Glossary of Metallurgical and Metalworking Terms

THIS GLOSSARY contains the definitions of some 3500 technical terms encountered in the metallurgical literature. The list includes terms from general materials science! "h#sical metallurg#! mechanical metallurg#! e$tracti%e metallurg#! melting and casting! forming and forging! "o&der metallurg#! heat treating! machining and grinding! &elding and 'oining ()ra*ing! soldering! and adhesi%e )onding+! surface engineering (cleaning! finishing! and coating technolog#+! corrosion and electrochemistr#! tri)olog# (&ear! friction! and lu)rication technolog#+! fracture mechanics! mechanical testing! nondestructi%e testing and ins"ection! metallogra"h#! fractogra"h#! failure anal#sis! and materials characteri*ation. These su)'ect areas are re"resentati%e of the to"ics co%ered in the ,0-%olume ASM Handbook series. .an# cross references to "referred terms! alternati%e terms! and closel# related terms ha%e )een included/ these cross references are "rinted in italics. Also! terms that are o)solete or other&ise ina""ro"riate for use in current technical articles0re"orts! and so forth are so indicated. .an# terms can ha%e more than one meaning/ alternati%e meanings are identified )# "arenthetical num)ers "receding each alternati%e definition. 1hene%er "ossi)le! a general or generic meaning is gi%en )efore a s"ecific meaning! )ut there is no s"ecial significance to the order in &hich alternati%e meanings are gi%en. In addition! man# of the definitions in this glossar# are com"ati)le &ith (although not necessaril# identical to+ definitions "u)lished )# AST.! A1S! 2A34! and other technical organi*ations. Terms that are )est defined using an accom"an#ing figure are not included in this glossar#. 4$am"les here include &eld 'oint configurations (e.g.! tee 'oints! la" 'oints! etc.+ and related nomenclature and cutting tool geometries (e.g.! clearance angles! ra5e angles! etc.+. These terms are defined and illustrated in the Sections 67oining6 and 6.achining!6 res"ecti%el#! in this Hand)oo5. Although e%er# effort has )een made to "ro%ide as com"rehensi%e a glossar# as "ossi)le! s"ace limitations dictate that onl# the most commonl# used terms )e defined. .ore s"eciali*ed terms are defined in the man# glossaries "u)lished throughout the ASM Handbook series and in the illustrated ASM Materials Engineering Dictionary "u)lished in 899,. The latter &or5 also contains terms and definitions related to nonmetallic engineered materials and "rocessing. o A
o abrasion o (8+ A "rocess in &hich hard "articles or "rotu)erances are forced against and mo%ed along a

solid surface. (,+ A roughening or scratching of a surface due to a)rasi%e &ear. (3+ The "rocess of

grinding or &earing a&a# through the use of a)rasi%es.

o abrasive o (8+ A hard su)stance used for grinding! honing! la""ing! su"erfinishing! "olishing! "ressure

)lasting! or )arrel finishing. A)rasi%es in common use are alumina! silicon car)ide! )oron car)ide! diamond! cu)ic )oron nitride! garnet! and :uart*. (,+ Hard "articles! such as roc5s! sand! or fragments of certain hard metals! that &ear a&a# a surface &hen the# mo%e across it under "ressure. See also su"era)rasi%es .
o abrasive belt o A coated a)rasi%e "roduct! in the form of a )elt! used in "roduction grinding and "olishing. o abrasive blasting o A "rocess for cleaning or finishing )# means of an a)rasi%e directed at high %elocit# against the

&or5"iece.
o abrasive disk o (8+ A grinding &heel that is mounted on a steel "late! &ith the e$"osed flat side )eing used for

grinding. (,+ A dis5-sha"ed! coated a)rasi%e "roduct.

o abrasive erosion o 4rosi%e &ear caused )# the relati%e motion of solid "articles that are entrained in a fluid! mo%ing

nearl# "arallel to a solid surface. See also erosion .

o abrasive flow machining o Remo%al of material )# a %iscous! a)rasi%e media flo&ing under "ressure through or across a

&or5"iece.
o abrasive jet machining o .aterial remo%al from a &or5"iece )# im"ingement of fine a)rasi%e "articles that are entrained

in a focused! high-%elocit# gas stream.

o abrasive machining o A machining "rocess in &hich the "oints of a)rasi%e "articles are used as machining tools.

Grinding is a t#"ical a)rasi%e machining "rocess.

o abrasive waterjet machining o See &ater'et0a)rasi%e &ater'et machining . o abrasive wear o The remo%al of material from a surface &hen hard "articles slide or roll across the surface under

"ressure. The "articles ma# )e loose or ma# )e "art of another surface in contact &ith the surface )eing a)raded. 3om"are &ith adhesi%e &ear .
o o o o o o o o

abrasive wheel
A grinding &heel com"osed of an a)rasi%e grit and a )onding agent.

absolute density
See densit#! a)solute .

Accm, Ac1, Ac3, Ac4

;efined under transformation tem"erature .

accelerated corrosion test

.ethod designed to a""ro$imate! in a short time! the deteriorating effect under normal long-term ser%ice conditions.
o accelerated-life test o A method designed to a""ro$imate! in a short time! the deteriorating effect o)tained under

normal long-term ser%ice conditions. See also artificial aging .

o accelerated testing o A test "erformed on materials or assem)lies that is meant to "roduce failures caused )# the same

failure mechanism as e$"ected in field o"eration )ut in significantl# shorter time. The failure mechanism is accelerated )# changing one or more of the controlling test "arameters.
o acicular ferrite o A highl# su)structured none:uia$ed ferrite formed u"on continuous cooling )# a mi$ed diffusion

and shear mode of transformation that )egins at a tem"erature slightl# higher than the transformation tem"erature range for u""er )ainite. It is distinguished from )ainite in that it has a limited amount of car)on a%aila)le/ thus! there is onl# a small amount of car)ide "resent.
o acicular ferrite steels o <ltralo&-car)on (=0.0>?+ steels ha%ing a microstructure consisting of either acicular ferrite

(lo&-car)on )ainite+ or a mi$ture of acicular and e:uia$ed ferrite.

o acid o A chemical su)stance that #ields h#drogen ions (H@+ &hen dissol%ed in &ater. 3om"are &ith

)ase . (,+ A term a""lied to slags! refractories! and minerals containing a high "ercentage of silica.
o acid bottom and lining o The inner )ottom and lining of a melting furnace! consisting of materials li5e sand! siliceous

roc5! or silica )ric5 that gi%e an acid reaction at the o"erating tem"erature.
o acid copper o (8+ 3o""er electrode"osited from an acid solution of a co""er salt! usuall# co""er sulfate. (,+

The solution referred to in (8+.

o acid embrittlement o A form of h#drogen em)rittlement that ma# )e induced in some metals )# acid. o acid rain o Atmos"heric "reci"itation &ith a "H )elo& 5.A to 5.B. Curning of fossil fuels for heat and "o&er

is the ma'or factor in the generation of o$ides of nitrogen and sulfur! &hich are con%erted into nitric and sulfuric acids &ashed do&n in the rain. See also atmos"heric corrosion .
o acid refractory o Siliceous ceramic materials of a high melting tem"erature! such as silica )ric5! used for

metallurgical furnace linings. 3om"are &ith )asic refractories .

o acid steel o Steel melted in a furnace &ith an acid )ottom and lining and under a slag containing an e$cess of

an acid su)stance such as silica.

o acoustic emission o A measure of integrit# of a material! as determined )# sound emission &hen a material is

stressed. Ideall#! emissions can )e correlated &ith defects and0or inci"ient failure.
o actinide metals o The grou" of radioacti%e elements of atomic num)ers >9 through 803 of the "eriodic s#stem--

namel#! actinium! thorium! "rotactinium! uranium! ne"tunium! "lutonium! americium! curium! )er5elium! californium! einsteinium! fermium! mendele%ium! no)elium! and la&rencium.
o activated rosin flux o A rosin-)ase flu$ containing an additi%e that increases &etting )# the solder. o activation o (8+ The changing of a "assi%e surface of a metal to a chemicall# acti%e state. 3ontrast &ith

"assi%ation . (,+ The (usuall#+ chemical "rocess of ma5ing a surface more rece"ti%e to )onding &ith a coating or an enca"sulating material.
o activation energy o The energ# re:uired for initiating a metallurgical reaction--for e$am"le! "lastic flo&! diffusion!

chemical reaction. The acti%ation energ# ma# )e calculated from the slo"e of the line o)tained )# "lotting the natural log of the reaction rate %ersus the reci"rocal of the a)solute tem"erature.
o active o The negati%e direction of electrode "otential. Also used to descri)e corrosion and its associated

"otential range &hen an electrode "otential is more negati%e than an ad'acent de"ressed corrosion rate ("assi%e+ range.
o active metal o A metal read# to corrode or )eing corroded. o activity o A measure of the chemical "otential of a su)stance! &here the chemical "otential is not e:ual to

concentration! that allo&s mathematical relations e:ui%alent to those for ideal s#stems to )e used to correlate changes in an e$"erimentall# measured :uantit# &ith changes in chemical "otential.
o addition agent o (8+ A su)stance added to a solution for the "ur"ose of altering or controlling a "rocess.

4$am"les &etting agents in acid "ic5les/ )righteners or anti"itting agents in "lating solutions/ inhi)itors. (,+ An# material added to a charge of molten metal in a )ath or ladle to )ring the allo# to s"ecification.
o adhesion o (8+ In frictional contacts! the attracti%e force )et&een ad'acent surfaces. In "h#sical chemistr#!

adhesion denotes the attraction )et&een a solid surface and a second (li:uid or solid+ "hase. This definition is )ased on the assum"tion of a re%ersi)le e:uili)rium. In mechanical technolog#! adhesion is generall# irre%ersi)le. In rail&a# engineering! adhesion often means friction. (,+ Dorce of attraction )et&een the molecules (or atoms+ of t&o different "hases. 3ontrast &ith cohesion . (3+ The state in &hich t&o surfaces are held together )# interfacial forces! &hich ma# consist of %alence forces! interloc5ing action! or )oth.
o adhesive o A su)stance ca"a)le of holding materials together )# surface attachment. Adhesi%e is a general

term and includes! among others! cement! glue! mucilage! and "aste.
o adhesive bonding o A materials 'oining "rocess in &hich an adhesi%e! "laced )et&een the fa#ing surfaces

(adherends+! solidifies to "roduce an adhesi%e )ond.

o adhesive wear o (8+ 1ear )# transference of material from one surface to another during relati%e motion due to a

"rocess of solid-"hase &elding. Earticles that are remo%ed from one surface are either "ermanentl# or tem"oraril# attached to the other surface. (,+ 1ear due to locali*ed )onding )et&een contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer )et&een the t&o surfaces or loss from either surface. 3om"are &ith a)rasi%e &ear .
o o o o o o o o

adjustable bed
Ced of a "ress designed so that the die s"ace height can )e %aried con%enientl#.

Aecm, Ae1, Ae3, Ae4

;efined under transformation tem"erature .

age hardening
Hardening )# aging (heat treatment+ usuall# after ra"id cooling or cold &or5ing.

age softening

S"ontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that ta5es "lace at room tem"erature in certain strain hardened allo#s! es"eciall# those of aluminum.
o aging o (8+ The effect on materials of e$"osure to an en%ironment for a "rolonged inter%al of time. (,+

The "rocess of e$"osing materials to an en%ironment for a "rolonged inter%al of time in order to "redict in-ser%ice lifetime.
o aging heat treatment! o A change in the "ro"erties of certain metals and allo#s that occurs at am)ient or moderatel#

ele%ated tem"eratures after hot &or5ing or a heat treatment (:uench aging in ferrous allo#s! natural or artificial aging in ferrous and nonferrous allo#s+ or after a cold-&or5ing o"eration (strain aging+. The change in "ro"erties is often! )ut not al&a#s! due to a "hase change ("reci"itation+! )ut ne%er in%ol%es a change in chemical com"osition of the metal or allo#. See also age hardening ! artificial aging ! interru"ted aging ! natural aging ! o%eraging ! "reci"itation hardening ! "reci"itation heat treatment ! "rogressi%e aging ! :uench aging ! ste" aging ! and strain aging .
o air acetylene welding o A fuel gas &elding "rocess in &hich coalescence is "roduced )# heating &ith a gas flame or

flames o)tained from the com)ustion of acet#lene &ith air! &ithout the a""lication of "ressure! and &ith or &ithout the use of filler metal.
o air bend die o Angle-forming dies in &hich the metal is formed &ithout stri5ing the )ottom of the die. .etal

contact is made at onl# three "oints in the cross section the nose of the male die and the t&o edges of a F-sha"e die o"ening.
o air bending o Cending in an air )end die . o air carbon arc cutting o An arc cutting "rocess in &hich metals to )e cut are melted )# the heat of a car)on arc and the

molten metal is remo%ed )# a )last of air.

o air classification o The se"aration of metal "o&der into "article-si*e fractions )# means of an air stream of

controlled %elocit#/ an a""lication of the "rinci"le of elutriation .

o air-hardening steel o A steel containing sufficient car)on and other allo#ing elements to harden full# during cooling in

air or other gaseous media from a tem"erature a)o%e its transformation range. The term should )e restricted to steels that are ca"a)le of )eing hardened )# cooling in air in fairl# large sections! a)out 50 mm (, in.+ or more in diameter. Same as self-hardening steel.
o air-lift hammer o A t#"e of gra%it#-dro" hammer in &hich the ram is raised for each stro5e )# an air c#linder.

Cecause length of stro5e can )e controlled! ram %elocit# and therefore the energ# deli%ered to the &or5"iece can )e %aried. See also dro" hammer and gra%it# hammer .
o alclad o 3om"osite &rought "roduct com"rised of an aluminum allo# core ha%ing one or )oth surfaces a

metallurgicall# )onded aluminum or aluminum allo# coating that is anodic to the core and thus electrochemicall# "rotects the core against corrosion.
o alkali metal o A metal in grou" IA of the "eriodic s#stem--namel#! lithium! sodium! "otassium! ru)idium!

cesium! and francium. The# form strongl# al5aline h#dro$ides! hence the name.
o alkaline cleaner o A material )lended from al5ali h#dro$ides and such al5aline salts as )orates! car)onates!

"hos"hates! or silicates. The cleaning action ma# )e enhanced )# the addition of surface-acti%e agents and s"ecial sol%ents.
o alkaline earth metal o A metal in grou" IIA of the "eriodic s#stem--namel#! )er#llium! magnesium! calcium! strontium!

)arium! and radium--so called )ecause the o$ides or 6earths6 of calcium! strontium! and )arium &ere found )# the earl# chemists to )e al5aline in reaction.
o alligatoring o (8+ Eronounced &ide crac5ing o%er the entire surface of a coating ha%ing the a""earance of

alligator hide. (,+ The longitudinal s"litting of flat sla)s in a "lane "arallel to the rolled surface. Also called fish-mouthing.
o alligator skin o See orange "eel . o allotriomorphic crystal o A cr#stal &hose lattice structure is normal )ut &hose e$ternal surfaces are not )ounded )#

regular cr#stal faces/ rather! the e$ternal surfaces are im"ressed )# contact &ith other cr#stals or another surface such as a mold &all! or are irregularl# sha"ed )ecause of nonuniform gro&th. 3om"are &ith idiomor"hic cr#stal .
o allotropy o (8+ A near s#non#m for "ol#mor"hism . Allotro"# is generall# restricted to descri)ing

"ol#mor"hic )eha%ior in elements! terminal "hases! and allo#s &hose )eha%ior closel# "arallels that of the "redominant constituent element. (,+ The e$istence of a su)stance! es"eciall# an element! in t&o or more "h#sical states (for e$am"le! cr#stals+.
o allowance o (8+ The s"ecified difference in limiting si*es (minimum clearance or ma$imum interference+

)et&een mating "arts! as com"uted arithmeticall# from the s"ecified dimensions and tolerances of each "art. (,+ In a foundr#! the s"ecified clearance. The difference in limiting si*es! such as minimum clearance or ma$imum interference )et&een mating "arts! as com"uted arithmeticall#. See also tolerance .
o alloy o (8+ A su)stance ha%ing metallic "ro"erties and )eing com"osed of t&o or more chemical

elements of &hich at least one is a metal. (,+ To ma5e or melt an allo#.

o alloy cast iron o Highl# allo#ed cast irons containing more than 3? allo# content. Allo# cast irons ma# )e of a

t#"e of &hite iron! gra# iron! or ductile iron.

o alloying element o An element added to and remaining in a metal that changes structure and "ro"erties. o alloy plating o The code"osition of t&o or more metallic elements. o alloy powder, alloyed powder o A metal "o&der consisting of at least t&o constituents that are "artiall# or com"letel# allo#ed

&ith each other.

o alloy steel o Steel containing s"ecified :uantities of allo#ing elements (other than car)on and the commonl#

acce"ted amounts of manganese! co""er! silicon! sulfur! and "hos"horus+ &ithin the limits recogni*ed for constructional allo# steels! added to effect changes in mechanical or "h#sical "ro"erties.
o alloy system o A com"lete series of com"ositions "roduced )# mi$ing in all "ro"ortions an# grou" of t&o or

more com"onents! at least one of &hich is a metal.

o all-weld-metal test specimen o A test s"ecimen &herein the "ortion )eing tested is com"osed &holl# of &eld metal. o alpha brass

o A solid-solution "hase of one or more allo#ing elements in co""er ha%ing the same cr#stal lattice

as co""er.
o alpha ferrite o See ferrite . o alpha iron o The )od#-centered cu)ic form of "ure iron! sta)le )elo& 980 G3 (8AB0 GD+. o alternate immersion test o A corrosion test in &hich the s"ecimens are intermittentl# e$"osed to a li:uid medium at definite

time inter%als.
o alumini"ing o Dorming of an aluminum or aluminum allo# coating on a metal )# hot di""ing! hot s"ra#ing! or

diffusion.
o amalgam o A dental allo# "roduced )# com)ining mercur# &ith allo# "articles of sil%er! tin! co""er! and

sometimes *inc.
o amorphous o 2ot ha%ing a cr#stal structure/ noncr#stalline. o amorphous solid o A rigid material &hose structure lac5s cr#stalline "eriodicit#/ that is! the "attern of its constituent

atoms or molecules does not re"eat "eriodicall# in three dimensions. See also metallic glass .
o anelastic deformation o An# "ortion of the total deformation of a )od# that occurs as a function of time &hen load is

a""lied and &hich disa""ears com"letel# after a "eriod of time &hen the load is remo%ed.
o anelasticity o The "ro"ert# of solids )# %irtue of &hich strain is not a single-%alue function of stress in the

lo&stress range &here no "ermanent set occurs.

o angle of bite o In the rolling of metals! the location &here all of the force is transmitted through the rolls/ the

ma$imum attaina)le angle )et&een the roll radius at the first contact and the line of roll centers. O"erating angles less than the angle of )ite are termed contact angles or rolling angles.
o angle of nip o In rolling! the angle of )ite. In roll! 'a&! or g#rator# crushing! the entrance angle formed )# the

tangents at the t&o "oints of contact )et&een the &or5ing surfaces and the (assumed+ s"herical "articles to )e crushed.
o angstrom unit! o A unit of linear measure e:ual to 80-80 m! or 0.8 nm (nanometer+! sometimes used to e$"ress

small distances such as interatomic distances and some &a%elengths.

o anion o A negati%el# charged ion that migrates through the electrol#te to&ard the anode under the

influence of a "otential gradient. See also cation and ion .

o anisotropy o The characteristic of e$hi)iting different %alues of a "ro"ert# in different directions &ith res"ect

to a fi$ed reference s#stem in the material.

o annealing o A generic term denoting a treatment consisting of heating to and holding at a suita)le

tem"erature follo&ed )# cooling at a suita)le rate! used "rimaril# to soften metallic materials! )ut also to

simultaneousl# "roduce desired changes in other "ro"erties or in microstructure. The "ur"ose of such changes ma# )e! )ut is not confined to im"ro%ement of machina)ilit#! facilitation of cold &or5! im"ro%ement of mechanical or electrical "ro"erties! and0or increase in sta)ilit# of dimensions. 1hen the term is used un:ualifiedl#! full annealing is im"lied. 1hen a""lied onl# for the relief of stress! the "rocess is "ro"erl# called stress relie%ing or stress-relief annealing. In ferrous allo#s! annealing usuall# is done a)o%e the u""er critical tem"erature! )ut the timetem"erature c#cles %ar# &idel# )oth in ma$imum tem"erature attained and in cooling rate em"lo#ed! de"ending on com"osition! material condition! and results desired. 1hen a""lica)le! the follo&ing commercial "rocess names should )e used )lac5 annealing! )lue annealing! )o$ annealing! )right annealing! c#cle annealing! flame annealing! full annealing! gra"hiti*ing! in"rocess annealing! isothermal annealing! mallea)ili*ing! orientation annealing! "rocess annealing! :uench annealing! s"heroidi*ing! su)critical annealing. In nonferrous allo#s! annealing c#cles are designed to (a+ remo%e "art or all of the effects of cold &or5ing (recr#stalli*ation ma# or ma# not )e in%ol%ed+/ ()+ cause su)stantiall# com"lete coalescence of "reci"itates from solid solution in relati%el# coarse form/ or (c+ )oth! de"ending on com"osition and material condition. S"ecific "rocess names in commercial use are final annealing! full annealing! intermediate annealing! "artial annealing! recr#stalli*ation annealing! stress-relief annealing! anneal to tem"er.
o annealing carbon o See tem"er car)on . o annealing twin o A t&in formed in a cr#stal during recr#stalli*ation. o anneal to temper o A final "artial anneal that softens a cold-&or5ed nonferrous allo# to a s"ecified le%el of hardness

or tensile strength.
o anode o (8+ The electrode of an electrol#te cell at &hich o$idation occurs. 4lectrons flo& a&a# from the

anode in the e$ternal circuit. It is usuall# at the electrode that corrosion occurs and metal ions enter solution. (,+ The "ositi%e (electron-deficient+ electrode in an electrochemical circuit. 3ontrast &ith cathode .
o anode copper o S"ecial-sha"ed co""er sla)s! resulting from the refinement of )lister co""er in a re%er)erator#

furnace! used as anodes in electrol#tic refinement.

o anode effect o The effect "roduced )# "olari*ation of the anode in electrol#sis. It is characteri*ed )# a sudden

increase in %oltage and a corres"onding decrease in am"erage due to the anode )ecoming %irtuall# se"arated from the electrol#te )# a gas film.
o anode efficiency o 3urrent efficienc# at the anode . o anode film o (8+ The "ortion of solution in immediate contact &ith the anode! es"eciall# if the concentration

gradient is stee". (,+ The outer la#er of the anode itself.

o anode polari"ation o See "olari*ation . o anodic cleaning o 4lectrol#tic cleaning in &hich the &or5 is the anode. Also called re%erse-current cleaning. o anodic coating

o A film on a metal surface resulting from an electrol#tic treatment at the anode. o anodic pickling o 4lectrol#tic "ic5ling in &hich the &or5 is the anode. o anodic polari"ation o The change of the electrode "otential in the no)le ("ositi%e+ direction due to current flo&. See

also "olari*ation .
o anodic protection o (8+ A techni:ue to reduce the corrosion rate of a metal )# "olari*ing it into its "assi%e region!

&here dissolution rates are lo&. (,+ Im"osing an e$ternal electrical "otential to "rotect a metal from corrosi%e attac5. (A""lica)le onl# to metals that sho& acti%e-"assi%e )eha%ior.+ 3ontrast &ith cathodic "rotection .
o anodic reaction o 4lectrode reaction e:ui%alent to a transfer of "ositi%e charge from the electronic to the ionic

conductor. An anodic reaction is an o$idation "rocess. An e$am"le common in corrosion is .(s+ .(a:+,@ @ ,e-.
o anodi"ing o Dorming a con%ersion coating on a metal surface )# anodic o$idation/ most fre:uentl# a""lied to

aluminum.
o anolyte o The electrol#te ad'acent to the anode in an electrol#tic cell. o antiferromagnetic material o A material &herein interatomic forces hold the elementar# atomic magnets (electron s"ins+ of a

solid in alignment! a state similar to that of a ferromagnetic material )ut &ith the difference that e:uals num)ers of elementar# magnets (s"ins+ face in o""osite directions and are anti"arallel! causing the solid to )e &ea5l# magnetic! that is! "aramagnetic! instead of ferromagnetic.
o antifriction material o A material that e$hi)its lo&-friction or self-lu)ricating "ro"erties. o antipitting agent o An addition agent for electro"lating solutions to "re%ent the formation of "its or large "ores in

the electrode"osit.
o anvil o A large! hea%# metal )loc5 that su""orts the frame structure and holds the stationar# die of a

forging hammer. Also! the metal )loc5 on &hich )lac5smith forgings are made.
o anvil cap o Same as so& )loc5 . o apparent density o (8+ The &eight "er unit %olume of a "o&der! in contrast to the &eight "er unit %olume of the

indi%idual "articles. (,+ The &eight "er unit %olume of a "orous solid! &here the unit %olume is determined from e$ternal dimensions of the mass. A""arent densit# is al&a#s less than the true densit# of the material itself.
o Arcm, Ar1, Ar3, Ar4, Ar#, Ar## o ;efined under transformation tem"erature . o arbor o (8+ In machine grinding! the s"indle on &hich the &heel is mounted. (,+ In machine cutting! a

shaft or )ar for holding and dri%ing the cutter. (3+ In founding! a metal sha"e em)edded in green sand or dr# sand cores to su""ort the sand or the a""lied load during casting.
o

arbor press

o A machine used for forcing ar)ors or mandrels into drilled or )ored "arts "re"arator# to turning

or grinding. Also used for forcing )ushings! shafts! or "ins into or out of holes.
o o o o o o o o o o

arbor-type cutter
A cutter ha%ing a hole for mounting on an ar)or and usuall# ha%ing a 5e#&a# for a dri%ing 5e#.

arc
A luminous discharge of electrical current crossing the ga" )et&een t&o electrodes.

arc blow
The deflection of an electric arc from its normal "ath )ecause of magnetic forces.

arc bra"ing
A )ra*ing "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is o)tained from an electric arc.

arc cutting

A grou" of cutting "rocesses that melt the metals to )e cut &ith the heat of an arc )et&een an electrode and the )ase metal. See car)on arc cutting ! metal arc cutting ! gas metal arc cutting ! gas tungsten arc cutting ! "lasma arc cutting ! and air car)on arc cutting . 3om"are &ith o$#gen arc cutting .
o arc furnace o A furnace in &hich metal is melted either directl# )# an electric arc )et&een an electrode and the

&or5 or indirectl# )# an arc )et&een t&o electrodes ad'acent to the metal.

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

arc gouging
An arc cutting "rocess %ariation used to form a )e%el or groo%e.

arc melting
.elting metal in an electric arc furnace.

arc oxygen cutting

See "referred term o$#gen arc cutting .

arc plasma
See "lasma arc cutting .

arc seam weld

A seam &eld ma5e )# an arc &elding "rocess.

arc spot weld

A s"ot &eld made )# an arc &elding "rocess.

arc spraying A$%!

A thermal s"ra#ing "rocess using an arc )et&een t&o consuma)le electrodes of surfacing materials as a heat source and a com"ressed gas to atomi*e and "ro"el the surfacing material to the su)strate.
o arc strike o A discontinuit# consisting of an# locali*ed remelted metal! heat-affected metal! or change in the

surface "rofile of an# "art of a &eld or )ase metal resulting from an arc.
o arc welding o A grou" of &elding "rocesses that "roduce coalescence of metals )# heating them &ith an arc!

&ith or &ithout the a""lication of "ressure! and &ith or &ithout the use of filler metal.
o arc welding electrode o See electrode (&elding+ . o argon oxygen decarburi"ation A&'! o A secondar# refining "rocess for the controlled o$idation of car)on in a steel melt. In the AO;

"rocess! o$#gen! argon! and nitrogen are in'ected into a molten metal )ath through su)merged! side-mounted tu#eres.
o

artifact

o A feature of artificial character! such as a scratch or a "iece of dust on a metallogra"hic

s"ecimen! that can )e erroneousl# inter"reted as a real feature.

o artificial aging o Aging a)o%e room tem"erature. See aging (heat treatment+ . 3om"are &ith natural aging . o as-cast condition o 3astings as remo%ed from the mold &ithout su)se:uent heat treatment. o as-welded o The condition of &eld metal! &elded 'oints! and &eldments after &elding! )ut "rior to an#

su)se:uent thermal! mechanical! or chemical treatments.

o athermal transformation o A reaction that "roceeds &ithout )enefit of thermal fluctuations--that is! thermal acti%ation is not

re:uired. Such reactions are diffusionless and can ta5e "lace &ith great s"eed &hen the dri%ing force is sufficientl# high. Dor e$am"le! man# martensitic transformations occur athermall# on cooling! e%en at relati%el# lo& tem"eratures! )ecause of the "rogressi%el# increasing dri%e force. In contrast! a reaction that occurs at constant tem"erature is an isothermal transformation/ thermal acti%ation is necessar# in this case and the reaction "roceeds as a function of time.
o atmospheric corrosion o The gradual degradation or alteration of a material )# contact &ith su)stances "resent in the

atmos"here! such as o$#gen! car)on dio$ide! &ater %a"or! and sulfur and chlorine com"ounds.
o atmospheric riser o A riser that uses atmos"heric "ressure to aid feeding. 4ssentiall#! a )lind riser into &hich a small

core or rod "rotrudes/ the function of the core or rod is to "ro%ide an o"en "assage so that the molten interior of the riser &ill not )e under a "artial %acuum &hen metal is &ithdra&n to feed the casting )ut &ill al&a#s )e under atmos"heric "ressure.
o atomic number Z! o The num)er of "rotons in an atomic nucleus! &hich determines the indi%idualit# of the atom as a

chemical element.
o atomic percent o The num)er of atoms of an element in a total of 800 re"resentati%e atoms of a su)stance. o atomi"ation o The disintegration of a molten metal into "articles )# a ra"idl# mo%ing gas or li:uid stream or )#

other means.
o attritious wear o 1ear of a)rasi%e grains in grinding such that the shar" edges graduall# )ecome rounded. A

grinding &heel that has undergone such &ear usuall# has a gla*ed a""earance.
o attritor o A high-intensit# )all mill &hose drum is stationar# and &hose )alls are agitated )# rotating

)affles! "addles! or rods at right angle to the drum a$is.

o attritor grinding o The intensi%e grinding or allo#ing in an attritor. 4$am"les milling of car)ides and )inder metal

"o&ders and mechanical allo#ing of hard dis"ersoid "articles &ith softer metal or allo# "o&ders. See also mechanical allo#ing .
o Auger electron o An electron emitted from an atom &ith a %acanc# in an inner shell. Auger electrons ha%e a

characteristic energ# detected as "ea5s in the energ# s"ectra of the secondar# electrons generated.
o

Auger electron spectroscopy A($!

o A techni:ue for chemical anal#sis of surface la#ers that identifies the atoms "resent in a la#er )#

measuring the characteristic energies of their Auger electrons.

o ausforming o Thermomechanical treatment of steel in the metasta)le austenitic condition )elo& the

recr#stalli*ation tem"erature follo&ed )# :uenching to o)tain martensite and0or )ainite.

o austempered ductile iron o A moderatel# allo#ed ductile iron that is austem"ered for high strength &ith a""recia)le

ductilit#. See also austem"ering .

o austempering o A heat treatment for ferrous allo#s in &hich a "art is :uenched from the austeniti*ing tem"erature

at a rate fast enough to a%oid formation of ferrite or "earlite and then held at a tem"erature 'ust a)o%e .s until transformation to )ainite is com"lete. Although designated as )ainite in )oth austem"ered steel and austem"ered ductile iron (A;I+! austem"ered steel consists of t&o "hase mi$tures containing ferrite and car)ide! &hile austem"ered ductile iron consists of t&o "hase mi$tures containing ferrite and austenite.
o austenite o A solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cu)ic iron (gamma iron+. <nless

other&ise designated (such as nic5el austenite+! the solute is generall# assumed to )e car)on.
o austenitic grain si"e o The si*e attained )# the grains in steel &hen heated to the austenitic region. This ma# )e re%ealed

)# a""ro"riate etching of cross sections after cooling to room tem"erature.

o austenitic manganese steel o A &ear-resistant material containing a)out 8.,? 3 and 8,? .n. <sed "rimaril# in the fields of

earthmo%ing! mining! :uarr#ing! railroading! ore "rocessing! lum)ering! and in the manufacture of cement and cla# "roducts. Also 5no&n as Hadfield steel.
o austenitic steel o An allo# steel &hose structure is normall# austenitic at room tem"erature. o austeniti"ing o Dorming austenite )# heating a ferrous allo# into the transformation range ("artial austeniti*ing+

or a)o%e the transformation range (com"lete austeniti*ing+. 1hen used &ithout :ualification! the term im"lies com"lete austeniti*ing.
o autogenous weld o A fusion &eld made &ithout the addition of filler metal. o automatic press o A "ress in &hich the &or5 is fed mechanicall# through the "ress in s#nchronism &ith the "ress

action. An automation "ress is an automatic "ress that! in addition! is "ro%ided &ith )uilt-in electrical and "neumatic control e:ui"ment.
o automatic welding o 1elding &ith e:ui"ment that "erforms the &elding o"eration &ithout ad'ustment of the controls

)# a &elding o"erator. The e:ui"ment ma# or ma# not load and unload the &or5"ieces. 3ontrast &ith machine &elding .
o auxiliary anode o In electro"lating! a su""lementar# anode "ositioned so as to raise the current densit# on a certain

area of the cathode and thus o)tain )etter distri)ution of "lating.

o auxiliary electrode o An electrode commonl# used in "olari*ation studies to "ass current to or from a test electrode. It

is usuall# made from a noncorroding material.

o

axial rolls

o In ring rolling! %erticall# dis"lacea)le! ta"ed rolls mounted in a hori*ontall# dis"lacea)le frame

o""osite to! )ut on the same centerline as! the main roll and rolling mandrel. The a$ial rolls control ring height during rolling. o B
o )abbitt metal o A nonferrous )earing allo# originated )# Isaac Ca))itt in 8>39. 3urrentl#! the term includes

se%eral tin-)ase allo#s consisting mainl# of %arious amounts of co""er! antimon#! tin! and lead. Lead-)ase Ca))itt metals are also used.
o back draft o A re%erse ta"er on a casting "attern or a forging die that "re%ents the "attern or forged stoc5 from

)eing remo%ed from the ca%it#.

o backfire o The momentar# recession of the flame into the &elding ti" or cutting ti" follo&ed )# immediate

rea""earance or com"lete e$tinction of the flame. See also flash)ac5 .

o back gouging o The remo%al of &eld metal and )ase metal from the other side of a "artiall# &elded 'oint to

facilitate com"lete fusion and com"lete 'oint "enetration u"on su)se:uent &elding from that side.
o backing o (8+ In grinding! the material ("a"er! cloth! or fi)er+ that ser%es as the )ase for coated a)rasi%es.

(,+ In &elding! a material "laced under or )ehind a 'oint to enhance the :ualit# of the &eld at the root. It ma# )e a metal )ac5ing ring or stri"/ a "ass of &eld metal/ or a nonmetal such as car)on! granular flu$! or a "rotecti%e gas. (3+ In "lain )earings! that "art of the )earing to &hich the )earing allo# is attached! normall# )# a metallurgical )ond.
o backoff o A ra"id &ithdra&al of a grinding &heel or cutting tool from contact &ith a &or5"iece. o backward extrusion o Same as indirect e$trusion . See e$trusion . o bainite o A metasta)le aggregate of ferrite and cementite resulting from the transformation of austenite at

tem"eratures )elo& the "earlite range )ut a)o%e . s! the martensite start tem"erature. <""er )ainite is an aggregate that contains "arallel lath-sha"e units of ferrite! "roduces the so-called 6feather#6 a""earance in o"tical microsco"#! and is formed a)o%e a""ro$imatel# 350 G3 (AA0 GD+. Lo&er )ainite! &hich has an acicular a""earance similar to tem"ered martensite! is formed )elo& a""ro$imatel# 350 G3 (AA0 GD+.
o bainitic hardening o Huench-hardening treatment resulting "rinci"all# in the formation of )ainite. o )akelite o A "ro"rietar# name for a "henolic thermosetting resin used as a "lastic mounting material for

metallogra"hic sam"les.
o baking o (8+ Heating to a lo& tem"erature in order to remo%e gases. (,+ 3uring or hardening surface

coatings such as "aints )# e$"osure to heat. (3+ Heating to dri%e off moisture! as in )a5ing of sand cores after molding.
o ball burnishing o (8+ Same as )all si*ing . (,+ Remo%ing )urrs and "olishing small stam"ings and small machined

"arts )# tum)ling in the "resence of metal )alls.

o ball mill o A machine consisting of a rotating hollo& c#linder "artl# filled &ith metal )alls (usuall#

hardened steel or &hite cast iron+ or sometimes "e))les/ used to "ul%eri*e crushed ores or other su)stances such as "igments or ceramics.
o ball milling o A method of grinding and mi$ing material! &ith or &ithout li:uid! in a rotating c#linder or

conical mill "artiall# filled &ith grinding media such as )alls or "e))les.
o ball si"ing o Si*ing and finishing a hole )# forcing a )all of suita)le si*e! finish! and hardness through the

hole or )# using a )urnishing )ar or )roach consisting of a series of s"herical lands of graduall# increasing si*e coa$iall# arranged. Also called )all )urnishing ! and sometimes )all )roaching.
o banded structure o A segregated structure consisting of alternating nearl# "arallel )ands of different com"osition!

t#"icall# aligned in the direction of "rimar# hot &or5ing.

o banding o Inhomogeneous distri)ution of allo#ing elements or "hases aligned in filaments or "lates "arallel

to the direction of &or5ing. See also )anded structure ! ferrite-"earlite )anding ! and segregation )anding .
o band mark o An indentation in car)on steel or stri" caused )# e$ternal "ressure on the "ac5aging )and around

cut lengths or coils/ it ma# occur in handling! transit! or storage.

o bands o Hot-rolled steel stri"! usuall# "roduced for rerolling into thinner sheet or stri". Also 5no&n as hot

)ands or )and steel.

o bar o (8+ A section hot rolled from a )illet to a form! such as round! he$agonal! octagonal! s:uare! or

rectangular! &ith shar" or rounded corners or edges and a cross-sectional area of less than 805 cm, (8A in.,+. (,+ A solid section that is long in relationshi" to its cross-sectional dimensions! ha%ing a com"letel# s#mmetrical cross section and a &idth or greatest distance )et&een "arallel faces of 9.5 mm ( in.+ or more. (3+ An o)solete unit of "ressure e:ual to 800 5Ea.
o bare electrode o A filler metal electrode consisting of a single metal or allo# that has )een "roduced into a &ire!

stri"! or )ar form and that has had no coating or co%ering a""lied to it other than that &hich &as incidental to its manufacture or "reser%ation.
o bar folder o A machine in &hich a folding )ar or &ing is used to )end a metal sheet &hose edge is clam"ed

)et&een the u""er folding leaf and the lo&er stationar# 'a& into a narro&! shar"! close! and accurate fold along the edge. It is also ca"a)le of ma5ing rounded folds such as those used in &iring. A uni%ersal folder is more %ersatile in that it is limited to &idth onl# )# the dimensions of the sheet.
o )arkhausen effect o The se:uence of a)ru"t changes in magnetic induction occurring &hen the magneti*ing force

acting on a ferromagnetic s"ecimen is %aried.

o barrel cleaning o .echanical or electrol#tic cleaning of metal in rotating e:ui"ment. o barrel finishing o Im"ro%ing the surface finish of &or5"ieces )# "rocessing them in rotating e:ui"ment along &ith

a)rasi%e "articles that ma# )e sus"ended in a li:uid. The )arrel is normall# loaded a)out A0? full &ith a mi$ture of "arts! media! com"ound! and &ater.
o

barreling

o 3on%e$it# of the surfaces of c#lindrical or conical )odies! often "roduced unintentionall# during

u"setting or as a natural conse:uence during com"ression testing.

o barrel plating o Elating articles in a rotating container! usuall# a "erforated c#linder that o"erates at least "artiall#

su)merged in a solution.
o barstock o Same as )ar . o base o (8+ A chemical su)stance that #ields h#dro$#l ions (OH+ &hen dissol%ed in &ater. 3om"are &ith

acid . (,+ The surface on &hich a single-"oint tool rests &hen held in a tool "ost. Also 5no&n as heel. (3+ In forging! see an%il .
o base metal o (8+ The metal "resent in the largest "ro"ortion in an allo#/ )rass! for e$am"le! is a co""er-)ase

allo#. (,+ The metal to )e )ra*ed! cut! soldered! or &elded. (3+ After &elding! that "art of the metal that &as not melted. (I+ A metal that readil# o$idi*es or that dissol%es to form ions. 3ontrast &ith no)le metal (,+ .
o basic bottom and lining o The inner )ottom and lining of a melting furnace! consisting of materials such as crushed )urned

dolomite! magnesite! magnesite )ric5s! or )asic slag that gi%e a )asic reaction at the o"erating tem"erature.
o basic oxygen furnace o A large tilta)le %essel lined &ith )asic refractor# material that is a t#"e of furnace for modern

steelma5ing. After the furnace is charged &ith molten "ig iron (&hich usuall# com"rises A5 to B5? of the charge+! scra" steel! and flu$es! a lance is )rought do&n near the surface of the molten metal and a 'et of high-%elocit# o$#gen im"inges on the metal. The o$#gen reacts &ith car)on and other im"urities in the steel to form li:uid com"ounds that dissol%e in the slag and gases that esca"e from the to" of the %essel.
o basic refractories o Refractories &hose ma'or constituent is lime! magnesia! or )oth! and &hich ma# react chemicall#

&ith acid refractories! acid slags! or acid flu$es at high tem"eratures. Casic refractories are used for furnace linings. 3om"are &ith acid refractor# .
o basic steel o Steel melted in a furnace &ith a )asic )ottom and lining and under a slag containing an e$cess of

a )asic su)stance such as magnesia or lime.

o basis metal o See "referred term su)strate . o batch o A :uantit# of materials formed during the same "rocess or in one continuous "rocess and ha%ing

identical characteristics throughout. See also lot .

o batch furnace o A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time. Catch-t#"e furnaces are necessar# for large

"arts such as hea%# forgings and are "referred for com"le$ allo# grades re:uiring long c#cles.
o )auschinger effect o The "henomenon )# &hich "lastic deformation increases #ield strength in the direction of "lastic

flo& and decreases it in other directions.

o bauxite o A &hitish to reddish mineral com"osed largel# of h#drates of alumina ha%ing a com"osition of

Al,O3J,H,O. It is the most im"ortant ore (source+ of aluminum! alumina a)rasi%es! and alumina)ase refractories.

o )ayer process o A "rocess for e$tracting alumina from )au$ite ore )efore the electrol#tic reduction. The )au$ite

is digested in a solution of sodium h#dro$ide! &hich con%erts the alumina to solu)le aluminate. After the 6red mud6 residue has )een filtered out! aluminum h#dro$ide is "reci"itated! filtered out! and calcined to alumina.
o beach marks o .acrosco"ic "rogression mar5s on a fatigue fracture or stress-corrosion crac5ing surface that

indicate successi%e "ositions of the ad%ancing crac5 front. The classic a""earance is of irregular elli"tical or semielli"tical rings! radiating out&ard from one or more origins. Ceach mar5s (also 5no&n as clamshell mar5s or arrest mar5s+ are t#"icall# found on ser%ice fractures &here the "art is loaded randoml#! intermittentl#! or &ith "eriodic %ariations in mean stress or alternating stress. See also striation .
o bead o (8+ Half-round ca%it# in a mold! or half-round "ro'ection or molding on a casting. (,+ A single

de"osit of &eld metal "roduced )# fusion.

o o o o o o o o

beaded flange
A flange reinforced )# a lo& ridge! used mostl# around a hole.

beading
Raising a ridge or "ro'ection on sheet metal.

bead weld
See "referred term surfacing &eld .

bearing strength

The ma$imum )earing stress that can )e sustained. Also! the )earing stress at that "oint on the stress-strain cur%e at &hich the tangent is e:ual to the )earing stress di%ided )# n? of the )earing hole diameter.
o bearing stress o The shear load on a mechanical 'oint (such as a "inned or ri%eted 'oint+ di%ided )# the effecti%e

)earing area. The effecti%e )earing area of a ri%eted 'oint! for e$am"le! is the sum of the diameters of all ri%ets times the thic5ness of the loaded mem)er.
o bearing test o A method of determining the res"onse to stress (load+ of sheet "roducts that are su)'ected to

ri%eting! )olting! or a similar fastening "rocedure. The "ur"ose of the test is to determine the )earing strength of the material and to measure the )earing stress %ersus the deformation of the hole created )# a "in or rod of circular cross section that "ierces the sheet "er"endicular to the surface.
o bed o (8+ The stationar# "ortion of a "ress structure that usuall# rests on the floor or foundation!

forming the su""ort for the remaining "arts of the "ress and the "ressing load. The )olster and sometimes the lo&er die are mounted on the to" surface of the )ed. (,+ Dor machine tools! the "ortion of the main frame that su""orts the tool! the &or5! or )oth. (3+ Stationar# "art of the shear frame that su""orts the material )eing sheared and the fi$ed )lade.
o )eilby layer o A la#er of metal distur)ed )# mechanical &or5ing! &ear! or mechanical "olishing "resumed to )e

&ithout regular cr#stalline structure (amor"hous+/ originall# a""lied to grain )oundaries.

o belt furnace o A continuous-t#"e furnace that uses a mesh-t#"e or cast-lin5 )elt to carr# "arts through the

furnace.
o

belt grinding

o Grinding &ith an a)rasi%e )elt. o bench molding o 3asting sand molds )# hand tam"ing loose or "roduction "atterns at a )ench &ithout the

assistance of air or h#draulic action.

o bend allowance o The length of the arc of the neutral a$is )et&een the tangent "oints of a )end. o bend angle o The angle through &hich a )ending o"eration is "erformed! that is! the su""lementar# angle to

that formed )# the t&o )end tangent lines or "lanes.

o bending o The straining of material! usuall# flat sheet or stri" metal! )# mo%ing it around a straight a$is

l#ing in the neutral "lane. .etal flo& ta5es "lace &ithin the "lastic range of the metal! so that the )ent "art retains a "ermanent set after remo%al of the a""lied stress. The cross section of the )end in&ard from the neutral "lane is in com"ression/ the rest of the )end is in tension.
o bending brake o A form of o"en-frame single-action "ress that is com"arati%el# &ide )et&een the housings! &ith

a )ed designed for holding long! narro& forming edges or dies. <sed for )ending and forming stri"! "late! and sheet (into )o$es! "anels! roof dec5s! and so on+. Also 5no&n as "ress )ra5e .
o bending dies o ;ies used in "resses for )ending sheet metal or &ire "arts into %arious sha"es. The &or5 is done

)# the "unch "ushing the stoc5 into ca%ities or de"ressions of similar sha"e in the die or )# au$iliar# attachments o"erated )# the descending "unch.
o bending moment o The alge)raic sum of the cou"les or the moments of the e$ternal forces! or )oth! to the left or

right of an# section on a mem)er su)'ected to )ending )# cou"les or trans%erse forces! or )oth.
o bending rolls o Farious t#"es of machiner# e:ui""ed &ith t&o or more rolls to form cur%ed sheet and sections. o bend or twist defect! o ;istortion similar to &ar"age generall# caused during forging or trimming o"erations. 1hen the

distortion is along the length of the "art! it is termed )end/ &hen across the &idth! it is termed t&ist. 1hen )end or t&ist e$ceeds tolerance! it is considered a defect. 3orrecti%e action consists of hand straightening! machine straightening! or cold restri5ing.
o bend radius o (8+ The inside radius of a )end section. (,+ The radius of a tool around &hich metal is )ent during

fa)rication.
o bend tangent o A tangent "oint at &hich a )ending arc ceases or changes. o bend test o A test for determining relati%e ductilit# of metal that is to )e formed (usuall# sheet! stri"! "late!

or &ire+ and for determining soundness and toughness of metal (after &elding! for e$am"le+. The s"ecimen is usuall# )ent o%er a s"ecified diameter through a s"ecified angle for a s"ecified num)er of c#cles.
o beneficiation o 3oncentration or other "re"aration of ore for smelting. o bentonite o A colloidal cla#li5e su)stance deri%ed from the decom"osition of %olcanic ash com"osed chiefl#

of the minerals of the montmorillonite famil#. It is used for )onding molding sand.
o )essemer process o A "rocess for ma5ing steel )# )lo&ing air through molten "ig iron contained in a refractor# lined

%essel so as to remo%e )# o$idation most of the car)on! silicon! and manganese. This "rocess is essentiall# o)solete in the <nited States.
o beta ! ray o A ra# of electrons emitted during the s"ontaneous disintegration of certain atomic nuclei. o beta ! structure o A Hume-Rother# designation for structurall# analogous )od#-centered cu)ic "hases (similar to

)rass+ or electron com"ounds that ha%e ratios of three %alence electrons to t&o atoms. 2ot to )e confused &ith a "hase on a "hase diagram.
o o o o o o o o

bevel
An angular edge "re"aration in a &eld mem)er.

bevel flanging
Same as flaring .

biaxiality
In a )ia$ial stress state! the ratio of the smaller to the larger "rinci"al stress.

biaxial stress

A state of stress in &hich onl# one of the "rinci"al stresses is *ero! the other t&o usuall# )eing in tension.
o billet o (8+ A semifinished section that is hot rolled from a metal ingot! &ith a rectangular cross section

usuall# ranging from 805 to ,30 cm, (8A to 3A in.,+! the &idth )eing less than t&ice the thic5ness. 1here the cross section e$ceeds ,30 cm, (3A in.,+! the term )loom is "ro"erl# )ut not uni%ersall# used. Si*es smaller than 805 cm, (8A in.,+ are usuall# termed )ars. (,+ A solid semifinished round or s:uare "roduct that has )een hot &or5ed )# forging! rolling! or e$trusion. See also )ar .
o o o o o o o o

billet mill
A "rimar# rolling mill used for ma5ing steel )illets.

binary alloy
An allo# containing onl# t&o com"onent elements.

binary system
The com"lete series of com"ositions "roduced )# mi$ing a "air of com"onents in all "ro"ortions.

binder

(8+ In founding! a material! other than &ater! added to foundr# sand to )ind the "articles together! sometimes &ith the use of heat. (,+ In "o&der technolog#! a cementing medium either a material added to the "o&der to increase the green strength of the com"act! &hich is e$"elled during sintering/ or a material (usuall# of relati%el# lo& melting "oint+ added to a "o&der mi$ture for the s"ecific "ur"ose of cementing together "o&der "articles that alone &ould not sinter into a strong )od#.
o binder metal o A metal used as a )inder. An e$am"le &ould )e co)alt in cemented car)ides. o biological corrosion o ;eterioration of metals as a result of the meta)olic acti%it# of microorganisms. Also 5no&n as

)iofouling.
o bipolar electrode o An electrode in an electrol#tic cell that is not mechanicall# connected to the "o&er su""l#! )ut is

so "laced in the electrol#te! )et&een the anode and cathode! that the "art nearer the anode )ecomes cathodic and the "art nearer the cathode )ecomes anodic. Also called intermediate

electrode.
o bipolar field o A longitudinal magnetic field that creates t&o magnetic "oles &ithin a "iece of material.

