ADVANCES IN I.

C ENGINES
Md. Sibghathullah and Gautham pokar Department of Automobile Engineering Bhaskar Engineering College Introduction The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (generally, fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases, which are produced by the combustion, directly applies force to a movable component of the engine, such as the pistons or turbine blades and by moving it over a distance, generate useful mechanical energy. The internal combustion engine was created because there were scientists and inventors questioning the operation of gas engines and steam engines. The need was for a propulsion system that would do the trick for industries while also be adoptable for other applications such as in automobiles. Thus the evolution of I.C engines based on Carnots cyclic process promising a significantly high energy yield. It was Nicholas Ottos principle of first petrol engine which had remained fairly constant and was left for the German trio of Daimler, Maybach and Benz to put the first I.C (Petrol) engine into production especially in automobiles. Then Rudolf Diesel experimented with an engine which did not require a spark plug for ignition and thus came the diesel engine in 1897.

After more than a century of research and development, the internal combustion(IC) engine is nearing both perfection and obsolescence: engineers continue to explore the outer limits of IC efficiency and performance, but advancements in fuel economy and emissions have effectively stalled. While many IC vehicles meet Low Emissions Vehicle standards, these will give way to new, stricter government regulations in the very near future. REC EN T TREN DS IN I.C EN GINES Internal combustion engine has been with us for a long time since about 1885. The oil crisis and stricter anti pollution laws started a movement towards greater engine efficiency. Engines have grown more efficient and less polluting since 1980s Some of the technologies that can achieve this improved efficiency is discussed. 1. DIRECT INJECTION SYSTEM 2. M.P.F.i ENGINES 3. C.R.D.i ENGINES

CONCLUSION Advantages and applications of all the engines are discussed briefly and working principle is also explained briefly. The traditional advantages of internal combustion (IC) engines refer to : The high power density (power to volume and weight) The high energy content and the ease of onboard storage of liquid fuels. The well established manufacturing processes that has been optimized through many years The usage of conventional materials with good recycle ability 5. VARIABLE COMPRESSION The driving distance between two refueling events (which is typically much longer with IC engines than with many of the discussed future alternatives) The well established worldwide fuel supply infrastructure The capability to effectively use a variety of alternative gaseous and liquid fuels IC engines still have a huge potential to effectively deal with most of the sometimes conflicting requirements for future automotive power trains. In particular they can achieve: 6.HYBRID ENGINES 7.I.VTECH ENGINES 8. ROTATING LINEAR ENGINES Further increase of power and torque Further size and weight reductions Further improved fueleconomy

4. SUPER AND TURBO CHARGER

Further reduced manufacturing cost Future engine concepts for higher specific power output, lower engine raw emissions and better comfort will include: Advanced boosting / air handling systems for improved performance and lowest emissions Low NOx combustion systems in combination with advanced fuel injection systems (Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition) Right sizing (optimized combination of engine displacement and vehicle weight for a given NOx emission standard) 4. Parasitic loss reduction 5. Weight reduction Further increased oil change intervals

Future gasoline engine concepts will mainly targeting on further increased specific power output and fuel economy improvements through : Downsizing and boosting (in combination direct fuel injection or with variable compression ratio) Reduced throttle losses at part load operation through: Direct fuel injection with stratified lean part load operation. REFRENCE .Carbible.com. .Scribd.com. .Wikipedia. .Automobile Engineering volume 1 and 2 by kirpal singh.