Lesson 9.

Chapter 9 : Rational Exponents & Roots

Standards: 2.0 Students understand and use such operations taking a root, and raising to a fractional power. They understand and use the rules of exponents. 12.0 Students simplify fractions with polynomials in the numerator and denominator by factoring both and reducing them to the lowest terms.

Lesson 9.7: Complex Numbers

Objectives:
Within the learning period, I will be able to 1. Simplify square roots of negative numbers. 2. Simplify powers of i. 3. Solve for unknown variables by equating real parts and equating imaginary parts of two complex numbers. 4. Add & subtract complex numbers. 5. Multiply complex numbers. 6. Divide complex numbers.

IMAGINARY UNIT
You have always been told that you cant take the square root of a negative number. But you can if you use imaginary units.

The imaginary unit is . = 1 It is used to write the square root of a negative number.

DEFINITION
Complex numbers are numbers of the form
square root of minus one
real imaginary

Examples:
purely real
purely imaginary

roots of

Complex Numbers & Geometry

Complex plane:

real axis

imaginary axis

Cycle of " i"

i 1 1 i i
0

i 1
4

i 1 3 i i
2

i i 6 i 1 7 i i
5

Simplify.

11

Divide the exponent by 4 and look at the remainder.

11 4 = 2 with remainder 3

So i i i
11 3

Simplify.

12

To figure out where we are in the cycle divide the exponent by 4 and look at the remainder.

12 4 = 3 with remainder 0

So i i 1
12 0

Simplify.

17

Divide the exponent by 4 and look at the remainder.

17 4 = 4 with remainder 1

So i

17

i i
1

Simplify.

26

Divide the exponent by 4 and look at the remainder.

26 4 = 6 with remainder 2

So i

26

i 1
2

PROPERTY OF THE SQUARE ROOT OF NEGATIVE NUMBERS

If r is a positive real number, then

r i r
Examples:

3 i 3

4 i 4

2i

EXAMPLES:
Simplify each expression.

1. 81

81 1 9i

2. 121x

11 xi x
2

3. 200 x 100 1 2x 10i 2x

MORE EXAMPLES

4. 8i 3i

24i

24 1 24
Remember i
2

Remember that 1 i

5. 5 20 i 5 i 20

i 100 1 10 10
2

ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

When adding or subtracting complex numbers, combine like terms.

Ex: 8 3i 2 5i 8 2 3i 5i

10 2i

Simplify.

8 12 7i 11i
4 18i

8 7i 12 11i

Simplify.

9 6i 12 2i 9 12 6i 2i
3 8i

MORE PRACTICE
1.) (1 2i) (3 3i)

(1 3) (2i 3i) 2 5i
2.
(2 3i) (3 7i)

3. 2i (3 i) (2 3i) (3 2) (2i i 3i)

1 2i

(2 3) (3i 7i)
1 4i

ADD OR SUBTRACT THE REAL PARTS, THEN ADD OR SUBTRACT THE IMAGINARY PARTS)

MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

To multiply complex numbers, you use the same procedure as multiplying polynomials.

Ex:

8 5i2 3i
2

I i 15 Oi 10 F 24 Li 16
i 16 14i 15 i 31 14i

Individual Practice/Homework Problem Set 9.7, TB pp. 585-586 (Multiples of 4 numbers 4, 8, , 80)