3om"are &ith circular field .

o black annealing o Co$ annealing or "ot annealing ferrous allo# sheet! stri"! or &ire im"art a )lac5 color to the

o$idi*ed surface. See also )o$ annealing .

o blackheart malleable o See mallea)le iron . o blacking o 3ar)onaceous materials! such as gra"hite or "o&dered car)on! usuall# mi$ed &ith a )inder and

fre:uentl# carried in sus"ension in &ater or other li:uid used as a thin facing a""lied to surfaces of molds or cores to im"ro%e casting finish.
o black oxide o A )lac5 finish on a metal "roduced )# immersing it in hot o$idi*ing salts or salt solutions. o blank o (8+ In forming! a "iece of sheet metal! "roduced in cutting dies! that is usuall# su)'ected to

further "ress o"erations. (,+ A "ressed! "resintered! or full# sintered "o&der metallurg# com"act! usuall# in the unfinished condition and re:uiring cutting! machining! or some other o"eration to "roduce the final sha"e. (3+ A "iece of stoc5 from &hich a forging is made! often called a slug or multi"le .
o blank carburi"ing o Simulating the car)uri*ing o"eration &ithout introducing car)on. This is usuall# accom"lished

)# using an inert material in "lace of the car)uri*ing agent! or )# a""l#ing a suita)le "rotecti%e coating to the ferrous allo#.
o blankholder o (8+ The "art of a dra&ing or forming die that holds the &or5"iece against the dra& ring to control

metal flo&. (,+ The "art of a dra&ing or forming die that restrains the mo%ement of the &or5"iece to a%oid &rin5ling or tearing of the metal.
o blanking o The o"eration of "unching! cutting! or shearing a "iece out of stoc5 to a "redetermined sha"e. o blank nitriding o Simulating the nitriding o"eration &ithout introducing nitrogen. This is usuall# accom"lished )#

using an inert material in "lace of the nitriding agent or )# a""l#ing a suita)le "rotecti%e coating to the ferrous allo#.
o blast furnace o A shaft furnace in &hich solid fuel is )urned &ith an air )last to smelt ore in a continuous

o"eration. 1here the tem"erature must )e high! as in the "roduction of "ig iron! the air is "reheated. 1here the tem"erature can )e lo&er! as in smelting of co""er! lead! and tin ores! a smaller furnace is economical! and "reheating of the )last is not re:uired.
o blasting or blast cleaning o A "rocess for cleaning or finishing metal o)'ects &ith an air )last or centrifugal &heel that

thro&s a)rasi%e "articles against the surface of the &or5"iece. Small! irregular "articles of metal are used as the a)rasi%e in grit)lasting/ sand! in sand)lasting/ and steel! in shot)lasting.
o

blended sand

o A mi$ture of sands of different grain si*e and cla# content that "ro%ides suita)le characteristics

for foundr# use.

o blending o In "o&der metallurg#! the thorough intermingling of "o&ders of the same nominal com"osition

(not to )e confused &ith mi$ing +.

o blind riser o A riser that does not e$tend through the to" of the mold. o blister o (8+ A casting defect! on or near the surface of the metal! resulting from the e$"ansion of gas in a

su)surface *one. It is characteri*ed )# a smooth )um" on the surface of the casting and a hole inside the casting directl# )elo& the )um". (,+ A raised area! often dome sha"ed! resulting from loss of adhesion )et&een a coating or de"osit and the su)strate.
o blister copper o An im"ure intermediate "roduct in the refining of co""er! "roduced )# )lo&ing co""er matte in a

con%erter! the name )eing deri%ed from the large )listers on the cast surface that result from the li)eration of SO, and other gases.
o block o A "reliminar# forging o"eration that roughl# distri)utes metal "re"arator# for finish. o block and finish o The forging o"eration in &hich a "art to )e forged is )loc5ed and finished in one heat through the

use of tooling ha%ing )oth a )loc5 im"ression and a finish im"ression in the same die )loc5.
o blocker o The im"ression in the dies (often one of a series of im"ressions in a single die set+ that im"arts to

the forging an intermediate sha"e! "re"arator# to forging of the final sha"e. Also called )loc5ing im"ression.
o blocker dies o Dorging dies ha%ing generous contours! large radii! draft angles of BG or more! and li)eral finish

allo&ances. See also finish allo&ance .

o blocker-type forging o A forging that a""ro$imates the general sha"e of the final "art &ith relati%el# generous finish

allo&ance and radii. Such forgings are sometimes s"ecified to reduce die costs &here onl# a small num)er of forgings are descri)ed and the cost of machining each "art to its final sha"e is not e$cessi%e.
o blocking o In forging! a "reliminar# o"eration "erformed in closed dies! usuall# hot! to "osition metal

"ro"erl# so that in the finish o"eration the dies &ill )e filled correctl#. Cloc5ing can ensure "ro"er &or5ing of the material and can increase die life.
o blocking impression o Same as )loc5er . o bloom o (8+ A semifinished hot-rolled "roduct! rectangular in cross section! "roduced on a )looming mill.

See also )illet . Dor steel! the &idth of a )loom is not more than t&ice the thic5ness! and the cross-sectional area is usuall# not less than a)out ,30 cm, (3A in.,+. Steel )looms are sometimes made )# forging. (,+ A %isi)le e$udation or efflorescence on the surface of an electro"lating )ath. (3+ A )luish fluorescent cast to a "ainted surface caused )# de"osition of a thin film of smo5e! dust! or oil. (I+ A loose! flo&erli5e corrosion "roduct that forms &hen certain metals are e$"osed to a moist en%ironment.
o blooming mill o A "rimar# rolling mill used to ma5e )looms.

o blowhole o A hole in a casting or a &eld caused )# gas entra""ed during solidification. See also "orosit# . o blue annealing o Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an o"en furnace to a tem"erature &ithin the transformation

range! then cooling in air to soften the metal. A )luish o$ide surface la#er forms.
o blue brittleness o Crittleness e$hi)ited )# some steels after )eing heated to some tem"erature &ithin the range of

a)out ,05 to 3B0 G3 (I00 to B00 GD+! "articularl# if the steel is &or5ed at the ele%ated tem"erature. Killed steels are %irtuall# free of this 5ind of )rittleness.
o bluing o Su)'ecting the scale-free surface of a ferrous allo# to the action of air! steam! or other agents at a

suita)le tem"erature! thus forming a thin )lue film of o$ide and im"ro%ing the a""earance and resistance to corrosion. This term is ordinaril# a""lied to sheet! stri"! or finished "arts. It is used also to denote the heating of s"rings after fa)rication to im"ro%e their "ro"erties.
o board hammer o A t#"e of forging hammer in &hich the u""er die and ram are attached to 6)oards6 that are raised

to the stri5ing "osition )# "o&er-dri%en rollers and let fall )# gra%it#. See also gra%it# hammer .
o bolster o A "late to &hich dies ma# )e fastened! the assem)l# )eing secured to the to" surface of a "ress

)ed. In mechanical forging! such a "late is also attached to the ram .

o bond o (8+ In grinding &heels and other relati%el# rigid a)rasi%e "roducts! the material that holds the

a)rasi%e grains together. (,+ In &elding! )ra*ing! or soldering! the 'unction of 'oined "arts. 1here filler metal is used! it is the 'unction of the fused metal and the heat-affected )ase metal. (3+ In an adhesi%e-)onded or diffusion-)onded 'oint! the line along &hich the fa#ing surfaces are 'oined together. (I+ In thermal s"ra#ing! the 'unction )et&een the material de"osited and the su)strate! or its strength.
o book mold o A s"lit "ermanent mold hinged li5e a )oo5. o bore o A hole or c#lindrical ca%it# "roduced )# a single-"oint or multi"oint tool other than a drill. o boriding o Thermochemical treatment in%ol%ing the enrichment of the surface la#er of an o)'ect &ith

)orides. This surface-hardening "rocess is "erformed )elo& the Ac 8 tem"erature. Also referred to as )oroni*ing.
o boring o 4nlarging a hole )# remo%ing metal &ith a single- or occasionall# a multi"le-"oint cutting tool

mo%ing "arallel to the a$is of rotation of the &or5 or tool.

o bort o (8+ 2atural diamond of a :ualit# not suita)le for gem use. (,+ Industrial diamond. o bosh o (8+ The section of a )last furnace e$tending u"&ard from the tu#eres to the "lane of ma$imum

diameter. (,+ A lining of :uart* that )uilds u" during the smelting of co""er ores and that decreases the diameter of the furnace at the tu#eres. (3+ A tan5! often &ith slo"ing sides! used for &ashing metal "arts or for holding cleaned "arts.
o boss o A relati%el# short "rotrusion or "ro'ection from the surface of a forging or casting! often

c#lindrical in sha"e. <suall# intended for drilling and ta""ing for attaching "arts.

o o o o o o o o

bottom board
In casting! a flat )ase for holding the flas5 in ma5ing sand molds.

bottom drill
A flat-ended t&ist drill used to con%ert a cone at the )ottom of a drilled hole into a c#linder.

bottoming tap
A ta" &ith a chamfer of 8 to 8 threads in length.

bottom pipe

An o$ide-lined fold or ca%it# at the )utt end of a sla)! )loom! or )illet/ formed )# folding the end of an ingot o%er on itself during "rimar# rolling. Cottom "i"e is not "i"e! in that it is not a shrin5age ca%it#! and in that sense! the term is a misnomer. Cottom "i"e is similar to e$trusion "i"e. It is normall# discarded &hen the sla)! )loom! or )illet is cro""ed follo&ing "rimar# reduction.
o bowing o ;e%iation from flatness. o box annealing o Annealing a metal or allo# in a sealed container under conditions that minimi*e o$idation. In )o$

annealing a ferrous allo#! the charge is usuall# heated slo&l# to a tem"erature )elo& the transformation range! )ut sometimes a)o%e or &ithin it! and is then cooled slo&l#/ this "rocess is also called close annealing or "ot annealing. See also )lac5 annealing .
o boxing o The continuation of a fillet &eld around a corner of a mem)er as an e$tension of the "rinci"al

&eld.
o brake o A de%ice for )ending sheet metal to a desired angle. o brale indenter o A conical 8,0G diamond indenter &ith a conical ti" (a 0., mm ti" radius is t#"ical+ used in

certain t#"es of Roc5&ell and scratch hardness tests.

o brass o A co""er-*inc allo# containing u" to I0? Ln! to &hich smaller amounts of other elements ma#

)e added.
o bra"e o A &eld "roduced )# heating an assem)l# to suita)le tem"eratures and )# using a filler metal

ha%ing a li:uidus a)o%e I50 G3 (>I0 GD+ and )elo& the solidus of the )ase metal. The filler metal is distri)uted )et&een the closel# fitted fa#ing surfaces of the 'oint )# ca"illar# action.
o bra"eability o The ca"acit# of a metal to )e )ra*ed under the fa)rication conditions im"osed into a s"ecific

suita)l# designed structure and to "erform satisfactoril# in the intended ser%ice.

o bra"e welding o A method of &elding )# using a filler metal ha%ing a li:uidus a)o%e I50 G3 (>I0 GD+ and )elo&

the solidus of the )ase metals. <nli5e )ra*ing! in )ra*e &elding! the filler metal is not distri)uted in the 'oint )# ca"illar# attraction.
o bra"ing o A grou" of &elding "rocesses that 'oin solid materials together )# heating them to a suita)le

tem"erature and using a filler metal ha%ing a li:uidus a)o%e I50 G3 (>I0 GD+ and )elo& the solidus of the )ase materials. The filler metal is distri)uted )et&een the closel# fitted surfaces of the 'oint )# ca"illar# attraction.

o bra"ing alloy o See "referred term )ra*ing filler metal . o bra"ing filler metal o (8+ The metal that fills the ca"illar# ga" and has a li:uidus a)o%e I50 G3 (>I0 GD+ )ut )elo& the

solidus of the )ase materials. (,+ A nonferrous filler metal used in )ra*ing and )ra*e &elding.
o bra"ing sheet o Cra*ing filler metal in sheet form. o breakdown o (8+ An initial rolling or dra&ing o"eration! or a series of such o"erations! for the "ur"ose of

reducing a casting or e$truded sha"e "rior to the finish reduction to desired si*e. (,+ A "reliminar# "ress-forging o"eration.
o breaking stress o Same as fracture stress (8+ . o breaks o 3reases or ridges usuall# in 6untem"ered6 or in aged material &here the #ield "oint has )een

e$ceeded. ;e"ending on the origin of the )rea5s! the# ma# )e termed cross )rea5s ! coil )rea5s ! edge )rea5s! or stic5er )rea5s .
o bridge die o A t&o-section e$trusion die ca"a)le of "roducing tu)ing or intricate hollo& sha"es &ithout the

use of a se"arate mandrel. .etal se"arates into t&o streams as it is e$truded "ast a )ridge section! &hich is attached to the main die section and holds a stu) mandrel in the die o"ening/ the metal then is re&elded )# e$trusion "ressure )efore it enters the die o"ening.
o bridging o (8+ Eremature solidification of metal across a mold section )efore the metal )elo& or )e#ond

solidifies. (,+ Solidification of slag &ithin a cu"ola at or 'ust a)o%e the tu#eres. (3+ 1elding or mechanical loc5ing of the charge in a do&nfeed melting or smelting furnace. (I+ In "o&der metallurg#! the formation of arched ca%ities in a "o&der mass. (5+ In soldering! an unintended solder connection )et&een t&o or more conductors! either securel# or )# mere contact. Also called a crossed 'oint or solder short.
o o o o o o o o o o

bright annealing
Annealing in a "rotecti%e medium to "re%ent discoloration of the )right surface.

bright dip
A solution that "roduces! through chemical action! a )right surface on an immersed metal.

brightener
An agent or com)ination of agents added to an electro"lating )ath to "roduce a lustrous de"osit.

bright finish
A high-:ualit# finish "roduced on ground and "olished rolls. Suita)le for electro"lating.

bright nitriding

2itriding in a "rotecti%e medium to "re%ent discoloration of the )right surface. 3om"are &ith )lan5 nitriding .
o bright plate o An electrode"osit that is lustrous in the as-"lated condition. o )rinell hardness number *)! o A num)er related to the a""lied load and to the surface area of the "ermanent im"ression made

)# a )all indenter com"uted from o &here F is the test force! 2/ D is diameter of )all! mm/ and d is mean diameter of the im"ression! mm.

o )rinell hardness test o A test for determining the hardness of a material )# forcing a hard steel or car)ide )all of

s"ecified diameter (t#"icall#! 80 mm+ into it under a s"ecified load. The result is e$"ressed as the Crinell hardness num)er.
o brinelling o (8+ Indentation of the surface of a solid )od# )# re"eated local im"act or im"acts! or static

o%erload. Crinelling ma# occur es"eciall# in a rolling-element )earing. (,+ ;amage to a solid )earing surface characteri*ed )# one or more "lasticall# formed indentations )rought a)out )# o%erload. See also false )rinelling .
o brine +uenching o A :uench in &hich )rine (salt &ater-chlorides! car)onates! and c#anides+ is the :uenching

medium. The salt addition im"ro%es the efficienc# of &ater at the %a"or "hase or hot stage of the :uenching "rocess.
o brittle crack propagation o A %er# sudden "ro"agation of a crac5 &ith the a)sor"tion of no energ# e$ce"t that stored

elasticall# in the )od#. .icrosco"ic e$amination ma# re%eal some deformation e%en though it is not noticea)le to the unaided e#e. 3ontrast &ith ductile crac5 "ro"agation .
o brittle fracture o Se"aration of a solid accom"anied )# little or no macrosco"ic "lastic deformation. T#"icall#!

)rittle fracture occurs )# ra"id crac5 "ro"agation &ith less e$"enditure of energ# than for ductile fracture. Crittle tensile fractures ha%e a )right! granular a""earance and e$hi)it little or no nec5ing. A che%ron "attern ma# )e "resent on the fracture surface! "ointing to&ard the origin of the crac5! es"eciall# in )rittle fractures in flat "lateli5e com"onents. 4$am"les of )rittle fracture include transgranular crac5ing (clea%age and :uasi-clea%age fracture+ and intergranular crac5ing (decohesi%e ru"ture+.
o brittleness o The tendenc# of a material to fracture &ithout first undergoing significant "lastic deformation.

3ontrast &ith ductilit# .

o broaching o 3utting &ith a tool that consists of a )ar ha%ing a single edge or a series of cutting edges (i.e.!

teeth+ on its surface. The cutting edges of multi"le-tooth! or successi%e single-tooth! )roaches increase in si*e and0or change in sha"e. The )roach cuts in a straight line or a$ial direction &hen relati%e motion is "roduced in relation to the &or5"iece! &hich ma# also )e rotating. The entire cut is made in single or multi"le "asses o%er the &or5"iece to sha"e the re:uired surface contour.
o bron"e o A co""er-rich co""er-tin allo# &ith or &ithout small "ro"ortions of other elements such as *inc

and "hos"horus. C# e$tension! certain co""er-)ase allo#s containing considera)l# less tin than other allo#ing elements! such as manganese )ron*e (co""er-*inc "lus manganese! tin! and iron+ and leaded tin )ron*e (co""er-lead "lus tin and sometimes *inc+. Also! certain other essentiall# )inar# co""er-)ase allo#s containing no tin! such as aluminum )ron*e (co""er-aluminum+! silicon )ron*e (co""er-silicon+! and )er#llium )ron*e (co""er-)er#llium+. Also! trade designations for certain s"ecific co""er-)ase allo#s that are actuall# )rasses! such as architectural )ron*es (5B 3u! I0 Ln! 3 E)+ and commercial )ron*e (90 3u! 80 Ln+.
o bron"ing o (8+ A""l#ing a chemical finish to co""er or co""er-allo# surfaces to alter the color. (,+ Elating a

co""er-tin allo# on %arious materials.

o brush anodi"ing o An anodi*ing "rocess similar to )rush "lating . o brush plating

o Elating &ith a concentrated solution or gel held in or fed to an a)sor)ing medium! "ad! or )rush

carr#ing the anode (usuall# insolu)le+. The )rush is mo%ed )ac5 and forth o%er the area of the cathode to )e "lated.
o buckle o (8+ Culging of a large! flat face of a casting/ in in%estment casting! caused )# di" coat "eeling

from the "attern. (,+ An indentation in a casting! resulting from e$"ansion of the sand! can )e termed the start of an e$"ansion defect. (3+ A local &a%iness in metal )ar or sheet! usuall# trans%erse to the direction of rolling.
o buckling o (8+ A mode of failure generall# characteri*ed )# an unsta)le lateral material deflection due to

com"ressi%e action on the structural element in%ol%ed. (,+ In metal forming! a )ulge! )end! 5in5! or other &a%# condition of the &or5"iece caused )# com"ressi%e stresses. See also com"ressi%e stress .
o buffer o (8+ A su)stance that )# its addition or "resence tends to minimi*e the "h#sical and chemical

effects of one or more of the su)stances in a mi$ture. Ero"erties often )uffered include "H! o$idation "otential! and flame or "lasma tem"eratures. (,+ A su)stance &hose "ur"ose is to maintain a constant h#drogen-ion concentration in &ater solutions! e%en &here acids or al5alis are added. 4ach )uffer has a characteristic limited range of "H o%er &hich it is effecti%e.
o buffing o ;e%elo"ing a lustrous surface )# contacting the &or5 &ith a rotating )uffing &heel. o buffing wheel o Cuff sections assem)led to the re:uired face &idth for use on a rotating shaft )et&een flanges.

Sometimes called a )uff.

o buildup o (8+ A &eld surfacing %ariation in &hich surfacing metal is de"osited to achie%e the re:uired

dimensions. See also )uttering . (,+ 4$cessi%e electrode"osition that occurs on high-currentdensit# areas! such as corners or edges.
o built-up edge o (8+ 3hi" material adhering to the tool face ad'acent to the cutting edge during cutting. (,+

.aterial from the &or5"iece! es"eciall# in machining! &hich is stationar# &ith res"ect to the tool.
o bulging o (8+ 4$"anding the &alls of a cu"! shell! or tu)e &ith an internall# e$"anded segmented "unch or

a "unch com"osed of air! li:uids! or semili:uids such as &a$es! ru))er! and other elastomers. (,+ The "rocess of increasing the diameter of a c#lindrical shell (usuall# to a s"herical sha"e+ or of e$"anding the outer &alls of an# shell or )o$ sha"e &hose &alls &ere "re%iousl# straight.
o bulk forming o Dorming "rocesses! such as e$trusion! forging! rolling! and dra&ing! in &hich the in"ut material

is in )illet! rod! or sla) form and a considera)le increase in surface-to-%olume ratio in the formed "art occurs under the action of largel# com"ressi%e loading. 3om"are &ith sheet forming .
o bulk modulus of elasticity K! o The measure of resistance to change in %olume/ the ratio of h#drostatic stress to the

corres"onding unit change in %olume. This elastic constant can )e e$"ressed )# o &here K is the )ul5 modulus of elasticit#! m is h#drostatic or mean stress tensor! p is h#drostatic "ressure! and is com"ressi)ilit#. Also 5no&n as )ul5 modulus! com"ression modulus! h#drostatic modulus! and %olumetric modulus of elasticit#.

o bull block o A machine &ith a "o&er-dri%en re%ol%ing drum for cold dra&ing &ire through a dra&ing die as

the &ire &inds around the drum.

o bulldo"er o Slo&-acting hori*ontal mechanical "ress &ith a large )ed used for )ending and straightening.

The &or5 is done )et&een dies and can )e "erformed hot or cold. The machine is closel# allied to a forging machine.
o bullion o (8+ A semirefined allo# containing sufficient "recious metal to ma5e reco%er# "rofita)le. (,+

Refined gold or sil%er! uncoined.

o bull#s-eye structure o The microstructure of mallea)le or ductile cast iron &hen gra"hite nodules are surrounded )# a

ferrite la#er in a "earlitic matri$.

o bumper o A machine used for "ac5ing molding sand in a flas5 )# re"eated 'arring or 'olting. See also 'olt

ramming .
o bumping o (8+ Dorming a dish in metal )# means of man# re"eated )lo&s. (,+ Dorming a head. (3+ Setting

the seams on sheet metal "arts. (I+ Ramming sand in a flas5 )# re"eated 'arring and 'olting.
o burned deposit o A dull! nodular electrode"osit resulting from e$cessi%e "lating current densit#. o burned-in sand o A defect consisting of a mi$ture of sand and metal cohering to the surface of a casting. o burned-on sand o A mi$ture of sand and cast metal adhering to the surface of a casting. In some instances! ma#

resem)le metal "enetration .

o burned plating o See )urned de"osit . o burning o (8+ Eermanentl# damaging a metal or allo# )# heating to cause either inci"ient melting or

intergranular o$idation. See also o%erheating . (,+ ;uring su)critical annealing! "articularl# in continuous annealing! "roduction of a se%erel# decar)uri*ed and grain-coarsened surface la#er that results from e$cessi%el# "rolonged heating to an e$cessi%el# high tem"erature. (3+ In grinding! getting the &or5 hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure )# tem"ering or hardening. (I+ In sliding contacts! the o$idation of a surface due to local heating in an o$idi*ing en%ironment.
o burnishing o Dinish si*ing and smooth finishing of surfaces ("re%iousl# machined or ground+ )# dis"lacement!

rather than remo%al! of minute surface irregularities &ith smooth-"oint or line-contact fi$ed or rotating tools.
o burnoff o (8+ <nintentional remo%al of an autocatal#tic de"osit from a nonconducting su)strate! during

su)se:uent electro"lating o"erations! o&ing to the a""lication of e$cessi%e current or a "oor contact area. (,+ Remo%al of %olatile lu)ricants such as metallic stearates from metal "o&der com"acts )# heating immediatel# "rior to sintering.
o burr o (8+ A thin ridge or roughness left on a &or5"iece (e.g.! forgings or sheet metal )lan5s+ resulting

from cutting! "unching! or grinding. (,+ A rotar# tool ha%ing teeth similar to those on hand files.
o burring o Same as de)urring . o bushing o A )earing or guide. o buster o A "air of sha"ed dies used to com)ine "reliminar# forging o"erations! such as edging and

)loc5ing! or to loosen scale.

o butler finish o A semilustrous metal finish com"osed of fine! uniforml# distri)uted "arallel lines! usuall#

"roduced &ith a soft a)rasi%e )uffing &heel/ similar in a""earance to the traditional hand-ru))ed finish on sil%er.
o buttering o A form of surfacing in &hich one or more la#ers of &eld metal are de"osited on the groo%e face

of one mem)er (for e$am"le! a high-allo# &eld de"osit on steel )ase metal that is to )e &elded to a dissimilar )ase metal+. The )uttering "ro%ides a suita)le transition &eld de"osit for su)se:uent com"letion of the )utt &eld ('oint+.
o button o (8+ A glo)ule of metal remaining in an assa#ing cruci)le or cu"el after fusion has )een

com"leted. (,+ That "art of a &eld that tears out in destructi%e testing of a s"ot! seam! or "ro'ection &elded s"ecimen. o C
o cake o (8+ A co""er or co""er allo# casting! rectangular in cross section! used for rolling into sheet or

stri". (,+ A coalesced mass of un"ressed metal "o&der.

o calcination o Heating ores! concentrates! "reci"itates! or residues to decom"ose car)onates! h#drates! or other

com"ounds.
o calomel electrode o (8+ An electrode &idel# used as a reference electrode of 5no&n "otential in electrometric

measurement of acidit# and al5alinit#! corrosion studies! %oltammetr#! and measurement of the "otentials of other electrodes. (,+ A secondar# reference electrode of the com"osition Et0HgHg,3l,0K3l solution. Dor 8.0 N K3l solution! its "otential %ersus a h#drogen electrode at ,5 G3 (BB GD+ and one atmos"here is @0.,>8 F.
o calori"ing o Im"arting resistance to o$idation to an iron or steel surface )# heating in aluminum "o&der at

>00 to 8000 G3 (8IB0 to 8>30 GD+.

o camber o (8+ ;e%iation from edge straightness! usuall# referring to the greatest de%iation of side edge from

a straight line. (,+ The tendenc# of material )eing sheared from sheet to )end a&a# from the sheet in the same "lane. (3+ Sometimes used to denote cro&n in rolls &here the center diameter has )een increased to com"ensate for deflection caused )# the rolling "ressure. (I+ The "lanar deflection of a flat ca)le or fle$i)le laminate from a straight line of s"ecified length. A flat ca)le or fle$i)le laminate &ith cam)er is similar to the cur%e of an un)an5ed race trac5.
o cam press o A mechanical forming "ress in &hich one or more of the slides are o"erated )# cams/ usuall# a

dou)le-action "ress in &hich the )lan5holder slide is o"erated )# cams through &hich the d&ell is o)tained.
o

can

o A sheathing of soft metal that encloses a sintered metal )illet for the "ur"ose of hot &or5ing (hot

isostatic "ressing! hot e$trusion+ &ithout undue o$idation.

o canning o (8+ A dished distortion in a flat or nearl# flat sheet metal surface! sometimes referred to as oil

canning. (,+ 4nclosing a highl# reacti%e metal &ithin a relati%el# inert material for the "ur"ose of hot &or5ing &ithout undue o$idation of the acti%e metal.
o capillary action o (8+ The "henomenon of intrusion of a li:uid into interconnected small %oids! "ores! and channels

in a solid! resulting from surface tension. (,+ The force )# &hich li:uid! in contact &ith a solid! is distri)uted )et&een closel# fitted fa#ing surfaces of the 'oint to )e )ra*ed or soldered.
o capillary attraction o (8+ The com)ined force of adhesion and cohesion that causes li:uids! including molten metals! to

flo& )et&een %er# closel# s"aced and solid surfaces! e%en against gra%it#. (,+ In "o&der metallurg#! the dri%ing force for the infiltration of the "ores of a sintered com"act )# a li:uid.
o capped steel o A t#"e of steel similar to rimmed steel! usuall# cast in a )ottle-to" ingot mold! in &hich the

a""lication of a mechanical or a chemical ca" renders the rimming action incom"lete )# causing the to" metal to solidif#. The surface condition of ca""ed steel is much li5e that of rimmed steel! )ut certain other characteristics are intermediate )et&een those of rimmed steel and those of semi5illed steel .
o capping o Eartial or com"lete se"aration of a "o&der metallurg# com"act into t&o or more "ortions )#

crac5s that originate near the edges of the "unch faces and that "roceed diagonall# into the com"act.
o carbide o A com"ound of car)on &ith one or more metallic elements. o carbide tools o 3utting or forming tools! usuall# made from tungsten! titanium! tantalum! or nio)ium car)ides! or

a com)ination of them! in a matri$ of co)alt! nic5el! or other metals. 3ar)ide tools are characteri*ed )# high hardnesses and com"ressi%e strengths and ma# )e coated to im"ro%e &ear resistance. See also cemented car)ide .
o carbon arc cutting o An arc cutting "rocess in &hich metals are se%ered )# melting them &ith the heat of an arc

)et&een a car)on electrode and the )ase metal.

o carbon arc welding o An arc &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals )# heating them &ith an arc )et&een

a car)on electrode and the &or5. 2o shielding is used. Eressure and filler metal ma# or ma# not )e used.
o carbon edges o 3ar)onaceous de"osits in a &a%# "attern along the edges of a steel sheet or stri"/ also 5no&n as

sna5# edges.
o carbon electrode o A nonfiller material electrode used in arc &elding or cutting! consisting of a car)on or gra"hite

rod! &hich ma# )e coated &ith co""er or other coatings.

o carbon e+uivalent o (8+ Dor cast iron! an em"irical relationshi" of the total car)on! silicon! and "hos"horus contents

e$"ressed )# the formula

34 M ?3 @ 0.3(?Si+ @ 0.33(?E+ -0.0,B(?.n+ @ 0.I(?S+

o (,+ Dor rating of &elda)ilit#

o carbonitriding o A case-hardening "rocess in &hich a suita)le ferrous material is heated a)o%e the lo&er

transformation tem"erature in a gaseous atmos"here of such com"osition as to cause simultaneous a)sor"tion of car)on and nitrogen )# the surface and! )# diffusion! create a concentration gradient. The heat-treating "rocess is com"leted )# cooling at a rate that "roduces the desired "ro"erties in the &or5"iece.
o carboni"ation o The high-tem"erature con%ersion of an organic su)stance into elemental car)on. Should not )e

confused &ith carburi*ation.

o carboni"ing flame o See "referred term reducing flame . o carbon potential o A measure of the a)ilit# of an en%ironment containing acti%e car)on to alter or maintain! under

"rescri)ed conditions! the car)on le%el of a steel. In an# "articular en%ironment! the car)on le%el attained &ill de"end on such factors as tem"erature! time! and steel com"osition.
o carbon steel o Steel ha%ing no s"ecified minimum :uantit# for an# allo#ing element--other than the commonl#

acce"ted amounts of manganese (8.A5?+! silicon (0.A0?+! and co""er (0.A0?+--and containing onl# an incidental amount of an# element other than car)on! silicon! manganese! co""er! sulfur! and "hos"horus. Lo&-car)on steels contain u" to 0.30? 3! medium-car)on steels contain from 0.30 to 0.A0? 3! and high-car)on steels contain from 0.A0 to 8.00? 3.
o carbonyl powder o .etal "o&ders "re"ared )# the thermal decom"osition of a metal car)on#l com"ound such as

nic5el tetracar)on#l 2i(3O+I or iron "entacar)on#l De(3O+5. See also thermal decom"osition .
o carburi"ing o A)sor"tion and diffusion of car)on into solid ferrous allo#s )# heating! to a tem"erature usuall#

a)o%e Ac3! in contact &ith a suita)le car)onaceous material. A form of case hardening that "roduces a car)on gradient e$tending in&ard from the surface! ena)ling the surface la#er to )e hardened either )# :uenching directl# from the car)uri*ing tem"erature or )# cooling to room tem"erature! then reausteniti*ing and :uenching.
o carburi"ing flame o A gas flame that &ill introduce car)on into some heated metals! as during a gas &elding

o"eration. A car)uri*ing flame is a reducing flame! )ut a reducing flame is not necessaril# a car)uri*ing flame.
o case o In heat treating! that "ortion of a ferrous allo#! e$tending in&ard from the surface! &hose

com"osition has )een altered during case hardening. T#"icall# considered to )e the "ortion of an allo# (a+ &hose com"osition has )een measura)l# altered from the original com"osition! ()+ that a""ears light &hen etched! or (c+ that has a higher hardness %alue than the core. 3ontrast &ith core .
o case crushing o A term used to denote longitudinal gouges arising from fracture in case-hardened gears. o case hardening o A generic term co%ering se%eral "rocesses a""lica)le to steel that change the chemical

com"osition of the surface la#er )# a)sor"tion of car)on! nitrogen! or a mi$ture of the t&o and! )# diffusion! create a concentration gradient. The "rocesses commonl# used are car)uri*ing and :uench hardening/ c#aniding/ nitriding/ and car)onitriding. The use of the a""lica)le s"ecific "rocess name is "referred.
o

,A$$ test

o A))re%iation for co""er-accelerated salt-s"ra# test . o castable o In casting! a com)ination of refractor# grain and suita)le )onding agent that! after the addition of

a "ro"er li:uid! is generall# "oured into "lace to form a refractor# sha"e or structure that )ecomes rigid )ecause of chemical action.
o castability o (8+ A com"le$ com)ination of li:uid-metal "ro"erties and solidification characteristics that

"romotes accurate and sound final castings. (,+ The relati%e ease &ith &hich a molten metal flo&s through a mold or casting die.
o casting o (8+ .etal o)'ect cast to the re:uired sha"e )# "ouring or in'ecting li:uid metal into a mold! as

distinct from one sha"ed )# a mechanical "rocess. (,+ Eouring molten metal into a mold to "roduce an o)'ect of desired sha"e.
o casting defect o An# im"erfection in a casting that does not satisf# one or more of the re:uired design or :ualit#

s"ecifications. This term is often used in a limited sense for those fla&s formed )# im"ro"er casting solidification.
o casting shrinkage o The amount of dimensional change "er unit length of the casting as it solidifies in the mold or die

and cools to room tem"erature after remo%al from the mold or die. There are three distinct t#"es of casting shrin5age. Li:uid shrin5age refers to the reduction in %olume of li:uid metal as it cools to the li:uidus. Solidification shrin5age is the reduction in %olume of metal from the )eginning to the end of solidification. Solid shrin5age in%ol%es the reduction in %olume of metal from the solidus to room tem"erature.
o casting strains o Strains in a casting caused )# casting stresses that de%elo" as the casting cools. o casting stresses o Residual stresses set u" &hen the sha"e of a casting im"edes contraction of the solidified casting

during cooling.
o cast iron o A generic term for a large famil# of cast ferrous allo#s in &hich the car)on content e$ceeds the

solu)ilit# of car)on in austenite at the eutectic tem"erature. .ost cast irons contain at least ,? car)on! "lus silicon and sulfur! and ma# or ma# not contain other allo#ing elements. See also com"acted gra"hite iron ! ductile iron ! gra# iron ! mallea)le iron ! and &hite iron .
o cast steel o Steel in the form of a casting. o cast structure o The metallogra"hic structure of a casting e%idenced )# sha"e and orientation of grains and )#

segregation of im"urities.
o catalyst o A su)stance ca"a)le of changing the rate of a reaction &ithout itself undergoing an# net change. o catastrophic failure o Sudden failure of a com"onent or assem)l# that fre:uentl# results in e$tensi%e secondar#

damage to ad'acent com"onents or assem)lies.

o cathode o The negati%e electrode of an electrol#tic cell at &hich reduction is the "rinci"al reaction.

(4lectrons flo& to&ard the cathode in the e$ternal circuit.+ T#"ical cathodic "rocesses are cations ta5ing u" electrons and )eing discharged! o$#gen )eing reduced! and the reduction of an element

or grou" of elements from a higher to a lo&er %alence state. 3ontrast &ith anode .
o o o o o o o o o o

cathode copper
3o""er de"osited at the cathode in electrol#tic refining.

cathode efficiency
3urrent efficienc# at the cathode.

cathode film
The "ortion of solution in immediate contact &ith the cathode during electrol#sis.

cathodic cleaning
4lectrol#tic cleaning in &hich the &or5 is the cathode.

cathodic corrosion

3orrosion resulting from a cathodic condition of a structure usuall# caused )# the reaction of an am"hoteric metal &ith the al5aline "roducts of electrol#sis.
o cathodic pickling o 4lectrol#tic "ic5ling in &hich the &or5 is the cathode. o cathodic polari"ation o The change of the electrode "otential in the acti%e (negati%e+ direction due to current flo&. See

also "olari*ation .
o cathodic protection o (8+ Reduction of corrosion rate )# shifting the corrosion "otential of the electrode to&ard a less

o$idi*ing "otential )# a""l#ing an e$ternal electromoti%e force. (,+ Eartial or com"lete "rotection of a metal from corrosion )# ma5ing it a cathode! using either a gal%anic or an im"ressed current. 3ontrast &ith anodic "rotection .
o cathodic reaction o 4lectrode reaction e:ui%alent to a transfer of negati%e charge from the electronic to the ionic

conductor. A cathodic reaction is a reduction "rocess. An e$am"le common in corrosion is .(a:+,@ @ ,e- .(s+.
o catholyte o The electrol#te ad'acent to the cathode of an electrol#tic cell. o cation o A "ositi%el# charged ion that migrates through the electrol#te to&ard the cathode under the

influence of a "otential gradient. See also anion and ion .

o caustic o (8+ Curning or corrosi%e. (,+ A h#dro$ide of a light metal! such as sodium h#dro$ide or

"otassium h#dro$ide.
o caustic cracking o A form of stress-corrosion crac5ing most fre:uentl# encountered in car)on steels or

ironchromiumnic5el allo#s that are e$"osed to concentrated h#dro$ide solutions at tem"eratures of ,00 to ,50 G3 (I00 to I>0 GD+. Also 5no&n as caustic em)rittlement.
o caustic dip o A strongl# al5aline solution into &hich metal is immersed for etching! for neutrali*ing acid! or

for remo%ing organic materials such as greases or "aints.

o caustic embrittlement o An o)solete historical term denoting a form of stress-corrosion crac5ing most fre:uentl#

encountered in car)on steels or iron-chromium-nic5el allo#s that are e$"osed to concentrated h#dro$ide solutions at tem"eratures of ,00 to ,50 G3 (I00 to I>0 GD+.
o

caustic +uenching

o Huenching &ith a:ueous solutions of 5 to 80? sodium h#dro$ide (2aOH+. o cavitation o The formation and colla"se! &ithin a li:uid! of ca%ities or )u))les that contain %a"or or gas or

)oth. In general! ca%itation originates from a decrease in the static "ressure in the li:uid. It is distinguished in this &a# from )oiling! &hich originates from an increase in the li:uid tem"erature. There are certain situations &here it ma# )e difficult to ma5e a clear distinction )et&een ca%itation and )oiling! and the more general definition that is gi%en here is therefore to )e "referred. In order to erode a solid surface )# ca%itation! it is necessar# for the ca%itation )u))les to colla"se on or close to that surface.
o cavitation corrosion o A "rocess in%ol%ing con'oint corrosion and ca%itation. o cavitation damage o The degradation of a solid )od# resulting from its e$"osure to ca%itation. This ma# include loss

of material! surface deformation! or changes in "ro"erties or a""earance.

o cavitation erosion o Erogressi%e loss of original material from a solid surface due to continuing e$"osure to

ca%itation.
o cavity o The mold or die im"ression that gi%es a casting its e$ternal sha"e. o ,,- diagram o See continuous cooling transformation diagram . o cell electrochemistry! o 4lectrochemical s#stem consisting of an anode and a cathode immersed in an electrol#te. The

anode and cathode ma# )e se"arate metals or dissimilar areas on the same metal. The cell includes the e$ternal circuit! &hich "ermits the flo& of electrons from the anode to&ard the cathode. See also electrochemical cell .
o cementation o The introduction of one or more elements into the outer "ortion of a metal o)'ect )# means of

diffusion at high tem"erature.

o cement copper o Im"ure co""er reco%ered )# chemical de"osition &hen iron (most often shredded steel scra"+ is

)rought into "rolonged contact &ith a dilute co""er sulfate solution.

o cemented carbide o A solid and coherent mass made )# "ressing and sintering a mi$ture of "o&ders of one or more

metallic car)ides! such as tungsten car)ide! and a much smaller amount of a metal! such as co)alt! to ser%e as a )inder.
o cementite o A hard (>00 HF+! )rittle com"ound of iron and car)on! 5no&n chemicall# as iron car)ide and

ha%ing the a""ro$imate chemical formula De33. It is characteri*ed )# an orthorhom)ic cr#stal structure. 1hen it occurs as a "hase in steel! the chemical com"osition &ill )e altered )# the "resence of manganese and other car)ide-forming elements. The highest cementite contents are o)ser%ed in &hite cast irons! &hich are used in a""lications &here high &ear resistance is re:uired.
o center drilling o ;rilling a short! conical hole in the end of a &or5"iece--a hole to )e used to center the &or5"iece

for turning on a lathe.

o centerless grinding o Grinding the outside or inside diameter of a c#lindrical "iece that is su""orted on a &or5 su""ort

)lade instead of )eing held )et&een centers and that is rotated )# a so-called regulating or feed &heel.
o centrifugal casting o The "rocess of filling molds )# (8+ "ouring metal into a sand or "ermanent mold that is re%ol%ing

a)out either its hori*ontal or its %ertical a$is or (,+ "ouring metal into a mold that is su)se:uentl# re%ol%ed )efore solidification of the metal is com"lete. See also centrifuge casting .
o centrifuge casting o A casting techni:ue in &hich mold ca%ities are s"aced s#mmetricall# a)out a %ertical a$ial

common do&ngate. The entire assem)l# is rotated a)out that a$is during "ouring and solidification.
o ceramic tools o 3utting tools made from sintered! hot-"ressed! or hot isostaticall# "ressed alumina-)ase or silicon

nitride-)ase ceramic materials.

o o o o o o o o

cermet
A "o&der metallurg# "roduct consisting of ceramic "articles )onded &ith a metal.

,-frame press
Same as ga"-frame "ress .

