose R1 = 100Rs = 50k R1+RS min = 50k R1+RS max = 50 50.5k 5k

    Rmax Rmin 50.5k 50k 0.5 = = = 1% R1 50k 50


    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Example 14.3

    T get To t the th gain i of f 10, 10 choose h R2 10R1 = 500k Since R1, RS, R2 can all vary, use 1% tolerance resistors: R1 = 49.9k 499 R2 = 499k 4.99k
    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

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