,. iron
Same as com"acted gra"hite cast iron .

chamfer

(8+ A )e%eled surface to eliminate an other&ise shar" corner. (,+ A relie%ed angular cutting edge at a tooth corner.
o chamfer angle o (8+ The angle )et&een a reference surface and the )e%el. (,+ On a milling contour! the angle

)et&een a )e%eled surface and the a$is of the cutter.

o chamfering o .a5ing a slo"ing surface on the edge of a mem)er. Also called )e%eling. o chaplet o .etal su""ort that holds a core in "lace &ithin a casting mold/ molten metal solidifies around a

cha"let and fuses it into the finished casting.

o charge o (8+ The materials fed into a furnace. (,+ 1eights of %arious li:uid and solid materials "ut into a

furnace during one feeding c#cle.

o charging o (8+ Dor a la"! im"regnating the surface &ith fine a)rasi%e. (,+ Elacing materials into a furnace. o ,harpy test o An im"act test in &hich a F-notched! 5e#hole-notched! or <-notched s"ecimen! su""orted at

)oth ends! is struc5 )ehind the notch )# a stri5er mounted at the lo&er end of a )ar that can s&ing as a "endulum. The energ# that is a)sor)ed in fracture is calculated from the height to &hich the stri5er &ould ha%e risen had there )een no s"ecimen and the height to &hich it actuall# rises after fracture of the s"ecimen. 3ontrast &ith I*od test .
o chase machining! o To ma5e a series of cuts each! e$ce"t for the first! follo&ing in the "ath of the cut "receding it! as

in chasing a thread.
o chatter o In machining or grinding! (8+ a %i)ration of the tool! &heel! or &or5"iece "roducing a &a%#

surface on the &or5 and (,+ the finish "roduced )# such %i)ration. (3+ In tri)olog#! elastic

%i)rations resulting from frictional or other insta)ilit#.

o chatter marks o Surface im"erfections on the &or5 )eing ground! usuall# caused )# %i)rations transferred from

the &heel-&or5 interface during grinding.

o check o The intermediate section of a flas5 that is used )et&een the co"e and the drag &hen molding a

sha"e that re:uires more than one "arting "lane.

o checked edges o Sa&tooth edges seen after hot rolling and0or cold rolling. o checkers o In a cham)er associated &ith a metallurgical furnace! )ric5s stac5ed o"enl# so that heat ma# )e

a)sor)ed from the com)ustion "roducts and later transferred to incoming air &hen the direction of flo& is re%ersed.
o checks o (8+ 2umerous! %er# fine crac5s in a coating or at the surface of a metal "art. 3hec5s ma# a""ear

during "rocessing or during ser%ice and are most often associated &ith thermal treatment or thermal c#cling. Also called chec5 mar5s! or heat chec5s . (,+ .inute crac5s in the surface of a casting caused )# une:ual e$"ansion or contraction during cooling. (3+ 3rac5s in a die im"ression corner! generall# due to forging strains or "ressure! locali*ed at some relati%el# shar" corner. ;ie )loc5s too hard for the de"th of the die im"ression ha%e a tendenc# to chec5 or de%elo" crac5s in im"ression corners. (I+ A series of small crac5s resulting from thermal fatigue of hot forging dies.
o chelating agent o (8+ An organic com"ound in &hich atoms form more than one coordinate )ond &ith metals in

solution. (,+ A su)stance used in metal finishing to control or eliminate certain metallic ions "resent in undesira)le :uantities.
o chemical conversion coating o A "rotecti%e or decorati%e nonmetallic coating "roduced in situ )# chemical reaction of a metal

&ith a chosen en%ironment. It is often used to "re"are the surface "rior to the a""lication of an organic coating.
o chemical deposition o The "reci"itation or "lating-out of a metal from solutions of its salts through the introduction of

another metal or reagent to the solution.

o o o o o o o o o o

chemical flux cutting

An o$#gen-cutting "rocess in &hich metals are se%ered using a chemical flu$ to facilitate cutting.

chemically precipitated powder

A metal "o&der that is "roduced as a fine "reci"itate )# chemical dis"lacement.

chemical machining
Remo%ing metal stoc5 )# controlled selecti%e chemical dissolution.

chemical metallurgy
See "rocess metallurg# .

chemical milling

The machining "rocess in &hich metal is formed into intricate sha"es )# mas5ing certain "ortions and then etching a&a# the un&anted material.
o chemical polishing o A "rocess that "roduces a "olished surface )# the action of a chemical etching solution. The

etching solution is com"ounded so that "ea5s in the to"ogra"h# of the surface are dissol%ed "referentiall#.

o chemical vapor deposition ,/'! o A coating "rocess! similar to gas car)uri*ing and car)onitriding! &here)# a reactant atmos"here

gas is fed into a "rocessing cham)er &here it decom"oses at the surface of the &or5"iece! li)erating one material for either a)sor"tion )#! or accumulation on! the &or5"iece. A second material is li)erated in gas form and is remo%ed from the "rocessing cham)er! along &ith e$cess atmos"here gas.
o chemical wear o See corrosi%e &ear . o chevron pattern o A fractogra"hic "attern of radial mar5s (shear ledges+ that loo5 li5e nested letters 6F6/

sometimes called a herring)one "attern. 3he%ron "atterns are t#"icall# found on )rittle fracture surfaces in "arts &hose &idths are considera)l# greater than their thic5nesses. The "oints of the che%rons can )e traced )ac5 to the fracture origin.
o chill o (8+ A metal or gra"hite insert em)edded in the surface of a casting sand mold or core or "laced in

a mold ca%it# to increase the cooling rate at that "oint. (,+ 1hite iron occurring on a gra# or ductile iron casting! such as the chill in the &edge test. See also chilled iron . 3om"are &ith in%erse chill .
o chilled iron o 3ast iron that is "oured into a metal mold or against a mold insert so as to cause the ra"id

solidification that often tends to "roduce a &hite iron structure in the casting.
o ,hinese-script eutectic o A configuration of eutectic constituents! found "articularl# in some cast allo#s of aluminum

containing iron and silicon and in magnesium allo#s containing silicon! that resem)les the characters in 3hinese scri"t.
o chip breaker o (8+ 2otch or groo%e in the face of a tool "arallel to the cutting edge! designed to )rea5 the

continuit# of the chi". (,+ A ste" formed )# an ad'usta)le com"onent clam"ed to the face of the cutting tool.
o chipping o (8+ Remo%ing seams and other surface im"erfections in metals manuall# &ith a chisel or gouge!

or )# a continuous machine! )efore further "rocessing. (,+ Similarl#! remo%ing e$cessi%e metal.
o chips o Eieces of material remo%ed from a &or5"iece )# cutting tools or )# an a)rasi%e medium. o chlorination o (8+ Roasting ore in contact &ith chlorine or a chloride salt to "roduce chlorides. (,+ Remo%ing

dissol%ed gases and entra""ed o$ides )# "assing chlorine gas through molten metal such as aluminum and magnesium.
o chromadi"ing o Im"ro%ing "aint adhesion on aluminum or aluminum allo#s! mainl# aircraft s5ins! )# treatment

&ith a solution of chromic acid. Also called chromidi*ing or chromati*ing. 2ot to )e confused &ith chromating or chromi*ing .
o chromate treatment o A treatment of metal in a solution of a he$a%alent chromium com"ound to "roduce a con%ersion

coating consisting of tri%alent and he$a%alent chromium com"ounds.

o chromating o Eerforming a chromate treatment. o chromi"ing

o A surface treatment at ele%ated tem"erature! generall# carried out in "ac5! %a"or! or salt )aths! in

&hich an allo# is formed )# the in&ard diffusion of chromium into the )ase metal.
o chuck o A de%ice for holding &or5 or tools on a machine so that the "art can )e held or rotated during

machining or grinding.
o ,0% o The acron#m for cold isostatic "ressing . o circle grid o A regular "attern of circles! often ,.5 mm (0.8 in.+ in diameter! mar5ed on a sheet metal )lan5. o circle-grid analysis o The anal#sis of deformed circles to determine the se%erit# &ith &hich a sheet metal )lan5 has

)een deformed.
o circle grinding o 4ither c#lindrical grinding or internal grinding / the "referred terms. o circle shear o A shearing machine &ith t&o rotar# dis5 cutters mounted on "arallel shafts dri%en in unison and

e:ui""ed &ith an attachment for cutting circles &here the desired "iece of material is inside the circle. It cannot )e em"lo#ed to cut circles &here the desired material is outside the circle.
o circular field o The magnetic field that (a+ surrounds a nonmagnetic conductor of electricit#! ()+ is com"letel#

contained &ithin a magnetic conductor of electricit#! or (c+ )oth e$ists &ithin and surrounds a magnetic conductor. Generall# a""lied to the magnetic field &ithin an# magnetic conductor resulting from a current )eing "assed through the "art or through a section of the "art. 3om"are &ith )i"olar field .
o clad bra"ing sheet o A metal sheet on &hich one or )oth sides are clad &ith )ra*ing filler metal . o cladding o (8+ A la#er of material! usuall# metallic! that is mechanicall# or metallurgicall# )onded to a

su)strate. 3ladding ma# )e )onded to the su)strate )# an# of se%eral "rocesses! such as rollcladding and e$"losi%e forming. (,+ A relati%el# thic5 la#er (8 mm! or 0.0I in.+ of material a""lied )# surfacing for the "ur"ose of im"ro%ed corrosion resistance or other "ro"erties. See also coating ! surfacing ! and hardfacing .
o clad metal o A com"osite metal containing t&o or more la#ers that ha%e )een )onded together. The )onding

ma# ha%e )een accom"lished )# co-rolling! co-e$trusion! &elding! diffusion )onding! casting! hea%# chemical de"osition! or hea%# electro"lating.
o clamshell marks o Same as )each mar5s . o classification o (8+ The se"aration of ores into fractions according to si*e and s"ecific gra%it#! generall# in

accordance &ith Sto5esN la& of sedimentation. (,+ Se"aration of a metal "o&der into fractions according to "article si*e.
o clearance o (8+ The ga" or s"ace )et&een t&o mating "arts. (,+ S"ace "ro%ided )et&een the relief of a

cutting tool and the surface that has )een cut.

o cleavage o (8+ Dracture of a cr#stal )# crac5 "ro"agation across a cr#stallogra"hic "lane of lo& inde$. (,+

The tendenc# to clea%e or s"lit along definite cr#stallogra"hic "lanes.

o cleavage fracture o A fracture! usuall# of a "ol#cr#stalline metal! in &hich most of the grains ha%e failed )#

clea%age! resulting in )right reflecting facets. It is one t#"e of cr#stalline fracture and is associated &ith lo&-energ# )rittle fracture. 3ontrast &ith shear fracture .
o cleavage plane o A characteristic cr#stallogra"hic "lane or set of "lanes in a cr#stal on &hich clea%age fracture

occurs easil#.
o o o o o o o o

climb cutting
Analogous to clim) milling .

climb milling
.illing in &hich the cutter mo%es in the direction of feed at the "oint of contact.

close annealing
Same as )o$ annealing .

closed-die forging
The sha"ing of hot metal com"letel# &ithin the &alls or ca%ities of t&o dies that come together

to enclose the &or5"iece on all sides. The im"ression for the forging can )e entirel# either die or di%ided )et&een the to" and )ottom dies. Im"ression-die forging! often used interchangea)l# &ith the term closed-die forging! refers to a closed-die o"eration in &hich the dies contain a "ro%ision for controlling the flo& of e$cess material! or flash ! that is generated. C# contrast! in flashless forging! the material is deformed in a ca%it# that allo&s little or no esca"e of e$cess material.
o closed dies o Dorging or forming im"ression dies designed to restrict the flo& of metal to the ca%it# &ithin the

die set! as o""osed to o"en dies! in &hich there is little or no restriction to lateral flo&.
o closed pass o A "ass of metal through rolls &here the )ottom roll has a groo%e dee"er than the )ar )eing rolled

and the to" roll has a collar fitting into the groo%e! thus "roducing the desired sha"e free from flash or fin.
o close-tolerance forging o A forging held to unusuall# close dimensional tolerances so that little or no machining is

re:uired after forging. See also "recision forging .

o cluster mill o A rolling mill in &hich each of the t&o &or5ing rolls of small diameter is su""orted )# t&o or

more larger diameter )ac5u" rolls.

o coalescence o (8+ The union of "articles of a dis"ersed "hase into larger units! usuall# effected at tem"eratures

)elo& the fusion "oint. (,+ The gro&ing together or gro&th into one )od# of the materials )eing &elded. (3+ Gro&th of grains at the e$"ense of the remainder )# a)sor"tion or the gro&th of a "hase or "article at the e$"ense of the remainder )# a)sor"tion or re"reci"itation.
o coarsening o An increase in grain si*e! usuall#! )ut not necessaril#! )# grain gro&th. o coated abrasive o An a)rasi%e "roduct (sand"a"er! for e$am"le+ in &hich a la#er of a)rasi%e "articles is firml#

attached to a "a"er! cloth! or fi)er )ac5ing )# means of glue or s#nthetic-resin adhesi%e.

o

coated electrode

o See "referred terms co%ered electrode and lightl# coated electrode . o coating o A relati%el# thin la#er (=8 mm! or 0.0I in.+ of material a""lied )# surfacing for the "ur"ose of

corrosion "re%ention! resistance to high-tem"erature scaling! &ear resistance! lu)rication! or other "ur"oses.
o coaxing o Im"ro%ement of the fatigue strength of a s"ecimen )# the a""lication of a graduall# increasing

stress am"litude! usuall# starting )elo& the fatigue limit.

o coefficient of friction o The dimensionless ratio of the friction force (F+ )et&een t&o )odies to the normal force (N+

"ressing these )odies together ( or f+ M (F0N+.

o coercive force o The magneti*ing force that must )e a""lied in the direction o""osite to that of the "re%ious

magneti*ing force in order to reduce magnetic flu$ densit# to *ero/ thus! a measure of the magnetic retenti%it# of magnetic materials.
o cogging o The reducing o"eration in &or5ing an ingot into a )illet &ith a forging hammer or a forging

"ress.
o cogging mill o A )looming mill . o coherent precipitate o A cr#stalline "reci"itate that forms from solid solution &ith an orientation that maintains

continuit# )et&een the cr#stal lattice of the "reci"itate and the lattice of the matri$! usuall# accom"anied )# some strain in )oth lattices. Cecause the lattices fit at the interface )et&een "reci"itate and matri$! there is no discerni)le "hase )oundar#.
o cohesion o (8+ The state in &hich the "articles of a single su)stance are held together )# "rimar# or

secondar# %alence forces. As used in the adhesi%e field! the state in &hich the "articles of the adhesi%e (or adherend+ are held together. (,+ Dorce of attraction )et&een the molecules (or atoms+ &ithin a single "hase. 3ontrast &ith adhesion .
o cohesive strength o (8+ The h#"othetical stress causing tensile fracture &ithout "lastic deformation. (,+ The stress

corres"onding to the forces )et&een atoms.

o coil o (8+ An assem)l# consisting of one or more magnet &ire &indings. (,+ Rolled metal sheet or stri". o coil breaks o 3reases or ridges in sheet or stri" that a""ear as "arallel lines across the direction of rolling and

that generall# e$tend the full &idth of the sheet or stri".

o coining o (8+ A closed-die s:uee*ing o"eration! usuall# "erformed cold! in &hich all surfaces of the &or5

are confined or restrained! resulting in a &ell-defined im"rint of the die u"on the &or5. (,+ A restri5ing o"eration used to shar"en or change an e$isting radius or "rofile. (3+ The final "ressing of a sintered "o&der metallurg# com"act to o)tain a definite surface configuration (not to )e confused &ith si*ing +.
o coin silver o An allo# containing 90? sil%er! &ith co""er )eing the usual allo#ing element. o coke o A "orous! gra#! infusi)le "roduct resulting from the dr# distillation of )ituminous coal!

"etroleum! or coal tar "itch that dri%es off most of the %olatile matter. <sed as a fuel in cu"ola melting.
o cold box process o In foundr# "ractice! a t&o-"art organic resin )inder s#stem mi$ed in con%entional mi$ers and

)lo&n into shell or solid core sha"es at room tem"erature. A %a"or mi$ed &ith air is )lo&n into the core! "ermitting instant setting and immediate "ouring of metal around it.
o cold chamber machine o A die casting machine &ith an in'ection s#stem that is charged &ith li:uid metal from a se"arate

furnace. 3om"are &ith hot cham)er machine .

o cold compacting o See "referred term cold "ressing . o cold cracking o (8+ 3rac5s in cold or nearl# cold cast metal due to e$cessi%e internal stress caused )#

contraction. Often )rought a)out &hen the mold is too hard or the casting is of unsuita)le design. (,+ A t#"e of &eld crac5ing that usuall# occurs )elo& ,05 G3 (I00 GD+. 3rac5ing ma# occur during or after cooling to room tem"erature! sometimes &ith a considera)le time dela#. Three factors com)ine to "roduce cold crac5s/ stress (for e$am"le! from thermal e$"ansion and contraction+! h#drogen (from h#drogen-containing &elding consuma)les+! and a susce"ti)le microstructure ("late martensite is most susce"ti)le to crac5ing! ferritic and )ainitic structures are least susce"ti)le+. See also hot crac5ing ! lamellar tearing ! and stress-relief crac5ing .
o cold die +uenching o A :uench utili*ing cold! flat! or sha"ed dies to e$tract heat from a "art. 3old die :uenching is

slo&! e$"ensi%e! and is limited to smaller "arts &ith large surface areas.
o cold heading o 1or5ing metal at room tem"erature such that the cross-sectional area of a "ortion or all of the

stoc5 is increased. See also heading and u"setting .

o cold inspection o A %isual (usuall# final+ ins"ection of forgings for %isi)le im"erfections! dimensions! &eight! and

surface condition at room tem"erature. The term ma# also )e used to descri)e certain nondestructi%e tests such as magnetic-"article! d#e-"enetrant! and sonic ins"ection.
o cold isostatic pressing ,0%! o Dorming techni:ue in &hich high fluid "ressure is a""lied to a "o&der (metal or ceramic+ "art at

am)ient tem"erature. 1ater or oil is used as the "ressure medium.

o cold lap o (8+ 1rin5led mar5ings on the surface of an ingot or casting from inci"ient free*ing of the surface

and too lo& a casting tem"erature. (,+ A fla& that results &hen a &or5"iece fails to fill the die ca%it# during the first forging. A seam is formed as su)se:uent dies force metal o%er this ga" to lea%e a seam on the &or5"iece surface. See also cold shut .
o cold mill o A mill for cold rolling of sheet or stri". o cold pressing o Dorming a "o&der metallurg# com"act at a tem"erature lo& enough to a%oid sintering! usuall#

room tem"erature. 3ontrast &ith hot "ressing .

o cold-rolled sheets o A metal mill "roduct "roduced from a hot-rolled "ic5led coil that has )een gi%en su)stantial cold

reduction at room tem"erature. The resulting "roduct usuall# re:uires further "rocessing to ma5e it suita)le for most common a""lications. The usual end "roduct is characteri*ed )# im"ro%ed

surface! greater uniformit# in thic5ness! and im"ro%ed mechanical "ro"erties com"ared &ith hotrolled sheet.
o cold-setting process o In foundr# "ractice! an# of se%eral s#stems for )onding mold or core aggregates )# means of

organic )inders! rel#ing on the use of catal#sts rather than heat for "ol#meri*ation (setting+.
o cold shortness o Crittleness that e$ists in some metals at tem"eratures )elo& the recr#stalli*ation tem"erature. o cold shot o (8+ A "ortion of the surface of an ingot or casting sho&ing "remature solidification/ caused )#

s"lashing of molten metal onto a cold mold &all during "ouring. (,+ Small glo)ule of metal em)edded in! )ut not entirel# fused &ith! the casting.
o cold shut o (8+ A discontinuit# that a""ears on the surface of cast metal as a result of t&o streams of li:uid

meeting and failing to unite. (,+ A la" on the surface of a forging or )illet that &as closed &ithout fusion during deformation. (3+ Dree*ing of the to" surface of an ingot )efore the mold is full.
o ,oldstream process o In "o&der metallurg#! a method of "roducing clea%age fractures in hard "articles through "article

im"ingements in a high-%elocit# cold gas stream. Also referred to as im"act crushing.

o cold treatment o 4$"osing steel to suita)le su)*ero tem"eratures (->5 G3! or -8,0 GD+ for the "ur"ose of o)taining

desired conditions or "ro"erties such as dimensional or microstructural sta)ilit#. 1hen the treatment in%ol%es the transformation of retained austenite! it is usuall# follo&ed )# tem"ering.
o cold trimming o The remo%al of flash or e$cess metal from a forging at room tem"erature in a trimming "ress. o cold welding o A solid-state &elding "rocess in &hich "ressure is used at room tem"erature to "roduce

coalescence of metals &ith su)stantial deformation at the &eld. 3om"are &ith hot "ressure &elding ! diffusion &elding ! and forge &elding .
o cold work o Eermanent strain in a metal accom"anied )# strain hardening. o cold-worked structure o A microstructure resulting from "lastic deformation of a metal or allo# )elo& its recr#stalli*ation

tem"erature.
o cold working o ;eforming metal "lasticall# under conditions of tem"erature and strain rate that induce strain

hardening. <suall#! )ut not necessaril#! conducted at room tem"erature. 3ontrast &ith hot &or5ing .
o collapsibility o The tendenc# of a sand mi$ture to )rea5 do&n under the "ressures and tem"eratures de%elo"ed

during casting.
o collet o A s"lit slee%e used to hold &or5 or tools during machining or grinding. o color buffing o Eroducing a final high luster )# )uffing. Sometimes called coloring . o coloring o Eroducing desired colors on metal )# a chemical or electrochemical reaction. See also color

)uffing .

o columnar structure o A coarse structure of "arallel elongated grains formed )# unidirectional gro&th! most often

o)ser%ed in castings! )ut sometimes seen in structures resulting from diffusional gro&th accom"anied )# a solid-state transformation.
o combination die o (8+ A die-casting die ha%ing t&o or more different ca%ities for different castings. (,+ Dor forming!

see com"ound die .

o combination mill o An arrangement of a continuous mill for roughing and a guide mill or loo"ing mill for sha"ing. o combined carbon o 3ar)on in iron or steel that is com)ined chemicall# &ith other elements/ not in the free state as

gra"hite or tem"er car)on. The difference )et&een the total car)on and the gra"hite car)on anal#ses. 3ontrast &ith free car)on .
o combined cyanide o The c#anide of a metal-c#anide com"le$ ion. o combined stresses o An# state of stress that cannot )e re"resented )# a single com"onent of stress/ that is! one that is

more com"licated than sim"le tension! com"ression! or shear.

o combustion analysis o An anal#tical techni:ue for determining the concentration of car)on and sulfur in sam"les. The

sam"le is )urned in a gra"hite cruci)le in the "resence of o$#gen! &hich causes car)on and sulfur to lea%e the sam"le as car)on dio$ide and sulfur dio$ide. These gases are then detected )# infrared or thermal conducti%e means.
o comet tails o A grou" of com"arati%el# dee" unidirectional scratches that form ad'acent to a microstructural

discontinuit# during mechanical "olishing. The# ha%e the general sha"e of a comet tail. 3omet tails form onl# &hen a unidirectional motion is maintained )et&een the surface )eing "olished and the "olishing cloth.
o comminution o (8+ Crea5ing u" or grinding an ore into small fragments. (,+ Reducing metal to "o&der )#

mechanical means. (3+ The act or "rocess of reduction of "o&der "article si*e! usuall# )ut not necessaril# )# grinding or milling. See also "ul%eri*ation .
o compact o (8+ The o)'ect "roduced )# the com"ression of metal "o&der! generall# &hile confined in a die.

(,+ The o"eration or "rocess of "roducing a com"act/ sometimes called "ressing.

o compacted graphite iron o 3ast iron ha%ing a gra"hite sha"e intermediate )et&een the fla5e form t#"ical of gra# cast iron

and the s"herical form of full# s"herulitic ductile cast iron. An acce"ta)le com"acted gra"hite iron structure is one that contains no fla5e gra"hite! =,0? s"heroidal gra"hite! and >0? com"acted gra"hite (AST. A ,IB! t#"e IF+. Also 5no&n as 3G iron or %ermicular iron! com"acted gra"hite cast iron is "roduced in a manner similar to that for ductile cast iron! )ut using a techni:ue that inhi)its the formation of full# s"herulitic gra"hite nodules.
o compacting pressure o In "o&der metallurg#! the s"ecific com"acting force related to the area of contact &ith the "ress

"unch e$"ressed in mega"ascals! megane&tons "er s:uare meter! or tons "er s:uare inch.
o compaction o (8+ The act of forcing "articulate or granular material together (consolidation+ under "ressure or

im"act to #ield a relati%el# dense mass or formed o)'ect. (,+ In "o&der metallurg#! the "re"aration of a com"act or o)'ect "roduced )# the com"ression of a "o&der! generall# &hile

confined in a die! &ith or &ithout the inclusion of lu)ricants! )inders! and so forth. 1ith or &ithout the concurrent a""lications of heat.
o compatibility o A measure of the e$tent to &hich materials are mutuall# solu)le in the solid state. o complete fusion o Dusion that has occurred o%er the entire )ase material surfaces intended for &elding and )et&een

all la#ers and &eld )eads.

o complexing agent o A su)stance that is an electron donor and that &ill com)ine &ith a metal ion to form a solu)le

com"le$ ion.
o complexion o An ion that ma# )e formed )# the addition reaction of t&o or more other ions. o component o (8+ One of the elements or com"ounds used to define a chemical (or allo#+ s#stem! including all

"hases! in terms of the fe&est su)stances "ossi)le. (,+ One of the indi%idual "arts of a %ector as referred to a s#stem of coordinates. (3+ An indi%idual functional element in a "h#sicall# inde"endent )od# that cannot )e further reduced or di%ided &ithout destro#ing its stated function! for e$am"le! a resistor! ca"acitor! diode! or transistor.
o composite coating o A coating on a metal or nonmetal that consists of t&o or more com"onents! one of &hich is often

"articulate in form. 4$am"le a cermet com"osite coating on a cemented car)ide cutting tool. Also 5no&n as multila#er coating.
o composite electrode o A &elding electrode made from t&o or more distinct com"onents! at least one of &hich is filler

metal. A com"osite electrode ma# e$ist in an# of %arious "h#sical forms! such as stranded &ires! filled tu)es! or co%ered &ire.
o composite joint o A 'oint in &hich &elding is used in con'unction &ith mechanical 'oining. o composite material o A com)ination of t&o or more materials (reinforcing elements! fillers! and com"osite matri$

)inder+! differing in form or com"osition on a macroscale. The constituents retain their identities! that is! the# do not dissol%e or merge com"letel# into one another although the# act in concert. 2ormall#! the com"onents can )e "h#sicall# identified and e$hi)it an interface )et&een one another. 4$am"les are cermets and metal-matri$ com"osites.
o composite plate o An electrode"osit consisting of la#ers of at least t&o different com"ositions. o composite powder o A "o&der in &hich each "article consists of t&o or more different materials. o composite structure o A structural mem)er (such as a "anel! "late! "i"e! or other sha"e+ that is )uilt u" )# )onding

together t&o or more distinct com"onents! each of &hich ma# )e made of a metal! allo#! nonmetal! or com"osite material. 4$am"les of com"osite structures include hone#com) "anels! clad "late! electrical contacts! slee%e )earings! car)ide-ti""ed drills or lathe tools! and &eldments constructed of t&o or more different allo#s.
o compound compact o A "o&der metallurg# com"act consisting of mi$ed metals! the "articles of &hich are 'oined )#

"ressing or sintering! or )oth! &ith each metal "article retaining su)stantiall# its original com"osition.
o

compound die

o An# die designed to "erform more than one o"eration on a "art &ith one stro5e of the "ress! such

as )lan5ing and "iercing! in &hich all functions are "erformed simultaneousl# &ithin the confines of the )lan5 si*e )eing &or5ed.
o compressibility o (8+ The a)ilit# of a "o&der to )e formed into a com"act ha%ing &ell-defined contours and

structural sta)ilit# at a gi%en tem"erature and "ressure/ a measure of the "lasticit# of "o&der "articles. (,+ A densit# ratio determined under definite testing conditions. Also referred to as com"acti)ilit#.
o compression ratio powder metallurgy! o The ratio of the %olume of the loose "o&der to the %olume of the com"act made from it. o compressive strength o The ma$imum com"ressi%e stress that a material is ca"a)le of de%elo"ing! )ased on original area

of cross section. If a material fails in com"ression )# a shattering fracture! the com"ressi%e strength has a %er# definite %alue. If a material does not fail in com"ression )# a shattering fracture! the %alue o)tained for com"ressi%e strength is an ar)itrar# %alue de"ending on the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating com"lete failure of the material.
o compressive stress o A stress that causes an elastic )od# to deform (shorten+ in the direction of the a""lied load.

3ontrast &ith tensile stress .

o concentration o (8+ The mass of a su)stance contained in a unit %olume of sam"le! for e$am"le! grams "er liter.

(,+ A "rocess for enrichment of an ore in %alua)le mineral content )# se"aration and remo%al of &aste material! or gangue.
o concentration cell o An electrol#tic cell! the electromoti%e force of &hich is caused )# a difference in concentration

of some com"onent in the electrol#te. This difference leads to the formation of discrete cathode and anode regions.
o concentration polari"ation o That "ortion of the "olari*ation of a cell "roduced )# concentration changes resulting from

"assage of current through the electrol#te.

o concurrent heating o The a""lication of su""lemental heat to a structure during a &elding or cutting o"eration. o conditioning heat treatment o A "reliminar# heat treatment used to "re"are a material for a desired reaction to a su)se:uent

heat treatment. Dor the term to )e meaningful! the e$act heat treatment must )e s"ecified.
o cone o The conical "art of an o$#fuel gas flame ne$t to the orifice of the ti". o cone angle o The angle that the cutter a$is ma5es &ith the direction along &hich the )lades are mo%ed for

ad'ustment! as in ad'usta)le-)lade reamers &here the )ase of the )lade slides on a conical surface.
o conformal coating o A coating that co%ers and e$actl# fits the sha"e of the coated o)'ect. o congruent melting o An isothermal or iso)aric melting in &hich )oth the solid and li:uid "hases ha%e the same

com"osition throughout the transformation.

o

congruent transformation

o An isothermal or iso)aric "hase change in metals in &hich )oth of the "hases concerned ha%e the

same com"osition throughout the "rocess.

o conjugate phases o In microstructural anal#sis! those states of matter of uni:ue com"osition that coe$ist at

e:uili)rium at a single "oint in tem"erature and "ressure. Dor e$am"le! the t&o coe$isting "hases of a t&o-"hase e:uili)rium.
o constant life fatigue diagram o In failure anal#sis! a "lot (usuall# on rectangular coordinates+ of a famil# of cur%es! each of

&hich is for a single fatigue life (num)er of c#cles+! relating alternating stress! ma$imum stress! minimum stress! and mean stress. The constant life fatigue diagram is generall# deri%ed from a famil# of S-N cur%es! each of &hich re"resents a different stress ratio for a 50? "ro)a)ilit# of sur%i%al. See also nominal stress ! ma$imum stress ! minimum stress ! S-N cur%e ! fatigue life ! and stress ratio .
o constituent o (8+ One of the ingredients that ma5e u" a chemical s#stem. (,+ A "hase or a com)ination of

"hases that occurs in a characteristic configuration in an allo# microstructure.

o constitution diagram o See "hase diagram . o constraint o An# restriction that limits the trans%erse contraction normall# associated &ith a longitudinal

tension and that hence causes a secondar# tension in the trans%erse direction/ usuall# used in connection &ith &elding. 3ontrast &ith restraint .
o consumable electrode o A general term for an# arc &elding electrode made chiefl# of filler metal. <se of s"ecific names

such as co%ered electrode ! )are electrode ! flu$ cored electrode ! and lightl# coated electrode is "referred.
o consumable-electrode remelting o A "rocess for refining metals in &hich an electric current "asses )et&een an electrode made of

the metal to )e refined and an ingot of the refined metal! &hich is contained in a &ater-cooled mold. As a result of the "assage of electric current! dro"lets of molten metal form on the electrode and fall to the ingot. The refining action occurs from contact &ith the atmos"here! %acuum! or slag through &hich the dro" falls. See also electroslag remelting and %acuum arc remelting .
o contact corrosion o A term "rimaril# used in 4uro"e to descri)e gal%anic corrosion )et&een dissimilar metals. o contact fatigue o 3rac5ing and su)se:uent "itting of a surface su)'ected to alternating Hert*ian stresses such as

those "roduced under rolling contact or com)ined rolling and sliding. The "henomenon of contact fatigue is encountered most often in rolling-element )earings or in gears! &here the surface stresses are high due to the concentrated loads and are re"eated man# times during normal o"eration.
o contact plating o A metal "lating "rocess &herein the "lating current is "ro%ided )# gal%anic action )et&een the

&or5 metal and a second metal! &ithout the use of an e$ternal source of current.
o contact potential o In corrosion technolog#! the "otential difference at the 'unction of t&o dissimilar su)stances. o container o The cham)er into &hich an ingot or )illet is inserted "rior to e$trusion. The container for

)ac5&ard e$trusion of cu"s or cans is sometimes called a die.

o contaminant o An im"urit# or foreign su)stance "resent in a material or en%ironment that affects one or more

"ro"erties of the material.

o continuous casting o A casting techni:ue in &hich a cast sha"e is continuousl# &ithdra&n through the )ottom of the

mold as it solidifies! so that its length is not determined )# mold dimensions. <sed chiefl# to "roduce semifinished mill "roducts such as )illets! )looms! ingots! sla)s! stri"! and tu)es. See also strand casting .
o continuous cooling transformation ,,-! diagram o Set of cur%es dra&n using logarithmic time and linear tem"erature as coordinates! &hich define!

for each cooling cur%e of an allo#! the )eginning and end of the transformation of the initial "hase.
o continuous mill o A rolling mill consisting of a num)er of strands of s#nchroni*ed rolls (in tandem+ in &hich metal

undergoes successi%e reductions as it "asses through the %arious strands.

o continuous phase o In an allo# or "ortion of an allo# containing more than one "hase! the "hase that forms the matri$

in &hich the other "hase or "hases are dis"ersed.

o continuous precipitation o Ereci"itation from a su"ersaturated solid solution in &hich the "reci"itate "articles gro& )#

longrange diffusion &ithout recr#stalli*ation of the matri$. 3ontinuous "reci"itates gro& from nuclei distri)uted more or less uniforml# throughout the matri$. The# usuall# are randoml# oriented! )ut ma# form a 1idmanstOtten structure. Also called general "reci"itation. 3om"are &ith discontinuous "reci"itation and locali*ed "reci"itation .
o continuous-type furnace o A furnace used for heat treating materials that "rogress continuousl# through the furnace!

entering one door and )eing discharged from another.

o continuous weld o A &eld e$tending continuousl# from one end of a 'oint to the other or! &here the 'oint is

essentiall# circular! com"letel# around the 'oint. 3ontrast &ith intermittent &eld .
o contour forming o See roll forming ! stretch forming ! tangent )ending ! and &i"er forming . o contour machining o .achining of irregular surfaces! such as those generated in tracer turning! tracer )oring! and

tracer milling.
o contour milling o .illing of irregular surfaces. See also tracer milling . o contraction o The %olume change that occurs in metals and allo#s u"on solidification and cooling to room

tem"erature.
o controlled atmosphere o (8+ A s"ecified inert gas or mi$ture of gases at a "redetermined tem"erature in &hich selected

"rocesses ta5e "lace. (,+ As a""lied to sintering! to "re%ent o$idation and destruction of the "o&der com"acts.
o controlled cooling o 3ooling a metal or allo# from an ele%ated tem"erature in a "redetermined manner to a%oid

hardening! crac5ing! or internal damage! or to "roduce desired microstructure or mechanical "ro"erties.

o controlled-pressure cycle o A forming c#cle during &hich the h#draulic "ressure in the forming ca%it# is controlled )# an

ad'usta)le cam that is coordinated &ith the "unch tra%el.

o controlled rolling o A hot-rolling "rocess in &hich the tem"erature of the steel is closel# controlled! "articularl#

during the final rolling "asses! to "roduce a fine-grain microstructure.

o conventional forging o A forging characteristic )# design com"le$it# and tolerances that falls &ithin the )road range of

general forging "ractice.

o conventional milling o .illing in &hich the cutter mo%es in the direction o""osite to the feed at the "oint of contact.

3ontrast &ith clim) milling .

o conventional strain o See engineering strain and strain . o conventional stress o See engineering stress and stress . o conversion coating o A coating consisting of a com"ound of the surface metal! "roduced )# chemical or

electrochemical treatments of the metal. 4$am"les include chromate coatings on *inc! cadmium! magnesium! and aluminum! and o$ide and "hos"hate coatings on steel. See also chromate treatment and "hos"hating .
o converter o A furnace in &hich air is )lo&n through a )ath of molten metal or matte! o$idi*ing the im"urities

and maintaining the tem"erature through the heat "roduced )# the o$idation reaction. A t#"ical con%erter is the argon o$#gen decar)uri*ation %essel.
o coolant o The li:uid used to cool the &or5 during grinding and to "re%ent it from rusting. It also lu)ricates!

&ashes a&a# chi"s and grits! and aids in o)taining a finer finish. In metal cutting! the "referred term is cutting fluid.
o cooling curve o A gra"h sho&ing the relationshi" )et&een time and tem"erature during the cooling of a material.

It is used to find the tem"eratures at &hich "hase changes occur. A "ro"ert# or function other than time ma# occasionall# )e used--for e$am"le! thermal e$"ansion.
o cooling rate o The a%erage slo"e of the time-tem"erature cur%e ta5en o%er a s"ecified time and tem"erature

inter%al.
o cooling stresses o Residual stresses in castings resulting from nonuniform distri)ution of tem"erature during

cooling.
o cope o In casting! the u""er or to"most section of a flas5! mold! or "attern. o copper-accelerated salt-spray ,A$$! test o An accelerated corrosion test for some electrode"osits and for anodic coatings on aluminum. o copper bra"ing o A term im"ro"erl# used to denote )ra*ing &ith a co""er filler metal. o core

o (8+ A s"eciall# formed material inserted in a mold to sha"e the interior or other "art of a casting

that cannot )e sha"ed as easil# )# the "attern. (,+ In a ferrous allo# "re"ared for case hardening! that "ortion of the allo# that is not "art of the case. T#"icall# considered to )e the "ortion that (a+ a""ears dar5 (&ith certain etchants+ on an etched cross section! ()+ has an essentiall# unaltered chemical com"osition! or (c+ has a hardness! after hardening! less than a s"ecified %alue.
o o o o o o o o

core assembly
In casting! a com"le$ core consisting of a num)er of sections.

core binder
In casting! an# material used to hold the grains of core sand together.

core blow
A gas "oc5et in a casting ad'acent to a cored ca%it# and caused )# entra""ed gases from the core.

core blower

A machine for ma5ing foundr# cores using com"ressed air to )lo& and "ac5 the sand into the core )o$.
o core box o In casting! a &ood! metal! or "lastic structure containing a sha"ed ca%it# into &hich sand is

"ac5ed to ma5e a core.

o cored bars o In "o&der metallurg#! a com"act of )ar sha"e heated )# its o&n electrical resistance to a

tem"erature high enough to melt its interior.

o o o o o o o o

core forging
(8+ ;is"lacing metal &ith a "unch to fill a die ca%it#. (,+ The "roduct of such an o"eration.

core knockout machine

In casting! a mechanical de%ice for remo%ing cores from castings.

core rod
In "o&der metallurg#! a mem)er of a die assem)l# used in molding a hole in a com"act.

core sand

In casting! sand for ma5ing cores to &hich a )inding material has )een added to o)tain good cohesion and "ermea)ilit# after dr#ing/ usuall# lo& in cla#s.
o coring o (8+ A condition of %aria)le com"osition )et&een the center and surface of a unit of

microstructure (such as a dendrite! grain! car)ide "article+/ results from none:uili)rium solidification! &hich occurs o%er a range of tem"erature. (,+ A central ca%it# at the )utt end of a rod e$trusion! sometimes called e$trusion "i"e .
o corona resistance welding! o The area sometimes surrounding the nugget of a s"ot &eld at the fa#ing surfaces &hich "ro%ides

a degree of solid-state &elding.

o corrodkote test o An accelerated corrosion test for electrode"osits. o corrosion o The chemical or electrochemical reaction )et&een a material! usuall# a metal! and its

en%ironment that "roduces a deterioration of the material and its "ro"erties.

o corrosion effect o A change in an# "art of the corrosion s#stem caused )# corrosion. o corrosion embrittlement o The se%ere loss of ductilit# of a metal resulting from corrosi%e attac5! usuall# intergranular and

often not %isuall# a""arent.

o corrosion-erosion o See erosion-corrosion . o corrosion fatigue o The "rocess in &hich a metal fractures "rematurel# under conditions of simultaneous corrosion

and re"eated c#clic loading at lo&er stress le%els or fe&er c#cles than &ould )e re:uired in the a)sence of the corrosi%e en%ironment.
o corrosion inhibitor o See inhi)itor . o corrosion potential Ecorr! o The "otential of a corroding surface in an electrol#te! relati%e to a reference electrode. Also

called rest "otential! o"en-circuit "otential! or freel# corroding "otential.

o corrosion product o Su)stance formed as a result of corrosion. o corrosion protection o .odification of a corrosion s#stem so that corrosion damage is mitigated. o corrosion rate o 3orrosion effect on a metal "er unit of time. The t#"e of corrosion rate used de"ends on the

technical s#stem and on the t#"e of corrosion effect. Thus! corrosion rate ma# )e e$"ressed as an increase in corrosion de"th "er unit of time ("enetration rate! for e$am"le! mils0#r+ or the mass of metal turned into corrosion "roducts "er unit area of surface "er unit of time (&eight loss! for e$am"le! g0m,0#r+. The corrosion effect ma# %ar# &ith time and ma# not )e the same at all "oints of the corroding surface. Therefore! re"orts of corrosion rates should )e accom"anied )# information on the t#"e! time de"endenc#! and location of the corrosion effect.
o corrosion resistance o The a)ilit# of a material to &ithstand contact &ith am)ient natural factors or those of a "articular!

artificiall# created atmos"here! &ithout degradation or change in "ro"erties. Dor metals! this could )e "itting or rusting/ for organic materials! it could )e cra*ing.
o corrosion system o S#stem consisting of one or more metals and all "arts of the en%ironment that influence

corrosion.
o corrosive wear o 1ear in &hich chemical or electrochemical reaction &ith the en%ironment is significant. See also

o$idati%e &ear .
o corrugating o The forming of sheet metal into a series of straight! "arallel alternate ridges and groo%es &ith a

rolling mill e:ui""ed &ith matched roller dies or a "ress )ra5e e:ui""ed &ith a s"eciall# sha"ed "unch and die.
o corrugations o In metalforming! trans%erse ri""les caused )# a %ariation in stri" sha"e during hot or cold

reduction.
o ,ottrell process o Remo%al of solid "articulates from gases &ith electrostatic "reci"itation. o coulometer o An electrol#tic cell arranged to measure the :uantit# of electricit# )# the chemical action

"roduced in accordance &ith Darada#Ns la&.

o

counterblow hammer

o A forging hammer in &hich )oth the ram and the an%il are dri%en simultaneousl# to&ard each

other )# air or steam "istons.

o counterboring o Remo%al of material to enlarge a hole for "art of its de"th &ith a rotar#! "ilot guided! end cutting

tool ha%ing t&o or more cutting li"s and usuall# ha%ing straight or helical flutes for the "assage of chi"s and the admission of a cutting fluid.
o countersinking o Ce%eling or ta"ering the &or5 material around the "eri"her# of a hole creating a concentric

surface at an angle less than 90G &ith the centerline of the hole for the "ur"ose of chamfering holes or recessing scre& and ri%et heads.
o covered electrode o A com"osite filler metal electrode consisting of a core of a )are electrode or metal cored

electrode to &hich a co%ering sufficient to "ro%ide a slag la#er on the &eld metal has )een a""lied. The co%ering ma# contain materials "ro%iding such functions as shielding from the atmos"here! deo$idation! and arc sta)ili*ation and can ser%e as a source of metallic additions to the &eld. 3om"are &ith lightl# coated electrode .
o covering power o (8+ The a)ilit# of a solution to gi%e satisfactor# "lating at %er# lo& current densities! a condition

that e$ists in recesses and "its. This term suggests an a)ilit# to co%er! )ut not necessaril# to )uild u"! a uniform coating! &hereas thro&ing "o&er suggests the a)ilit# to o)tain a coating of uniform thic5ness on an irregularl# sha"ed o)'ect. (,+ The degree to &hich a "orcelain enamel coating o)scures the underl#ing surface.
o crack o (8+ A fracture t#"e discontinuit# characteri*ed )# a shar" ti" and high ratio of length and &idth

to o"ening dis"lacement. (,+ A line of fracture &ithout com"lete se"aration.

o crack growth o Rate of "ro"agation of a crac5 through a material due to a static or d#namic a""lied load. o crack length depth! a! o In fatigue and stress-corrosion crac5ing! the "h#sical crac5 si*e used to determine the crac5

gro&th rate and the stress-intensit# factor. Dor a com"act-t#"e s"ecimen! crac5 length is measured from the line connecting the )earing "oints of load a""lication. Dor a center-crac5 tension s"ecimen! crac5 length is measured from the "er"endicular )isector of the central crac5. See also crac5 si*e .
o crack mouth opening displacement ,1&'! o See crac5 o"ening dis"lacement . o crack opening displacement o On a KIc s"ecimen! the o"ening dis"lacement of the notch surfaces at the notch and in the

direction "er"endicular to the "lane of the notch and the crac5. The dis"lacement at the ti" is called the crac5 ti" o"ening dis"lacement (3TO;+/ at the mouth! it is called the crac5 mouth o"ening dis"lacement (3.O;+. See also stress-intensit# factor for definition of KIc.
o crack si"e a! o A lineal measure of a "rinci"al "lanar dimension of a crac5. This measure is commonl# used in

the calculation of :uantities descri"ti%e of the stress and dis"lacement fields. In "ractice! the %alue of crac5 si*e is o)tained from "rocedures for measurement of "h#sical crac5 si*e! original crac5 si*e! or effecti%e crac5 si*e! as a""ro"riate to the situation under consideration. See also crac5 length (de"th+ .
o crack tip opening displacement o See crac5 o"ening dis"lacement .

,-&'!

o o o o o o o o

crank press
A mechanical "ress &hose slides are actuated )# a cran5shaft.

crater
In arc &elding! a de"ression at the termination of a &eld )ead or in the molten &eld "ool.

crater crack
A crac5 in the crater of a &eld )ead.

crater wear

The &ear that occurs on the ra5e face of a cutting tool due to contact &ith the material in the chi" that is sliding along that face.
o cra"e cracking o Irregular surface crac5ing of a metal associated &ith thermal c#cling. This term is used more in

the <nited Kingdom than in the <nited States! &here the term chec5ing is used instead. See also chec5s .
o creep o Time-de"endent strain occurring under stress. The cree" strain occurring at a diminishing rate is

called "rimar# cree"/ that occurring at a minimum and almost constant rate! secondar# cree"/ and that occurring at an accelerating rate! tertiar# cree".
o creep-feed grinding o A grinding "rocess that "roduces dee"er cuts at slo& tra%erse rates. o creep limit o (8+ The ma$imum stress that &ill cause less than a s"ecified :uantit# of cree" in a gi%en time. (,+

The ma$imum nominal stress under &hich the cree" strain rate decreases continuousl# &ith time under constant load and at constant tem"erature. Sometimes used s#non#mousl# &ith cree" strength.
o creep rate o The slo"e of the cree"-time cur%e at a gi%en time. ;eflection &ith time under a gi%en static load. o creep recovery o The time-de"endent decrease in strain in a solid! follo&ing the remo%al of force. o creep-rupture embrittlement o 4m)rittlement under cree" conditions. Dailure occurs )# intergranular crac5ing of the em)rittled

material.
o creep-rupture strength o The stress that causes fracture in a cree" test at a gi%en time! in a s"ecified constant en%ironment.

This is sometimes referred to as the stress-ru"ture strength.

o creep-rupture test o A test in &hich "rogressi%e s"ecimen deformation and the time for ru"ture are )oth measured. In

general! deformation is much greater than that de%elo"ed during a cree" test. Also 5no&n as stress-ru"ture test.
o creep strain o The time-de"endent total strain (e$tension "lus initial gage length+ "roduced )# a""lied stress

during a cree" test.

o creep strength o The stress that &ill cause a gi%en cree" strain in a cree" test at a gi%en time in a s"ecified

constant en%ironment.
o creep stress o The constant load di%ided )# the original cross-sectional area of the s"ecimen. o creep test

o A method of determining the e$tension of metals under a gi%en load at a gi%en tem"erature. The

determination usuall# in%ol%es the "lotting of time-elongation cur%es under constant load/ a single test ma# e$tend o%er man# months. The results are often e$"ressed as the elongation (in millimeters or inches+ "er hour on a gi%en gage length (e.g.! ,5 mm! or 8 in.+.
o crevice corrosion o Locali*ed corrosion of a metal surface at! or immediatel# ad'acent to! an area that is shielded

from full e$"osure to the en%ironment )ecause of close "ro$imit# )et&een the metal and the surface of another material.
o crimping o The forming of relati%el# small corrugations in order to set do&n and loc5 a seam! to create an

arc in a stri" of metal! or to reduce an e$isting arc or diameter. See also corrugating .
o critical cooling rate o The minimum rate of continuous cooling for "re%enting undesira)le transformations. Dor steel!

unless other&ise s"ecified! it is the slo&est rate at &hich austenite can )e cooled from a)o%e critical tem"erature to "re%ent its transformation a)o%e the martensite start tem"erature.
o critical current density o In an electrol#tic "rocess! a current densit# at &hich an a)ru"t change occurs in an o"erating

%aria)le or in the nature of an electrode"osit or electrode film.

o critical flaw si"e o The si*e of a fla& (defect+ in a structure that &ill cause failure at a "articular stress le%el. o critical point o (8+ The tem"erature or "ressure at &hich a change in cr#stal structure! "hase! or "h#sical

"ro"erties occurs. Also termed transformation tem"erature . (,+ In an e:uili)rium diagram! that com)ination of com"osition! tem"erature! and "ressure at &hich the "hases of an inhomogeneous s#stem are in e:uili)rium.
o critical shear stress o The shear stress re:uired to cause sli" in a designated sli" direction on a gi%en sli" "lane. It is

called the critical resol%ed shear stress if the shear stress is induced )# tensile or com"ressi%e forces acting on the cr#stal.
o critical strain o (8+ In mechanical testing! the strain at the #ield "oint. (,+ The strain 'ust sufficient to cause

recr#stalli*ation/ )ecause the strain is small! usuall# onl# a fe& "ercent! recr#stalli*ation ta5es "lace from onl# a fe& nuclei! &hich "roduces a recr#stalli*ed structure consisting of %er# large grains.
o critical stress-intensity factor o See stress-intensit# factor . o critical temperature o That tem"erature a)o%e &hich the %a"or "hase cannot )e condensed to li:uid )# an increase in

"ressure. S#non#mous &ith critical "oint if "ressure is constant.

o critical temperature range o S#non#mous &ith transformation ranges ! &hich is the "referred term. o ,roning process o In casting! a shell molding "rocess that uses a "henolic resin )inder. Sometimes referred to as 3

"rocess or 3hroni*ing.
o crop o (8+ An end "ortion of an ingot that is cut off as scra". (,+ To shear a )ar or )illet. o cross breaks

o Same as coil )rea5s . o cross-country mill o A rolling mill in &hich the mill stands are so arranged that their ta)les are "arallel &ith a transfer

(or crosso%er+ ta)le connecting them. Such a mill is used for rolling structural sha"es! rails! and an# s"ecial form of )ar stoc5 not rolled in the ordinar# )ar mill.
o cross direction o See trans%erse direction . o cross forging o Ereliminar# &or5ing of forging stoc5 in flat dies to de%elo" mechanical "ro"erties! "articularl# in

the center "ortions of hea%# sections.

o cross rolling o Rolling of metal or sheet or "late so that the direction of rolling is a)out 90G from the direction of

a "re%ious rolling.
o cross-wire weld o A &eld made at the 'unction )et&een crossed &ires or )ars. o crown o (8+ The u""er "art (head+ of a forming "ress frame. On h#draulic "resses! the cro&n usuall#

contains the c#linder/ on mechanical "resses! the cro&n contains the dri%e mechanism. See also h#draulic "ress and mechanical "ress . (,+ A sha"e (cro&n+ ground into a flat roll to ensure flatness of cold- (and hot-+ rolled sheet and stri". (3+ A contour on a sheet or roll &here the thic5ness or diameter increases from edge to center.
o crucible furnace o A melting or holding furnace in &hich the molten metal is contained in a "ot-sha"ed

(hemis"herical+ shell. 4lectric heaters or fuel-fired )urners outside the shell generate the heat that "asses through the shell (cruci)le+ to the molten metal.
o crush o (8+ Cuc5ling or )rea5ing of a section of a casting mold due to incorrect register &hen the mold is

closed. (,+ An indentation in the surface of a casting due to dis"lacement of sand &hen the mold &as closed.
o crush forming o Sha"ing a grinding &heel )# forcing a rotating metal roll into its face so as to re"roduce the

desired contour.
o crushings test o (8+ A radial com"ressi%e test a""lied to tu)ing! sintered-metal )earings! or other similar "roducts

for determining radial crushing strength (ma$imum load in com"ression+. (,+ An a$ial com"ressi%e test for determining :ualit# of tu)ing! such as soundness of &eld in &elded tu)ing.
o cryogenic treatment o See cold treatment . o crystal o (8+ A solid com"osed of atoms! ions! or molecules arranged in a "attern that is re"etiti%e in three

dimensions. (,+ That form! or "article! or "iece of a su)stance in &hich its atoms are distri)uted in one s"ecific orderl# geometrical arra#! called a 6lattice!6 essentiall# throughout. 3r#stals e$hi)it characteristic o"tical and other "ro"erties and gro&th or clea%age surfaces! in characteristic directions.
o crystalline o That form of a su)stance that com"rises "redominantl# (one or more+ cr#stals! as o""osed to

glass# or amor"hous.
o

crystalline fracture

o A "attern of )rightl# reflecting cr#stal facets on the fracture surface of a "ol#cr#stalline metal!

resulting from clea%age fracture of man# indi%idual cr#stals. 3ontrast &ith fi)rous fracture ! and sil5# fracture / see also granular fracture .
o crystalli"ation o (8+ The se"aration! usuall# from a li:uid "hase on cooling! of a solid cr#stalline "hase. (,+ The

"rogressi%e "rocess in &hich cr#stals are first nucleated (started+ and then gro&n in si*e &ithin a host medium that su""lies their atoms. The host ma# )e gas! li:uid! or of another cr#stalline form.
o crystal orientation o See orientation . o crystal system o One of se%en grou"s into &hich all cr#stals ma# )e di%ided/ triclinic! monoclinic! orthorhom)ic!

he$agonal! rhom)ohedral! tetragonal! and cu)ic.

o cubic plane o A "lane "er"endicular to an# one of the three cr#stallogra"hic a$es of the cu)ic (isometric+

s#stem/ the .iller indices are P800Q.

o cup o (8+ A sheet metal "art/ the "roduct of the first dra&ing o"eration. (,+ An# c#lindrical "art or shell

closed at one end.

o cup-and-cone-fracture o A mi$ed-mode fracture! often seen in tensile-test s"ecimens of a ductile material! &here the

central "ortion undergoes "lane-strain fracture and the surrounding region undergoes "lane-stress fracture. It is called a cu" fracture (or cu"-and-cone fracture+ )ecause one of the mating fracture surfaces loo5s li5e a miniature cu"--that is! it has a central de"ressed flat-face region surrounded )# a shear li"/ the other fracture surface loo5s li5e a miniature truncated cone.
o cupellation o O$idation of molten lead containing gold and sil%er to "roduce lead o$ide! there)# se"arating the

"recious metals from the )ase metal.

o cupola o A c#lindrical %ertical furnace for melting metal! es"eciall# cast iron! )# ha%ing the charge come

in contact &ith the hot fuel! usuall# metallurgical co5e.

o cupping o (8+ The first ste" in dee" dra&ing. (,+ Dracture of se%erel# &or5ed rods or &ire &here one end

has the a""earance of a cu" and the other that of a cone.

o cupping test o A mechanical test used to determine the ductilit# and stretching "ro"erties of sheet metal. It

consists of measuring the ma$imum "art de"th that can )e formed )efore fracture. The test is t#"icall# carried out )# stretching the test "iece clam"ed at its edges into a circular die using a "unch &ith a hemis"herical end. See also 4richsen test ! Olsen ductilit# test ! and S&ift cu" test .
o ,urie temperature o The tem"erature mar5ing the transition )et&een ferromagnetism and "aramagnetism! or )et&een

the ferroelectric "hase and the "araelectric "hase. Also 5no&n as 3urie "oint. See also ferromagnetism and "aramagnetism .
o curling o Rounding the edge of sheet metal into a closed or "artl# closed loo". o current o The net transfer of electric charge "er unit time. Also called electric current. See also current

densit# .

o current decay o In s"ot! seam! or "ro'ection &elding! the controlled reduction of the &elding current from its

"ea5 am"litude to a lo&er %alue to "re%ent e$cessi%el# ra"id cooling of the &eld nugget.
o current density o The current flo&ing to or from a unit area of an electrode surface. o current efficiency o (8+ The ratio of the electrochemical e:ui%alent current densit# for a s"ecific reaction to the total

a""lied current densit#. (,+ The "ro"ortion of current used in a gi%en "rocess to accom"lish a desired result/ in electro"lating! the "ro"ortion used in de"ositing or dissol%ing metal.
o cut foundry practice! o (8+ To recondition molding sand )# mi$ing on the floor &ith a sho%el or )lade-t#"e machine. (,+

To form the s"rue ca%it# in a mold. (3+ ;efect in a casting resulting from erosion of the sand )# metal flo&ing o%er the mold or cored surface.
o cut edge o A mechanicall# sheared edge o)tained )# slitting! shearing! or )lan5ing. o cut-off casting! o Remo%ing a casting from the s"rue )# refractor# &heel or sa&! arc-air torch! or gas torch. o cut-off metalforming! o A "air of )lades "ositioned in dies or e:ui"ment (or a section of the die milled to "roduce the

same effect as inserted )lades+ used to se"arate the forging from the )ar after forging o"erations are com"leted. <sed onl# &hen forgings are "roduced from relati%el# long )ars instead of from indi%idual! "recut multi"les or )lan5s. See also )lan5 and multi"le .
o cutoff wheel o A thin a)rasi%e &heel for se%ering or slotting an# material or "art. o cutting down o Remo%ing roughness or irregularities of a metal surface )# a)rasi%e action. o cutting edge o The leading edge of a cutting tool (such as a lathe tool! drill! or milling cutter+ &here a line of

contact is made &ith the &or5 during machining.

o cutting fluid o A fluid used in metal cutting to im"ro%e finish! tool life! or dimensional accurac#. On )eing

flo&ed o%er the tool and &or5! the fluid reduces friction! the heat generated! and tool &ear! and "re%ents galling. It conducts the heat a&a# from the "oint of generation and also ser%es to &ash the chi"s a&a#.
o cutting speed o The linear or "eri"heral s"eed of relati%e motion )et&een the tool and &or5"iece in the "rinci"al

direction of cutting.
o cutting tip o That "art of an o$#gen cutting torch from &hich the gases issue. o cutting torch arc! o A de%ice used in air car)on arc cutting! gas tungsten arc cutting! and "lasma arc cutting to control

the "osition of the electrode! to transfer current! and to control the flo& of gases.
o cutting torch oxyfuel gas! o A de%ice used for directing the "reheating flame "roduced )# the controlled com)ustion of fuel

gases and to direct and control the cutting o$#gen.

o cyanic copper o 3o""er electrode"osited from an al5ali-c#anide solution containing a com"le$ ion made u" of

uni%alent co""er and the c#anide radical/ also the solution itself.
o cyanide slimes o Dinel# di%ided metallic "reci"itates that are formed &hen "recious metals are e$tracted from their

ores using c#anide solutions.

o cyaniding o A case-hardening "rocess in &hich a ferrous material is heated a)o%e the lo&er transformation

tem"erature range in a molten salt containing c#anide to cause simultaneous a)sor"tion of car)on and nitrogen at the surface and! )# diffusion! create a concentration gradient. Huench hardening com"letes the "rocess.
o cycle N! o In fatigue! one com"lete se:uence of %alues of a""lied load that is re"eated "eriodicall#. See also

S-N cur%e .
o cycle annealing o An annealing "rocess em"lo#ing a "redetermined and closel# controlled time-tem"erature c#cle

to "roduce s"ecific "ro"erties or microstructures.

o cyclic load o (8+ Re"etiti%e loading! as &ith regularl# recurring stresses on a "art! that sometimes leads to

fatigue fracture. (,+ Loads that change %alue )# follo&ing a regular re"eating se:uence of change.
o o o o o o o

cylindrical grinding
Grinding the outer c#lindrical surface of a rotating "art.

cylindrical land
Land ha%ing *ero relief. D

damage tolerance

(8+ A design measure of crac5 gro&th rate. 3rac5s in damage-tolerant designed structures are not "ermitted to gro& to critical si*e during e$"ected ser%ice life. (,+ The a)ilit# of a "art com"onent! such as an aeros"ace engine! to resist failure due to the "resence of fla&s! crac5s! or other damage for a s"ecified "eriod of usage. The damage tolerance a""roach is used e$tensi%el# in the aeros"ace industr#.
o damping o The loss in energ#! as dissi"ated heat! that results &hen a material or material s#stem is su)'ected

to an oscillator# load or dis"lacement.

o damping capacity o The a)ilit# of a material to a)sor) %i)ration (c#clical stresses+ )# internal friction! con%erting the

mechanical energ# into heat.

o daylight o The distance! in the o"en "osition! )et&een the mo%ing and the fi$ed ta)les or the "latens of a

h#draulic "ress. In the case of a multi"laten "ress! da#light is the distance )et&een ad'acent "latens. ;a#light "ro%ides s"ace for remo%al of the molded0formed "art from the mold0die.
o dc casting o Same as direct chill casting . o dead soft o A tem"er of nonferrous allo#s and some ferrous allo#s corres"onding to the condition of

minimum hardness and tensile strength "roduced )# full annealing.

o dealloying o The selecti%e corrosion of one or more com"onents of a solid solution allo#. Also called "arting

or selecti%e leaching . See also decar)uri*ation ! deco)altification ! denic5elification !

de*incification ! and gra"hitic corrosion .

o deburring o Remo%ing )urrs! shar" edges! or fins from metal "arts )# filing! grinding! or rolling the &or5 in a

)arrel containing a)rasi%es sus"ended in a suita)le li:uid medium. Sometimes called )urring.
o decalescence o A "henomenon! associated &ith the transformation of iron to iron on the heating

(su"erheating+ of iron or steel! re%ealed )# the dar5ening of the metal surface o&ing to the sudden decrease in tem"erature caused )# the fast a)sor"tion of the latent heat of transformation. 3ontrast &ith recalescence .
o decarburi"ation o Loss of car)on from the surface la#er of a car)on-containing allo# due to reaction &ith one or

more chemical su)stances in a medium that contacts the surface.

o decobaltification o 3orrosion in &hich co)alt is selecti%el# leached from co)alt-)ase allo#s or from cemented

car)ides &ith co)alt )inders. See also deallo#ing and selecti%e leaching .
o decohesive rupture o A )rittle fracture that e$hi)its little or no )ul5 "lastic deformation and does not occur )# dim"le

ru"ture! clea%age! or fatigue. This t#"e of fracture is generall# the result of a reacti%e en%ironment or a uni:ue microstructure and is associated almost e$clusi%el# &ith ru"ture along grain )oundaries.
o decomposition o Se"aration of a com"ound into its chemical elements or com"onents. o decomposition potential or voltage! o The "otential of a metal surface necessar# to decom"ose the electrol#te of a cell or a com"onent

thereof.
o deep drawing o Dorming dee"l# recessed "arts )# forcing sheet metal to undergo "lastic flo& )et&een dies!

usuall# &ithout su)stantial thinning of the sheet.

o deep etching o In metallogra"h#! macroetching! es"eciall# for steels! to determine the o%erall character of the

material! that is! the "resence of im"erfections! such as seams! forging )ursts! shrin5age-%oid remnants! crac5s! and coring.
o defect o (8+ A discontinuit# &hose si*e! sha"e! orientation! or location ma5es it detrimental to the useful

ser%ice of the "art in &hich it occurs. (,+ A discontinuit# or discontinuities &hich )# nature or accumulated effect (for e$am"le! total crac5 length+ render a "art or "roduct una)le to meet minimum a""lica)le acce"tance standards or s"ecifications. This term designates re'ecta)ilit#. See also discontinuit# and fla& .
o defective o A :ualit# control term! descri)ing a unit of "roduct or ser%ice containing at least one defect ! or

ha%ing se%eral lesser im"erfections that! in com)ination! cause the unit not to fulfill its antici"ated function.
o deflection o In metalforming and forging! the amount of de%iation from a straight line or "lane &hen a force

is a""lied to a "ress mem)er. Generall# used to s"ecif# the allo&a)le )ending of the )ed! slide! or frame at rated ca"acit# &ith a load of "redetermined distri)ution.
o

deformation

o A change in the form of a )od# due to stress! thermal change! change in moisture! or other

causes. .easured in units of length.

o deformation bands o Earts of a cr#stal that ha%e rotated differentl# during deformation to "roduce )ands of %aried

orientation &ithout indi%idual grains.

o deformation limit o In dra&ing! the limit of deformation is reached &hen the load re:uired to deform the flange

)ecomes greater than the load-carr#ing ca"acit# of the cu" &all. The deformation limit (limiting dra&ing ratio! L;R+ is defined as the ratio of the ma$imum )lan5 diameter that can )e dra&n into a cu" &ithout failure! to the diameter of the "unch.
o degasifier o A su)stance that can )e added to molten metal to remo%e solu)le gases that might other&ise )e

occluded or entra""ed in the metal during solidification.

o degassing o (8+ A chemical reaction resulting from a com"ound added to molten metal to remo%e gases from

the metal. Inert gases are often used in this o"eration. (,+ A flu$ing "rocedure used for aluminum allo#s in &hich nitrogen! chlorine! chlorine and nitrogen! and chlorine and argon are )u))led u" through the metal to remo%e dissol%ed h#drogen gases and o$ides from the allo#. See also flu$ .
o degradation o A deleterious change in the chemical structure! "h#sical "ro"erties! or a""earance of a material. o degreasing o The remo%al of grease and oils from a surface. 3an )e accom"lished )# immersion in li:uid

organic sol%ent! )# sol%ent %a"ors condensing on the "arts )eing cleaned (%a"or degreasing+! or )# s"ra#ing the "arts &ith sol%ent.
o delayed yield o A "henomenon in%ol%ing a dela# in time )et&een the a""lication of a stress and the occurrence

of the corres"onding #ield-"oint strain.

o delta ferrite o See ferrite . o 'emarest process o A fluid forming "rocess in &hich c#lindrical and conical sheet metal "arts are formed )# a

modified ru))er )ulging "unch. The "unch! e:ui""ed &ith a h#draulic cell! is "laced inside the &or5"iece! &hich in turn is "laced inside the die. H#draulic "ressure e$"ands the "unch.
o dendrite o A cr#stal that has a treeli5e )ranching "attern! )eing most e%ident in cast metals slo&l# cooled

through the solidification range.

o dendritic powder o Earticles usuall# of electrol#tic origin t#"icall# ha%ing the a""earance of a "ine tree. o denickelification o 3orrosion in &hich nic5el is selecti%el# leached from nic5el-containing allo#s. .ost commonl#

o)ser%ed in co""er-nic5el allo#s after e$tended ser%ice in fresh &ater. See also deallo#ing and selecti%e leaching .
o density, absolute o The mass "er unit %olume of a solid material! e$"ressed in g0cm 3! 5g0m3! or l)0ft3. o density ratio o The ratio of the determined densit# of a "o&der com"act to the a)solute densit# of metal of the

same com"osition! usuall# e$"ressed as a "ercentage. Also referred to as "ercent theoretical densit#.
o deoxidation o Remo%al of e$cess o$#gen from the molten metal/ usuall# accom"lished )# adding materials

&ith a high affinit# for o$#gen.

o deoxidation products o Those nonmetallic inclusions that form as a result of adding deo$idi*ing agents to molten metal. o deoxidi"ed copper o 3o""er from &hich cu"rous o$ide has )een remo%ed )# adding a deo$idi*er ! such as

"hos"horus! to the molten )ath.

o deoxidi"er o A su)stance that can )e added to molten metal to remo%e either free or com)ined o$#gen. o deoxidi"ing o (8+ The remo%al of o$#gen from molten metals through the use of a suita)le deo$idi*er. (,+

Sometimes refers to the remo%al of undesira)le elements other than o$#gen through the introduction of elements or com"ounds that readil# react &ith them. (3+ In metal finishing! the remo%al of o$ide films from metal surfaces )# chemical or electrochemical reaction.
o dephosphori"ation o The elimination of "hos"horus from molten steel. o depolari"ation o A decrease in the "olari*ation of an electrode. o deposit corrosion o 3orrosion occurring under or around a discontinuous de"osit on a metallic surface. Also called

"oultice corrosion.
o deposition efficiency arc welding! o The ratio of the &eight of de"osited metal to the net &eight of filler metal consumed! e$clusi%e

of stu)s.
o deposition se+uence o The order in &hich the increments of &eld metal are de"osited. o depth of cut o The thic5ness of material remo%ed from a &or5"iece in a single machining "art. o depth of fusion o The distance that fusion e$tends into the )ase metal or "re%ious "ass from the surface melted

during &elding.
o descaling o (8+ Remo%ing the thic5 la#er of o$ides formed on some metals at ele%ated tem"eratures. (,+ A

chemical or mechanical "rocess for remo%ing scale or in%estment material from castings.
o desulfuri"ing o The remo%al of sulfur from molten metal )# reaction &ith a suita)le slag or )# the addition of

suita)le com"ounds.
o detonation flame spraying o A thermal s"ra#ing "rocess %ariation in &hich the controlled e$"losion of a mi$ture of fuel gas!

o$#gen! and "o&dered coating material is utili*ed to melt and "ro"el the material to the &or5"iece.
o detritus o See &ear de)ris .

o developed blank o A sheet metal )lan5 that #ields a finished "art &ithout trimming or &ith the least amount of

trimming.
o dewaxing o In casting! the "rocess of remo%ing the e$"enda)le &a$ "attern from an in%estment mold or shell

mold/ usuall# accom"lished )# melting out the a""lication of heat or dissol%ing the &a$ &ith an a""ro"riate sol%ent.
o de"incification o 3orrosion in &hich *inc is selecti%el# leached from *inc-containing allo#s lea%ing a relati%el#

&ea5 la#er of co""er and co""er o$ide. .ost commonl# found in co""er-*inc allo#s containing less than >5? 3u after e$tended ser%ice in &ater containing dissol%ed o$#gen. See also deallo#ing and selecti%e leaching .
o diamagnetic material o A material &hose s"ecific "ermea)ilit# is less than unit# and is therefore re"elled &ea5l# )# a

magnet. 3om"are &ith ferromagnetic material and "aramagnetic material .

o diamond pyramid hardness test o See Fic5ers hardness test . o diamond tool o (8+ A diamond! sha"ed or formed to the contour of a single-"oint cutting tool! for use in "recision

machining of nonferrous or nonmetallic materials. (,+ An insert made from "ol#cr#stalline diamond com"acts.
o diamond wheels o A grinding &heel in &hich crushed and si*ed industrial diamonds are held in a resinoid! metal! or

%itrified )ond.
o diaphragm o (8+ A "orous or "ermea)le mem)rane se"arating anode and cathode com"artments of an

electrol#tic cell from each other or from an intermediate com"artment. (,+ <ni%ersal die mem)er made of ru))er or similar material used to contain h#draulic fluid &ithin the forming ca%it# and to transmit "ressure to the "art )eing formed.
o dichromate treatment o A chromate con%ersion coating "roduced on magnesium allo#s in a )oiling solution of sodium

dichromate.
o didymium o A natural mi$ture of the rare-earth elements "raseod#mium and neod#mium! often gi%en the

:uasi-chemical s#m)ol ;i.

o die o A tool! usuall# containing a ca%it#! that im"arts sha"e to solid! molten! or "o&dered metal

"rimaril# )ecause of the sha"e of the tool itself. <sed in man# "ress o"erations (including )lan5ing! dra&ing! forging! and forming+! in die casting! and in forming green "o&der metallurg# com"acts. ;ie-casting and "o&der metallurg# dies are sometimes referred to as molds . See also forging dies .
o die block o A )loc5! often made of heat-treated steel! into &hich desired im"ressions are machined or sun5

and from &hich closed-die forgings or sheet metal stam"ings are "roduced using hammers or "resses. In forging! die )loc5s are usuall# used in "airs! &ith "art of the im"ression in one of the )loc5s and the rest of the im"ression in the other. In sheet metal forming! the female die is used in con'unction &ith a male "unch. See also closed-die forging .
o die body o The stationar# or fi$ed "art of a "o&der "ressing die.

o die casting o (8+ A casting made in a die. (,+ A casting "rocess in &hich molten metal is forced under high

"ressure into the ca%it# of a metal mold. See also cold cham)er machine and hot cham)er machine .
o die cavity o The machined recess that gi%es a forging or stam"ing its sha"e. o die clearance o 3learance )et&een a mated "unch and die/ commonl# e$"ressed as clearance "er side. Also

called clearance or "unch-to-die clearance.

o die cushion o A "ress accessor# "laced )eneath or &ithin a )olster "late or die )loc5 to "ro%ide an additional

motion or "ressure for stam"ing or forging o"erations/ actuated )# air! oil! ru))er! s"rings! or a com)ination of these.
o die forging o A forging that is formed to the re:uired sha"e and si*e through &or5ing in machined im"ressions

in s"eciall# "re"ared dies.

o die forming o The sha"ing of solid or "o&dered metal )# forcing it into or through the die ca%it#. o die holder o A "late or )loc5! on &hich the die )loc5 is mounted! ha%ing holes or slots for fastening to the

)olster "late or the )ed of the "ress.

o die impression o The "ortion of the die surface that sha"es a forging or sheet metal "art. o die insert o A relati%el# small die that contains "art or all of the im"ression of a forging or sheet metal "art

and is fastened to the master die )loc5.

o die life o The "roducti%e life of a die im"ression! usuall# e$"ressed as the num)er of units "roduced )efore

the im"ression has &orn )e#ond "ermitted tolerances.

o die lubricant o (8+ A lu)ricant a""lied to the &or5ing surfaces of dies and "unches to facilitate dra&ing!

"ressing! stam"ing! and0or e'ection. In "o&der metallurg#! the die lu)ricant is sometimes mi$ed into the "o&der )efore "ressing into a com"act. (,+ A com"ound that is s"ra#ed! s&a))ed! or other&ise a""lied on die surfaces or the &or5"iece during the forging or forming "rocess to reduce friction. Lu)ricants also facilitate release of the "art from the dies and "ro%ide thermal insulation. See also lu)ricant .
o die match o The condition &here dies! after ha%ing )een set u" in a "ress or other e:ui"ment! are in "ro"er

alignment relati%e to each other.

o die opening o (8+ In flash or u"set &elding! the distance )et&een the electrodes! usuall# measured &ith the

"arts in contact )efore &elding has commenced or immediatel# u"on com"letion of the c#cle )ut )efore u"setting. (,+ In "o&der metallurg#! the entrance to the die ca%it#.
o die proof o A casting of a die im"ression made to confirm the accurac# of the im"ression. o die radius

o The radius on the e$"osed edge of a dee"-dra&ing die! o%er &hich the sheet flo&s in forming

dra&n shells.
o die set o A tool or tool holder consisting of a die )ase and "unch "late for the attachment of a die and

"unch! res"ecti%el#.
o die shift o The condition that occurs after the dies ha%e )een set u" in a forging unit in &hich a "ortion of

the im"ression of one die is not in "erfect alignment &ith the corres"onding "ortion of the other die. This results in a mismatch in the forging! a condition that must )e held &ithin the s"ecified tolerance.
o die sinking o The machining of the die im"ressions to "roduce forgings of re:uired sha"es and dimensions. o die stamping o The general term for a sheet metal "art that is formed! sha"ed! or cut )# a die in a "ress in one or

more o"erations.
o die welding o See "referred terms forge &elding and cold &elding . o differential aeration cell o An electrol#tic cell! the electromagnetic force of &hich is due to a difference in air (o$#gen+

concentration at one electrode as com"ared &ith that at another electrode of the same material. See also concentration cell .
o differential coating o A coated "roduct ha%ing a s"ecified coating on one surface and a significantl# lighter coating on

the other surface (such as a hot di" gal%ani*ed "roduct or electrol#tic tin "late+.
o differential floatation o Se"arating a com"le$ ore into t&o or more %alua)le minerals and gangue )# flotation. Also

called selecti%e flotation.

o differential heating o Heating that intentionall# "roduces a tem"erature gradient &ithin an o)'ect such that! after

cooling! a desired stress distri)ution or %ariation in "ro"erties is "resent &ithin the o)'ect.
o diffusion o (8+ S"reading of a constituent in a gas! li:uid! or solid! tending to ma5e the com"osition of all

"arts uniform. (,+ The s"ontaneous mo%ement of atoms or molecules to ne& sites &ithin a material.
o diffusion aid o A solid filler metal sometimes used in diffusion &elding . o diffusion bonding o See "referred terms diffusion &elding and diffusion )ra*ing . o diffusion bra"ing o A )ra*ing "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals )# heating them to suita)le tem"eratures

and )# using a filler metal or an in situ li:uid "hase. The filler metal ma# )e distri)uted )# ca"illar# action or ma# )e "laced or formed at the fa#ing surfaces. The filler metal is diffused &ith the )ase metal to the e$tent that the 'oint "ro"erties ha%e )een changed to a""roach those of the )ase metal. Eressure ma# or ma# not )e a""lied.
o diffusion coating o An# "rocess &here)# a )ase metal or allo# is either (8+ coated &ith another metal or allo# and

heated to a sufficient tem"erature in a suita)le en%ironment or (,+ e$"osed to a gaseous or li:uid

medium containing the other metal or allo#! thus causing diffusion of the coating or of the other metal or allo# into the )ase metal &ith resultant changes in the com"osition and "ro"erties of its surface.
o diffusion coefficient o A factor of "ro"ortionalit# re"resenting the amount of su)stance diffusing across a unit area

through a unit concentration gradient in unit time.

o diffusion welding o A solid-state &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of the fa#ing surfaces )# the a""lication

of "ressure at ele%ated tem"erature. The "rocess does not in%ol%e macrosco"ic deformation! melting! or relati%e motion of "arts. A solid filler metal (diffusion aid+ ma# or ma# not )e inserted )et&een the fa#ing surfaces. See also forge &elding ! hot "ressure &elding ! and cold &elding .
o dilatometer o An instrument for measuring the linear e$"ansion or contraction in a metal resulting from

changes in such factors as tem"erature and allotro"#.

o dimple rupture o A fractogra"hic term descri)ing ductile fracture that occurs through the formation and

coalescence of micro%oids along the fracture "ath. The fracture surface of such a ductile fracture a""ears dim"led &hen o)ser%ed at high magnification and usuall# is most clearl# resol%ed &hen %ie&ed in a scanning electron microsco"e.
o dimpling o (8+ The stretching of a relati%el# small! shallo& indentation into sheet metal. (,+ In aircraft! the

stretching of metal into a conical flange for a countersun5 head ri%et.

o dip bra"ing o A )ra*ing "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is furnished )# a molten chemical or metal )ath.

1hen a molten chemical )ath is used! the )ath ma# act as a flu$ . 1hen a molten metal )ath is used! the )ath "ro%ides the filler metal.
o dip coat o (8+ In the solid mold techni:ue of in%estment casting! an e$tremel# fine ceramic "recoat a""lied

as a slurr# directl# to the surface of the "attern to re"roduce ma$imum surface smoothness. This coating is surrounded )# coarser! less e$"ensi%e! and more "ermea)le in%estment to form the mold. (,+ In the shell mold techni:ue of in%estment casting! an e$tremel# fine ceramic coating called the first coat! a""lied as a slurr# directl# to the surface of the "attern to re"roduce ma$imum surface smoothness. The first coat is follo&ed )# other di" coats of different %iscosit# and usuall# containing different grading of ceramic "articles. After each di"! coarser stucco material is a""lied to the still-&et coating. A )uildu" of se%eral coats forms an in%estment shell mold. See also in%estment casting .
o diphase cleaning o Remo%ing soil )# an emulsion that "roduces t&o "hases in the cleaning tan5 a sol%ent "hase and

an a:ueous "hase. 3leaning is effected )# )oth sol%ent action and emulsification.

o dip plating o Same as immersion "lating . o dip soldering o A soldering "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is furnished )# a molten metal )ath that "ro%ides

the solder filler metal.

o direct chill casting o A continuous method of ma5ing ingots for rolling or e$trusion )# "ouring the metal into a short

mold. The )ase of the mold is a "latform that is graduall# lo&ered &hile the metal solidifies! the fro*en shell of metal acting as a retainer for the li:uid metal )elo& the &all of the mold. The

ingot is usuall# cooled )# the im"ingement of &ater directl# on the mold or on the &alls of the solid metal as it is lo&ered. The length of the ingot is limited )# the de"th to &hich the "latform can )e lo&ered/ therefore! it is often called semicontinuous casting.
o direct current arc furnace o An electric arc furnace in &hich a single electrode "ositioned at the center of the furnace roof is

the cathode of the s#stem. 3urrent "asses from the electrode through the charge or )ath to a cathode located at the )ottom of the furnace. 3urrent from the )ottom of the furnace then "asses through the furnace refractories to a co""er )ase "late to outside ca)les. <sed in the "roduction of ferroallo#s! car)on and allo# steels! and stainless steels. See also arc furnace .
o direct current electrode negative ',(2! o The arrangement of direct current arc &elding leads in &hich the &or5 is the "ositi%e "ole and

the electrode is the negati%e "ole of the &elding arc. Also referred to as straight "olarit#.
o direct current electrode positive ',(%! o The arrangement of direct current arc &elding leads in &hich the &or5 is the negati%e "ole and

the electrode is the "ositi%e "ole of the &elding arc. Also referred to as re%erse "olarit#.
o o o o o o o o

direct current reverse polarity ',3%!

See direct current electrode "ositi%e .

direct current straight polarity ',$%!

See direct current electrode negati%e .

direct forward! extrusion

See e$trusion .

directional property

Ero"ert# &hose magnitude %aries de"ending on the relation of the test a$is to a s"ecific direction &ithin the metal. The %ariation results from "referred orientation or from fi)ering of constituents or inclusions.
o directional solidification o 3ontrolled solidification of molten metal in a casting so as to "ro%ide feed metal to the

solidif#ing front of the casting.

o direct +uenching o (8+ Huenching car)uri*ed "arts directl# from the car)uri*ing o"eration. (,+ Also used for

:uenching "earlitic mallea)le "arts directl# from the mallea)ili*ing o"eration.

o discontinuity o (8+ An# interru"tion in the normal "h#sical structure or configuration of a "art! such as crac5s!

la"s! seams! inclusions! or "orosit#. A discontinuit# ma# or ma# not affect the utilit# of the "art. (,+ An interru"tion of the t#"ical structure of a &eldment! such as a lac5 of homogeneit# in the mechanical! metallurgical! or "h#sical characteristics of the material or &eldment. A discontinuit# is not necessaril# a defect. See also defect and fla& .
o discontinuous precipitation o Ereci"itation from a su"ersaturated solid solution in &hich the "reci"itate "articles gro& )#

shortrange diffusion! accom"anied )# recr#stalli*ation of the matri$ in the region of "reci"itation. ;iscontinuous "reci"itates gro& into the matri$ from nuclei near grain )oundaries! forming cells of alternate lamellae of "reci"itate and de"leted (and recr#stalli*ed+ matri$. Often referred to as cellular or nodular "reci"itation. 3om"are &ith continuous "reci"itation and locali*ed "reci"itation .
o discontinuous yielding o The nonuniform "lastic flo& of a metal e$hi)iting a #ield "oint in &hich "lastic deformation is

inhomogeneousl# distri)uted along the gage length. <nder some circumstances! it ma# occur in metals not e$hi)iting a distinct #ield "oint! either at the onset of or during "lastic flo&.
o dishing o Dorming a shallo& conca%e surface! the area )eing large com"ared to the de"th. o disk grinding o Grinding &ith the flat side of an a)rasi%e dis5 or segmented &heel. Also called %ertical-s"indle

surface grinding.
o dislocation o A linear im"erfection in a cr#stalline arra# of atoms. T&o )asic t#"es are recogni*ed (8+ an edge

dislocation corres"onds to the ro& of mismatched atoms along the edge formed )# an e$tra! "artial "lane of atoms &ithin the )od# of a cr#stal/ (,+ a scre& dislocation corres"onds to the a$is of a s"iral structure in a cr#stal! characteri*ed )# a distortion that 'oins normall# "arallel "lanes together to form a continuous helical ram" (&ith a "itch of one inter"lanar distance+ &inding a)out the dislocation. .ost "re%alent is the so-called mi$ed dislocation! &hich is an# com)ination of an edge dislocation and a scre& dislocation.
o disordered structure o The cr#stal structure of a solid solution in &hich the atoms of different elements are randoml#

distri)uted relati%e to the a%aila)le lattice sites. 3ontrast &ith ordered structure .
o disordering o Dorming a lattice arrangement in &hich the solute and sol%ent atoms of a solid solution occu"#

lattice sites at random. See also su"erlattice .

o dispersing agent o A su)stance that increases the sta)ilit# of a sus"ension of "articles in a li:uid medium )#

deflocculation of the "rimar# "articles.

o dispersion hardening o See dis"ersion strengthening . o dispersion-strengthened material o A metallic material that contains a fine dis"ersion of nonmetallic "hase(s+! such as Al ,O3! .gO!

SiO,! 3dO! ThO,! Y,O3! or LrO, singl# or in com)ination! to increase the hot strength of the metallic matri$. 4$am"les include dis"ersion-strengthened co""er (Al ,O3+ used for &elding electrodes! sil%er (3dO+ used for electrical contacts! and nic5el-chromium (Y ,O3+ su"erallo#s used for gas tur)ine com"onents. See also mechanical allo#ing .
o dispersion strengthening o The strengthening of a metal or allo# )# incor"orating chemicall# sta)le su)micron si*e "articles

of a nonmetallic "hase that im"ede dislocation mo%ement at ele%ated tem"erature.

o dispersoid o Dinel# di%ided "articles of relati%el# insolu)le constituents %isi)le in the microstructure of certain

metallic allo#s.
o distortion o An# de%iation from an original si*e! sha"e! or contour that occurs )ecause of the a""lication of

stress or the release of residual stress.

o disturbed metal o The cold-&or5ed metal la#er formed at a "olished surface during the "rocess of mechanical

grinding and "olishing.

o divided cell o A cell containing a dia"hragm or other means for "h#sicall# se"arating the anol#te from the

cathol#te .
o divorced eutectic o A metallogra"hic a""earance in &hich the t&o constituents of a eutectic structure a""ear as

massi%e "hases rather than the finel# di%ided mi$ture characteristic of normal eutectics. Often! one of the constituents of the eutectics is continuous and indistinguisha)le from an accom"an#ing "roeutectic constituent.
o domain, magnetic o A su)structure in a ferromagnetic material &ithin &hich all the elementar# magnets (electron

s"ins+ are held aligned in one direction )# interatomic forces/ if isolated! a domain &ould )e a saturated "ermanent magnet.
o double-acting hammer o A forging hammer in &hich the ram is raised )# admitting steam or air into a c#linder )elo& the

"iston! and the )lo& intensified )# admitting steam or air a)o%e the "iston on the do&n&ard stro5e.
o double-action die o A die designed to "erform more than one o"eration in a single stro5e of the "ress. o double-action forming o Dorming or dra&ing in &hich more than one action is achie%ed in a single stro5e of the "ress. o double-action mechanical press o A "ress ha%ing t&o inde"endent "arallel mo%ements )# means of t&o slides! one mo%ing &ithin

the other. The inner slide or "lunger is usuall# o"erated )# a cran5shaft/ the outer or )lan5holder slide! &hich d&ells during the dra&ing o"eration! is usuall# o"erated )# a toggle mechanism or )# cams. See also slide .
o double aging o 4m"lo#ment of t&o different aging treatments to control the t#"e of "reci"itate formed from a

su"ersaturated matri$ in order to o)tain the desired "ro"erties. The first aging treatment! sometimes referred to as intermediate or sta)ili*ing! is usuall# carried out at higher tem"erature than the second.
o double tempering o A treatment in &hich a :uench-hardened ferrous metal is su)'ected to t&o com"lete tem"ering

c#cles! usuall# at su)stantiall# the same tem"erature! for the "ur"ose of ensuring com"letion of the tem"ering reaction and "romoting sta)ilit# of the resulting microstructure.
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

double-welded joint
In arc and o$#fuel gas &elding! an# 'oint &elded from )oth sides.

downgate
Same as s"rue .

downhand welding
See flat-"osition &elding .

down milling
See "referred term clim) milling .

downsprue
Same as s"rue .

'ow process
A "rocess for the "roduction of magnesium )# electrol#sis of molten magnesium chloride.

draft

(8+ An angle or ta"er on the surface of a "attern! core )o$! "unch! or die (or of the "arts made &ith them+ that facilitates remo%al of the "arts from a mold or die ca%it#! or a core from a casting. (,+ The change in cross section that occurs during rolling or cold dra&ing.
o drag o The )ottom section of a flas5 ! mold ! or "attern . o drag

o (thermal cutting+. The offset distance )et&een the actual and the theoretical e$it "oints of the

cutting o$#gen stream measured on the e$it surface of the material.

o drawability o A measure of the forma)ilit# of a sheet metal su)'ect to a dra&ing "rocess. The term is usuall#

used to indicate the a)ilit# of a metal to )e dee" dra&n. See also dra&ing and dee" dra&ing .
o draw bead o An insert or ri)li5e "ro'ection on the dra& ring or hold-do&n surfaces that aids in controlling the

rate of metal flo& during dee" dra& o"erations. ;ra& )eads are es"eciall# useful in controlling the rate of metal flo& in irregularl# sha"ed stam"ings.
o drawbench o The stand that holds the die and dra& head used in dra&ing of &ire! rod! and tu)ing. o draw forging o See radial forging . o draw forming o A method of cur%ing )ars! tu)es! or rolled or e$truded sections in &hich the stoc5 is )ent around

a rotating form )loc5. Stoc5 is )ent )# clam"ing it to the form )loc5! then rotating the form )loc5 &hile the stoc5 is "ressed )et&een the form )loc5 and a "ressure die held against the "eri"her# of the form )loc5.
o draw head o Set of rolls or dies mounted on a dra&)ench for forming a section from stri"! tu)ing! or solid

stoc5. See also Tur5Ns-head rolls .

o drawing o A term used for a %ariet# of forming o"erations! such as dee" dra&ing a sheet metal )lan5/

redra&ing a tu)ular "art/ and dra&ing rod! &ire! and tu)e. The usual dra&ing "rocess &ith regard to sheet metal &or5ing in a "ress is a method for "roducing a cu"li5e form from a sheet metal dis5 )# holding it firml# )et&een )lan5holding surfaces to "re%ent the formation of &rin5les &hile the "unch tra%el "roduces the re:uired sha"e.
o drawing compound o (8+ A su)stance a""lied to "re%ent "ic5u" and scoring during dra&ing or "ressing o"erations )#

"re%enting metal-to-metal contact of the &or5 and die. Also 5no&n as die lu)ricant . (,+ In metal&or5ing! a lu)ricant ha%ing e$treme-"ressure "ro"erties. See also e$treme-"ressure lu)ricant .
o drawing out o A stretching o"eration resulting from forging a series of u"sets along the length of the &or5"iece. o draw marks o See scoring ! galling ! and "ic5u" . o drawn shell o An article formed )# dra&ing sheet metal into a hollo& structure ha%ing a "redetermined

geometrical configuration.
o draw plate o (8+ In metalforming! a circular "late &ith a hole in the center contoured to fit a forming "unch/

used to su""ort the )lan5 during the forming c#cle. (,+ In casting! a "late attached to a "attern to facilitate dra&ing of a "attern from the mold.
o draw radius o The radius at the edge of a die or "unch o%er &hich sheet metal is dra&n. o draw ring o A ring-sha"ed die "art (either the die ring itself or a se"arate ring+ o%er &hich the inner edge of

sheet metal is dra&n )# the "unch.

o draw stock o The forging o"eration in &hich the length of a metal mass (stoc5+ is increased at the e$"ense of

its cross section/ no u"set is in%ol%ed. The o"eration includes con%erting ingot to "ressed )ar using 6F!6 round! or flat dies.
o dressing o (8+ 3utting! )rea5ing do&n! or crushing the surface of a grinding &heel to im"ro%e its cutting

a)ilit# and accurac#. (,+ Remo%ing dulled grains from the cutting face of a grinding &heel to restore cutting :ualit#.
o drift o (8+ A flat "iece of steel of ta"ering &idth used to remo%e ta"er shan5 drills and other tools from

their holders. (,+ A ta"ered rod used to force mismated holes into line for ri%eting or )olting. Sometimes called a drift "in.
o drilling o Hole ma5ing &ith a rotar# end-cutting tool ha%ing one or more cutting li"s and one or more

helical or straight flutes or tu)es for the e'ection of chi"s and the "assage of a cutting fluid.
o drop forging o (8+ The forging o)tained )# hammering metal in a "air of closed dies to "roduce the form in the

finishing im"ression under a dro" hammer. (,+ Dorging method re:uiring s"ecial dies for each sha"e.
o drop hammer o A term generall# a""lied to forging hammers in &hich energ# for forging is "ro%ided )# gra%it#!

steam! or com"ressed air. See also air-lift hammer ! )oard hammer ! and steam hammer .
o drop hammer forming o A "rocess for "roducing sha"es )# the "rogressi%e deformation of sheet metal in matched dies

under the re"etiti%e )lo&s of a gra%it#-dro" or "o&er-dro" hammer. The "rocess is restricted to relati%el# shallo& "arts and thin sheet from a""ro$imatel# 0.A to 8.A mm (0.0,I to 0.0AI in.+.
o droplet erosion o 4rosi%e &ear caused )# the im"ingement of li:uid dro"lets on a solid surface. See also erosion . o drop-through o An undesira)le sagging or surface irregularit#! usuall# encountered &hen )ra*ing or &elding

near the solidus of the )ase metal! caused )# o%erheating &ith ra"id diffusion or allo#ing )et&een the filler metal and the )ase metal.
o dross o (8+ The scum that forms on the surface of molten metal largel# )ecause of o$idation )ut

sometimes )ecause of the rising of im"urities to the surface. (,+ O$ide and other contaminants that form on the surface of molten solder.
o dry corrosion o See gaseous corrosion . o dry cyaniding obsolete! o Same as car)onitriding . o dry sand mold o A casting mold made of sand and then dried at 800 G3 (,8, GD+ or a)o%e )efore )eing used.

3ontrast &ith green sand mold .

o dry strength casting! o The ma$imum strength of a molded sand s"ecimen that has )een thoroughl# dried at 800 to 880

G3 (,,0 to ,30 GD+ and cooled to room tem"erature. Also 5no&n as dr# )ond strength.

o dual-phase steels o A class of high-strength lo&-allo# steels characteri*ed )# a tensile strength %alue of

a""ro$imatel# 550 .Ea (>0 5si+ and )# a microstructure consisting of a)out ,0? hard martensite "articles dis"ersed in a soft ductile ferrite matri$. The term dual "hase refers to the "redominance in the microstructure of t&o "hases! ferrite and martensite. Ho&e%er! small amounts of other "hases! such as )ainite! "earlite! or retained austenite! ma# also )e "resent.
o ductile crack propagation o Slo& crac5 "ro"agation that is accom"anied )# noticea)le "lastic deformation and re:uires

energ# to )e su""lied from outside the )od#. 3ontrast &ith )rittle crac5 "ro"agation .
o ductile fracture o Dracture characteri*ed )# tearing of metal accom"anied )# a""recia)le gross "lastic deformation

and e$"enditure of considera)le energ#. 3ontrast &ith )rittle fracture .

o ductile iron o A cast iron that has )een treated &hile molten &ith an element such as magnesium or cerium to

induce the formation of free gra"hite as nodules or s"herulites! &hich im"arts a measura)le degree of ductilit# to the cast metal. Also 5no&n as nodular cast iron! s"herulitic gra"hite cast iron! and s"heroidal gra"hite (SG+ iron.
o ductility o The a)ilit# of a material to deform "lasticall# &ithout fracturing. o dummy block o In e$trusion! a thic5 unattached dis5 "laced )et&een the ram and the )illet to "re%ent o%erheating

of the ram.
o dummy cathode o (8+ A cathode! usuall# corrugated to gi%e %aria)le current densities! that is "lated at lo& current

densities to "referentiall# remo%e im"urities from a "lating solution. (,+ A su)stitute cathode that is used during ad'ustment of o"erating conditions.
o duplex grain si"e o The simultaneous "resence of t&o grain si*es in su)stantial amounts! &ith one grain si*e

a""recia)l# larger than the others. Also termed mi$ed grain si*e.
o duplexing o An# t&o-furnace melting or refining "rocess. Also called du"le$ melting or du"le$ "rocessing. o duplex microstructure o A t&o-"hase structure. o duplex stainless steels o Stainless steels ha%ing a fine-grained mi$ed microstructure of ferrite and austenite &ith a

com"osition centered around ,A3r-A.52i.

o duralumin obsolete! o A term fre:uentl# a""lied to the class of age-hardena)le aluminum-co""er allo#s containing

manganese! magnesium! or silicon.

o dusting o (8+ A "henomenon! usuall# affecting car)on-)ase electrical motor )rushes or other

currentcarr#ing contacts! &herein at lo& relati%e humidit# or high a""lied current densit#! a "o&der# 6dust6 is "roduced during o"eration. (,+ A""l#ing a "o&der! such as sulfur to molten magnesium or gra"hite to a mold surface.
o dynamic o .o%ing! or ha%ing high %elocit#. Dre:uentl# used &ith high strain rate (R0.8 s -8+ testing of metal

s"ecimens.

o dynamic creep o 3ree" that occurs under conditions of fluctuating load or fluctuating tem"erature. o E o earing o The formation of ears or scallo"ed edges around the to" of a dra&n shell! resulting from

directional differences in the "lastic-&or5ing "ro"erties of rolled metal! &ith! across! or at angles to the direction of rolling.
o eccentric press o A mechanical "ress in &hich an eccentric! instead of a cran5shaft! is used to mo%e the slide. o (,1 o An a))re%iation for electrochemical machining . o eddy-current testing o An electromagnetic nondestructi%e testing method in &hich edd#-current flo& is induced in the

test o)'ect. 3hanges in flo& caused )# %ariations in the o)'ect are reflected into a near)# coil or coils &here the# are detected and measured )# suita)le instrumentation.
o edge dislocation o See dislocation . o edger edging impression! o The "ortion of a die im"ression that distri)utes metal during forging into areas &here it is most

needed in order to facilitate filling the ca%ities of su)se:uent im"ressions to )e used in the forging se:uence. See also fuller (fullering im"ression+ .
o edge strain o Trans%erse strain lines or LSders lines ranging from ,5 to 300 mm (8 to 8, in.+ in from the edges

of cold rolled steel sheet or stri". See also LSders lines .

o edging o (8+ In sheet metal forming! reducing the flange radius )# retracting the forming "unch a small

amount after the stro5e )ut )efore release of the "ressure. (,+ In rolling! the &or5ing of metal in &hich the a$is of the roll is "arallel to the thic5ness dimension. Also called edge rolling. (3+ The forging o"eration of &or5ing a )ar )et&een contoured dies &hile turning it 90G )et&een )lo&s to "roduce a %ar#ing rectangular cross section. (I+ In a forging! remo%ing flash that is directed u"&ard )et&een dies! usuall# accom"lished using a lathe.
o ('1 o A))re%iation for electrical discharge machining . o effective crack si"e o The "h#sical crac5 si*e augmented for the effects of crac5 ti" "lastic deformation. Sometimes the

effecti%e crac5 si*e is calculated from a measured %alue of a "h#sical crac5 si*e "lus a calculated %alue of a "lastic *one ad'ustment. A "referred method for calculation of effecti%e crac5 si*e com"ares com"liance from the secant of a load-deflection trace &ith the elastic com"liance from a cali)ration for the t#"e of s"ecimen.
o effective draw o The ma$imum limits of forming de"th that can )e achie%ed &ith a multi"le-action "ress/

sometimes called ma$imum dra& or ma$imum de"th of dra&.

o 445 67 485 6,! embrittlement o 4m)rittlement of stainless steels u"on e$tended e$"osure to tem"eratures )et&een I00 and 580

G3 (B50 and 950 GD+. This t#"e of em)rittlement is caused )# fine! chromium-rich "reci"itates that segregate at grain )oundaries/ time at tem"erature directl# influences the amount of segregation. Grain-)oundar# segregation of the chromium-rich "reci"itates increases strength and hardness! decreases ductilit# and toughness! and changes corrosion resistance. This t#"e of em)rittlement can )e re%ersed )# heating a)o%e the "reci"itation range.

o o o o o o o o

ejector
A de%ice mounted in such a &a# that it remo%es or assists in remo%ing a formed "art from a die.

ejector half
The mo%a)le half of a die-casting die containing the e'ector "ins.

ejector rod
A rod used to "ush out a formed "iece.

elastic constants

The factors of "ro"ortionalit# that relate elastic dis"lacement of a material to a""lied forces. See also )ul5 modulus of elasticit# ! modulus of elasticit# ! EoissonNs ratio ! and shear modulus .
o elastic deformation o A change in dimensions directl# "ro"ortional to and in "hase &ith an increase or decrease in

a""lied force.
o elastic hysteresis o A misnomer for an anelastic strain that lags a change in a""lied stress! there)# creating energ#

loss during c#clic loading. .ore "ro"erl# termed mechanical h#steresis .

o elasticity o The "ro"ert# of a material )# %irtue of &hich deformation caused )# stress disa""ears u"on

remo%al of the stress. A "erfectl# elastic )od# com"letel# reco%ers its original sha"e and dimensions after release of stress.
o elastic limit o The ma$imum stress that a material is ca"a)le of sustaining &ithout an# "ermanent strain

(deformation+ remaining u"on com"lete release of the stress. A material is said to ha%e "assed its elastic limit &hen the load is sufficient to initiate "lastic! or nonreco%era)le! deformation. See also "ro"ortional limit .
o o o o o o o o

elastic modulus
Same as modulus of elasticit# .

elastic ratio
Yield "oint di%ided )# tensile strength.

elastic strain
See elastic deformation .

elastic strain energy

The energ# e$"ended )# the action of e$ternal forces in deforming a )od# elasticall#. 4ssentiall# all the &or5 "erformed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energ#! and this energ# is reco%ered u"on release of the a""lied force.
o electrical discharge grinding o Grinding )# s"ar5 discharges )et&een a negati%e electrode grinding &heel and a "ositi%e

&or5"iece se"arated )# a small ga" containing a dielectric fluid such as "etroleum oil.
o electrical discharge machining ('1! o .etal remo%ed )# a ra"id s"ar5 discharge )et&een different "olarit# electrodes! one on the

&or5"iece and the other the tool se"arated )# a ga" distance of 0.083 to 0.9 mm (0.0005 to 0.035 in.+. The ga" is filled &ith dielectric fluid and metal "articles that are melted! in "art %a"ori*ed! and e$"elled from the ga".
o electrical discharge wire cutting o A s"ecial form of electrical discharge machining &herein the electrode is a continuous mo%ing

conducti%e &ire. Also referred to as tra%eling &ire electrical discharge machining.

o electrical disintegration o .etal remo%al )# an electrical s"ar5 acting in air. It is not su)'ect to "recise control! the most

common a""lication )eing the remo%al of )ro5en tools such as ta"s and drills.

o electrical pitting o The formation of surface ca%ities )# remo%al of metal as a result of an electrical discharge across

an interface.
o electric arc furnace o See arc furnace . o electric arc spraying o See "referred term arc s"ra#ing . o electric furnace o A metal melting or holding furnace that "roduces heat from electricit#. It ma# o"erate on the

resistance or induction "rinci"le. See also induction furnace .

o electrochemical cell o An electrochemical s#stem consisting of an anode and a cathode in metallic contact and

immersed in an electrol#te. The anode and cathode ma# )e different metals or dissimilar areas on the same metal surface. See also cathodic "rotection .
o electrochemical corrosion o 3orrosion that is accom"anied )# a flo& of electrons )et&een cathodic and anodic areas on

metallic surfaces.
o electrochemical discharge machining o .etal remo%al )# a com)ination of the "rocesses of electrochemical machining and electrical

discharge machining. .ost of the metal remo%al occurs %ia anodic dissolution (i.e.! 43. action+. O$ide films &hich form as a result of electrol#tic action through an electrol#tic fluid are remo%ed )# intermittent s"ar5 discharges (i.e.! 4;. action+. Hence! the com)ination of the t&o actions.
o electrochemical e+uivalent o The &eight of an element or grou" of elements o$idi*ed or reduced at 800? efficienc# )# the

"assage of a unit :uantit# of electricit#. <suall# e$"ressed as grams "er coulom).

o electrochemical grinding o A "rocess &here)# metal is remo%ed )# de"lating. The &or5"iece is the anode/ the cathode is a

conducti%e aluminum o$ide-co""er or metal-)onded diamond grinding &heel &ith a)rasi%e "articles. .ost of the metal is remo%ed )# de"lating/ 0.05 to 80? is remo%ed )# a)rasi%e cutting.
o electrochemical machining (,1! o 3ontrolled metal remo%al )# anodic dissolution. ;irect current "asses through flo&ing film of

conducti%e solution &hich se"arates the &or5"iece from the electrode tool. The &or5"iece is the anode! and the tool is the cathode.
o electrochemical potential o The "artial deri%ati%e of the total electrochemical free energ# of a constituent &ith res"ect to the

num)er of moles of this constituent &here all factors are 5e"t constant. It is analogous to the chemical "otential of a constituent e$ce"t that it includes the electric as &ell as chemical contri)utions to the free energ#. The "otential of an electrode in an electrol#te relati%e to a reference electrode measured under o"en circuit conditions.
o electrochemical reaction o A reaction caused )# "assage of an electric current through a medium that contains mo)ile ions

(as in electrol#sis+/ or! a s"ontaneous reaction made to cause current to flo& in a conductor e$ternal to this medium (as in a gal%anic cell+. In either e%ent! electrical connection is made to the e$ternal "ortion of the circuit %ia a "air of electrodes. See also electrol#te .
o electrochemical series o Same as electromoti%e force series . o electrode o 3om"ressed gra"hite or car)on c#linder or rod used to conduct electric current in electric arc

furnaces! arc lam"s! and so forth.

o electrode electrochemistry! o One of a "air of conductors introduced into an electrochemical cell! )et&een &hich the ions in

the inter%ening medium flo& in o""osite directions and on &hose surfaces reactions occur (&hen a""ro"riate e$ternal connection is made+. In direct current o"eration! one electrode or 6"ole6 is "ositi%el# charged! the other negati%el#. See also anode ! cathode ! electrochemical reaction ! and electrol#te .
o electrode welding! o (8+ In arc &elding! a current-carr#ing rod that su""orts the arc )et&een the rod and &or5! or

)et&een t&o rods as in t&in car)on-arc &elding. It ma# or ma# not furnish filler metal. See also )are electrode ! co%ered electrode ! flu$ cored electrode ! lightl# coated electrode ! metal cored electrode ! metal electrode ! and stranded electrode . (,+ In resistance &elding! a "art of a resistance &elding machine through &hich current and! in most instances! "ressure are a""lied directl# to the &or5. The electrode ma# )e in the form of a rotating &heel! rotating roll! )ar! c#linder! "late! clam"! chuc5! or modification thereof. (3+ In arc and "lasma s"ra#ing! the current-carr#ing com"onents that su""ort the arc.
o electrode cable o Same as electrode lead . o electrode deposition o The &eight of &eld-metal de"osit o)tained from a unit length of electrode. o electrode extension o Dor gas metal arc &elding! flu$ cored arc &elding! and su)merged arc &elding! the length of

unmelted electrode e$tending )e#ond the end of the contact tu)e.

o o o o o o o o o o

electrode force
The force )et&een electrodes in a s"ot! seam! and "ro'ection &eld.

electrode holder
A de%ice used for mechanicall# holding the electrode &hile conducting current to it.

electrode indentation resistance welding!

The de"ression formed on the surface of &or5"ieces )# electrodes.

electrode lead
The electrical conductor )et&een the source of arc &elding current and the electrode holder.

electrode polari"ation

3hange of electrode "otential &ith res"ect to a reference %alue. The change ma# )e caused! for e$am"le! )# the a""lication of an e$ternal electrical current or )# the addition of an o$idant or reductant.
o electrodeposition o (8+ The de"osition of a conducti%e material from a "lating solution )# the a""lication of

electrical current. (,+ The de"osition of a su)stance on an electrode )# "assing electric current through an electrol#te. 4lectro"lating! electroforming! electrorefining! and electrot&inning result from electrode"osition.
o electrode potential o The "otential of an electrode in electrol#sis as measured against a reference electrode. The

electrode "otential does not include an# resistance losses in "otential in either the solution or e$ternal circuit. It re"resents the re%ersi)le &or5 to mo%e a unit charge from the electrode surface through the solution to the reference electrode.
o electrode reaction o Interfacial reaction e:ui%alent to a transfer of charge )et&een electronic and ionic conductors.

See also anodic reaction and cathodic reaction .

o electroforming o .a5ing "arts )# electrode"osition on a remo%a)le form. o electrogalvani"ing o The electro"lating of *inc u"on iron or steel. o electrogas welding (.9! o An arc &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals )# heating them &ith an arc )et&een

a continuous filler metal electrode and the &or5. .olding shoes are used to confine the molten &eld metal for %ertical "osition &elding. The electrodes ma# either )e flu$ cored or solid. Shielding ma# or ma# not )e o)tained from an e$ternall# su""lied gas or mi$ture.
o electroless plating o (8+ A "rocess in &hich metal ions in a dilute a:ueous solution are "lated out on a su)strate )#

means of autocatal#tic chemical reduction. (,+ The de"osition of conducti%e material from an autocatal#tic "lating solution &ithout the a""lication of electrical current.
o electrolysis o (8+ 3hemical change resulting from the "assage of an electric current through an electrol#te. (,+

The se"aration of chemical com"onents )# the "assage of current through an electrol#te.

o electrolyte o (8+ A chemical su)stance or mi$ture! usuall# li:uid! containing ions that migrate in an electric

field. (,+ A chemical com"ound or mi$ture of com"ounds &hich &hen molten or in solution &ill conduct an electric current.
o electrolytic brightening o Same as electro"olishing . o electrolytic cell o An assem)l#! consisting of a %essel! electrodes! and an electrol#te! in &hich electrol#sis can )e

carried out.
o electrolytic cleaning o A "rocess of remo%ing soil! scale! or corrosion "roducts from a metal surface )# su)'ecting it as

an electrode to an electric current in an electrol#tic )ath.

o electrolytic copper o 3o""er that has )een refined )# electrode"osition! including cathodes that are the direct "roduct

of the refining o"eration! refiner# sha"es cast from melted cathodes! and! )# e$tension! fa)ricatorsN "roducts made therefrom. <suall# &hen this term is used alone! it refers to electrol#tic tough "itch co""er &ithout elements other than o$#gen )eing "resent in significant amounts. See also tough "itch co""er .
o electrolytic deposition o Same as electrode"osition . o electrolytic grinding o A com)ination of grinding and machining &herein a metal-)onded a)rasi%e &heel! usuall#

diamond! is the cathode in "h#sical contact &ith the anodic &or5"iece! the contact )eing made )eneath the surface of a suita)le electrol#te. The a)rasi%e "articles that "roduce grinding act as nonconducting s"acers "ermitting simultaneous machining through electrol#sis.
o electrolytic machining o 3ontrolled remo%al of metal using an a""lied "otential and a suita)le electrol#te to "roduce the

sha"es and dimensions desired.

o electrolytic picking o Eic5ling in &hich electric current is used! the &or5 )eing one of the electrodes. o electrolytic polishing o An electrochemical "olishing "rocess in &hich the metal to )e "olished is made the anode in an

electrol#tic cell &here "referential dissolution at high "oints in the surface to"ogra"h# "roduces a s"ecularl# reflecti%e surface. Also referred to as electro"olishing .
o electrolytic powder o Eo&der "roduced )# electrode"osition or )# "ul%eri*ing of an electrode"osit. o electrolytic protection o See "referred term cathodic "rotection . o electrolytic tough pitch o A term descri)ing the method of ra& co""er "re"aration to ensure a good "h#sical- and

electricalgrade co""er-finished "roduct.

o electromagnetic forming o A "rocess for forming metal )# the direct a""lication of an intense! transient magnetic field. The

&or5"iece is formed &ithout mechanical contact )# the "assage of a "ulse of electric current through a forming coil. Also 5no&n as magnetic "ulse forming.
o electromagnetic radiation o 4nerg# "ro"agated at the s"eed of light )# an electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic

s"ectrum includes the follo&ing a""ro$imate &a%elength regions

3egion 9avelength, nm! Gamma-ra# 0.005 to 8.I0 (0.0005 to 0.8I+ T-ra# 0.8 to 800 (0.08 to 80+ Dar-ultra%iolet 800 to ,000 (80 to ,00+ 2ear-ultra%iolet ,000 to 3>00 (,00 to 3>0+ Fisi)le 3>00 to B>00 (3>0 to B>0+ 2ear-infrared B>00 to 30!000 (0.B> to 3 m+ .iddle-infrared 3 U 80I to 3 U 805 (3 to 30 m+ Dar-infrared 3 U 805 to 3 U 80A (30 to 300 m+ .icro&a%e 3 U 80A to 8 U 8080 (0.3 mm to 8 m+

o electromechanical polishing o An attac5-"olishing method in &hich the chemical action of the "olishing fluid is enhanced or

controlled )# the a""lication of an electric current )et&een the s"ecimen and the "olishing &heel.
o electrometallurgy o Industrial reco%er# or "rocessing of metals and allo#s )# electric or electrol#tic methods. o electromotive force o (8+ The force that determines the flo& of electricit#/ a difference of electric "otential. (,+

4lectrical "otential/ %oltage.

o electromotive force series emf series! o A series of elements arranged according to their standard electrode "otentials! &ith 6no)le6

metals such as gold )eing "ositi%e and 6acti%e6 metals such as *inc )eing negati%e. In corrosion studies! the analogous )ut more "ractical gal%anic series of metals is generall# used. The relati%e "ositions of a gi%en metal are not necessaril# the same in the t&o series.
o electron bands o 4nerg# states for the free electrons in a metal! as descri)ed )# the use of the )and theor# (*one

theor#+ of electron structure. Also called Crillouin *ones.

o electron beam cutting o A cutting "rocess that uses the heat o)tained from a concentrated )eam com"osed "rimaril# of

high-%elocit# electrons! &hich im"inge on the &or5"ieces to )e cut/ it ma# or ma# not use an e$ternall# su""lied gas.
o electron beam heat treating o A selecti%e surface hardening "rocess that ra"idl# heats a surface )# direct )om)ardment &ith an

accelerated stream of electrons.

o electron beam machining o Remo%ing material )# melting and %a"ori*ing the &or5"iece at the "oint of im"ingement of a

focused high-%elocit# )eam of electrons. The machining is done in high %acuum to eliminate scattering of the electrons due to interaction &ith gas molecules. The most im"ortant use of electron )eam machining is for hole drilling.
o electron beam welding ()9! o A &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals &ith the heat o)tained from a

concentrated )eam com"osed "rimaril# of high-%elocit# electrons im"inging on the surfaces to )e 'oined.
o electrophoresis o Trans"ort of charged colloidal or macromolecular materials in an electric field. o electroplate o The a""lication of a metallic coating on a surface )# means of electrol#tic action. o electroplating o The electrode"osition of an adherent metallic coating on an o)'ect ser%ing as a cathode for the

"ur"ose of securing a surface &ith "ro"erties or dimensions different from those of the su)strate.
o electropolishing o A techni:ue commonl# used to "re"are metallogra"hic s"ecimens! in &hich a high "olish is

"roduced ma5ing the s"ecimen the anode in an electrol#tic cell! &here "referential dissolution at high "oints smooths the surface. Also referred to as electrol#tic "olishing .
o electrorefining o <sing electric or electrol#tic methods to con%ert im"ure metal to "urer metal! or to "roduce an

allo# from im"ure or "artl# "urified ra& materials.

o electroslag remelting ($3! o A consuma)le-electrode remelting "rocess in &hich heat is generated )# the "assage of electric

current through a conducti%e slag. The dro"lets of metal are refined )# contact &ith the slag.
o electroslag welding ($9! o A &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals &ith molten slag that melts the filler

metal and the surfaces of the &or5"ieces. The &eld "ool is shielded )# this slag! &hich mo%es along the full cross section of the 'oint as &elding "rogresses. The "rocess is initiated )# an arc that heats the slag. The arc is then e$tinguished )# the conducti%e slag! &hich is 5e"t molten )# its resistance to electric current "assing through the electrode and the &or5"ieces.
o electrostrictive effect o The re%ersi)le interaction! e$hi)ited )# some cr#stalline materials! )et&een an elastic strain and

an electric field. The direction of the strain is inde"endent of the "olarit# of the field. 3om"are &ith "ie*oelectric effect .
o o o o o o o o

electrotinning
4lectro"lating tin on an o)'ect.

electrotyping
The "roduction of "rinting "lates )# electroforming .

electrowinning
Reco%er# of a metal from an ore )# means of electrochemical "rocesses.

elongation

(8+ A term used in mechanical testing to descri)e the amount of e$tension of a test "iece &hen stressed. (,+ In tensile testing! the increase in the gage length! measured after fracture of the s"ecimen &ithin the gage length! usuall# e$"ressed as a "ercentage of the original gage length. See also elongation! "ercent .

o elongation, percent o The e$tension of a uniform section of a s"ecimen e$"ressed as a "ercentage of the original gage

length o &here Lo is the original gage length and Lx is the final gage length.
o elutriation o A test for "article si*e in &hich the s"eed of a li:uid or gas is used to sus"end "articles of a

desired si*e! &ith larger si*es settling for remo%al and &eighing! &hile smaller si*es are remo%ed! collected! and &eighed at certain time inter%als.
o embossing o (8+ Techni:ue used to create de"ressions of a s"ecific "attern in "lastic film and sheeting. Such

em)ossing in the form of surface "atterns can )e achie%ed on molded "arts )# the treatment of the mold surface &ith "hotoengra%ing or another "rocess. (,+ Raising a design in relief against a surface.
o embossing die o A die used for "roducing em)ossed designs. o embrittlement o The se%ere loss of ductilit# or toughness or )oth! of a material! usuall# a metal or allo#. .an#

forms of em)rittlement can lead to )rittle fracture. .an# forms can occur during thermal treatment or ele%ated-tem"erature ser%ice (thermall# induced em)rittlement+. Some of these forms of em)rittlement! &hich affect steels! include )lue )rittleness! >>5 GD (IB5 G3+ em)rittlement! :uench-age em)rittlement! sigma-"hase em)rittlement! strain-age em)rittlement! tem"er em)rittlement! tem"ered martensite em)rittlement! and thermal em)rittlement. In addition! steels and other metals and allo#s can )e em)rittled )# en%ironmental conditions (en%ironmentall# assisted em)rittlement+. The forms of en%ironmental em)rittlement include acid em)rittlement! caustic em)rittlement! corrosion em)rittlement! cree"-ru"ture em)rittlement! h#drogen em)rittlement! li:uid metal em)rittlement! neutron em)rittlement! solder em)rittlement! solid metal em)rittlement! and stress-corrosion crac5ing.
o emf o An a))re%iation for electromoti%e force . o emission spectroscopy o The )ranch of s"ectrosco"# treating the theor#! inter"retation! and a""lication of s"ectra

originating in the emission of electromagnetic radiation )# atoms! ions! radicals! and molecules.
o emissivity o Ratio of the amount of energ# or of energetic "articles radiated from a unit area of a surface to

the amount radiated from a unit area of an ideal emitter under the same conditions.
o emulsion o A sta)le dis"ersion of one li:uid in another! generall# )# means of an emulsif#ing agent that has

affinit# for )oth the continuous and discontinuous "hases. The emulsif#ing agent! discontinuous "hase! and continuous "hase can together "roduce another "hase that ser%es as an en%elo"ing (enca"sulating+ "rotecti%e "hase around the discontinuous "hase.
o emulsion cleaner o A cleaner consisting of organic sol%ents dis"ersed in an a:ueous medium &ith the aid of an

emulsif#ing agent.
o enameling iron o A lo&-car)on! cold-rolled sheet steel! "roduced s"ecificall# for use as a )ase metal for "orcelain

enamel.
o enantiotropy o The relation of cr#stal forms of the same su)stance in &hich one form is sta)le a)o%e a certain

tem"erature and the other form is sta)le )elo& that tem"erature. Dor e$am"le! ferrite and austenite are enantiotro"ic in ferrous allo#s.
o end mark o A roll mar5 caused )# the end of a sheet mar5ing the roll during hot or cold rolling. o end milling o A method of machining &ith a rotating cutting tool &ith cutting edges on )oth the face end and

the "eri"her#. See also face milling and milling .

o endothermic atmosphere o A gas mi$ture "roduced )# the "artial com)ustion of a h#drocar)on gas &ith air in an

endothermic reaction. Also 5no&n as endogas.

o endothermic reaction o ;esignating or "ertaining to a reaction that in%ol%es the a)sor"tion of heat. See also e$othermic

reaction .
o end-+uench hardenability test o A la)orator# "rocedure for determining the hardena)ilit# of a steel or other ferrous allo#/ &idel#

referred to as the 7omin# test. Hardena)ilit# is determined )# heating a standard s"ecimen a)o%e the u""er critical tem"erature! "lacing the hot s"ecimen in a fi$ture so that a stream of cold &ater im"inges on one end! and! after cooling to room tem"erature is com"leted! measuring the hardness near the surface of the s"ecimen at regularl# s"aced inter%als along its length. The data are normall# "lotted as hardness %ersus distance from the :uenched end.
o endurance limit o The ma$imum stress that a material can &ithstand for an infinitel# large num)er of fatigue

c#cles. See also fatigue limit and fatigue strength .

o endurance ratio o The ratio of the endurance limit for com"letel# re%ersed fle$ural stress to the tensile strength of a

gi%en material.
o engineering strain e! o A term sometimes used for a%erage linear strain or con%entional strain in order to differentiate it

from true strain. In tension testing it is calculated )# di%iding the change in the gage length )# the original gage length.
o engineering stress s! o A term sometimes used for con%entional stress in order to differentiate it from true stress. In

tension testing! it is calculated )# di%iding the )rea5ing load a""lied to the s"ecimen )# the original cross-sectional area of the s"ecimen.
o environmental cracking o Crittle fracture of a normall# ductile material in &hich the corrosi%e effect of the en%ironment is

a causati%e factor. 4n%ironmental crac5ing is a general term that includes corrosion fatigue! hightem"erature h#drogen attac5! h#drogen )listering! h#drogen em)rittlement! li:uid metal em)rittlement! solid metal em)rittlement! stress-corrosion crac5ing! and sulfide stress crac5ing. The follo&ing terms ha%e )een used in the "ast in connection &ith en%ironmental crac5ing! )ut are )ecoming o)solete caustic em)rittlement! dela#ed fracture! season crac5ing! static fatigue! ste"&ise crac5ing! sulfide corrosion crac5ing! and sulfide stress-corrosion crac5ing. See also em)rittlement .
o epitaxy o Gro&th of an electrode"osit or %a"or de"osit in &hich the orientation of the cr#stals in the

de"osit

are directl# related to cr#stal orientations in the underl#ing cr#stalline su)strate.

o epsilon ! o ;esignation generall# assigned to intermetallic! metal-metalloid! and metal-nonmetallic

com"ounds found in ferrous allo# s#stems! for e$am"le! De 3.o,! DeSi! and De3E.
o epsilon carbide o 3ar)ide &ith he$agonal close-"ac5ed lattice that "reci"itates during the first stage of tem"ering

of "rimar# martensite. Its com"osition corres"onds to the em"irical formula De ,.I3.

o epsilon structure o Structurall# analogous close-"ac5ed "hases or electron com"ounds that ha%e ratios of se%en

%alence electrons to four atoms.

o e+uiaxed grain structure o A structure in &hich the grains ha%e a""ro$imatel# the same dimensions in all directions. o e+uilibrium o The d#namic condition of "h#sical! chemical! mechanical! or atomic )alance that a""ears to )e a

condition of rest rather than one of change.

o e+uilibrium diagram o A gra"h of the tem"erature! "ressure! and com"osition limits of "hase fields in an allo# s#stem as

the# e$ist under conditions of thermod#namical e:uili)rium. In metal s#stems! "ressure is usuall# considered constant. 3om"are &ith "hase diagram .
o (richsen test o A cu""ing test used to assess the ductilit# of sheet metal. The method consists of forcing a

conical or hemis"herical-ended "lunger into the s"ecimen and measuring the de"th of the im"ression at fracture.
o erosion o (8+ Loss of material from a solid surface due to relati%e motion in contact &ith a fluid that

contains solid "articles. 4rosion in &hich the relati%e motion of "articles is nearl# "arallel to the solid surface is called a)rasi%e erosion. 4rosion in &hich the relati%e motion of the solid "articles is nearl# normal to the solid surface is called im"ingement erosion or im"act erosion. (,+ Erogressi%e loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction )et&een that surface and a fluid! a multicom"onent fluid! and im"inging li:uid! or solid "articles. (3+ Loss of material from the surface of an electrical contact due to an electrical discharge (arcing+. See also ca%itation erosion ! electrical "itting ! and erosion-corrosion .
o erosion-corrosion o A con'oint action in%ol%ing corrosion and erosion in the "resence of a mo%ing corrosi%e fluid!

leading to the accelerated loss of material.

o erosivity o The characteristic of a collection of "articles! li:uid stream! or a slurr# that e$"resses its

tendenc# to cause erosi%e &ear &hen forced against a solid surface under relati%e motion.
o etchant o A chemical solution used to etch a metal to re%eal structural details. See also etching . o etch cleaning o Remo%ing soil )# dissol%ing a&a# some of the underl#ing metal. o etch cracks o Shallo& crac5s in hardened steel containing high residual surface stresses! "roduced )# etching

in an em)rittling acid.
o

etch figures

o 3haracteristic mar5ings "roduced on cr#stal surfaces )# chemical attac5! usuall# ha%ing facets

"arallel to lo&-inde$ cr#stallogra"hic "lanes.

o etching o (8+ Su)'ecting the surface of a metal to "referential chemical or electrol#tic attac5 in order to

re%eal structural details for metallogra"hic e$amination. (,+ 3hemicall# or electrochemicall# remo%ing tenacious films from a metal surface to condition the surface for a su)se:uent treatment! such as "ainting or electro"lating.
o eutectic o (8+ An isothermal re%ersi)le reaction in &hich a li:uid solution is con%erted into t&o or more

intimatel# mi$ed solids on cooling! the num)er of solids formed )eing the same as the num)er of com"onents in the s#stem. (,+ An allo# ha%ing the com"osition indicated )# the eutectic "oint on a "hase diagram. (3+ An allo# structure of intermi$ed solid constituents formed )# a eutectic reaction often in the form of regular arra#s of lamellas or rods.
o eutectic carbide o 3ar)ide formed during free*ing as one of the mutuall# insolu)le "hases "artici"ating in the

eutectic reaction of ferrous allo#s.

o eutectic melting o .elting of locali*ed microsco"ic areas &hose com"osition corres"onds to that of the eutectic in

the s#stem.
o eutectic point o The com"osition of a li:uid "hase in uni%ariant e:uili)rium &ith t&o or more solid "hases/ the

lo&est melting allo# of a com"osition series.

o eutectoid o (8+ An isothermal re%ersi)le reaction in &hich a solid solution is con%erted into t&o or more

intimatel# mi$ed solids on cooling! the num)er of solids formed )eing the same as the num)er of com"onents in the s#stem. (,+ An allo# ha%ing the com"osition indicated )# the eutectoid "oint on a "hase diagram. (3+ An allo# structure of intermi$ed solid constituents formed )# a eutectoid reaction.
o eutectoid point o The com"osition of a solid "hase that undergoes uni%ariant transformation into t&o or more other

solid "hases u"on cooling.

o exfoliation o 3orrosion that "roceeds laterall# from the sites of initiation along "lanes "arallel to the surface!

generall# at grain )oundaries! forming corrosion "roducts that force metal a&a# from the )od# of the material! gi%ing rise to a la#ered a""earance. .ost commonl# associated &ith &rought aluminum allo#s.
o exogenous inclusion o An inclusion that is deri%ed from e$ternal causes. Slag! dross! entra""ed mold materials! and

refractories are e$am"les of inclusions that &ould )e classified as e$ogenous. In most cases! these inclusions are macrosco"ic or %isi)le to the na5ed e#e. 3om"are &ith indigenous inclusion .
o exothermic o 3haracteri*ed )# the li)eration of heat. o exothermic atmosphere o A gas mi$ture "roduced )# the "artial com)ustion of a h#drocar)on gas &ith air in an e$othermic

reaction. Also 5no&n as e$ogas.

o exothermic reaction o A reaction that li)erates heat! such as the )urning of fuel or &hen certain "lastic resins are cured

chemicall#.

o expanding o A "rocess used to increase the diameter of a cu"! shell! or tu)e. See also )ulging . o expendable pattern o A "attern that is destro#ed in ma5ing a casting. It is usuall# made of &a$ (in%estment casting+ or

e$"anded "ol#st#rene (lost foam casting+.

o explosion welding o A solid-state &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence )# a controlled detonation! &hich causes

the "arts to mo%e together at high %elocit#. The resulting )ond *one has a characteristic &a%# a""earance.
o explosive forming o The sha"ing of metal "arts in &hich the forming "ressure is generated )# an e$"losi%e charge

that ta5es the "lace of the "unch in con%entional forming. See also high-energ#-rate forming .
o extensometer o An instrument for measuring changes in length o%er a gi%en gage length caused )# a""lication or

remo%al of a force. 3ommonl# used in tension testing.

o extractive metallurgy o The )ranch of "rocess metallurg# dealing &ith the &inning of metals from their ores. 3om"are

&ith refining .
o extra hard o A tem"er of nonferrous allo#s and some ferrous allo#s characteri*ed )# %alues of tensile strength

and hardness a)out one-third of the &a# from those of full hard to those of e$tra s"ring tem"er.
o extra spring o A tem"er of nonferrous allo#s and some ferrous allo#s corres"onding a""ro$imatel# to a

cold&or5ed state a)o%e full hard )e#ond &hich further cold &or5 &ill not measura)l# increase strength or hardness.
o extreme-pressure lubricant o A lu)ricant that im"arts increased load-carr#ing ca"acit# to ru))ing surfaces under se%ere

o"erating conditions. 4$treme-"ressure lu)ricants usuall# contain sulfur! halogens! or "hos"horus.

o extruded hole o A hole formed )# a "unch that first cleanl# cuts a hole and then is "ushed farther through to form

a flange &ith an enlargement of the original hole.

o extrusion o The con%ersion of an ingot or )illet into lengths of uniform cross section )# forcing metal to flo&

"lasticall# through a die orifice. In for&ard (direct+ e$trusion! the die and ram are at o""osite ends of the e$trusion stoc5! and the "roduct and ram tra%el in the same direction. Also! there is relati%e motion )et&een the e$trusion stoc5 and the die. In )ac5&ard (indirect+ e$trusion! the die is at the ram end of the stoc5 and the "roduct tra%els in the direction o""osite that of the ram! either around the ram (as in the im"act e$trusion of c#linders such as cases for dr# cell )atteries+ or u" through the center of a hollo& ram. See also h#drostatic e$trusion and im"act e$trusion .
o extrusion billet o A metal slug used as e$trusion stoc5 . o extrusion defect o See "referred term e$trusion "i"e . o extrusion forging o (8+ Dorcing metal into or through a die o"ening )# restricting flo& in other directions. (,+ A "art

made )# the o"eration.

o extrusion ingot o A cast metal slug used as e$trusion stoc5 . o extrusion pipe o A central o$ide-lined discontinuit# that occasionall# occurs in the last 80 to ,0? of an e$truded

metal )ar. It is caused )# the o$idi*ed outer surface of the )illet flo&ing around the end of the )illet and into the center of the )ar during the final stages of e$trusion. Also called coring .
o extrusion stock o A rod! )ar! or other section used to ma5e e$trusions. o eyeleting o The dis"lacing of material a)out an o"ening in sheet or "late so that a li" "rotruding a)o%e the

surface is formed. o F
o o o o o o o o

face
In a lathe tool! the surface against &hich the chi"s )ear as the# are formed.

face milling
.illing a surface that is "er"endicular to the cutter a$is.

face-type cutters
3utters that can )e mounted directl# on and dri%en from the machine s"indle nose.

facing

(8+ In machining! generating a surface on a rotating &or5"iece )# the tra%erse of a tool "er"endicular to the a$is of rotation. (,+ In foundr# "ractice! an# material a""lied in a &et or dr# condition to the face of a mold or core to im"ro%e the surface of the casting. See also mold &ash . (3+ Dor a)rasion resistance! see "referred term hardfacing .
o failure o A general term used to im"l# that a "art in ser%ice (a+ has )ecome com"letel# ino"era)le! ()+ is

still o"era)le )ut inca"a)le of satisfactoril# "erforming its intended function! or (c+ has deteriorated seriousl#! to the "oint that it has )ecome unrelia)le or unsafe for continued use.
o failure mechanism o A structural or chemical "rocess! such as corrosion or fatigue! that causes failure. o false bottom o An insert "ut in either mem)er of a die set to increase the strength and im"ro%e the life of the die. o false brinelling o (8+ ;amage to a solid )earing surface characteri*ed )# indentations not caused )# "lastic

deformation resulting from o%erload! )ut thought to )e due to other causes such as fretting corrosion. (,+ Local s"ots a""earing &hen the "rotecti%e film on a metal is )ro5en continuall# )# re"eated im"acts! usuall# in the "resence of corrosi%e agents. The a""earance is generall# similar to that "roduced )# )rinelling )ut corrosion "roducts are usuall# %isi)le. It ma# result from fretting corrosion. This term should )e a%oided &hen a more "recise descri"tion is "ossi)le. Dalse )rinelling (race fretting+ can )e distinguished from true )rinelling )ecause in false )rinelling! surface material is remo%ed so that original finishing mar5s are remo%ed. The )orders of a false )rinell mar5 are shar"l# defined! &hereas a dent caused )# a rolling element does not ha%e shar" edges and the finishing mar5s are %isi)le in the )ottom of the dent.
o fatigue o The "henomenon leading to fracture under re"eated or fluctuating stresses ha%ing a ma$imum

%alue less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Datigue failure generall# occurs at loads that a""lied staticall# &ould "roduce little "erce"ti)le effect. Datigue fractures are "rogressi%e! )eginning as minute crac5s that gro& under the action of the fluctuating stress.
o

fatigue crack growth rate da:dN!

o The rate of crac5 e$tension caused )# constant-am"litude fatigue loading! e$"ressed in terms of

crac5 e$tension "er c#cle of load a""lication! and "lotted logarithmicall# against the stressintensit# factor range! K.
o fatigue failure o Dailure that occurs &hen a s"ecimen undergoing fatigue com"letel# fractures into t&o "arts or

has softened or )een other&ise significantl# reduced in stiffness )# thermal heating or crac5ing.
o fatigue life N! o (8+ The num)er of c#cles of stress or strain of a s"ecified character that a gi%en s"ecimen

sustains )efore failure of a s"ecified nature occurs. (,+ The num)er of c#cles of deformation re:uired to )ring a)out failure of a test s"ecimen under a gi%en set of oscillating conditions (stresses or strains+. See also S-N cur%e .
o fatigue limit o The ma$imum stress that "resuma)l# leads to fatigue fracture in a s"ecified num)er of stress

c#cles. The %alue of the ma$imum stress and the stress ratio also should )e stated. See also endurance limit .
o fatigue notch factor Kf! o The ratio of the fatigue strength of an unnotched s"ecimen to the fatigue strength of a notched

s"ecimen of the same material and condition/ )oth strengths are determined at the same num)er of stress c#cles.
o fatigue notch sensitivity q! o An estimate of the effect of a notch or hole of a gi%en si*e and sha"e on the fatigue "ro"erties of

a material! measured )# q M (Kf - 8+0(Kt - 8+ &here Kf is the fatigue notch factor and Kt is the stressconcentration factor. A material is said to )e full# notch sensiti%e if q a""roaches a %alue of 8.0/ it is not notch sensiti%e if the ratio a""roaches 0.
o fatigue ratio o The ratio of fatigue strength to tensile strength. .ean stress and alternating stress must )e stated. o fatigue strength o The ma$imum c#clical stress a material can &ithstand for a gi%en num)er of c#cles )efore failure

occurs.
o fatigue strength at N cycles S2! o A h#"othetical %alue of stress for failure at e$actl# N c#cles as determined from an S-N cur%e.

The %alue of S2 thus determined is su)'ect to the same conditions as those that a""l# to the S-N cur%e. The %alue of S2 that is commonl# found in the literature is the h#"othetical %alue of ma$imum stress! Sma$! minimum stress Smin! or stress am"litude! Sa! at &hich 50? of the s"ecimens of a gi%en sam"le could sur%i%e N stress c#cles in &hich the mean stress Sm M 0. This is also 5no&n as the median fatigue strength at N c#cles . See also S-N cur%e .
o fatigue-strength reduction factor o The ratio of the fatigue strength of a mem)er or s"ecimen &ith no stress concentration to the

fatigue strength &ith stress concentration. This factor has no meaning unless the stress range and the sha"e! si*e! and material of the mem)er or s"ecimen are stated.
o fatigue striation o Earallel lines fre:uentl# o)ser%ed in electron microsco"e fractogra"hs or fatigue fracture

surfaces. The lines are trans%erse to the direction of local crac5 "ro"agation/ the distance )et&een successi%e lines re"resents the ad%ance of the crac5 front during the one c#cle of stress %ariation.

o fatigue test o A method for determining the range of alternating (fluctuating+ stresses a material can &ithstand

&ithout failing.
o fatigue wear o (8+ Remo%al of "articles detached )# fatigue arising from c#clic stress %ariations. (,+ 1ear of a

solid surface caused )# fracture arising from material fatigue. See also s"alling .
o faying surface o The mating surface of a mem)er that is in contact &ith or in close "ro$imit# to another mem)er

to &hich it is to )e 'oined.
o feed o The rate at &hich a cutting tool or grinding &heel ad%ances along or into the surface of a

&or5"iece! the direction of ad%ance de"ending on the t#"e of o"eration in%ol%ed.

o feeder feeder head, feedhead! o In foundr# "ractice! a riser . o feeding o (8+ In casting! "ro%iding molten metal to a region undergoing solidification! usuall# at a rate

sufficient to fill the mold ca%it# ahead of the solidification front and to com"ensate for an# shrin5age accom"an#ing solidification. (,+ 3on%e#ing metal stoc5 or &or5"ieces to a location for use or "rocessing! such as &ire to a consuma)le electrode! stri" to a die! or &or5"ieces to an assem)ler.
o feed lines o Linear mar5s on a machined or ground surface that are s"aced at inter%als e:ual to the feed "er

re%olution or "er stro5e.

o ferrimagnetic material o (8+ A material that macrosco"icall# has "ro"erties similar to those of a ferromagnetic material

)ut that microsco"icall# also resem)les an antiferromagnetic material in that some of the elementar# magnetic moments are aligned anti"arallel. If the moments are of different magnitudes! the material ma# still ha%e a large resultant magneti*ation. (,+ A material in &hich une:ual magnetic moments are lined u" anti"arallel to each other. Eermea)ilities are of the same order of magnitude as those of ferromagnetic materials! )ut are lo&er than the# &ould )e if all atomic moments &ere "arallel and in the same direction. <nder ordinar# conditions the magnetic characteristics of ferrimagnetic materials are :uite similar to those of ferromagnetic material.
o ferrite o (8+ A solid solution of one or more elements in )od#-centered cu)ic iron. <nless other&ise

designated (for instance! as chromium ferrite+! the solute is generall# assumed to )e car)on. On some e:uili)rium diagrams! there are t&o ferrite regions se"arated )# an austenite area. The lo&er area is ferrite/ the u""er! ferrite. If there is no designation! ferrite is assumed. (,+ An essentiall# car)on-free solid solution in &hich iron is the sol%ent and &hich is characteri*ed )# a )od#-centered cu)ic cr#stal structure. Dull# ferritic steels are onl# o)tained &hen the car)on content is :uite lo&. The most o)%ious microstructural features in such metals are the ferrite grain )oundaries.
o ferrite banding o Earallel )ands of free ferrite aligned in the direction of &or5ing. Sometimes referred to as ferrite

strea5s.
o ferrite number o An ar)itrar#! standardi*ed %alue designating the ferrite content of an austenitic stainless steel

&eld metal. This %alue directl# re"laces "ercent ferrite or %olume "ercent ferrite and is determined )# the magnetic test descri)ed in A1S AI.,

o ferrite-pearlite banding o Inhomogeneous distri)ution of ferrite and "earlite aligned in filaments or "lates "arallel to the

direction of &or5ing.
o o o o o o o o

ferrite streaks
Same as ferrite )anding .

ferritic grain si"e

The grain si*e of the ferritic matri$ of a steel.

ferritic malleable
See mallea)le iron .

ferriti"ing anneal

A treatment gi%en as-cast gra# or ductile (nodular+ iron to "roduce an essentiall# ferritic matri$. Dor the term to )e meaningful! the final microstructure desired or the time-tem"erature c#cle used must )e s"ecified.
o ferroalloy o An allo# of iron that contains a sufficient amount of one or more other chemical elements to )e

useful as an agent for introducing these elements into molten metal! es"eciall# into steel or cast iron.
o ferroelectric o A cr#stalline material that e$hi)its s"ontaneous electrical "olari*ation! h#steresis! and

"ie*oelectric "ro"erties.
o ferroelectric effect o The "henomenon &here)# certain cr#stals ma# e$hi)it a s"ontaneous di"ole moment (&hich is

called ferroelectric )# analog# &ith ferromagnetism e$hi)iting a "ermanent magnetic moment+. Derroelectric cr#stals often sho& se%eral 3urie "oints! domain structures! and h#steresis! much as do ferromagnetic cr#stals.
o ferrograph o An instrument used to determine the si*e distri)ution of &ear "articles in lu)ricating oils of

mechanical s#stems. The techni:ue relies on the de)ris )eing ca"a)le of )eing attracted to a magnet.
o ferromagnetic material o A material that in general e$hi)its the "henomena of h#steresis and saturation! and &hose

"ermea)ilit# is de"endent on the magneti*ing force. .icrosco"icall#! the elementar# magnets are aligned "arallel in %olumes called domains (see domain! magnetic +. The unmagneti*ed condition of a ferromagnetic material results from the o%erall neutrali*ation of the magneti*ation of the domains to "roduce *ero e$ternal magneti*ation.
o ferromagnetism o A "ro"ert# e$hi)ited )# certain metals! allo#s! and com"ounds of the transition (iron grou"+!

rareearth! and actinide elements in &hich! )elo& a certain tem"erature termed the 3urie tem"erature! the atomic magnetic moments tend to line u" in a common direction. Derromagnetism is characteri*ed )# the strong attraction of one magneti*ed )od# for another. See also 3urie tem"erature . 3om"are &ith "aramagnetism .
o ferrous o .etallic materials in &hich the "rinci"al com"onent is iron. o fiber o (8+ The characteristic of &rought metal that indicates directional "ro"erties and is re%ealed )#

etching of a longitudinal section or is manifested )# the fi)rous or &ood# a""earance of a fracture. It is caused chiefl# )# e$tension of the constituents of the metal! )oth metallic and nonmetallic! in the direction of &or5ing. (,+ The "attern of "referred orientation of metal cr#stals

after a gi%en deformation "rocess! usuall# &iredra&ing. See also fi)ering and "referred orientation .
o fibering o 4longation and alignment of internal )oundaries! second "hases! and inclusions in "articular

directions corres"onding to the direction of metal flo& during deformation "rocessing.

o fiber metallurgy o The technolog# of "roducing solid )odies from fi)ers or cho""ed filaments! &ith or &ithout a

metal matri$. The fi)ers ma# consist of such nonmetals as gra"hite or aluminum o$ide! or of such metals as tungsten or )oron. See also metal-matri$ com"osites .
o fiber stress o Local stress through a small area (a "oint or line+ on a section &here the stress is not uniform! as

in a )eam under a )ending load.

o fibrous fracture o A gra# and amor"hous fracture that results &hen a metal is sufficientl# ductile for the cr#stals to

elongate )efore fracture occurs. 1hen a fi)rous fracture is o)tained in an im"act test! it ma# )e regarded as definite e%idence of toughness of the metal. See also cr#stalline fracture and sil5# fracture .
o fibrous structure o (8+ In forgings! a structure re%ealed as laminations! not necessaril# detrimental! on an etched

section or as a ro"# a""earance on a fracture. It is not to )e confused &ith sil5# or ductile fracture of a clean metal. (,+ In &rought iron! a structure consisting of slag fi)ers em)edded in ferrite. (3+ In rolled steel "late stoc5! a uniform! fine-grained structure on a fractured surface! free of laminations or shale-t#"e discontinuities.
o filamentary shrinkage o A fine net&or5 of shrin5age ca%ities! occasionall# found in steel castings! that "roduces a

radiogra"hic image resem)ling lace.

o file hardness o Hardness as determined )# the use of a steel file of standardi*ed hardness on the assum"tion that

a material that cannot )e cut &ith the file is as hard as! or harder than! the file. Diles co%ering a range of hardnesses ma# )e em"lo#ed/ the most common are files heat treated to a""ro$imatel# AB to B0 HR3.
o filiform corrosion o 3orrosion that occurs under some coatings in the form of randoml# distri)uted thread-li5e

filaments.
o filler metal o .etal added in ma5ing a )ra*ed! soldered! or &elded 'oint. See also )ra*ing filler metal !

electrode (&elding+ ! solder ! &elding rod ! and &elding &ire .

o fillet o (8+ 3onca%e corner "iece usuall# used at the intersection of casting sections. Also the radius of

metal at such 'unctions as o""osed to an a)ru"t angular 'unction. (,+ A radius (cur%ature+ im"arted to inside meeting surfaces.
o final annealing o An im"recise term used to denote the last anneal gi%en to a nonferrous allo# "rior to shi"ment. o final polishing o A "olishing "rocess in &hich the "rimar# o)'ecti%e is to "roduce a final surface suita)le for

microsco"ic e$amination.
o fineness o A measure of the "urit# of gold or sil%er e$"ressed in "arts "er thousand. o fines

o (8+ The "roduct that "asses through the finest screen in sorting crushed or ground material. (,+

Sand grains that are su)stantiall# smaller than the "redominating si*e in a )atch or lot of foundr# sand. (3+ The "ortion of a "o&der com"osed of "articles smaller than a s"ecified si*e! usuall# II m (3,5 mesh+.
o fine silver o Sil%er &ith a fineness of three nines (999+/ e:ui%alent to a minimum content of 99.9? Ag &ith

the remaining content unrestricted.

o finish o (8+ Surface condition! :ualit#! or a""earance of a metal. (,+ Stoc5 on a forging or casting to )e

remo%ed in finish machining. (3+ The forging o"eration in &hich the "art is forged into its final sha"e in the finish die. If onl# one finish o"eration is scheduled to )e "erformed in the finish die! this o"eration &ill )e identified sim"l# as finish/ first! second! or third finish designations are so termed &hen one or more finish o"erations are to )e "erformed in the same finish die.
o finish allowance o (8+ The amount of e$cess metal surrounding the intended final configuration of a formed "art/

sometimes called forging en%elo"e! machining allo&ance! or cleanu" allo&ance. (,+ Amount of stoc5 left on the surface of a casting for machining.
o finish annealing o A su)critical annealing treatment a""lied to cold-&or5ed lo&- or medium-car)on steel. Dinish

annealing! &hich is a com"romise treatment! lo&ers residual stresses! there)# minimi*ing the ris5 of distortion in machining &hile retaining most of the )enefits to machina)ilit# contri)uted )# cold &or5ing. 3om"are &ith final annealing .
o finished steel o Steel that is read# for the mar5et and has )een "rocessed )e#ond the stages of )illets! )looms!

sheet )ars! sla)s! and &ire rods.

o finisher finishing impression! o The die im"ression that im"arts the final sha"e to a forged "art. o finish grinding o The final grinding action on a &or5"iece! of &hich the o)'ecti%es are surface finish and

dimensional accurac#.
o o o o o o o o

finishing die
The die set used in the last forging ste".

finishing temperature
The tem"erature at &hich hot &or5ing is com"leted.

finish machining
A machining "rocess analogous to finish grinding .

firecracker welding

A %ariation of the shielded metal arc &elding "rocess in &hich a length of co%ered electrode is "laced along the 'oint in contact &ith the &or5"ieces. ;uring the &elding o"eration! the stationar# electrode is consumed as the arc tra%els the length of the electrode.
o fire-refined copper o 3o""er that has )een refined )# the use of a furnace "rocess onl#! including refiner# sha"es and!

)# e$tension! fa)ricatorsN "roducts made therefrom. <suall#! &hen this term is used alone it refers to fire-refined tough "itch co""er &ithout elements other than o$#gen )eing "resent in significant amounts.
o fir-tree crystal o A t#"e of dendrite . o fisheye

o An area on a steel fracture surface ha%ing a characteristic &hite cr#stalline a""earance. o fisheye weld defect! o A discontinuit# found on the fracture surface of a &eld in steel that consists of a small "ore or

inclusion surrounded )# an a""ro$imatel# round! )right area.

o fishmouthing o See alligatoring . o fishscale o A scal# a""earance in a "orcelain enamel coating in &hich the e%olution of h#drogen from the

)ase metal (iron or steel+ causes loss of adhesion )et&een the enamel and the )ase metal. The scales are some&hat li5e )listers that ha%e crac5ed "art&a# around the "erimeter )ut still remain attached to the coating around the rest of the "erimeter.
o fishtail o (8+ In roll forging! the e$cess trailing end of a forging. It is often used! )efore )eing trimmed off!

as a tong hold for a su)se:uent forging o"eration. (,+ In hot rolling or e$trusion! the im"erfectl# sha"ed trailing end of a )ar or s"ecial section that must )e cut off and discarded as mill scra".
o fissure o A small crac5li5e &eld discontinuit# &ith onl# slight se"aration (o"ening dis"lacement+ of the

fracture surfaces. The "refi$es macro or micro indicate relati%e si*e.

o fixed-feed grinding o Grinding in &hich the &heel is fed into the &or5! or %ice %ersa! )# gi%en increments or at a gi%en

rate.
o fixed position welding o 1elding in &hich the &or5 is held in a stationar# "osition. o fixture o A de%ice designed to hold "arts to )e 'oined in "ro"er relation to each other. o flake o A short! discontinuous internal crac5 in ferrous metals attri)uted to stresses "roduced )#

locali*ed transformation and h#drogen-solu)ilit# effects during cooling after hot &or5ing. In fracture surfaces! fla5es a""ear as )right! sil%er# areas &ith a coarse te$ture. In dee" acid-etched trans%erse sections! the# a""ear as discontinuities that are usuall# in the mid&a# to center location of the section. Also termed hairline crac5s and shatter crac5s.
o flake graphite o Gra"hitic car)on! in the form of "latelets! occurring in the microstructure of gra# iron. o flaking o (8+ The remo%al of material from a surface in the form of fla5es or scaleli5e "articles. (,+ A form

of "itting resulting from fatigue. See also s"alling .

o o o o o o o o

flame annealing
Annealing in &hich the heat is a""lied directl# )# a flame.

flame cleaning
3leaning metal surfaces of scale! rust! dirt! and moisture )# use of a gas flame.

flame cutting
See "referred term o$#gen cutting .

flame hardening

A "rocess for hardening the surfaces of hardena)le ferrous allo#s in &hich an intense flame is used to heat the surface la#ers a)o%e the u""er transformation tem"erature! &hereu"on the &or5"iece is immediatel# :uenched.
o

flame spraying

o A thermal s"ra#ing "rocess in &hich an o$#fuel gas flame is the source of heat for melting the

surfacing material. 3om"ressed gas ma# or ma# not )e used for atomi*ing and "ro"elling the surfacing material to the su)strate.
o flame straightening o 3orrecting distortion in metal structures )# locali*ed heating &ith a gas flame. o flank o The end surface of a tool that is ad'acent to the cutting edge and )elo& it &hen the tool is in a

hori*ontal "osition! as for turning.

o flank wear o The loss of relief on the flan5 of the tool )ehind the cutting edge due to ru))ing contact )et&een

the &or5 and the tool during cutting/ measured in terms of linear dimension )ehind the original cutting edge.
o flare test o A test a""lied to tu)ing! in%ol%ing ta"ered e$"ansion o%er a cone. Similar to "in e$"ansion test . o flaring o (8+ Dorming an out&ard acute-angle flange on a tu)ular "art. (,+ Dorming a flange )# using the

head of a h#draulic "ress.

o flash o (8+ In forging! metal in e$cess of that re:uired to fill the )loc5ing or finishing forging im"ression

of a set of dies com"letel#. Dlash e$tends out from the )od# of the forging as a thin "late at the line &here the dies meet and is su)se:uentl# remo%ed )# trimming. Cecause it cools faster than the )od# of the com"onent during forging! flash can ser%e to restrict metal flo& at the line &here dies meet! thus ensuring com"lete filling of the im"ression. See also closed-die forging . (,+ In casting! a fin of metal that results from lea5age )et&een mating mold surfaces. (3+ In &elding! the material that is e$"elled or s:uee*ed out of a &eld 'oint and that forms around the &eld.
o flashback o A recession of the &elding or cutting torch flame into or )ac5 of the mi$ing cham)er of the

torch.
o flash extension o That "ortion of flash remaining on a forged "art after trimming/ usuall# included in the normal

forging tolerances.
o flashing o In flash &elding! the heating "ortion of the c#cle! consisting of a series of ra"idl# recurring

locali*ed short circuits follo&ed )# molten metal e$"ulsions! during &hich time the surfaces to )e &elded are mo%ed one to&ard the other at a "redetermined s"eed.
o flash land o 3onfiguration in the )loc5ing or finishing im"ression of forging dies designed to restrict or to

encourage the gro&th of flash at the "arting line! &hiche%er ma# )e re:uired in a "articular case to ensure com"lete filling of the im"ression.
o flash line o The line left on a forging after the flash has )een trimmed off. o flash plate o A %er# thin final electrode"osited film of metal. o flash welding o A resistance &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence at the fa#ing surfaces of a)utting

mem)ers )# a flashing action and )# the a""lication of "ressure after heating is su)stantiall# com"leted. The flashing action! caused )# the %er# high current densities at small contacts )et&een the "arts! forci)l# e$"els the material from the 'oint as the "arts are slo&l# mo%ed together. The &eld is com"leted )# a ra"id u"setting of the &or5"ieces.

o flask o A metal or &ood frame used for ma5ing and holding a sand mold. The u""er "art is called the

co"e/ the lo&er! the drag. See also )lind riser .

o flat-die forging o Dorging metal )et&een flat or sim"le-contour dies )# re"eated stro5es and mani"ulation of the

&or5"iece. Also 5no&n as o"en-die forging ! hand forging! or smith forging.

o flat drill o A rotar# end-cutting tool constructed from a flat "iece of material! "ro%ided &ith suita)le cutting

li"s at the cutting end.

o flat edge trimmer o A machine for trimming notched edges on shells. The slide is cam dri%en so as to o)tain a )rief

d&ell at the )ottom of the stro5e! at &hich time the die! sometimes called a shimm# die! oscillates to trim the "art.
o flat-position welding o 1elding from the u""er side! the face of the &eld )eing hori*ontal. Also called do&nhand

&elding.
o flattening o (8+ A "reliminar# o"eration "erformed on forging stoc5 to "osition the metal for a su)se:uent

forging o"eration. (,+ The remo%al of irregularities or distortion in sheets or "lates )# a method such as roller le%eling or stretcher le%eling.
o flattening dies o ;ies used to flatten sheet metal hems! that is! dies that can flatten a )end )# closing it. These dies

consist of a to" and )ottom die &ith a flat surface that can close one section (flange+ to another (hem! seam+.
o flattening test o A :ualit# test for tu)ing in &hich a s"ecimen is flattened to a s"ecified height )et&een "arallel

"lates.
o flat wire o A roughl# rectangular or s:uare mill "roduct! narro&er than stri"! in &hich all surfaces are rolled

or dra&n &ithout an# "re%ious slitting! shearing! or sa&ing.

o flaw o A nons"ecific term often used to im"l# a crac5-li5e discontinuit#. See "referred terms

discontinuit# and defect .

o flexible cam o An ad'usta)le "ressure-control cam of s"ring steel stri"s used to o)tain %ar#ing "ressure during a

forming c#cle.
o flex roll o A mo%a)le 'um" roll designed to "ush u" against a metal sheet as it "asses through a roller

le%eler. The fle$ roll can )e ad'usted to deflect the sheet an# amount u" to the roll diameter.
o flex rolling o Eassing metal sheets through a fle$ roll unit to minimi*e #ield-"oint elongation in order to reduce

the tendenc# for stretcher strains to a""ear during forming.

o flexural strength o A "ro"ert# of solid material that indicates its a)ilit# to &ithstand a fle$ural or trans%erse load. o floating die o (8+ In metalforming! a die mounted in a die holder or "unch mounted in its holder such that a

slight amount of motion com"ensates for tolerance in the die "arts! the &or5! or the "ress. (,+ A die mounted on hea%# s"rings to allo& %ertical motion in some trimming! shearing! and forming

o"erations.
o floating plug o In tu)e dra&ing! an unsu""orted mandrel that locates itself at the die inside the tu)e! causing a

reduction in &all thic5ness &hile the die is reducing the outside diameter of the tu)e.
o flop forging o A forging in &hich the to" and )ottom die im"ressions are identical! "ermitting the forging to )e

turned u"side do&n during the forging o"eration.

o flospinning o Dorming c#lindrical! conical and cur%ilinear sha"ed "arts )# "o&er s"inning o%er a rotating

mandrel. See also s"inning .

o flotation o The concentration of %alua)le minerals from ores )# agitation of the ground material &ith &ater!

oil! and flotation chemicals. The %alua)le minerals are generall# &etted )# the oil! lifted to the surface )# clinging air )u))les! and then floated off.
o flow o .o%ement (sli""ing or sliding+ of essentiall# "arallel "lanes &ithin an element of a material in

"arallel directions/ occurs under the action of shear stress. 3ontinuous action in this manner! at constant %olume and &ithout disintegration of the material! is termed #ield! cree"! or "lastic deformation.
o flowability o (8+ In casting! a characteristic of a foundr# sand mi$ture that ena)les it to mo%e under "ressure or

%i)ration so that it ma5es intimate contact &ith all surfaces of the "attern or core )o$. (,+ In &elding! )ra*ing! or soldering! the a)ilit# of molten filler metal to flo& or s"read o%er a metal surface.
o flow brightening o (8+ .elting of an electrode"osit! follo&ed )# solidification! es"eciall# of tin "late. (,+ Dusion

(melting+ of a chemicall# or mechanicall# de"osited metallic coating on a su)strate! "articularl# as it "ertains to soldering.
o flow lines o (8+ Te$ture sho&ing the direction of metal flo& during hot or cold &or5ing. Dlo& lines can often

)e re%ealed )# etching the surface or a section of a metal "art. See accom"an#ing macrogra"h. (,+ In mechanical metallurg#! "aths follo&ed )# minute %olumes of metal during deformation.
o flow stress o The stress re:uired to "roduce "lastic deformation in a solid metal. o flow through o A forging defect caused )# metal flo& "ast the )ase of a ri) &ith resulting ru"ture of the grain

structure.
o fluid-cell process o A modification of the Guerin "rocess for forming sheet metal! the fluid-cell "rocess uses higher

"ressure and is "rimaril# designed for forming slightl# dee"er "arts! using a ru))er "ad as either the die or "unch. A fle$i)le h#draulic fluid cell forces an au$iliar# ru))er "ad to follo& the contour of the form )loc5 and e$ert a nearl# uniform "ressure at all "oints on the &or5"iece. See also fluid forming and ru))er-"ad forming .
o fluid forming o A modification of the Guerin "rocess ! fluid forming differs from the fluid-cell "rocess in that the

die ca%it#! called a "ressure dome! is not com"letel# filled &ith ru))er! )ut &ith h#draulic fluid retained )# cu"-sha"ed ru))er dia"hragm. See also ru))er-"ad forming .
o fluidity o The a)ilit# of li:uid metal to run into and fill a mold ca%it#.

o fluidi"ed bed o A contained mass of a finel# di%ided solid that )eha%es li5e a fluid &hen )rought into sus"ension

in a mo%ing gas or li:uid.

o fluorescent magnetic-particle inspection o Ins"ection &ith either dr# magnetic "articles or those in a li:uid sus"ension! the "articles )eing

coated &ith a fluorescent su)stance to increase the %isi)ilit# of the indications.

o fluorescent penetrant inspection o Ins"ection using a fluorescent li:uid that &ill "enetrate an# surface o"ening/ after the surface has

)een &i"ed clean! the location of an# surface fla&s ma# )e detected )# the fluorescence! under ultra%iolet light! of )ac5-see"age of the fluid.
o fluoroscopy o An ins"ection "rocedure in &hich the radiogra"hic image of the su)'ect is %ie&ed on a

fluorescent screen! normall# limited to lo&-densit# materials or thin sections of metals )ecause of the lo& light out"ut of the fluorescent screen at safe le%els of radiation.
o flute o (8+ As a""lied to drills! reamers! and ta"s! the channels or groo%es formed in the )od# of the tool

to "ro%ide cutting edges and to "ermit "assage of cutting fluid and chi"s. (,+ As a""lied to milling cutters and ho)s! the chi" s"ace )et&een the )ac5 of one tooth and the face of the follo&ing tooth.
o flutes o 4longated groo%es or %oids that connect &idel# s"aced clea%age "lanes. o fluting o (8+ Dorming longitudinal recesses in a c#lindrical "art! or radial recesses in a conical "art. (,+ A

series of shar" "arallel 5in5s or creases occurring in the arc &hen sheet metal is roll formed into a c#lindrical sha"e. (3+ Grinding the groo%es of a t&ist drill or ta".
o flux o (8+ In metal refining! a material added to a melt to remo%e undesira)le su)stances! li5e sand! ash!

or dirt. Dlu$ing of the melt facilitates the agglomeration and se"aration of such undesira)le constituents from the melt. It is also used as a "rotecti%e co%ering for certain molten metal )aths. Lime or limestone is generall# used to remo%e sand! as in iron smelting/ sand! to remo%e iron o$ide in co""er refining. (,+ In )ra*ing! cutting! soldering! or &elding! material used to "re%ent the formation of! or to dissol%e and facilitate remo%al of! o$ides and other undesira)le su)stances.
o flux cored arc welding 7,A9! o An arc &elding "rocess that 'oins metal )# heating them &ith an arc )et&een a continuous

tu)ular filler-metal electrode and the &or5. Shielding is "ro%ided )# a flu$ contained &ithin the consuma)le tu)ular electrode. Additional shielding ma# or ma# not )e o)tained from an e$ternall# su""lied gas or gas mi$ture. See also flu$ cored electrode .
o flux cored electrode o A com"osite filler metal electrode consisting of a metal tu)e or other hollo& configuration

containing ingredients to "ro%ide such functions as shielding atmos"here! deo$idation! arc sta)ili*ation! and slag formation. .inor amounts of allo#ing materials ma# )e included in the core. 4$ternal shielding ma# or ma# not )e used.
o flux density o In magnetism! the num)er of flu$ lines "er unit area "assing through a cross section at right

angles. It is gi%en )# C M H! &here and H are "ermea)ilit# and magnetic-field intensit#! res"ecti%el#.
o

flux lines

o Imaginar# lines used as a means of e$"laining the )eha%ior of magnetic and other fields. Their

conce"t is )ased on the "attern of lines "roduced &hen magnetic "articles are s"rin5led o%er a "ermanent magnet. Sometimes called magnetic lines of force.
o fly cutting o 3utting &ith a single-tooth milling cutter. o flying shear o A machine for cutting continuous rolled "roducts to length that does not re:uire a halt in rolling!

)ut rather mo%es along the runout ta)le at the same s"eed as the "roduct &hile "erforming the cutting! and then returns to the starting "oint in time to cut the ne$t "iece.
o fog +uenching o Huenching in a fine %a"or or mist. o foil o .etal in sheet form less than 0.85 mm (0.00A in.+ thic5. o fold o (8+ A defect in metal! usuall# on or near the surface! caused )# continued fa)rication of

o%erla""ing surfaces. (,+ A forging defect caused )# folding metal )ac5 onto its o&n surface during its flo& in the die ca%it#. See also la" .
o follow board o In foundr# "ractice! a )oard contoured to a "attern to facilitate the ma5ing of a sand mold. o follow die o A "rogressi%e die consisting of t&o or more "arts in a single holder/ used &ith a se"arate lo&er

die to "erform more than one o"eration (such as "iercing and )lan5ing+ on a "art in t&o or more stations.
o forced-air +uench o A :uench utili*ing )lasts of com"ressed air against relati%el# small "arts such as a gear. o forgeability o Term used to descri)e the relati%e a)ilit# of material to deform &ithout fracture. Also descri)es

the resistance to flo& from deformation. See also forma)ilit# .

o forged roll $cleroscope hardness number *73$c or *73$d! o A num)er related to the height of re)ound of a diamond-ti""ed hammer dro""ed on a forged

steel roll. It is measured on a scale determined )# di%iding into 800 units the a%erage re)ound of a hammer from a forged steel roll of acce"ted ma$imum hardness. See also Sclerosco"e hardness num)er and Sclerosco"e hardness test .
o forged structure o The macrostructure through a suita)le section of a forging that re%eals direction of &or5ing. o forge welding o Solid-state &elding in &hich metals are heated in a forge (in air+ and then &elded together )#

a""l#ing "ressure or )lo&s sufficient to cause "ermanent deformation at the interface.

o forging o The "rocess of &or5ing metal to a desired sha"e )# im"act or "ressure in hammers! forging

machines (u"setters+! "resses! rolls! and related forming e:ui"ment. Dorging hammers! counter)lo& e:ui"ment! and high-energ#-rate forging machines a""l# im"act to the &or5"iece! &hile most other t#"es of forging e:ui"ment a""l# s:uee*e "ressure in sha"ing the stoc5. Some metals can )e forged at room tem"erature! )ut most are made more "lastic for forging )# heating. S"ecific forging "rocesses defined in this glossar# include closed-die forging ! high-energ#-rate forging ! hot u"set forging ! isothermal forging ! o"en-die forging ! "o&der forging ! "recision forging ! radial forging ! ring rolling ! roll forging ! rotar# forging ! and rotar# s&aging .
o

forging billet

o A &rought metal slug used as forging stoc5 . o forging dies o Dorms for ma5ing forgings/ the# generall# consist of a to" and )ottom die. The sim"lest &ill

form a com"leted forging in a single im"ression/ the most com"le$! consisting of se%eral die inserts! ma# ha%e a num)er of im"ressions for the "rogressi%e &or5ing of com"licated sha"es. Dorging dies are usuall# in "airs! &ith "art of the im"ression in one of the )loc5s and the rest of the im"ression in the other )loc5.
o forging envelope o See finish allo&ance . o forging ingot o A cast metal slug used as forging stoc5 . o forging machine upsetter or header!; o A t#"e of forging e:ui"ment! related to the mechanical "ress ! in &hich the "rinci"al forming

energ# is a""lied hori*ontall# to the &or5"iece! &hich is gri""ed and held )# "rior action of the dies. See also heading ! hot u"set forging ! and u"setting .
o forging plane o In forging! the "lane that includes the "rinci"al die face and that is "er"endicular to the direction

of ram tra%el. 1hen "arting surfaces of the dies are flat! the forging "lane coincides &ith the "arting line.
o forging range o Tem"erature range in &hich a metal can )e forged successfull#. o forging rolls o Eo&er-dri%en rolls used in "reforming )ar or )illet stoc5 that ha%e sha"ed contours and notches

for introduction of the &or5. See also roll forging .

o forging stock o A &rought rod! )ar! or other section suita)le for su)se:uent change in cross section )# forging. o formability o The ease &ith &hich a metal can )e sha"ed through "lastic deformation. 4%aluation of the

forma)ilit# of a metal in%ol%es measurement of strength! ductilit#! and the amount of deformation re:uired to cause fracture. The term &or5a)ilit# is used interchangea)l# &ith forma)ilit#/ ho&e%er! forma)ilit# refers to the sha"ing of sheet metal! &hile &or5a)ilit# refers to sha"ing materials )# )ul5 forming. See also forgea)ilit# .
o form block o Tooling! usuall# the male "art! used for forming sheet metal contours/ generall# used in

ru))er"ad forming.
o o o o o o o o

form cutter
An# cutter! "rofile shar"ened or cam relie%ed! sha"ed to "roduce a s"ecified form on the &or5.

form die
A die used to change the sha"e of a sheet metal )lan5 &ith minimal "lastic flo&.

form grinding
Grinding &ith a &heel ha%ing a contour on its cutting face that is a mating fit to the desired form.

forming

(8+ .a5ing a change! &ith the e$ce"tion of shearing or )lan5ing! in the sha"e or contour of a metal "art &ithout intentionall# altering its thic5ness. (,+ The "lastic deformation of a )illet or a )lan5ed sheet )et&een tools (dies+ to o)tain the final configuration. .etalforming "rocesses are t#"icall# classified as )ul5 forming and sheet forming. Also referred to as metal&or5ing.

o forming limit diagram 7<'! o A diagram in &hich the ma'or strains at the onset of nec5ing in sheet metal are "lotted %erticall#

and the corres"onding minor strains are "lotted hori*ontall#. The onset-of-failure line di%ides all "ossi)le strain com)inations into t&o *ones the safe *one (in &hich failure during forming is not e$"ected+ and the failure *one (in &hich failure during forming is e$"ected+.
o form-relieved cutter o A cutter so relie%ed that )# grinding onl# the tooth face of the original form is maintained

throughout its life.

o form rolling o Hot rolling to "roduce )ars ha%ing contoured cross sections/ not to )e confused &ith roll forming

of sheet metal or &ith roll forging.

o form tool o A single-edge! nonrotating cutting tool! circular or flat! that "roduces its in%erse or re%erse form

counter"art u"on a &or5"iece.

o forward extrusion o Same as direct e$trusion. See e$trusion . o fouling o An accumulation of de"osits. This term includes accumulation and gro&th of marine organisms

on a su)merged metal surface and also includes the accumulation of de"osits (usuall# inorganic+ on heat e$changer tu)ing. See also )iological corrosion .
o foundry o A commercial esta)lishment or )uilding &here metal castings are "roduced. o foundry returns o .etal in the form of gates! s"rues! runners! risers! and scra""ed castings of 5no&n com"osition

returned to the furnace for remelting.

o four-high mill o A t#"e of rolling mill! commonl# used for flat-rolled mill "roducts! in &hich t&o large-diameter

)ac5u" rolls are em"lo#ed to reinforce t&o smaller &or5 rolls! &hich are in contact &ith the "roduct. 4ither the &or5 rolls or the )ac5u" rolls ma# )e dri%en. 3om"are &ith t&o-high mill and cluster mill .
o four-point press o A "ress &hose slide is actuated )# four connections and four cran5s! eccentrics! or c#linders! the

chief merit )eing to e:uali*e the "ressure at the corners of the slides.
o fractography o ;escri"ti%e treatment of fracture of materials! &ith s"ecific reference to "hotogra"hs of the

fracture surface. .acrofractogra"h# in%ol%es "hotogra"hs at lo& magnification (=,5U+/ microfractogra"h#! "hotogra"hs at high magnification (R,5U+.
o fracture o The irregular surface "roduced &hen a "iece of metal is )ro5en. See also )rittle fracture !

clea%age fracture ! cr#stalline fracture ! decohesi%e ru"ture ! dim"le ru"ture ! ductile fracture ! fi)rous fracture ! granular fracture ! intergranular fracture ! sil5# fracture ! and transgranular fracture .
o fracture grain si"e o Grain si*e determined )# com"aring a fracture of a s"ecimen &ith a set of standard fractures. Dor

steel! a full# martensitic s"ecimen is generall# used! and the de"th of hardening and the "rior austenitic grain si*e are determined.
o fracture mechanics o A :uantitati%e anal#sis for e%aluating structural )eha%ior in terms of a""lied stress! crac5 length!

and s"ecimen or machine com"onent geometr#. See also linear elastic fracture mechanics .

o fracture strength o The normal stress at the )eginning of fracture. 3alculated from the load at the )eginning of

fracture during a tension test and the original cross-sectional area of the s"ecimen.
o fracture stress o The true! normal stress on the minimum cross-sectional area at the )eginning of fracture. The

term usuall# a""lies to tension tests of unnotched s"ecimens.

o fracture surface markings o Dracture surface features that ma# )e used to determine the fracture origin location and the nature

of the stress that "roduced the fracture.

o fracture test o Test in &hich a s"ecimen is )ro5en and its fracture surface is e$amined &ith the unaided e#e or

&ith a lo&-"o&er microsco"e to determine such factors as com"osition! grain si*e! case de"th! or discontinuities.
o fracture toughness o A generic term for measures of resistance to e$tension of a crac5. The term is sometimes

restricted to results of fracture mechanics tests! &hich are directl# a""lica)le in fracture control. Ho&e%er! the term commonl# includes results from sim"le tests of notched or "recrac5ed s"ecimens not )ased on fracture mechanics anal#sis. Results from tests of the latter t#"e are often useful for fracture control! )ased on either ser%ice e$"erience or em"irical correlations &ith fracture mechanics tests. See also stress-intensit# factor .
o fragmentation o The su)di%ision of a grain into small! discrete cr#stallite outlined )# a hea%il# deformed net&or5

of intersecting sli" )ands as a result of cold &or5ing. These small cr#stals or fragments differ in orientation and tend to rotate to a sta)le orientation determined )# the sli" s#stems.
o freckling o A t#"e of segregation re%ealed as dar5 s"ots on a macroetched s"ecimen of a

consuma)leelectrode %acuum-arc-remelted allo#.

o free bend o The )end o)tained )# a""l#ing forces to the ends of a s"ecimen &ithout the a""lication of force

at the "oint of ma$imum )ending.

o free carbon o The "art of the total car)on in steel or cast iron that is "resent in elemental form as gra"hite or

tem"er car)on. 3ontrast &ith com)ined car)on .

o free ferrite o (8+ Derrite that is formed directl# from the decom"osition of h#"oeutectoid austenite during

cooling! &ithout the simultaneous formation of cementite. (,+ Derrite formed into se"arate grains and not intimatel# associated &ith car)ides as in "earlite. Also called proeutectoid ferrite.
o free machining o Eertains to the machining characteristics of an allo# to &hich one or more ingredients ha%e )een

introduced to "roduce small )ro5en chi"s! lo&er "o&er consum"tion! )etter surface finish! and longer tool life/ among such additions are sulfur or lead to steel! lead to )rass! lead and )ismuth to aluminum! and sulfur or selenium to stainless steel.
o free"ing point o See "referred term li:uidus and solidus . See also melting "oint . o free"ing range o That tem"erature range )et&een li:uidus and solidus tem"eratures in &hich molten and solid

constituents coe$ist.
o

fretting

o A t#"e of &ear that occurs )et&een tight-fitting surfaces su)'ected to c#clic relati%e motion of

e$tremel# small am"litude. <suall#! fretting is accom"anied )# corrosion! es"eciall# of the %er# fine &ear de)ris. Also referred to as fretting corrosion and false )rinelling (in rolling-element )earings+.
o fretting corrosion o (8+ The accelerated deterioration at the interface )et&een contacting surfaces as the result of

corrosion and slight oscillator# mo%ement )et&een the t&o surfaces. (,+ A form of fretting in &hich chemical reaction "redominates. Dretting corrosion is often characteri*ed )# the remo%al of "articles and su)se:uent formation of o$ides! &hich are often a)rasi%e and so increase the &ear. Dretting corrosion can in%ol%e other chemical reaction "roducts! &hich ma# not )e a)rasi%e.
o fretting fatigue o (8+ Datigue fracture that initiates at a surface area &here fretting has occurred. The "rogressi%e

damage to a solid surface that arises from fretting. Note If "articles of &ear de)ris are "roduced! then the term fretting &ear ma# )e a""lied.
o fretting wear o 1ear arising as a result of fretting . o friction o The resisting force tangential to the common )oundar# )et&een t&o )odies &hen! under the

action of an e$ternal force! one )od# mo%es or tends to mo%e relati%e to the surface of the other.
o friction coefficient o See coefficient of friction . o friction welding 739! o A solid-state &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of materials under com"ressi%e force

contact of &or5"ieces rotating or mo%ing relati%e to one another to "roduce heat and "lasticall# dis"lace material from the fa#ing surfaces.
o fuel gases o Gases usuall# used &ith o$#gen for heating such as acet#lene! natural gas! h#drogen! "ro"ane!

sta)ili*ed meth#lacet#lene "ro"adiene! and other s#nthetic fuels and h#drocar)ons.

o full annealing o An im"recise term that denotes an annealing c#cle to "roduce minimum strength and hardness.

Dor the term to )e meaningful! the com"osition and starting condition of the material and the time-tem"erature c#cle used must )e stated.
o full center o .ild &a%iness do&n the center of a metal sheet or stri". o fuller fullering impression! o Eortion of the die used in hammer forging "rimaril# to reduce the cross section and to lengthen a

"ortion of the forging stoc5. The fullering im"ression is often used in con'unction &ith an edger (edging im"ression+ .
o full hard o A tem"er of nonferrous allo#s and some ferrous allo#s corres"onding a""ro$imatel# to a

cold&or5ed state )e#ond &hich the material can no longer )e formed )# )ending. In s"ecifications! a full hard tem"er is commonl# defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or! alternati%el#! a range of hardness or strength+ corres"onding to a s"ecific "ercentage of cold reduction follo&ing a full anneal. Dor aluminum! a full hard tem"er is e:ui%alent to a reduction of B5? from dead soft / for austenitic stainless steels! a reduction of a)out 50 to 55?.
o full mold o A trade name for an e$"enda)le "attern casting "rocess in &hich the "ol#st#rene "attern is

%a"ori*ed )# the molten metal as the mold is "oured. See also lost foam casting .
o furnace bra"ing o A mass-"roduction )ra*ing "rocess in &hich the filler metal is "re"laced on the 'oint! then the

entire assem)l# is heated to )ra*ing tem"erature in a furnace.

o fused spray deposit o A self-flu$ing s"ra# de"osit &hich is de"osited )# con%entional thermal s"ra#ing and

su)se:uentl# fused using either a heating torch or a furnace.

o fused "one o See "referred terms fusion *one ! nugget ! and &eld interface . o fusible alloys o A grou" of )inar#! ternar#! :uaternar#! and :uinar# allo#s containing )ismuth! lead! tin!

cadmium! and indium. The term 6fusi)le allo#6 refers to an# of more than 800 allo#s that melt at relati%el# lo& tem"eratures! that is! )elo& the melting "oint of tin-lead solder (8>3 G3! or 3A0 GD+. The melting "oints of these allo#s range as lo& as IB G3 (88A GD+.
o fusion o The melting together of filler metal and )ase metal (su)strate+! or of )ase metal onl#! &hich

results in coalescence. See also de"th of fusion .

o o o o o o o

fusion welding
An# &elding "rocess that uses fusion of the )ase metal to ma5e the &eld.

fusion "one
The area of )ase metal melted as determined on the cross section of a &eld. G

gage

(8+ The thic5ness of sheet or the diameter of &ire. The %arious standards are ar)itrar# and differ &ith regard to ferrous and nonferrous "roducts as &ell as sheet and &ire. (,+ An aid for %isual ins"ection that ena)les an ins"ector to determine more relia)l# &hether the si*e or contour of a formed "art meets dimensional re:uirements. (3+ An instrument used to measure thic5ness or length.
o gage length o The original length of that "ortion of the s"ecimen o%er &hich strain! change of length and other

characteristics are measured.

o gall o To damage the surface of a "o&der metallurg# com"act or die "art! caused )# adhesion of

"o&der to the die ca%it# &all or a "unch surface.

o galling o (8+ A condition &here)# e$cessi%e friction )et&een high s"ots results in locali*ed &elding &ith

su)se:uent s"alling and a further roughening of the ru))ing surfaces of one or )oth of t&o mating "arts. (,+ A se%ere form of scuffing associated &ith gross damage to the surfaces or failure. Galling has )een used in man# &a#s in tri)olog#/ therefore! each time it is encountered its meaning must )e ascertained from the s"ecific conte$t of the usage. See also scoring and scuffing .
o galvanic cell o (8+ A cell in &hich chemical change is the source of electrical energ#. It usuall# consists of t&o

dissimilar conductors in contact &ith each other and &ith an electrol#te! or of t&o similar conductors in contact &ith each other and &ith dissimilar electrol#tes. (,+ A cell or s#stem in &hich a s"ontaneous o$idation-reduction reaction occurs! the resulting flo& of electrons )eing conducted in an e$ternal "art of the circuit.
o

galvanic corrosion

o 3orrosion associated &ith the current of a gal%anic cell consisting of t&o dissimilar conductors in

an electrol#te or t&o similar conductors in dissimilar electrol#tes. 1here the t&o dissimilar metals are in contact! the resulting reaction is referred to as cou"le action.
o galvanic couple o A "air of dissimilar conductors! commonl# metals! in electrical contact. See also gal%anic

corrosion .
o galvanic current o The electric current that flo&s )et&een metals or conducti%e nonmetals in a gal%anic cou"le. o galvanic series o A list of metals and allo#s arranged according to their relati%e corrosion "otentials in a gi%en

en%ironment. 3om"are &ith electromoti%e force series .

o galvani"e o To coat a metal surface &ith *inc using an# of %arious "rocesses. o galvanneal o To "roduce a *inc-iron allo# coating on iron or steel )# 5ee"ing the coating molten after hot di"

gal%ani*ing until the *inc allo#s com"letel# &ith the )asis metal.
o gamma iron o The face-centered cu)ic form of "ure iron! sta)le from 980 to 8I00 G3 (8AB0 to ,550 GD+. o gamma ray o Short-&a%elength electromagnetic radiation! similar to $-ra#s )ut of nuclear origin! &ith a range

of &a%elength from a)out 80-8I to 80-80 m. See also electromagnetic radiation .

o gamma structure o Structurall# analogous "hases or electron com"ounds ha%ing ratios of ,8 %alence electrons to 83

atoms. This is generall# a large! com"le$ cu)ic structure.

o gang milling o .illing &ith se%eral cutters mounted on the same ar)or or &ith &or5"ieces similarl# "ositioned

for cutting either simultaneousl# or consecuti%el# during a single setu".

o gang slitter o A machine &ith a num)er of "airs of rotar# cutters s"aced on t&o "arallel shafts! used for slitting

metal into stri"s or for trimming the edges of sheets.

o gangue o The &orthless "ortion of an ore that is se"arated from the desired "art )efore smelting is

commenced.
o gap-frame press o A general classification of "ress in &hich the u"rights or housings are made in the form of a

letter 3! thus ma5ing three sides of the die s"ace accessi)le.

o gas atomi"ation o An atomi*ation "rocess &here)# molten metal is )ro5en u" into "articles )# a ra"idl# mo%ing

inert gas stream.

o gas classification o The se"aration of a "o&der into its "article si*e fractions )# means of a gas stream of controlled

%elocit# flo&ing counterstream to the gra%it#-induced fall of the "articles. The method is used to classif# su)mesh-si*e "articles.
o gaseous corrosion o 3orrosion &ith gas as the onl# corrosi%e agent and &ithout an# a:ueous "hase on the surface of

the metal. Also called dr# corrosion. See also hot corrosion ! o$idation ! and sulfidation .
o

gas holes

o Holes in castings or &elds that are formed )# gas esca"ing from molten metal as it solidifies. Gas

holes ma# occur indi%iduall#! in clusters! or throughout the solidified metal.

o gas metal arc cutting o An arc cutting "rocess used to se%er metals )# melting them &ith the heat of an arc )et&een a

continuous metal (consuma)le+ electrode and the &or5. Shielding is o)tained entirel# from an e$ternall# su""lied gas or gas mi$ture.
o gas metal arc welding .1A9! o An arc &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals )# heating them &ith an arc )et&een

a continuous filler metal electrode and the &or5"ieces. Shielding is o)tained entirel# from an e$ternall# su""lied gas.
o gas pocket o A ca%it# caused )# entra""ed gas. o gas porosity o Dine holes or "ores &ithin a metal that are caused )# entra""ed gas or )# the e%olution of

dissol%ed gas during solidification.

o gas shielded arc welding o A general term used to descri)e gas metal arc &elding! gas tungsten arc &elding! and flu$ cored

arc &elding (&hen gas shielding is em"lo#ed+.

o gassing o (8+ A)sor"tion of gas )# a metal. (,+ 4%olution of gas from a metal during melting o"erations or

u"on solidification. (3+ 4%olution of gas from an electrode during electrol#sis.

o gas torch o See "referred terms cutting torch (arc+ ! cutting torch (o$#fuel gas+ ! &elding torch (arc+ ! and

&elding torch (o$#fuel gas+ .

o gas tungsten arc cutting o An arc-cutting "rocess in &hich metals are se%ered )# melting them &ith an arc )et&een a single

tungsten (nonconsuma)le+ electrode and the &or5"iece. Shielding is o)tained from a gas or gas mi$ture.
o gas tungsten arc welding .-A9! o An arc &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals )# heating them &ith an arc )et&een

a tungsten (nonconsuma)le+ electrode and the &or5. Shielding is o)tained from a gas or gas mi$ture. Eressure ma# or ma# not )e used and filler metal ma# or ma# not )e used.
o gas welding o See "referred term o$#fuel gas &elding . o gate o The "ortion of the runner in a mold through &hich molten metal enters the mold ca%it#. The

generic term is sometimes a""lied to the entire net&or5 of connecting channels that conduct metal into the mold ca%it#. See also gating s#stem .
o gated pattern o In foundr# "ractice! a "attern that includes not onl# the contours of the "art to )e cast )ut also the

gates.
o gathering o A forging o"eration that increases the cross section of "art of the stoc5/ usuall# a "reliminar#

o"eration.
o gathering stock o An# o"eration &here)# the cross section of a "ortion of the forging stoc5 is increased )e#ond its

original si*e.
o

gating system

o The com"lete assem)l# of s"rues! runners! and gates in a mold through &hich metal flo&s to

enter casting ca%it#. The term is also a""lied to e:ui%alent "ortions of the "attern.
o gear cutting o Eroducing tooth "rofiles of e:ual s"acing on the "eri"her#! internal surface! or face of a

&or5"iece )# means of an alternate shear gear-form cutter or a gear generator.

o geared press o A "ress &hose main cran5 or eccentric shaft is connected )# gears to the dri%ing source. o gear hobbing o Gear cutting )# use of a tool resem)ling a &orm gear in a""earance! ha%ing helicall# s"aced

cutting teeth. In a single-thread ho)! the ro&s of teeth ad%ance e$actl# one "itch as the ho) ma5es one re%olution. 1ith onl# one ho)! it is "ossi)le to cut interchangea)le gears of a gi%en "itch of an# num)er of teeth &ithin the range of the ho))ing machine.
o gear milling o Gear cutting &ith a milling cutter that has )een formed to the sha"e of the tooth s"ace to )e cut.

The tooth s"aces are machined one at a time.

o gear shaping o Gear cutting &ith a reci"rocating gear-sha"ed cutter rotating in mesh &ith the &or5 )lan5. o general corrosion o (8+ A form of deterioration that is distri)uted more or less uniforml# o%er a surface. (,+

3orrosion dominated )# uniform thinning that "roceeds &ithout a""recia)le locali*ed attac5. See also uniform corrosion .
o gibs o Guides or shoes that ensure the "ro"er "arallelism! s:uareness! and sliding fit )et&een

metalforming "ress com"onents such as the slide and the frame. The# are usuall# ad'usta)le to com"ensate for &ear and to esta)lish o"erating clearance.
o gla"ing o ;ulling the a)rasi%e grains in the cutting face of a &heel during grinding. o glide o (8+ Same as sli" . (,+ A noncr#stallogra"hic shearing mo%ement! such as of one grain o%er

another.
o globular transfer o In consuma)le-electrode arc &elding! a t#"e of metal transfer in &hich molten filler metal "asses

across the arc as large dro"lets. 3om"are &ith short-circuiting transfer and s"ra# transfer .
o gold filled o 3o%ered on one or more surfaces &ith a la#er of gold allo# to form a clad or com"osite material.

Gold-filled dental restorations are an e$am"le of such materials.

o gooseneck o In die casting! a s"out connecting a molten metal holding "ot! or cham)er! &ith a no**le or s"rue

hole in the die and containing a "assage through &hich molten metal is forced on its &a# to the die. It is the metal in'ection mechanism in a hot cham)er machine .
o gouging o In &elding "ractice! the forming of a )e%el or groo%e )# material remo%al. See also arc gouging

and o$#gen gouging .

o gouging abrasion o A form of high-stress a)rasion in &hich easil# o)ser%a)le groo%es or gouges are created on the

surface. See also a)rasion .

o

.-% "one

o A Guinier-Ereston *one . o graded abrasive o An a)rasi%e "o&der in &hich the si*es of the indi%idual "articles are confined to certain s"ecified

limits. See also grit si*e .

o grain o An indi%idual cr#stal in a "ol#cr#stalline material/ it ma# or ma# not contain t&inned regions

and su)grains.
o grain boundary o A narro& *one in a metal or ceramic corres"onding to the transition from one cr#stallogra"hic

orientation to another! thus se"arating one grain from another/ the atoms in each grain are arranged in an orderl# "attern.
o grain-boundary corrosion o Same as intergranular corrosion . See also interdendritic corrosion . o grain-boundary sulfide precipitation o An intermediate state of o%erheating of metals in &hich sulfide inclusions are redistri)uted to the

austenitic grain )oundaries )# "artial solution at the o%erheating tem"erature and re"reci"itation during su)se:uent cooling.
o grain coarsening o A heat treatment that "roduces e$cessi%el# large austenitic grains in metals. o grain flow o Di)erli5e lines on "olished and etched sections of forgings caused )# orientation of the

constituents of the metal in the direction of &or5ing during forging. Grain flo& "roduced )# "ro"er die design can im"ro%e re:uired mechanical "ro"erties of forgings. See also flo& lines and forged structure .
o grain growth o (8+ An increase in the a%erage si*e of the grains in "ol#cr#stalline material! usuall# as a result of

heating at ele%ated tem"erature. (,+ In "ol#cr#stalline materials! a "henomenon occurring fairl# close )elo& the melting "oint in &hich the larger grains gro& still larger &hile the smallest ones graduall# diminish and disa""ear. See also recr#stalli*ation .
o grain refinement o The mani"ulation of the solidification "rocess to cause more (and therefore smaller+ grains to )e

formed and0or to cause the grains to form in s"ecific sha"es. The term refinement is usuall# used to denote a chemical addition to the metal )ut can refer to control of the cooling rate.
o grain refiner o A material added to a molten metal to induce a finer-than-normal grain si*e in the final structure. o grain si"e o (8+ Dor metals! a measure of the areas or %olumes of grains in a "ol#cr#stalline material! usuall#

e$"ressed as an a%erage &hen the indi%idual si*es are fairl# uniform. In metals containing t&o or more "hases! grain si*e refers to that of the matri$ unless other&ise s"ecified. Grain si*e is re"orted in terms of num)er of grains "er unit area or %olume! in terms of a%erage diameter! or as a grain-si*e num)er deri%ed from area measurements. (,+ Dor grinding &heels! see "referred term grit si*e .
o grain si"e distribution o .easures of the characteristic grain or cr#stallite dimensions (usuall#! diameters+ in a

"ol#cr#stalline solid/ or of their "o"ulations )# si*e increments from minimum to ma$imum. <suall# determined )# microsco"#.
o granular fracture o A t#"e of irregular surface "roduced &hen metal is )ro5en that is characteri*ed )# a rough!

grainli5e a""earance! rather than a smooth or fi)rous one. It can )e su)classified as transgranular fracture or intergranular fracture. This t#"e of fracture is fre:uentl# called cr#stalline fracture/ ho&e%er! the inference that the metal )ro5e )ecause it 6cr#stalli*ed6 is not 'ustified! )ecause all metals are cr#stalline in the solid state. See also fi)rous fracture and sil5# fracture .
o granulated metal o Small "ellets "roduced )# "ouring li:uid metal through a screen or )# dro""ing it onto a

re%ol%ing dis5! and! in )oth instances! chilling &ith &ater.

o graphitic carbon o Dree car)on in steel or cast iron. o graphitic corrosion o 3orrosion of gra# iron in &hich the iron matri$ is selecti%el# leached a&a#! lea%ing a "orous

mass of gra"hite )ehind/ it occurs in relati%el# mild a:ueous solutions and on )uried "i"e and fittings.
o graphitic steel o Allo# steel made so that "art of the car)on is "resent as gra"hite. o graphiti"ation o The formation of gra"hite in iron or steel. 1here gra"hite is formed during solidification! the

"henomenon is termed "rimar# gra"hiti*ation/ &here formed later )# heat treatment! secondar# gra"hiti*ation.
o graphiti"ing o Annealing a ferrous allo# such that some or all the car)on "reci"itates as gra"hite. o gravity hammer o A class of forging hammer in &hich energ# for forging is o)tained )# the mass and %elocit# of a

freel# falling ram and the attached u""er die. 4$am"les are the )oard hammer and air-lift hammer.
o gravity segregation o Faria)le com"osition of a casting or ingot caused )# settling out of hea%# constituents! or rising

of light constituents! )efore or during solidification.

o o o o o o o o o o

gray cast iron

See gra# iron .

gray iron
A cast iron characteri*ed )# a gra# fracture surface due to the "resence of fla5e gra"hite.

green compact
An unsintered "o&der metallurg# or ceramic com"act.

green density
The densit# of a green com"act .

green rot

A form of high-tem"erature attac5 on stainless steels! nic5el-chromium allo#s! and nic5elchromiumiron allo#s su)'ected to simultaneous o$idation and car)uri*ation. Casicall#! attac5 occurs first )# "reci"itation of chromium as chromium car)ide! then )# o$idation of the car)ide "articles.
o green sand o A naturall# )onded sand! or a com"ounded molding sand mi$ture! that has )een 6tem"ered6 &ith

&ater and that is used &hile still moist.

o green sand core o (8+ A core made of green sand and used as-rammed. (,+ A sand core that is used in the un)a5ed

condition.

o green sand mold o A casting mold com"osed of moist "re"ared molding sand. 3ontrast &ith dr# sand mold . o green strength o (8+ The strength of a tem"ered foundr# sand mi$ture at room tem"erature. (,+ The a)ilit# of a

green com"act to maintain its si*e and sha"e during handling and storage "rior to sintering. (3+ The tensile or com"ressi%e strength of a green com"act.
o grindability o Relati%e ease of grinding! analogous to machina)ilit# . o grindability index o A measure of the grinda)ilit# of a material under s"ecified grinding conditions! e$"ressed in

terms of %olume of material remo%ed "er unit %olume of &heel &ear.

o grinding o Remo%ing material from a &or5"iece &ith a grinding &heel or a)rasi%e )elt. o grinding burn o See )urning . o grinding cracks o Shallo& crac5s formed in the surfaces of relati%el# hard materials )ecause of e$cessi%e grinding

heat or the high sensiti%it# of the material. See also grinding sensiti%it# .
o grinding fluid o An oil- or &ater-)ased fluid introduced into grinding o"erations to (8+ reduce and transfer heat

during grinding! (,+ lu)ricate during chi" formation! (3+ &ash loose chi"s or s&arf from the grinding )elt or &heel! and (I+ chemicall# aid the grinding action or machine maintenance.
o grinding oil o An oil-t#"e grinding fluid/ it ma# contain additi%es! )ut not &ater. o grinding relief o A groo%e or recess located at the )oundar# of a surface to "ermit the corner of the &heel to

o%erhang during grinding.

o grinding sensitivity o Susce"ti)ilit# of a material to surface damage such as grinding crac5s/ it can )e affected )# such

factors as hardness! microstructure! h#drogen content! and residual stress.

o grinding stress o Residual stress! generated )# grinding! in the surface la#er of &or5. It ma# )e tensile or

com"ressi%e! or )oth.
o grinding wheel o A cutting tool of circular sha"e made of a)rasi%e grains )onded together. See also diamond

&heels .
o grit o 3rushed ferrous or s#nthetic a)rasi%e material in %arious mesh si*es that is used in a)rasi%e

)lasting e:ui"ment to clean castings. Dor materials used for grinding )elts or grinding &heels! see the "referred term a)rasi%e .
o grit blasting o A)rasi%e )lasting &ith small irregular "ieces of steel! mallea)le cast iron! or hard nonmetallic

materials.
o grit si"e o 2ominal si*e of a)rasi%e "articles in a grinding &heel! corres"onding to the num)er of o"enings

"er linear inch in a screen through &hich the "articles can "ass.
o .rossmann number H! o A ratio descri)ing the a)ilit# of a :uenching medium to e$tract heat from a hot steel &or5"iece in

com"arison to still &ater defined )# the follo&ing e:uation o &here ! is the heat transfer coefficient and k is the conducti%it# of the metal.
o gross porosity o In &eld metal or in a casting! "ores! gas holes! or glo)ular %oids that are larger and in much

greater num)ers than those o)tained in good "ractice.

o groundbed o A )uried item! such as 'un5 steel or gra"hite rods! that ser%es as the anode for the cathodic

"rotection of "i"elines or other )uried structures.

o ground connection o In arc &elding! a de%ice used for attaching the &or5 lead (ground ca)le+ to the &or5. o growth cast iron! o A "ermanent increase in the dimensions of cast iron resulting from re"eated or "rolonged heating

at tem"eratures a)o%e I>0 G3 (900 GD+ due either to gra"hiti*ing of car)ides or o$idation.
o .uerin process o A ru))er-"ad forming "rocess for forming sheet metal. The "rinci"al tools are the ru))er "ad and

form )loc5! or "unch.

o guided bend o The )end o)tained )# use of a "lunger to force the s"ecimen into a die in order to "roduce the

desired contour of the outside and inside surfaces of the s"ecimen.

o guided bend test o A test in &hich the s"ecimen is )ent to a definite sha"e )# means of a "unch (mandrel+ and a

)ottom )loc5.
o guide mill o A small hand mill &ith se%eral stands in a train and &ith guides for the &or5 at the entrance to

the rolls.
o .uinier-%reston .-%! "one o A small "reci"itation domain in a su"ersaturated metallic solid solution. A G-E *one has no

&elldefined cr#stalline structure of its o&n and contains an a)normall# high concentration of solute atoms. The formation of G-E *ones constitutes the first stage of "reci"itation and is usuall# accom"anied )# a change in "ro"erties of the solid solution in &hich the# occur.
o gun drill o A drill! usuall# &ith one or more flutes and &ith coolant "assages through the drill )od#! used for

dee" hole drilling.

o gutter o A de"ression around the "eri"her# of a forging die im"ression outside the flash "an that allo&s

s"ace for the e$cess metal/ surrounds the finishing im"ression and "ro%ides room for the e$cess metal used to ensure a sound forging. A shallo& im"ression outside the "arting line. o H
o habit plane o The "lane or s#stem of "lanes of a cr#stalline "hase along &hich some "henomenon! such as

t&inning or transformation! occurs.

o *adfield steel o See austenitic manganese steel . o half cell o An electrode immersed in a suita)le electrol#te! designed for measurements of electrode

"otential.

o half hard o A tem"er of nonferrous allo#s and some ferrous allo#s characteri*ed )# tensile strength a)out

mid&a# )et&een those of dead soft and full hard tem"ers.

o *all process o A commercial "rocess for &inning aluminum from alumina )# electrol#tic reduction of a fused

)ath of alumina dissol%ed in cr#olite.

o hammer o A machine that a""lies a shar" )lo& to the &or5 area through the fall of a ram onto an an%il. The

ram can )e dri%en )# gra%it# or "o&er. See also gra%it# hammer .

o hammer forging o Dorging in &hich the &or5 is deformed )# re"eated )lo&s. o hammering o The &or5ing of metal sheet into a desired sha"e o%er a form or on a high-s"eed hammer and a

similar an%il to "roduce the re:uired dishing or thinning.

o hammer welding o Dorge &elding )# hammering. o hand brake o A small manual folding machine designed to )end sheet metal! similar in design and "ur"ose to a

"ress )ra5e .
o hand forge smith forge! o A forging o"eration in &hich forming is accom"lished on dies that are generall# flat. The "iece is

sha"ed roughl# to the re:uired contour &ith little or no lateral confinement/ o"erations in%ol%ing mandrels are included. The term hand forge refers to the o"eration "erformed! &hile hand forging a""lies to the "art "roduced.
o handling breaks o Irregular )rea5s caused )# im"ro"er handling of metal sheets during "rocessing. These )rea5s

result from )ending or sagging of the sheets during handling.

o hard chromium o 3hromium electrode"osited for engineering "ur"oses (such as to increase the &ear resistance of

sliding metal surfaces+ rather than as a decorati%e coating. It is usuall# a""lied directl# to su)strate and is customaril# thic5er (R8., m! or 0.05 mil+ than a decorati%e de"osit! )ut not necessaril# harder.
o hard drawn o An im"recise term a""lied to dra&n "roducts! such as &ire and tu)ing! that indicates su)stantial

cold reduction &ithout su)se:uent annealing. 3om"are &ith light dra&n .

o hardenability o The relati%e a)ilit# of a ferrous allo# to form martensite &hen :uenched from a tem"erature

a)o%e the u""er critical tem"erature. Hardena)ilit# is commonl# measured as the distance )elo& a :uenched surface at &hich the metal e$hi)its a s"ecific hardness (50 HR3! for e$am"le+ or a s"ecific "ercentage of martensite in the microstructure.
o hardener o An allo# rich in one or more allo#ing elements that is added to a melt to "ermit closer control of

com"osition than is "ossi)le )# the addition of "ure metals! or to introduce refractor# elements not readil# allo#ed &ith the )ase metal. Sometimes called master allo# or rich allo#.
o hardening o Increasing hardness of metals )# suita)le treatment! usuall# in%ol%ing heating and cooling. 1hen

a""lica)le! the follo&ing! more s"ecific terms should )e used age hardening ! case hardening ! flame hardening ! induction hardening ! "reci"itation hardening ! and :uench hardening .

o hardfacing o The a""lication of a hard! &ear-resistant material to the surface of a com"onent )# &elding!

s"ra#ing! or allied &elding "rocesses to reduce &ear or loss of material )# a)rasion! im"act! erosion! galling! and ca%itation. See also surfacing .
o hardfacing alloys o 1ear-resistant materials a%aila)le as )are &elding rod! flu$-coated rod! long-length solid &ires!

long-length tu)ular &ires! or "o&ders that are de"osited )# hardfacing.

o hard metal o A collecti%e term that designates a sintered material &ith high hardness! strength! and &ear

resistance and is characteri*ed )# a tough metallic )inder "hase and "articles of car)ides! )orides! or nitrides of the refractor# metals. The term is in general use a)road! &hile for the car)ides the term cemented car)ide is "referred in the <.S.! and the )oride and nitride materials are usuall# categori*ed as cermets .
o hardness o A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or a)rasion/ ma# )e thought of as

a function of the stress re:uired to "roduce some s"ecified t#"e of surface deformation. There is no a)solute scale for hardness/ therefore! to e$"ress hardness :uantitati%el#! each t#"e of test has its o&n scale of ar)itraril# defined hardness. Indentation hardness can )e measured )# Crinell! Roc5&ell! Fic5ers! Knoo"! and Sclerosco"e hardness tests.
o o o o o o o o

hard solder
A term erroneousl# used to denote sil%er-)ase )ra*ing filler metals.

hard surfacing
See "referred terms surfacing or hardfacing .

hard temper
Same as full hard tem"er.

*aring cell

A four-electrode cell for measurement of electrol#te resistance and electrode "olari*ation during electrol#sis.
o *-band steel o 3ar)on! car)on-)oron! or allo# steel "roduced to s"ecified limits of hardena)ilit#/ the chemical

com"osition range ma# )e slightl# different from that of the corres"onding grade of ordinar# car)on or allo# steel.
o heading o The u"setting of &ire! rod! or )ar stoc5 in dies to form "arts that usuall# contain "ortions that are

greater in cross-sectional area than the original &ire! rod! or )ar.

o hearth o The )ottom "ortions of certain furnaces! such as )last furnaces! air furnaces! and other

re%er)erator# furnaces! that su""ort the charge and sometimes collect and hold molten metal.
o heat o A stated tonnage of metal o)tained from a "eriod of continuous melting in a cu"ola or furnace! or

the melting "eriod re:uired to handle this tonnage.

o heat-affected "one *A=! o That "ortion of the )ase metal that &as not melted during )ra*ing! cutting! or &elding! )ut &hose

microstructure and mechanical "ro"erties &ere altered )# the heat.

o heat check o A "attern of "arallel surface crac5s that are formed )# alternate ra"id heating and cooling of the

e$treme surface metal! sometimes found on forging dies and "iercing "unches. There ma# )e t&o sets of "arallel crac5s! one set "er"endicular to the other.

o heat-resistant alloy o An allo# de%elo"ed for %er#-high-tem"erature ser%ice &here relati%el# high stresses (tensile!

thermal! %i)rator#! or shoc5+ are encountered and &here o$idation resistance is fre:uentl# re:uired.
o o o o o o o o o o

heat sink
A material that a)sor)s or transfers heat a&a# from a critical element or "art.

heat tinting
3oloration of a metal surface through o$idation )# heating to re%eal details of the microstructure.

heat treatable alloy

An allo# that can )e hardened )# heat treatment.

heat treating film

A thin coating or film! usuall# an o$ide! formed on the surface of a metal during heat treatment.

heat treatment

Heating and cooling a solid metal or allo# in such a &a# as to o)tain desired conditions or "ro"erties. Heating for the sole "ur"ose of hot &or5ing is e$cluded from the meaning of this definition.
o heavy metal o A sintered tungsten allo# &ith nic5el! co""er! and0or iron! the tungsten content )eing at least 90

&t? and the densit# )eing at least 8A.> g0cm3.

o heel o S#non#mous &ith )ase . o heel block o A )loc5 or "late usuall# mounted on or attached to a lo&er die in a forming or forging "ress that

ser%es to "re%ent or minimi*e the deflection of "unches or cams.

o hemming o A )end of 8>0G made in t&o ste"s. Dirst! a shar"-angle )end is made/ ne$t the )end is closed

using a flat "unch and a die.

o *(37 o A common a))re%iation for high-energ#-rate forging or high-energ#-rate forming . o herringbone pattern o Same as che%ron "attern . o high-conductivity copper o 3o""er that! in the annealed condition! has a minimum electrical conducti%it# of 800? IA3S as

determined )# AST. test methods.

o high-cycle fatigue o Datigue that occurs at relati%el# large num)ers of c#cles. The ar)itrar#! )ut commonl# acce"ted!

di%iding line )et&een high-c#cle fatigue and lo&-c#cle fatigue is considered to )e a)out 80 I to 805 c#cles. In "ractice! this distinction is made )# determining &hether the dominant com"onent of the strain im"osed during c#clic loading is elastic (high c#cle+ or "lastic (lo& c#cle+! &hich in turn de"ends on the "ro"erties of the metal and on the magnitude of the nominal stress.
o high-energy-rate forging *(37! o A closed-die hot- or cold-forging "rocess in &hich the stored energ# of high-"ressure gas is used

to accelerate a ram to unusuall# high %elocities in order to effect deformation of the &or5"iece. Ideall#! the final configuration of the forging is de%elo"ed in one )lo& or! at most! a fe& )lo&s. In high-energ#-rate forging! the %elocit# of the ram! rather than its mass! generates the ma'or forging force. Also 5no&n as H4RD "rocessing! high-%elocit# forging! and high-s"eed forging.
o high-energy-rate forming o A grou" of forming "rocesses that a""lies a high rate of strain to the material )eing formed

through the a""lication of high rates of energ# transfer. See also e$"losi%e forming ! highenerg#rate forging ! and electromagnetic forming .
o high fre+uency resistance welding o A grou" of resistance &elding "rocess %ariations that uses high fre:uenc# &elding current to

concentrate the &elding heat at the desired location.

o highlighting o Cuffing or "olishing selected areas of a com"le$ sha"e to increase the luster or change the color

of those areas.
o high residual phosphorus copper o ;eo$idi*ed co""er &ith residual "hos"horus "resent in amounts (usuall# 0.083 to 0.0I?+

generall# sufficient to decrease a""recia)l# the conducti%it# of the co""er.

o high-speed machining o High-"roducti%it# machining "rocesses that achie%e cutting s"eeds in e$cess of A00 m0min (,000

sfm+ and u" to 8>!000 m0min (A0!000 sfm+.

o high-strength low-alloy *$<A! steels o Steels designed to "ro%ide )etter mechanical "ro"erties and0or greater resistance to atmos"heric

corrosion than con%entional car)on steels. The# are not considered to )e allo# steels in the normal sense )ecause the# are designed to meet s"ecific mechanical "ro"erties rather than a chemical com"osition (HSLA steels ha%e #ield strengths greater than ,B5 .Ea! or I0 5si+. The chemical com"osition of a s"ecific HSLA steel ma# %ar# for different "roduct thic5nesses to meet mechanical "ro"ert# re:uirements. The HSLA steels ha%e lo& car)on contents (0.05 to 0.,5? 3+ in order to "roduce ade:uate forma)ilit# and &elda)ilit#! and the# ha%e manganese contents u" to ,.0?. Small :uantities of chromium! nic5el! mol#)denum! co""er! nitrogen! %anadium! nio)ium! titanium! and *irconium are used in %arious com)inations.
o high-temperature hydrogen attack o A loss of strength and ductilit# of steel )# high-tem"erature reaction of a)sor)ed h#drogen &ith

car)ides in the steel resulting in decar)uri*ation and internal fissuring.

o hindered contraction o 3ontraction &here the sha"e &ill not "ermit a metal casting to contract in certain regions in

5ee"ing &ith the coefficient of e$"ansion.

o *0% o See hot isostatic "ressing . o hob o A rotar# cutting tool &ith its teeth arranged along a helical thread! used for generating gear teeth

or other e%enl# s"aced forms on the "eri"her# of a c#lindrical &or5"iece. The ho) and the &or5"iece are rotated in timed relationshi" to each other &hile the ho) is fed a$iall# or tangentiall# across or radiall# into the &or5"iece. Ho)s should not )e confused &ith multi"lethread milling cutters! rac5 cutters! and similar tools! &here the teeth are not arranged along a helical thread.
o hogging o .achining a "art from )ar stoc5! "late! or a sim"le forging in &hich much of the original stoc5 is

remo%ed.
o holddown plate pressure pad! o A "ressuri*ed "late designed to hold the &or5"iece do&n during a "ress o"eration. In "ractice!

this "late often ser%es as a stri""er and is also called a stri""er "late.
o holding o In heat treating of metals! that "ortion of the thermal c#cle during &hich the tem"erature of the

o)'ect is maintained constant.

o

holding furnace

o A furnace into &hich molten metal can )e transferred to )e held at the "ro"er tem"erature until it

can )e used to ma5e castings.

o holding temperature o In heat treating of metals! the constant tem"erature at &hich the o)'ect is maintained. o holding time o Time for &hich the tem"erature of the heat treated metal o)'ect is maintained constant. o hole expansion test o A simulati%e test in &hich a flat metal sheet s"ecimen &ith a circular hole in its center is clam"ed

)et&een annular die "lates and deformed )# a "unch! &hich e$"ands and ultimatel# crac5s the edge of the hole.
o hole flanging o The forming of an integral collar around the "eri"her# of a "re%iousl# formed hole in a sheet

metal "art.
o holidays o ;iscontinuities in a coating (such as "orosit#! crac5s! ga"s! and similar fla&s+ that allo& areas of

su)strate to )e e$"osed to an# corrosi%e en%ironment that contacts the coated surface.
o homogeneous carburi"ing o <se of a car)uri*ing "rocess to con%ert a lo&-car)on ferrous allo# to one of uniform and higher

car)on content throughout the section.

o homogeni"ing o A heat treating "ractice &here)# a metal o)'ect is held at high tem"erature to eliminate or

decrease chemical segregation )# diffusion.

o honing o A lo&-s"eed finishing "rocess used chiefl# to "roduce uniform high dimensional accurac# and

fine finish! most often on inside c#lindrical surfaces. In honing! %er# thin la#ers of stoc5 are remo%ed )# simultaneousl# rotating and reci"rocating a )onded a)rasi%e stone or stic5 that is "ressed against the surface )eing honed &ith lighter force than is t#"ical of grinding.
o *ooke#s law o A generali*ation a""lica)le to all solid material! &hich states that stress is directl# "ro"ortional

to strain and is e$"ressed as o &here E is the modulus of elasticit# or YoungNs modulus. The constant relationshi" )et&een stress and strain a""lies onl# )elo& the "ro"ortional limit. See also modulus of elasticit# .
o *oopes process o An electrol#tic refining "rocess for aluminum! using three li:uid la#ers in the reduction cell. o horn o (8+ In a resistance &elding machine! a c#lindrical arm or )eam that transmits the electrode

"ressure and usuall# conducts the &elding current. (,+ A cone-sha"ed mem)er that transmits ultrasonic energ# from a transducer to a &elding or machining tool. See also ultrasonic im"act grinding and ultrasonic &elding .
o horn press o A mechanical metal forming "ress e:ui""ed &ith or arranged for a cantile%er )loc5 or horn that

acts as the die or su""ort for the die! used in forming! "iercing! setting do&n! or ri%eting hollo& c#linders and odd-sha"ed &or5.
o horn spacing o The distance )et&een ad'acent surfaces of the horns of a resistance &elding machine. o hot box process o In foundr# "ractice! resin-)ase (furan or "henolic+ )inder "rocess for molding sands similar to

shell corema5ing/ cores "roduced &ith it are solid unless mandrelled out.
o hot chamber machine o A die casting machine in &hich the metal cham)er under "ressure is immersed in the molten

metal in a furnace. The cham)er is sometimes called a goosenec5! and the machine is sometimes called a goosenec5 machine.
o hot-cold working o (8+ A high-tem"erature thermomechanical treatment consisting of deforming a metal a)o%e its

transformation tem"erature and cooling fast enough to "reser%e some or all of the deformed structure. (,+ A general term s#non#mous &ith &arm &or5ing .
o hot corrosion o An accelerated corrosion of metal surfaces that results from the com)ined effect of o$idation and

reactions &ith sulfur com"ounds and other contaminants! such as chlorides! to form a molten salt on a metal surface that flu$es! destro#s! or disru"ts the normal "rotecti%e o$ide. See also gaseous corrosion .
o hot crack o A crac5 that de%elo"s in a &eldment or casting during solidification. o hot-die forging o A hot forging "rocess in &hich )oth the dies and the forging stoc5 are heated/ t#"ical die

tem"eratures are 880 to ,,5 G3 (,00 to I00 GD+ lo&er than the tem"erature of the stoc5. 3om"are &ith isothermal forging .
o hot dip o 3o%ering a surface )# di""ing the surface to )e coated into a molten )ath of the coating material.

See also hot di" coating .

o hot dip coating o A metallic coating o)tained )# di""ing the su)strate into a molten metal. o hot extrusion o A "rocess &here)# a heated )illet is forced to flo& through a sha"ed die o"ening. The

tem"erature at &hich e$trusion is "erformed de"ends on the material )eing e$truded. Hot e$trusion is used to "roduce long! straight metal "roducts of constant cross section! such as )ars! solid and hollo& sections! tu)es! &ires! and stri"s! from materials that cannot )e formed )# cold e$trusion.
o hot forging o (8+ A forging "rocess in &hich the die and0or forging stoc5 are heated. See also hot-die forging

and isothermal forging . (,+ The "lastic deformation of a "ressed and0or sintered "o&der com"act in at least t&o directions at tem"eratures a)o%e the recr#stalli*ation tem"erature.
o hot forming o See hot &or5ing . o hot isostatic pressing o (8+ A "rocess for simultaneousl# heating and forming a com"act in &hich the "o&der is

contained in a sealed fle$i)le sheet metal or glass enclosure and the so-contained "o&der is su)'ected to e:ual "ressure from all directions at a tem"erature high enough to "ermit "lastic deformation and sintering to ta5e "lace. (,+ A "rocess that su)'ects a com"onent (casting! "o&der forgings! etc.+ to )oth ele%ated tem"erature and isostatic gas "ressure in an autocla%e. The most &idel# used "ressuri*ing gas is argon. 1hen castings are hot isostaticall# "ressed! the simultaneous a""lication of heat and "ressure %irtuall# eliminates internal %oids and micro"orosit# through a com)ination of "lastic deformation! cree"! and diffusion.
o hot mill o A "roduction line or facilit# for hot rolling of metals.

o hot press forging o Elasticall# deforming metals )et&een dies in "resses at tem"eratures high enough to a%oid strain

hardening.
o hot pressing o Simultaneous heating and forming of a "o&der com"act. See also "ressure sintering . o hot pressure welding o A solid-state &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of materials &ith heat and a""lication of

"ressure sufficient to "roduce macrodeformation of the )ase material. Facuum or other shielding media ma# )e used. See also diffusion &elding and forge &elding . 3om"are &ith cold &elding .
o hot +uenching o An im"recise term for %arious :uenching "rocedures in &hich a :uenching medium is maintained

at a "rescri)ed tem"erature a)o%e B0 G3 (8A0 GD+.

o hot shortness o A tendenc# for some allo#s to se"arate along grain )oundaries &hen stressed or deformed at

tem"eratures near the melting "oint. Hot shortness is caused )# a lo&-melting constituent! often "resent onl# in minute amounts! that is segregated at grain )oundaries.
o hot tear o A fracture formed in a metal during solidification )ecause of hindered contraction . o hot top o (8+ A reser%oir! thermall# insulated or heated! that holds molten metal on to" of a mold for

feeding of the ingot or casting as it contracts on solidif#ing! thus "re%enting formation of "i"e or %oids. (,+ A refractor#-lined steel or iron casting that is inserted into the ti" of the mold and is su""orted at %arious heights to feed the ingot as it solidifies.
o hot trimming o The remo%al of flash or e$cess metal from a hot "art (such as a forging+ in a trimming "ress. o hot upset forging o A )ul5 forming "rocess for enlarging and resha"ing some of the cross-sectional area of a )ar!

tu)e! or other "roduct form of uniform (usuall# round+ section. It is accom"lished )# holding the heated forging stoc5 )et&een groo%ed dies and a""l#ing "ressure to the end of the stoc5! in the direction of its a$is! )# the use of a heading tool! &hich s"reads (u"sets+ the end )# metal dis"lacement. Also called hot heading or hot u"setting. See also heading and u"setting .
o hot-worked structure o The structure of a material &or5ed at a tem"erature higher than the recr#stalli*ation tem"erature. o hot working o (8+ The "lastic deformation of metal at such a tem"erature and strain rate that recr#stalli*ation

ta5es "lace simultaneousl# &ith the deformation! thus a%oiding an# strain hardening. Also referred to as hot forging and hot forming. (,+ 3ontrolled mechanical o"erations for sha"ing a "roduct at tem"eratures a)o%e the recr#stalli*ation tem"erature. 3ontrast &ith cold &or5ing .
o hubbing o The "roduction of forging die ca%ities )# "ressing a male master "lug! 5no&n as a hu)! into a

)loc5 of metal.
o *ull cell o A s"ecial electrode"osition cell gi%ing a range of 5no&n current densities for test &or5. o hydraulic hammer o A gra%it#-dro" forging hammer that uses h#draulic "ressure to lift the hammer )et&een stro5es. o hydraulic-mechanical press brake o A mechanical "ress )ra5e that uses h#draulic c#linders attached to mechanical lin5ages to "o&er

the ram through its &or5ing stro5e.

o hydraulic press o A "ress in &hich fluid "ressure is used to actuate and control the ram. H#draulic "resses are used

for )oth o"en- and closed-die forging.

o hydrodynamic machining o Remo%al of material )# the im"ingement of a high-%elocit# fluid against a &or5"iece. See also

&ater'et0a)rasi%e &ater'et machining .

o hydrogen-assisted cracking *A,! o See h#drogen em)rittlement . o hydrogen-assisted stress-corrosion cracking *$,,! o See h#drogen em)rittlement . o hydrogen blistering o The formation of )listers on or )elo& a metal surface from e$cessi%e internal h#drogen "ressure.

H#drogen ma# )e formed during cleaning! "lating! or corrosion.

o hydrogen bra"ing o A term sometimes used to denote )ra*ing in a h#drogen-containing atmos"here! usuall# in a

furnace/ use of the a""ro"riate "rocess name is "referred.

o hydrogen damage o A general term for the em)rittlement! crac5ing! )listering! and h#dride formation that can occur

&hen h#drogen is "resent in some metals.

o hydrogen embrittlement o A "rocess resulting in a decrease of the toughness or ductilit# of a metal due to the "resence of

atomic h#drogen. H#drogen em)rittlement has )een recogni*ed classicall# as )eing of t&o t#"es. The first! 5no&n as internal h#drogen em)rittlement! occurs &hen the h#drogen enters molten metal &hich )ecomes su"ersaturated &ith h#drogen immediatel# after solidification. The second t#"e! en%ironmental h#drogen em)rittlement! results from h#drogen )eing a)sor)ed )# solid metals. This can occur during ele%ated-tem"erature thermal treatments and in ser%ice during electro"lating! contact &ith maintenance chemicals! corrosion reactions! cathodic "rotection! and o"erating in high-"ressure h#drogen. In the a)sence of residual stress or e$ternal loading! en%ironmental h#drogen em)rittlement is manifested in %arious forms! such as )listering! internal crac5ing! h#dride formation! and reduced ductilit#. 1ith a tensile stress or stress-intensit# factor e$ceeding a s"ecific threshold! the atomic h#drogen interacts &ith the metal to induce su)critical crac5 gro&th leading to fracture. In the a)sence of a corrosion reaction ("olari*ed cathodicall#+! the usual term used is h#drogen-assisted crac5ing (HA3+ or h#drogen stress crac5ing (HS3+. In the "resence of acti%e corrosion! usuall# as "its or cre%ices ("olari*ed anodicall#+! the crac5ing is generall# called stress-corrosion crac5ing (S33+! )ut should more "ro"erl# )e called h#drogenassisted stress-corrosion crac5ing (HS33+. Thus! HS3 and electrochemicall# anodic S33 can o"erate se"aratel# or in com)ination (HS33+. In some metals! such as high-strength steels! the mechanism is )elie%ed to )e all! or nearl# all! HS3. The "artici"ating mechanism of HS3 is not al&a#s recogni*ed and ma# )e e%aluated under the generic heading of S33.
o hydrogen-induced cracking *0,! o Same as h#drogen em)rittlement . o hydrogen-induced delayed cracking o A term sometimes used to identif# a form of h#drogen em)rittlement in &hich a metal a""ears to

fracture s"ontaneousl# under a stead# stress less than the #ield stress. There is usuall# a dela# )et&een the a""lication of stress (or e$"osure of the stressed metal to h#drogen+ and the onset of crac5ing. Also referred to as static fatigue.
o hydrogen loss o The loss in &eight of metal "o&der or a com"act caused )# heating a re"resentati%e sam"le

according to a s"ecified "rocedure in a "urified h#drogen atmos"here. Croadl#! a measure of the o$#gen content of the sam"le &hen a""lied to materials containing onl# such o$ides as are reduci)le &ith h#drogen and no h#dride-forming element.
o o o o o o o o

hydrogen overvoltage
In electro"lating! o%er%oltage associated &ith the li)eration of h#drogen gas.

hydrogen stress cracking *$,!

See h#drogen em)rittlement .

hydrometallurgy
Industrial &inning or refining of metals using &ater or an a:ueous solution.

hydrostatic extrusion

A method of e$truding a )illet through a die )# "ressuri*ed fluid instead of the ram used in con%entional e$trusion.
o hydrostatic pressing o A s"ecial case of isostatic "ressing that uses a li:uid such as &ater or oil as a "ressure

transducing medium and is therefore limited to near room-tem"erature o"eration.

o hydrostatic tension o Three e:ual and mutuall# "er"endicular tensile stresses. o hypereutectic alloy o In an allo# s#stem e$hi)iting a eutectic! an# allo# &hose com"osition has an e$cess of allo#ing

element com"ared &ith the eutectic com"osition and &hose e:uili)rium microstructure contains some eutectic structure.
o hypereutectoid alloy o In an allo# s#stem e$hi)iting a eutectoid! an# allo# &hose com"osition has an e$cess of allo#ing

element com"ared &ith the eutectoid com"osition! and &hose e:uili)rium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure.
o hypoeutectic alloy o In an allo# s#stem e$hi)iting a eutectic! an# allo# &hose com"osition has an e$cess of )ase

metal com"ared &ith the eutectic com"osition and &hose e:uili)rium microstructure contains some eutectic structure.
o hypoeutectoid alloy o In an allo# s#stem e$hi)iting a eutectoid! an# allo# &hose com"osition has an e$cess of )ase

metal com"ared &ith the eutectoid com"osition and &hose e:uili)rium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure.
o hysteresis magnetic! o The lag of the magneti*ation of a su)stance )ehind an# c#clic %ariation of the a""lied

magneti*ing field.
o hysteresis mechanical! o The "henomenon of "ermanentl# a)sor)ed or lost energ# that occurs during an# c#cle of loading

or unloading &hen a material is su)'ected to re"eated loading. o I

o 0A,$ o International annealed co""er standard/ a standard reference used in re"orting electrical

conducti%it#. The conducti%it# of a material! in ?IA3S! is e:ual to 8B,I.8 di%ided )# the electrical resisti%it# of the material in n J m.
o

ideal critical diameter D0!

o <nder an ideal :uench condition! the )ar diameter that has 50? martensite at the center of the

)ar &hen the surface is cooled at an infinitel# ra"id rate (that is! &hen H M ! &here H is the :uench se%erit# factor or Grossmann num)er +.
o idiomorphic crystal o An indi%idual cr#stal that has gro&n &ithout restraint so that the ha)it "lanes are clearl#

de%elo"ed. 3om"are &ith allotriomor"hic cr#stal .

o immersed-electrode furnace o A furnace used for li:uid car)uri*ing of "arts )# heating molten salt )aths &ith the use of

electrodes immersed in the li:uid. See also su)merged-electrode furnace .

o immersion cleaning o 3leaning in &hich the &or5 is immersed in a li:uid solution. o immersion coating o A coating "roduced in a solution )# chemical or electrochemical action &ithout the use of

e$ternal current.
o immersion plating o ;e"ositing a metallic coating on a metal immersed in a li:uid solution! &ithout the aid of an

e$ternal electric current. Also called di" "lating.

o impact energy o The amount of energ#! usuall# gi%en in 'oules or foot-"ound force! re:uired to fracture a

material! usuall# measured )# means of an I*od test or 3har"# test. The t#"e of s"ecimen and test conditions affect the %alues and therefore should )e s"ecified.
o impact extrusion o The "rocess (or resultant "roduct+ in &hich a "unch stri5es a slug (usuall# unheated+ in a

confining die. The metal flo& ma# )e either )et&een "unch and die or through another o"ening. The im"act e$trusion of unheated slugs is often called cold e$trusion.
o impact line o A )lemish on a dra&n sheet metal "art caused )# a slight change in metal thic5ness. The mar5 is

called an im"act line &hen it results from the im"act of the "unch on the )lan5/ it is called a recoil line &hen it results from transfer of the )lan5 from the die to the "unch during forming! or from a reaction to the )lan5 )eing "ulled shar"l# through the dra& ring.
o impact load o An es"eciall# se%ere shoc5 load such as that caused )# instantaneous arrest of a falling mass! )#

shoc5 meeting of t&o "arts (in a mechanical hammer! for e$am"le+! or )# e$"losi%e im"act! in &hich there can )e an e$ce"tionall# ra"id )uildu" of stress.
o impact strength o A measure of the resilienc# or toughness of a solid. The ma$imum force or energ# of a )lo&

(gi%en )# a fi$ed "rocedure+ that can )e &ithstood &ithout fracture! as o""osed to fracture strength under a stead# a""lied force.
o impact test o A test for determining the energ# a)sor)ed in fracturing a test "iece at high %elocit#! as distinct

from static test. The test ma# )e carried out in tension! )ending! or torsion! and the test )ar ma# )e notched or unnotched. See also 3har"# test ! im"act energ# ! and I*od test .
o impact wear o 1ear of a solid surface resulting from re"eated collisions )et&een that surface and another solid

)od#. The term erosion is "referred in the case of multi"le im"acts and &hen the im"acting )od# or )odies are %er# small relati%e to the surface )eing im"acted.
o

impingement

o A "rocess resulting in a continuing succession of im"acts )et&een li:uid or solid "articles and a

solid surface.
o impingement attack o 3orrosion associated &ith tur)ulent flo& of li:uid. .a# )e accelerated )# entrained gas )u))les.

See also erosion-corrosion and im"ingement corrosion .

o impingement corrosion o A form of erosion-corrosion generall# associated &ith the local im"ingement of a high-%elocit#!

flo&ing fluid against a solid surface.

o impingement erosion o Loss of material from a solid surface due to li:uid im"ingement. See also erosion . o impregnation o (8+ Treatment of "orous castings &ith a sealing medium to sto" "ressure lea5s. (,+ The "rocess of

filling the "ores of a sintered com"act! usuall# &ith a li:uid such as a lu)ricant. (3+ The "rocess of mi$ing "articles of a nonmetallic su)stance in a cemented car)ide matri$! as in diamondim"regnated tools.
o impression-die forging o A forging that is formed to the re:uired sha"e and si*e )# machined im"ressions in s"eciall#

"re"ared dies that e$ert three-dimensional control on the &or5"iece.

o impurities o (8+ 4lements or com"ounds &hose "resence in a material is undesira)le. (,+ In a chemical or

material! minor constituent(s+ or com"onent(s+ not included deli)eratel#/ usuall# to some degree or a)o%e some le%el! undesira)le.
o inclinable press o A "ress that can )e inclined to facilitate handling of the formed "arts. See also o"en-)ac5

inclina)le "ress .
o inclusion o (8+ A "h#sical and mechanical discontinuit# occurring &ithin a material or "art! usuall#

consisting of solid! enca"sulated foreign material. Inclusions are often ca"a)le of transmitting some structural stresses and energ# fields! )ut to a noticea)l# different degree than from the "arent material. (,+ Earticles of foreign material in a metallic matri$. The "articles are usuall# com"ounds! such as o$ides! sulfides! or silicates! )ut ma# )e of an# su)stance that is foreign to (and essentiall# insolu)le in+ the matri$. See also e$ogenous inclusion ! indigenous inclusion ! and stringer .
o inclusion count o ;etermination of the num)er! 5ind! si*e! and distri)ution of nonmetallic inclusions in metals. o incomplete fusion o In &elding! fusion that is less than com"lete. o indentation hardness o (8+ The resistance of a material to indentation. This is the usual t#"e of hardness test! in &hich a

"ointed or rounded indenter is "ressed into a surface under a su)stantiall# static load. (,+ Resistance of a solid surface to the "enetration of a second! usuall# harder! )od# under "rescri)ed conditions. 2umerical %alues used to e$"ress indentation hardness are not a)solute "h#sical :uantities! )ut de"end on the hardness scale used to e$"ress hardness. See also Crinell hardness test ! Knoo" hardness test ! nanohardness test ! Roc5&ell hardness test ! and Fic5ers hardness test .
o indenter o In hardness testing! a solid )od# of "rescri)ed geometr#! usuall# chosen for its high hardness!

that

is used to determine the resistance of a solid surface to "enetration.

o indigenous inclusion o An inclusion that is nati%e! innate! or inherent in the molten metal treatment. Indigenous

inclusions include sulfides! nitrides! and o$ides deri%ed from the chemical reaction of the molten metal &ith the local en%ironment. Such inclusions are small and re:uire microsco"ic magnification for identification. 3om"are &ith e$ogenous inclusion .
o indirect-arc furnace o An electric arc furnace in &hich the metallic charge is not one of the "oles of the arc. o indirect backward! extrusion o See e$trusion . o induction bra"ing o A )ra*ing "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is o)tained from the resistance of the &or5"ieces to

induced electric current.

o induction furnace o An alternating current electric furnace in &hich the "rimar# conductor is coiled and generates! )#

electromagnetic induction! a secondar# current that de%elo"s heat &ithin the metal charge.
o induction hardening o A surface-hardening "rocess in &hich onl# the surface la#er of a suita)le ferrous &or5"iece is

heated )# electromagnetic induction to a)o%e the u""er critical tem"erature and immediatel# :uenched.
o induction heating o Heating )# com)ined electrical resistance and h#steresis losses induced )# su)'ecting a metal to

the %ar#ing magnetic field surrounding a coil carr#ing alternating current.

o induction melting o .elting in an induction furnace. o induction soldering o A soldering "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is o)tained from the resistance of the &or5"ieces

to induced electric current.

o induction tempering o Tem"ering of steel using lo&-fre:uenc# electrical induction heating. o induction welding o A &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals )# the heat o)tained from the resistance

of the &or5"ieces to the flo& of induced high-fre:uenc# &elding current &ith or &ithout the a""lication of "ressure. The effect of the high-fre:uenc# &elding current is to concentrate the &elding heat at the desired location.
o induction work coil o The inductor used &hen induction heating and melting as &ell as induction &elding! )ra*ing! and

soldering.
o inductor o A de%ice consisting of one or more associated &indings! &ith or &ithout a magnetic core! for

introducing inductance into an electric circuit.

o industrial atmosphere o An atmos"here in an area of hea%# industr# &ith soot! fl# ash! and sulfur com"ounds as the

"rinci"al constituents.
o inert anode o An anode that is insolu)le in the electrol#te under the conditions "re%ailing in the electrol#sis. o inert gas

o (8+ A gas! such as helium! argon! or nitrogen! that is sta)le! does not su""ort com)ustion! and

does not form reaction "roducts &ith other materials. (,+ In &elding! a gas that does not normall# com)ine chemicall# &ith the )ase metal or filler metal. See also "rotecti%e atmos"here .
o infiltration o The "rocess of filling the "ores of a sintered or unsintered com"act &ith a metal or allo# of lo&er

melting tem"erature.
o infrared bra"ing o A )ra*ing "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is furnished )# infrared radiation. o infrared soldering o A soldering "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is furnished )# infrared radiation. o infrared spectroscopy o The stud# of the interaction of material s#stems &ith electromagnetic radiation in the infrared

region of the s"ectrum. The techni:ue is useful for determining the molecular structure of organic and inorganic com"ounds )# identif#ing the rotational and %i)rational energ# le%els associated &ith the %arious molecules. See also electromagnetic radiation .
o o o o o o o o

ingate
Same as gate .

ingot
A casting of sim"le sha"e! suita)le for hot &or5ing or remelting.

ingot iron
3ommerciall# "ure iron.

inhibitor

A su)stance that retards some s"ecific chemical reaction! e.g.! corrosion. Eic5ling inhi)itors retard the dissolution of metal &ithout hindering the remo%al of scale from steel.
o inoculant o .aterial that! &hen added to molten metal! modifies the structure and thus changes the "h#sical

and mechanical "ro"erties to a degree not e$"lained on the )asis of the change in com"osition resulting from their use. Derrosilicon-)ase allo#s are commonl# used to inoculate gra# irons and ductile irons.
o inoculation o The addition of a material to molten metal to form nuclei for cr#stalli*ation. See also inoculant . o insert o (8+ A "art formed from a second material! usuall# a metal! &hich is "laced in the molds and

a""ears as an integral structural "art of the final casting. (,+ A remo%a)le "ortion of a die or mold.
o insert die o A relati%el# small die that contains "art or all of the im"ression of a forging and that is fastened

to a master die )loc5.

o inserted-blade cutters o 3utters ha%ing re"lacea)le )lades that are either solid or ti""ed and are usuall# ad'usta)le. o instrumented impact test o An im"act test in &hich the load on the s"ecimen is continuall# recorded as a function of time

and0or s"ecimen deflection "rior to fracture.

o intense +uenching o Huenching in &hich the :uenching medium is cooling the "art at a rate at least t&o and a half

times faster than still &ater. See also Grossmann num)er .

o

intercept method

o A :uantitati%e metallogra"hic techni:ue in &hich the desired :uantit#! such as grain si*e or

inclusion content! is e$"ressed as the num)er of times "er unit length a straight line on a metallogra"hic image crosses "articles of the feature )eing measured.
o interconnected porosity o A net&or5 of connecting "ores in a sintered o)'ect that "ermits a fluid or gas to "ass through the

o)'ect. Also referred to as interloc5ing or o"en "orosit#.

o intercritical annealing o An# annealing treatment that in%ol%es heating to! and holding at! a tem"erature )et&een the

u""er and lo&er critical tem"eratures to o)tain "artial austeniti*ation! follo&ed )# either slo& cooling or holding at a tem"erature )elo& the lo&er critical tem"erature.
o o o o o o o o

intercrystalline
Cet&een the cr#stals! or grains! of a "ol#cr#stalline material.

intercrystalline corrosion
See intergranular corrosion .

intercrystalline cracking
See intergranular crac5ing .

interdendritic corrosion

3orrosi%e attac5 that "rogresses "referentiall# along interdendritic "aths. This t#"e of attac5 results from local differences in com"osition! such as coring commonl# encountered in allo# castings.
o interdendritic porosity o Foids occurring )et&een the dendrites in cast metal. o interface o The )oundar# )et&een an# t&o "hases. Among the three "hases (gas! li:uid! and solid+! there are

fi%e t#"es of interfaces gas-li:uid! gas-solid! li:uid-li:uid! li:uid-solid! and solid-solid.

o interfacial tension o The contractile force of an interface )et&een t&o "hases. o intergranular o Cet&een cr#stals or grains. Also called intercr#stalline. 3ontrast &ith transgranular . o intergranular corrosion o 3orrosion occurring "referentiall# at grain )oundaries! usuall# &ith slight or negligi)le attac5 on

the ad'acent grains. See also interdendritic corrosion .

o intergranular cracking o 3rac5ing or fracturing that occurs )et&een the grains or cr#stals in a "ol#cr#stalline aggregate.

Also called intercr#stalline crac5ing. 3ontrast &ith transgranular crac5ing .

o intergranular fracture o Crittle fracture of a "ol#cr#stalline material in &hich the fracture is )et&een the grains! or

cr#stals! that form the material. Also called intercr#stalline fracture. 3ontrast &ith transgranular fracture .
o o o o o o o o

intergranular penetration
In &elding! the "enetration of a filler metal along the grain )oundaries of a )ase metal.

intergranular stress-corrosion cracking 0.$,,!

Stress-corrosion crac5ing in &hich the crac5ing occurs along grain )oundaries.

intermediate annealing
Annealing &rought metals at one or more stages during manufacture and )efore final treatment.

intermediate electrode
Same as )i"olar electrode .

o intermediate phase o In an allo# or a chemical s#stem! a distinguisha)le homogeneous "hase &hose com"osition range

does not e$tend to an# of the "ure com"onents of the s#stem.

o intermetallic compound o An intermediate "hase in an allo# s#stem! ha%ing a narro& range of homogeneit# and relati%el#

sim"le stoichiometric "ro"ortions/ the nature of the atomic )inding can )e of %arious t#"es! ranging from metallic to ionic.
o intermetallic phases o 3om"ounds! or intermediate solid solutions! containing t&o or more metals! &hich usuall# ha%e

com"ositions! characteristic "ro"erties! and cr#stal structures different from those of the "ure com"onents of the s#stem.
o o o o o o o o

intermittent weld
A &eld in &hich the continuit# is )ro5en )# recurring un&elded s"aces.

internal friction
The con%ersion of energ# into heat )# a material su)'ected to fluctuating stress.

internal grinding
Grinding an internal surface such as that inside a c#linder or hole.

internal oxidation
The formation of isolated "articles of corrosion "roducts )eneath the metal surface. This occurs

as the result of "referential o$idation of certain allo# constituents )# in&ard diffusion of o$#gen! nitrogen! sulfur! and so forth. Also called su)scale formation.
o internal shrinkage o A %oid or net&or5 of %oids &ithin a casting caused )# inade:uate feeding of that section during

solidification.
o internal stress o See "referred term residual stress . o interpass temperature o In a multi"le-"ass &eld! the tem"erature (minimum or ma$imum as s"ecified+ of the de"osited

&eld metal )efore the ne$t "ass is started.

o interrupted aging o Aging at t&o or more tem"eratures! )# ste"s! and cooling to room tem"erature after each ste".

See also aging ! and com"are &ith "rogressi%e aging and ste" aging .
o interrupted-current plating o Elating in &hich the flo& of current is discontinued for "eriodic short inter%als to decrease anode

"olari*ation and ele%ate the critical current densit#. It is most commonl# used in c#anide co""er "lating.
o interrupted +uenching o A :uenching "rocedure in &hich the &or5"iece is remo%ed from the first :uench at a tem"erature

su)stantiall# higher than that of the :uenchant and is then su)'ected to a second :uenching s#stem ha%ing a different cooling rate than the first.
o interstitial solid solution o A t#"e of solid solution that sometimes forms in allo# s#stems ha%ing t&o elements of &idel#

different atomic si*es. 4lements of small atomic si*e! such as car)on! h#drogen! and nitrogen! often dissol%e in solid metals to form this solid solution. The s"ace lattice is similar to that of the "ure metal! and the atoms of car)on! h#drogen! and nitrogen occu"# the s"aces or interstices )et&een the metal atoms. See also su)stitutional solid solution .
o

intracrystalline

o 1ithin or across the cr#stals or grains of a metal/ same as transcr#stalline and transgranular. o intracrystalline cracking o See transgranular crac5ing . o inverse chill o The condition in a casting section in &hich the interior is mottled or &hite! &hile the other

sections are gra# iron. Also 5no&n as re%erse chill! internal chill! and in%erted chill.
o inverse segregation o A concentration of lo&-melting constituents in those regions of an allo# in &hich solidification

first occurs.
o investing o In in%estment casting! the "rocess of "ouring the in%estment slurr# into a flas5 surrounding the

"attern to form the mold.

o investment o A flo&a)le mi$ture! or slurr#! of a graded refractor# filler! a )inder! and a li:uid %ehicle that!

&hen "oured around the "atterns! conforms to their sha"e and su)se:uentl# sets hard to form the in%estment mold.
o investment casting o (8+ 3asting metal into a mold "roduced )# surrounding! or in%esting! an e$"enda)le "attern &ith

a refractor# slurr# coating that sets at room tem"erature! after &hich the &a$ or "lastic "attern is remo%ed through the use of heat "rior to filling the mold &ith li:uid metal. Also called "recision casting or lost &a$ "rocess . (,+ A "art made )# the in%estment casting "rocess.
o investment compound o A mi$ture of a graded refractor# filler! a )inder! and a li:uid %ehicle! used to ma5e molds for

in%estment casting.
o investment precoat o An e$tremel# fine in%estment coating a""lied as a thin slurr# directl# to the surface of the "attern

to re"roduce ma$imum surface smoothness. The coating is surrounded )# a coarser! chea"er! and more "ermea)le in%estment to form the mold. See also di" coat and in%estment casting .
o investment shell o 3eramic mold o)tained )# alternatel# di""ing a "attern set u" in di" coat slurr# and stuccoing

&ith coarse ceramic "articles until the shell of desired thic5ness is o)tained. See also in%estment casting .
o ion o An atom! or grou" of atoms! &hich )# loss or gain of one or more electrons has ac:uired an

electric charge. If the ion is formed from an atom of h#drogen or an atom of a metal! it is usuall# "ositi%el# charged/ if the ion is formed from an atom of a nonmetal or from a grou" of atoms! it is usuall# negati%el# charged. The num)er of electronic charges carried )# an ion is termed its electro%alence. The charges are denoted )# su"erscri"ts that gi%e their sign and num)er/ for e$am"le! a sodium ion! &hich carries one "ositi%e charge! is denoted )# 2a @/ a sulfate ion! &hich carries t&o negati%e charges! )# .
o ion carburi"ing o A method of surface hardening in &hich car)on ions are diffused into a &or5"iece in a %acuum

through the use of high-%oltage electrical energ#. S#non#mous &ith "lasma car)uri*ing or glo&discharge car)uri*ing.
o ion exchange o The re%ersi)le interchange of ions )et&een a li:uid and solid! &ith no su)stantial structural

changes in the solid.

o ion implantation o The "rocess of modif#ing the "h#sical or chemical "ro"erties of the near surface of a solid

(target+ )# em)edding a""ro"riate atoms into it from a )eam of ioni*ed "articles.

o ion nitriding o A method of surface hardening in &hich nitrogen ions are diffused into a &or5"iece in a %acuum

through the use of high-%oltage electrical energ#. S#non#mous &ith "lasma nitriding or glo&discharge nitriding.
o ion plating o A generic term a""lied to atomistic film de"osition "rocesses in &hich the su)strate surface

and0or the de"ositing film is su)'ected to a flu$ of high-energ# "articles (usuall# gas ions+ sufficient to cause changes in the interfacial region or film "ro"erties.
o iron casting o A "art made of cast iron. o ironing o An o"eration used to increase the length of a tu)e or cu" through reduction of &all thic5ness and

outside diameter! the inner diameter remaining unchanged.

o iron rot o ;eterioration of &ood in contact &ith iron-)ase allo#s. o iron soldering o A soldering "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is o)tained from a soldering iron . o irradiation o The e$"osure of a material or o)'ect to $-ra#s! gamma ra#s! ultra%iolet ra#s! or other ioni*ing

radiation.
o isocorrosion diagram o A gra"h or chart that sho&s constant corrosion )eha%ior &ith changing solution (en%ironment+

com"osition and tem"erature.

o isomorphous o Ha%ing the same cr#stal structure. This usuall# refers to intermediate "hases that form a

continuous series of solid solutions.

o isostatic pressing o A "rocess for forming a "o&der metallurg# com"act )# a""l#ing "ressure e:uall# from all

directions to metal "o&der contained in a sealed fle$i)le mold. See also cold isostatic "ressing and hot isostatic "ressing .
o isothermal annealing o Austeniti*ing a ferrous allo#! then cooling to and holding at a tem"erature at &hich austenite

transforms to a relati%el# soft ferrite-car)ide aggregate. See also austeniti*ing .

o isothermal forging o A hot-forging "rocess in &hich a constant and uniform tem"erature is maintained in the

&or5"iece during forging )# heating the dies to the same tem"erature as the &or5"iece. 3om"are &ith hot-die forging .
o isothermal transformation o A change in "hase that ta5es "lace at a constant tem"erature. The time re:uired for

transformation to )e com"leted! and in some instances the time dela# )efore transformation )egins! de"ends on the amount of su"ercooling )elo& (or su"erheating a)o%e+ the e:uili)rium tem"erature for the same transformation.
o

isothermal transformation 0-! diagram

o A diagram that sho&s the isothermal time re:uired for transformation of austenite to )egin and to

finish as a function of tem"erature. Same as time-tem"erature-transformation (TTT+ diagram or S-cur%e.

o isotropic o Ha%ing uniform "ro"erties in all directions. The measured "ro"erties of an isotro"ic material are

inde"endent of the a$is of testing.

o isotropy o The condition of ha%ing the same %alues of "ro"erties in all directions. o 0"od test o A t#"e of im"act test in &hich a F-notched s"ecimen! mounted %erticall#! is su)'ected to a

sudden )lo& deli%ered )# the &eight at the end of a "endulum arm. The energ# re:uired to )rea5 off the free end is a measure of the im"act strength or toughness of the material. 3ontrast &ith 3har"# test . o J
o jaw crusher o A machine for the "rimar# disintegration of metal "ieces! ores! or agglomerates into coarse

"o&der.
o jig o A mechanism for holding a "art and guiding the tool during machining or assem)l# o"eration. o jig boring o Coring &ith a single-"oint tool &here the &or5 is "ositioned u"on a ta)le that can )e located so

as to )ring an# desired "art of the &or5 under the tool. Thus! holes can )e accuratel# s"aced. This t#"e of )oring can )e done on milling machines or 'ig )orers.
o >-integral o A mathematical e$"ression/ a line or surface integral that encloses the crac5 front from one crac5

surface to the other! used to characteri*e the fracture toughness of a material ha%ing a""recia)le "lasticit# )efore fracture. The "-integral eliminates the need to descri)e the )eha%ior of the material near the crac5 ti" )# considering the local stress-strain field around the crac5 front/ "Ic is the critical %alue of the "-integral re:uired to initiate gro&th of a "ree$isting crac5.
o joint o The location &here t&o or more mem)ers are to )e or ha%e )een fastened together mechanicall#

or )# &elding! )ra*ing! soldering! or adhesi%e )onding.

o joint clearance o The distance )et&een the fa#ing surfaces of a 'oint. In )ra*ing! this distance is referred to as that

&hich is "resent )efore )ra*ing! at the )ra*ing tem"erature! or after )ra*ing is com"leted.
o joint efficiency o The ratio of the strength of a &elded 'oint to the strength of the )ase metal! e$"ressed in "ercent. o jolt ramming o Eac5ing sand in a mold )# raising and dro""ing the sand! "attern! and flas5 on a ta)le. 7olt-t#"e!

'olt s:uee*ers! 'arring machines! and 'olt rammers are machines using this "rinci"le. Also called 'ar ramming.
o >ominy test o See end-:uench hardena)ilit# test. o K o karat o A unit for designating the fineness of gold in an allo#. In this s#stem! ,I 5arat (,I 5+ is 8000 fine

or "ure gold. The most "o"ular 'e&elr# golds are

?arat

designation .old content ,I5 800? Au (99.5? min+ 8>5 8>0,Iths! or B5? Au 8I5 8I0,Iths or 5>.33? Au 805 800,Iths! or I8.AB? Au

o keel block o A standard test casting! for steel and other high-shrin5age allo#s! consisting of a rectangular )ar

that resem)les the 5eel of a )oat! attached to the )ottom of a large riser! or shrin5head. Keel )loc5s that ha%e onl# one )ar are often called Y-)loc5s/ 5eel )loc5s ha%ing t&o )ars! dou)le 5eel )loc5s. Test s"ecimens are machined from the rectangular )ar! and the shrin5head is discarded.
o kerf o The &idth of the cut "roduced during a cutting "rocess. o keyhole o A techni:ue of &elding in &hich a concentrated heat source! such as a "lasma arc! "enetrates

com"letel# through a &or5"iece forming a hole at the leading edge of the molten &eld metal. As the heat source "rogresses! the molten metal fills in )ehind the hold to form the &eld )ead.
o keyhole specimen o A t#"e of s"ecimen containing a hole-and-slot notch! sha"ed li5e a 5e#hole! usuall# used in

im"act )end tests. See also 3har"# test and I*od test .
o killed steel o Steel treated &ith a strong deo$idi*ing agent such as silicon or aluminum in order to reduce the

o$#gen content to such a le%el that no reaction occurs )et&een car)on and o$#gen during solidification.
o kiln o A large furnace used for )a5ing! dr#ing! or )urning fire)ric5 or refractories! or for calcining ores

or other su)stances.
o K0scc o A))re%iation for the critical %alue of the "lane strain stress-intensit# factor that &ill "roduce

crac5 "ro"agation )# stress-corrosion crac5ing of a gi%en material in a gi%en en%ironment.

o kish o Dree gra"hite that forms in molten h#"ereutectic cast iron as it cools. In castings! the 5ish ma#

segregate to&ard the co"e surface! &here it lodges at or immediatel# )eneath the casting surface.
o knife-line attack o Intergranular corrosion of an allo#! usuall# sta)ili*ed stainless steel! along a line ad'oining or in

contact &ith a &eld after heating into the sensiti*ation tem"erature range.
o knockout o (8+ Remo%al of sand cores from a casting. (,+ 7arring of an in%estment casting mold to remo%e

the casting and in%estment from the flas5. (3+ A mechanism for freeing formed "arts from a die used for stam"ing! )lan5ing! dra&ing! forging! or heading o"erations. (I+ A "artiall# "ierced hole in a sheet metal "art! &here the slug remains in the hole and can )e forced out )# hand if a hole is needed.
o ?noop hardness number *?! o A num)er related to the a""lied load and to the "ro'ected area of the "ermanent im"ression made

)# a rhom)ic-)ased "#ramidal diamond indenter ha%ing included edge angles of 8B,G 30N and 830G 0N com"uted from the e:uation o &here # is a""lied load! 5gf/ and d is the length of the long diagonal of the im"ression! mm. In re"orting Knoo" hardness num)ers! the test load is stated.
o

?noop hardness test

o An indentation hardness test using cali)rated machines to force a rhom)ic-)ased "#ramidal

diamond indenter ha%ing s"ecified edge angles! under s"ecified conditions! into the surface of the material under test and to measure the long diagonal after remo%al of the load.
o knuckle-lever press o A hea%# short-stro5e "ress in &hich the slide is directl# actuated )# a single toggle 'oint that is

o"ened and closed )# a connection and crac5. It is used for em)ossing! coining! si*ing! heading! s&aging! and e$truding.
o knurling o Im"ressing a design into a metallic surface! usuall# )# means of small! hard rollers that carr# the

corres"onding design on their surfaces.

o ?roll process o A "rocess for the "roduction of metallic titanium s"onge )# the reduction of titanium

tetrachloride &ith a more acti%e metal! such as magnesium or sodium. The s"onge is further "rocessed to granules or "o&der. o L
o lack of fusion <&7! o A condition in a &elded 'oint in &hich fusion is less than com"lete. o lack of penetration <&%! o A condition in a &elded 'oint in &hich 'oint "enetration is less than that s"ecified. o ladle o .etal rece"tacle fre:uentl# lined &ith refractories used for trans"orting and "ouring molten

metal.
o ladle metallurgy o ;egassing "rocesses for steel carried out in a ladle. o lamellar tearing o Occurs in the )ase metal ad'acent to &eldments due to high through-thic5ness strains introduced

)# &eld metal shrin5age in highl# restrained 'oints. Tearing occurs )# decohesion and lin5ing along the &or5ing direction of the )ase metal/ crac5s usuall# run roughl# "arallel to the fusion line and are ste"li5e in a""earance.
o laminate o (8+ A com"osite metal! usuall# in the form of flat sheets! com"osed of t&o or more metal la#ers

so )onded that the com"osite metal forms a structural mem)er. (,+ To form a metallic "roduct of t&o or more )onded la#ers.
o lamination o (8+ A t#"e of discontinuit# &ith se"aration or &ea5ness generall# aligned "arallel to the &or5ed

surface of a metal. .a# )e the result of "i"e! )listers! seams! inclusions! or segregation elongated and made directional )# &or5ing. Laminations ma# also occur in "o&der metallurg# com"acts. (,+ In electrical "roducts such as motors! a )lan5ed "iece of electrical sheet that is stac5ed u" &ith se%eral other identical "ieces to ma5e a stator or rotor.
o lancing o (8+ A "ress o"eration in &hich a single-line cut is made in stri" stoc5 &ithout "roducing a

detached slug. 3hiefl# used to free metal for forming! or to cut "artial contours for )lan5ed "arts! "articularl# in "rogressi%e dies. (,+ A "iercing (cutting+ "rocess carried out )# metal "o&der cutting or o$#fuel gas cutting.
o land o (8+ Dor "rofile-shar"ened milling cutters! the relie%ed "ortion immediatel# )ehind the cutting

edge. (,+ Dor reamers! drills! and ta"s! the solid section )et&een the flutes. (3+ On "unches! the "ortion ad'acent to the nose that is "arallel to the a$is and of ma$imum diameter.
o

lap

o A surface im"erfection! &ith the a""earance of a seam! caused )# hot metal! fins! or shar"

corners )eing folded o%er and then )eing rolled or forged into the surface )ut &ithout )eing &elded.
o lapping o A finishing o"eration using fine a)rasi%e grits loaded into a la""ing material such as cast iron.

La""ing "ro%ides ma'or refinements in the &or5"iece including e$treme accurac# of dimension! correction of minor im"erfections of sha"e! refinement of surface finish! and close fit )et&een mating surfaces.
o laser o A de%ice that "roduces a concentrated coherent light )eam )# stimulating electronic or molecular

transitions to lo&er energ# le%els. Laser is an acron#m for light am"lification )# stimulated emission of radiation.
o laser alloying o See laser surface "rocessing . o laser beam cutting o A thermal cutting "rocess that se%ers materials )# melting or %a"ori*ing them &ith the heat

o)tained from a laser )eam! &ith or &ithout the a""lication of gas 'ets to augment the remo%al of material.
o laser beam machining o <se of a highl# focused monofre:uenc# collimated )eam of light to melt or su)lime material at

the "oint of im"ingement on a &or5"iece.

o laser beam welding <)9! o A &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of materials &ith the heat o)tained from the

a""lication of a concentrated coherent light )eam im"inging u"on the 'oint.

o laser hardening o A surface-hardening "rocess that uses a laser to :uic5l# heat a surface. Heat conduction into the

interior of the "art &ill :uic5l# cool the surface! lea%ing a shallo& martensitic la#er.
o laser surface processing o The use of lasers &ith continuous out"uts of 0.5 to 80 51 to modif# the metallurgical structure

of a surface and to tailor the surface "ro"erties &ithout ad%ersel# affecting the )ul5 "ro"erties. The surface modification can ta5e the follo&ing three forms. The first is transformation hardening in &hich a surface is heated so that thermal diffusion and solid-state transformations can ta5e "lace. The second is surface melting! &hich results in a refinement of the structure due to the ra"id :uenching from the melt. The third is surface (laser+ allo#ing! in &hich allo#ing elements are added to the melt "ool to change the com"osition of the surface. The no%el structures "roduced )# laser surface melting and allo#ing can e$hi)it im"ro%ed electrochemical and tri)ological )eha%ior.
o latent heat o Thermal energ# a)sor)ed or released &hen a su)stance undergoes a "hase change. o lateral extrusion o An o"eration in &hich the "roduct is e$truded side&a#s through an orifice in the container &all. o lath martensite o .artensite formed "artl# in steels containing less than a""ro$imatel# 8.0? 3 and solel# in steels

containing less than a""ro$imatel# 0.5? 3 as "arallel arra#s of "ac5ets of lath-sha"e units 0.8 to 0.3 m thic5.
o lattice constants o See lattice "arameter . o lattice parameter

o The length of an# side of a unit cell of a gi%en cr#stal structure. The term is also used for the

fractional coordinates x! y! and $ of lattice "oints &hen these are %aria)le.

o launder o (8+ A channel for trans"orting molten metal. (,+ A )o$ conduit con%e#ing "articles sus"ended in

&ater.
o lay o ;irection of "redominant surface "attern remaining after cutting! grinding! la""ing! or other

"rocessing.
o lead o (8+ The a$ial ad%ance of a heli$ in one com"lete turn. (,+ The slight )e%el at the outer end of a

face cutting edge of a face mill.

o lead angle o In cutting tools! the heli$ angle of the flutes. o lead burning o A misnomer for &elding of lead. o leak testing o A nondestructi%e test for determining the esca"e or entr# of li:uids or gases from "ressuri*ed or

into e%acuated com"onents or s#stems intended to hold these li:uids. Lea5 testing s#stems! &hich em"lo# a %ariet# of gas detectors! are used for locating (detecting and "in"ointing+ lea5s! determining the rate of lea5age from one lea5 or from a s#stem! or monitoring for lea5age.
o ledeburite o The eutectic of the iron-car)on s#stem! the constituents of &hich are austenite and cementite.

The austenite decom"oses into ferrite and cementite on cooling )elo& Ar 8! the tem"erature at &hich transformation of austenite to ferrite or ferrite "lus cementite is com"leted during cooling.
o left-hand cutting tool o A cutter all of &hose flutes t&ist a&a# in a countercloc5&ise direction &hen %ie&ed from either

end.
o <eidenfrost phenomenon o Slo& cooling rates associated &ith a hot %a"or )lan5et that surrounds a "art )eing :uenched in a

li:uid medium such as &ater. The gaseous %a"or en%elo"e acts as an insulator! thus slo&ing the cooling rate.
o leveler lines o Lines on sheet or stri" running trans%erse to the direction of roller le%eling. These lines ma# )e

seen u"on stoning or light sanding after le%eling ()ut )efore dra&ing+ and can usuall# )e remo%ed )# moderate stretching.
o leveling o Dlattening of rolled sheet! stri"! or "late )# reducing or eliminating distortions. See also stretcher

le%eling and roller le%eling.

o levigation o (8+ Se"aration of fine "o&der from coarser material )# forming a sus"ension of the fine material

in a li:uid. (,+ A means of classif#ing a material as to "article si*e )# the rate of settling from a sus"ension.
o levitation melting o An induction melting "rocess in &hich the metal )eing melted is sus"ended )# the

electromagnetic field and is not in contact &ith a container.

o light drawn o An im"recise term! a""lied to dra&n "roducts such as &ire and tu)ing! that indicates a lesser

amount of cold reduction than for hard dra&n "roducts.

o lightly coated electrode o A filler-metal electrode used in arc &elding! consisting of a metal &ire &ith a light coating!

usuall# of metal o$ides and silicates! a""lied su)se:uent to the dra&ing o"eration "rimaril# for sta)ili*ing the arc. 3ontrast &ith co%ered electrode .
o light metal o One of the lo&-densit# metals! such as aluminum! magnesium! titanium! )er#llium! or their

allo#s.
o limiting current density o The ma$imum current densit# that can )e used to o)tain a desired electrode reaction &ithout

undue interference such as from "olari*ation.

o limiting dome height <'*! test o A mechanical test! usuall# "erformed unlu)ricated on sheet metal! that simulates the fracture

conditions in a "ractical "ress-forming o"eration.

o lineage structure o (8+ ;e%iations from "erfect alignment of "arallel arms of a columnar dendrite as a result of

interdendritic shrin5age during solidification from a li:uid. This t#"e of de%iation ma# %ar# in orientation from a fe& minutes to as much as t&o degrees of arc. (,+ A t#"e of su)structure consisting of elongated su)grains.
o linear elastic fracture mechanics o A method of fracture anal#sis that can determine the stress (or load+ re:uired to induce fracture

insta)ilit# in a structure containing a crac5li5e fla& of 5no&n si*e and sha"e. See also fracture mechanics and stress-intensit# factor.
o linear tensile or compressive! strain o The change "er unit length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is

considered "ositi%e.
o liner o (8+ The sla) of coating metal that is "laced on the core allo# and is su)se:uentl# rolled do&n to

clad sheet as a com"osite. (,+ In e$trusion! a remo%a)le allo# steel c#lindrical cham)er! ha%ing an outside longitudinal ta"er firml# "ositioned in the container or main )od# of the "ress! into &hich the )illet is "laced for e$trusion.
o line reaming o Simultaneous reaming of coa$ial holes in %arious sections of a &or5"iece &ith a reamer ha%ing

cutting faces or "iloted surfaces &ith the desired alignment.

o lip-pour ladle o Ladle in &hich the molten metal is "oured o%er a li"! much as &ater is "oured out of a )uc5et. o li+uation o (8+ The se"aration of a lo&-melting constituent of an allo# from the remaining constituents!

usuall# a""arent in allo#s ha%ing a &ide melting range. (,+ Eartial melting of an allo#! usuall# as a result of coring or other com"ositional heterogeneities.
o li+uation temperature o The lo&est tem"erature at &hich "artial melting can occur in an allo# that e$hi)its the greatest

"ossi)le degree of segregation.

o li+uid carburi"ing o Surface hardening of steel )# immersion into a molten )ath consisting of c#anides and other

salts.
o li+uid honing o Eroducing a finel# "olished finish )# directing an air-e'ected chemical emulsion containing fine

a)rasi%es against the surface to )e finished.

o li+uid metal embrittlement <1(! o 3atastro"hic )rittle failure of a normall# ductile metal &hen in contact &ith a li:uid metal and

su)se:uentl# stressed in tension. See also solid metal em)rittlement .

o li+uid nitriding o A method of surface hardening in &hich molten nitrogen-)earing! fused-salt )aths containing

)oth c#anides and c#anates are e$"osed to "arts at su)critical tem"eratures.

o li+uid nitrocarburi"ing o A nitrocar)uri*ing "rocess (&here )oth car)on and nitrogen are a)sor)ed into the surface+

utili*ing molten li:uid salt )aths )elo& the lo&er critical tem"erature.
o li+uid penetrant inspection o A t#"e of nondestructi%e ins"ection that locates discontinuities that are o"en to the surface of a

metal )# first allo&ing a "enetrating d#e or fluorescent li:uid to infiltrate the discontinuit#! remo%ing the e$cess "enetrant! and then a""l#ing a de%elo"ing agent that causes the "enetrant to see" )ac5 out of the discontinuit# and register as an indication. Li:uid "enetrant ins"ection is suita)le for )oth ferrous and nonferrous materials! )ut is limited to the detection of o"en surface discontinuities in non"orous solids.
o li+uid phase sintering o Sintering of a com"act or loose "o&der aggregate under conditions &here a li:uid "hase is

"resent during "art of the sintering c#cle.

o li+uid shrinkage o The reduction in %olume of li:uid metal as it cools to the li:uidus. o li+uidus o (8+ The lo&est tem"erature at &hich a metal or an allo# is com"letel# li:uid.(,+ In a "hase

diagram! the locus of "oints re"resenting the tem"eratures at &hich the %arious com"ositions in the s#stem )egin to free*e on cooling or finish melting on heating. See also solidus .
o loading o (8+ In cutting! )uilding u" of a cutting tool )ac5 of the cutting edge )# undesired adherence of

material remo%ed from the &or5. (,+ In grinding! filling the "ores of a grinding &heel &ith material from the &or5! usuall# resulting in a decrease in "roduction and :ualit# of finish. (3+ In "o&der metallurg#! filling of the die ca%it# &ith "o&der.
o loam o A molding material consisting of sand! silt! and cla#! used o%er )ric5&or5 or other structural

)ac5u" material for ma5ing massi%e castings! usuall# of iron or steel.

o local action o 3orrosion due to the action of 6local cells!6 that is! gal%anic cells resulting from inhomogeneities

)et&een ad'acent areas on a metal surface e$"osed to an electrol#te.

o local cell o A gal%anic cell resulting from inhomogeneities )et&een areas on a metal surface in an

electrol#te. The inhomogeneities ma# )e of "h#sical or chemical nature in either the metal or its en%ironment.
o local current density o 3urrent densit# at a "oint or on a small area. o locali"ed corrosion o 3orrosion at discrete sites! for e$am"le! cre%ice corrosion! "itting! and stress-corrosion crac5ing. o locali"ed precipitation o Ereci"itation from a su"ersaturated solid solution similar to continuous "reci"itation ! e$ce"t that

the "reci"itate "articles form at "referred locations! such as along sli" "lanes! grain )oundaries! or incoherent t&in )oundaries.

o lock o In forging! a condition in &hich the flash line is not entirel# in one "lane. 1here t&o or more

"lane changes occur! it is called com"ound loc5. 1here a loc5 is "laced in the die to com"ensate for die shift caused )# a stee" loc5! it is called a counterloc5.
o longitudinal direction o That direction "arallel to the direction of ma$imum elongation in a &or5ed material. See also

normal direction and trans%erse direction .

o longitudinal field o A magnetic field that e$tends &ithin a magneti*ed "art from one or more "oles to one or more

other "oles and that is com"leted through a "ath e$ternal to the "art.
o longitudinal resistance seam welding o The ma5ing of a resistance seam &eld in a direction essentiall# "arallel to the throat de"th of a

resistance &elding machine.

o long transverse o See trans%erse direction . o looping mill o An arrangement of hot rolling stands such that a hot )ar! &hile )eing discharged from one stand!

is fed into a second stand in the o""osite direction.

o loose metal o Refers to an area in a formed "anel that is not stiff enough to hold its sha"e! ma# )e confused

&ith oil canning.

o lost foam casting o An e$"enda)le "attern "rocess in &hich an e$"anda)le "ol#st#rene "attern surrounded )# the

un)onded sand! is %a"ori*ed during "ouring of the molten metal.

o lost wax process o An in%estment casting "rocess in &hich a &a$ "attern is used. o lot o (8+ A s"ecific amount of material "roduced at one time using one "rocess and constant conditions

of manufacture! and offered for sale as a unit :uantit#. (,+ A :uantit# of material that is thought to )e uniform in one or more stated "ro"erties such as isoto"ic! chemical! or "h#sical characteristics. (3+ A :uantit# of )ul5 material of similar com"osition &hose "ro"erties are under stud#. 3om"are &ith )atch .
o low-alloy steels o A categor# of ferrous materials that e$hi)it mechanical "ro"erties su"erior to "lain car)on steels

as the result of additions of such allo#ing elements as nic5el! chromium! and mol#)denum. Total allo# content can range from ,.0B? u" to le%els 'ust )elo& that of stainless steels! &hich contain a minimum of 80? 3r.
o low-cycle fatigue o Datigue that occurs at relati%el# small num)ers of c#cles (=80 I c#cles+. Lo&-c#cle fatigue ma# )e

accom"anied )# some "lastic! or "ermanent! deformation. 3om"are &ith high-c#cle fatigue .

o lower ram o The "art of a "neumatic or h#draulic "ress that is mo%ing in a lo&er c#linder and transmits

"ressure to the lo&er "unch.

o low-hydrogen electrode o A co%ered arc &elding electrode that "ro%ides an atmos"here around the arc and molten &eld

metal that is lo& in h#drogen.

o low-residual-phosphorus copper o ;eo$idi*ed co""er &ith residual "hos"horus "resent in amounts (usuall# 0.00I to 0.08,?+

generall# too small to decrease a""recia)l# the electrical conducti%it# of the co""er.
o lubricant o (8+ An# su)stance inter"osed )et&een t&o surfaces in relati%e motion for the "ur"ose of reducing

the friction or &ear )et&een them. (,+ A material a""lied to dies! molds! "lungers! or &or5"ieces that "romotes the flo& of metal! reduces friction and &ear! and aids in the release of the finished "art.
o lubrication o (8+ The reduction of frictional resistance and &ear! or other forms of surface deterioration!

)et&een t&o load-)earing surfaces )# the a""lication of a lu)ricant. (,+ .i$ing or incor"orating a lu)ricant &ith a "o&der to facilitate com"acting and e'ecting of the com"act from the die ca%it#/ also! a""l#ing a lu)ricant to die &alls and0or "unch surfaces.
o <@ders lines o 4longated surface mar5ings or de"ressions in sheet metal! often %isi)le &ith the unaided e#e!

caused )# discontinuous (inhomogeneous+ #ielding. Also 5no&n as LSders )ands! Hartmann lines! Eio)ert lines! or stretcher strains.
o luster finish o A )right! as-rolled finish! "roduced on ground metal rolls/ it is suita)le for decorati%e "ainting or

"lating! )ut usuall# must undergo additional surface "re"aration after forming. o M
o machinability o The relati%e ease of machining a metal. o machinability index o A relati%e measure of the machina)ilit# of an engineering material under s"ecified standard

conditions. Also 5no&n as machina)ilit# rating.

o machine forging o Dorging "erformed in u"setters or hori*ontal forging machines. o machine welding o 1elding &ith e:ui"ment that "erforms the &elding o"eration under the constant o)ser%ation and

control of a &elding o"erator. The e:ui"ment ma# or ma# not load and unload the &or5"iece. See also automatic &elding .
o machining o Remo%ing material from a metal "art! usuall# using a cutting tool! and usuall# using a

"o&erdri%en machine.
o machining allowance o See finish allo&ance . o machining damage o Irregularities or changes on the surface of a material due to machining or grinding o"erations that

ma# deleteriousl# affect the "erformance of the material0"art.

o machining stress o Residual stress caused )# machining. o macrograph o A gra"hic re"resentation of the surface of a "re"ared s"ecimen at a magnification not e$ceeding

,5U. 1hen "hotogra"hed! the re"roduction is 5no&n as a "hotomacrogra"h.

o macrohardness test o A term a""lied to such hardness testing "rocedures as the Roc5&ell or Crinell hardness tests to

distinguish them from microindentation hardness tests such as the Knoo" or Fic5ers tests.
o

macroscopic stress

o Residual stress in a material in a distance com"ara)le to the gage length of strain measurement

de%ices (as o""osed to stresses &ithin %er# small! s"ecific regions! such as indi%idual grains+. 3om"are &ith microsco"ic stress .
o macroshrinkage o Isolated! clustered! or interconnected %oids in a casting that are detecta)le macrosco"icall#. Such

%oids are usuall# associated &ith a)ru"t changes in section si*e and are caused )# feeding that is insufficient to com"ensate for solidification shrin5age.
o macrostructure o The structure of metals as re%ealed )# macrosco"ic e$amination of the etched surface of a

"olished s"ecimen.
o magnetically hard alloy o See "ermanent magnet material . o magnetically soft alloy o See soft magnetic material . o magnetic-analysis inspection o A nondestructi%e method of ins"ection to determine the e$istence of %ariations in magnetic flu$

in ferromagnetic materials of constant cross section! such as might )e caused )# discontinuities and %ariations in hardness. The %ariations are usuall# indicated )# a change in "attern on an oscillosco"e screen.
o magnetic-particle inspection o A nondestructi%e method of ins"ection for determining the e$istence and e$tent of surface crac5s

and similar im"erfections in ferromagnetic materials. Dinel# di%ided magnetic "articles! a""lied to the magneti*ed "art! are attracted to and outline the "attern of an# magnetic lea5age fields created )# discontinuities.
o magnetic pole o The area on a magneti*ed "art at &hich the magnetic field lea%es or enters the "art. It is a "oint of

ma$imum attraction in a magnet.

o magnetic separator o A de%ice used to se"arate magnetic from less magnetic or nonmagnetic materials. The crushed

material is con%e#ed on a )elt "ast a magnet.

o magneti"ing force o A force field! resulting from the flo& of electric currents or from magneti*ed )odies! that

"roduces magnetic induction.

o magnetostriction o 3hanges in dimensions of a )od# resulting from a""lication of a magnetic field. o malleability o The characteristic of metals that "ermits "lastic deformation in com"ression &ithout fracture. See

also ductilit# .
o malleabili"ing o Annealing &hite iron in such a &a# that some or all of the com)ined car)on is transformed into

gra"hite or! in some cases! so that "art of the car)on is remo%ed com"letel#.
o malleable iron o A cast iron made )# "rolonged annealing of &hite iron in &hich decar)uri*ation! gra"hiti*ation!

or )oth ta5e "lace to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The gra"hite is in the form of tem"er car)on. If decar)uri*ation is the "redominant reaction! the "roduct &ill e$hi)it a light fracture surface/ hence &hiteheart mallea)le. Other&ise! the fracture surface &ill )e dar5/ hence )lac5heart mallea)le. Onl# the )lac5heart mallea)le is "roduced in the <nited States. Derritic mallea)le has a "redominantl# ferritic matri$/ "earlitic mallea)le ma# contain "earlite! s"heroidite! or tem"ered martensite! de"ending on heat treatment and desired hardness.

o mandrel o (8+ A )lunt-ended tool or rod used to retain the ca%it# in a hollo& metal "roduct during &or5ing.

(,+ A metal )ar around &hich other metal ma# )e cast! )ent! formed! or sha"ed. (3+ A shaft or )ar for holding &or5 to )e machined. (I+ A form! such as a mold or matri$! used as a cathode in electroforming.
o mandrel forging o The "rocess of rolling or forging a hollo& )lan5 o%er a mandrel to "roduce a &eldless! seamless

ring or tu)e. See also radial forging .

o 1annesmann process o A "rocess for "iercing tu)e )illets in ma5ing seamless tu)ing. The )illet is rotated )et&een t&o

hea%# rolls mounted at an angle and is forced o%er a fi$ed mandrel.

o manual welding o A &elding o"eration "erformed and controlled com"letel# )# hand. See also automatic &elding !

machine &elding ! and semiautomatic &elding .

o maraging o A "reci"itation-hardening treatment a""lied to a s"ecial grou" of high-nic5el iron-)ase allo#s

(maraging steels+ to "reci"itate one or more intermetallic com"ounds in a matri$ of essentiall# car)on-free martensite.
o 1arforming process o A ru))er-"ad forming "rocess de%elo"ed to form &rin5le-free shrin5 flanges and dee"-dra&n

shells. It differs from the Guerin "rocess in that the sheet metal )lan5 is clam"ed )et&een the ru))er "ad and the )lan5holder )efore forming )egins.
o mar+uenching o See martem"ering . o martempering o (8+ A hardening "rocedure in &hich an austeniti*ed ferrous material is :uenched into an

a""ro"riate medium at a tem"erature 'ust a)o%e the martensite start tem"erature of the material! held in the medium until the tem"erature is uniform throughout! although not long enough for )ainite to form! then cooled in air. The treatment is fre:uentl# follo&ed )# tem"ering. (,+ 1hen the "rocess is a""lied to car)uri*ed material! the controlling martensite start tem"erature is that of the case. This %ariation of the "rocess is fre:uentl# called mar:uenching.
o martensite o A generic term for microstructures formed )# diffusionless "hase transformation in &hich the

"arent and "roduct "hases ha%e a s"ecific cr#stallogra"hic relationshi". .artensite is characteri*ed )# an acicular "attern in the microstructure in )oth ferrous and nonferrous allo#s. In allo#s &here the solute atoms occu"# interstitial "ositions in the martensitic lattice (such as car)on in iron+! the structure is hard and highl# strained/ )ut &here the solute atoms occu"# su)stitutional "ositions (such as nic5el in iron+! the martensite is soft and ductile. The amount of high-tem"erature "hase that transforms to martensite on cooling de"ends to a large e$tent on the lo&est tem"erature attained! there )eing a rather distinct )eginning tem"erature (. s+ and a tem"erature at &hich the transformation is essentiall# com"lete (. f+. See also lath martensite ! "late martensite ! and tem"ered martensite .
o marsensite range o The inter%al )et&een the martensite start (. s+ and the martensite finish (.f+ tem"eratures. o martensitic o A "lateli5e constituent ha%ing an a""earance and a mechanism of formation similar to that of

martensite. See also lath martensite and "late martensite .

o martensitic transformation o A reaction that ta5es "lace in some metals on cooling! &ith the formation of an acicular structure

called martensite .
o master alloy o An allo#! rich in one or more desired addition elements! that is added to a metal melt to raise the

"ercentage of a desired constituent.

o master alloy powder o A "reallo#ed metal "o&der of high concentration of allo# content! designed to )e diluted &hen

mi$ed &ith a )ase "o&der to "roduce the desired com"osition. See also "reallo#ed "o&der .
o master pattern o In foundr# "ractice! a "attern em)od#ing a dou)le contraction allo&ance in its construction! used

for ma5ing castings to )e em"lo#ed as "atterns in "roduction &or5.

o match o A condition in &hich a "oint in one metalforming or forging die half is aligned "ro"erl# &ith the

corres"onding "oint in the o""osite die half &ithin s"ecified tolerance.

o matched edges o T&o edges of the die face that are machined e$actl# at 90G to each other! and from &hich all

dimensions are ta5en in la#ing out the die im"ression and aligning the dies in the forging e:ui"ment. Also referred to as match lines.
o match plate o A "late of metal or other material on &hich "atterns for metal casting are mounted (or formed as

an integral "art+ to facilitate molding. The "attern is di%ided along its "arting "lane )# the "late.
o materials characteri"ation o The use of %arious anal#tical methods (s"ectrosco"#! microsco"#! chromatogra"h#! etc.+ to

descri)e those features of com"osition ()oth )ul5 and surface+ and structure (including defects+ of a material that are significant for a "articular "re"aration! stud# of "ro"erties! or use. Test methods that #ield information "rimaril# related to materials "ro"erties! such as thermal! electrical! and mechanical "ro"erties! are e$cluded from this definition.
o matrix o The continuous or "rinci"al "hase in &hich another constituent is dis"ersed. o matte o An intermediate "roduct of smelting / an im"ure metallic sulfide mi$ture made )# melting a

roasted sulfide ore! such as an ore of co""er! lead! or nic5el.

o matte finish o (8+ A dull te$ture "roduced )# rolling sheet or stri" )et&een rolls that ha%e )een roughened )#

)lasting. (,+ A dull finish characteristic of some electrode"osits! such as cadmium or tin.
o maximum stress Smax! o The stress ha%ing the highest alge)raic %alue in the stress c#cle! tensile stress )eing considered

"ositi%e and com"ressi%e stress negati%e. The nominal stress is used most commonl#.
o maximum stress intensity factor Kmax! o The ma$imum %alue of the stress-intensit# factor in a fatigue c#cle. o 1cAuaid-(hn grain si"e o The austenitic grain si*e de%elo"ed in steels )# car)uri*ing at 9,B G3 (8B00 GD+ follo&ed )# slo&

cooling. 4ight standard .cHuaid-4hn grain si*es rate the structure! from 2o. >! the finest! to 2o. 8! the coarsest. The use of standardi*ed AST. methods for determining grain si*e is recommended.
o mean stress Sm! o The alge)raic a%erage of the ma$imum and minimum stresses in one c#cle! that is! Sm M (Sma$ @

Smin+0,. Also referred to as stead# com"onent of stress.

o

mechanical alloying 1A!

o An alternate cold &elding and shearing of "articles of t&o or more s"ecies of greatl# differing

hardness. The o"eration is carried out in high-intensit# )all mills! such as attritors! and is the "referred method of "roducing o$ide-dis"ersion-strengthened (O;S+ materials. See also attritor grinding and dis"ersion-strengthened material .
o mechanical hysteresis o 4nerg# a)sor)ed in a com"lete c#cle of loading and unloading &ithin the elastic limit and

re"resented )# the closed loo" of the stress-strain cur%es for loading and unloading. Sometimes referred to as elastic! )ut more "ro"erl#! mechanical.
o mechanical metallurgy o The science and technolog# dealing &ith the )eha%ior of metals &hen su)'ected to a""lied

forces/ often considered to )e restricted to "lastic &or5ing or sha"ing of metals.

o mechanical plating o Elating &herein fine metal "o&ders are "eened onto the &or5 )# tum)ling or other means. The

"rocess is used "rimaril# to "ro%ide ferrous "arts &ith coatings of *inc! cadmium! tin! and allo#s of these metals in %arious com)inations.
o mechanical polishing o A "rocess that #ields a s"ecularl# reflecting surface entirel# )# the action of machining tools!

&hich are usuall# the "oints of a)rasi%e "articles sus"ended in a li:uid among the fi)ers of a "olishing cloth.
o mechanical press o A "ress &hose slide is o"erated )# a cran5! eccentric! cam! toggle lin5s! or other mechanical

de%ice.
o mechanical properties o The "ro"erties of a material that re%eal its elastic and inelastic )eha%ior &hen force is a""lied!

there)# indicating its suita)ilit# for mechanical a""lications/ for e$am"le! modulus of elasticit#! tensile strength! elongation! hardness! and fatigue limit. 3om"are &ith "h#sical "ro"erties .
o mechanical testing o The methods )# &hich the mechanical "ro"erties of a metal are determined. o mechanical twin o A t&in formed in a cr#stal )# sim"le shear under e$ternal heating. o mechanical working o The su)'ecting of metals to "ressure e$erted )# rolls! hammers! or "resses in order to change the

sha"e or "h#sical "ro"erties of the metal.

o median fatigue life o The middle %alue &hen all of the o)ser%ed fatigue life %alues of the indi%idual s"ecimens in a

grou" tested under identical conditions are arranged in order of magnitude. 1hen an e%en num)er of s"ecimens are tested! the a%erage of the t&o middlemost %alues is used. <se of the sam"le median rather than the arithmetic mean (that is! the a%erage+ is usuall# "referred.
o median fatigue strength at N cycles o An estimate of the stress le%el at &hich 50? of the "o"ulation &ould sur%i%e N c#cles. The

estimate is deri%ed from a "articular "oint of the fatigue life distri)ution! since there is no test "rocedure )# &hich a fre:uenc# distri)ution of fatigue strengths at N c#cles can )e directl# o)ser%ed. Also 5no&n as fatigue strength at N c#cles .
o melting point o The tem"erature at &hich a "ure metal! com"ound! or eutectic changes from solid to li:uid/ the

tem"erature at &hich the li:uid and the solid are at e:uili)rium.

o melting range o The range of tem"eratures o%er &hich an allo# other than a com"ound or eutectic changes from

solid to li:uid/ the range of tem"eratures from solidus to li:uidus at an# gi%en com"osition on a "hase diagram.
o melting temperature o See melting "oint . o melt-through o 3om"lete 'oint "enetration for a 'oint &elded from one side. o merchant mill obsolete! o A mill! consisting of a grou" of stands of three rolls each arranged in a straight line and dri%en )#

one "o&er unit! used to roll rounds! s:uares or flats of smaller dimensions than &ould )e rolled on a )ar mill.
o mesh o (8+ The num)er of screen o"enings "er linear inch of screen/ also called %es! si$e. (,+ The screen

num)er on the finest screen of a s"ecified standard screen scale through &hich almost all of the "articles of a "o&der sam"le &ill "ass. See also sie%e anal#sis and sie%e classification .
o mesh-belt conveyor furnace o A continuousl# o"erating furnace that uses a con%e#or )elt for the trans"ort of the charge. o metal o (8+ An o"a:ue lustrous elemental chemical su)stance that is a good conductor of heat and

electricit# and! &hen "olished! a good reflector of light. .ost elemental metals are mallea)le and ductile and are! in general! denser than the other elemental su)stances. (,+ As to structure! metals ma# )e distinguished from nonmetals )# their atomic )inding and electron a%aila)ilit#. .etallic atoms tend to lose electrons from the outer shells! the "ositi%e ions thus formed )eing held together )# the electron gas "roduced )# the se"aration. The a)ilit# of these 6free electrons6 to carr# an electric current! and the fact that this a)ilit# decreases as tem"erature increases! esta)lish the "rime distinctions of a metallic solid. (3+ Drom a chemical %ie&"oint! an elemental su)stance &hose h#dro$ide is al5aline. (I+ An allo#.
o metal arc cutting o An# of a grou" of arc cutting "rocesses that se%ers metals )# melting them &ith the heat of an

arc )et&een a metal electrode and the )ase metal. See also gas metal arc cutting and shielded metal arc cutting .
o metal arc welding o An# of a grou" of arc &elding "rocesses in &hich metals are fused together using the heat of an

arc )et&een a metal electrode and the &or5. <se of the s"ecific "rocess name is "referred.
o metal cored electrode o A com"osite filler metal &elding electrode consisting of a metal tu)e or other hollo&

configuration containing allo#ing ingredients. .inor amounts of ingredients facilitate arc sta)ili*ation and flu$ing of o$ides. 4$ternal shielding gas ma# or ma# not )e used.
o metal dusting o Accelerated deterioration of metals in car)onaceous gases at ele%ated tem"eratures to form a

dustli5e corrosion "roduct.

o metal electrode o An electrode used in arc &elding or cutting that consists of a metal &ire or rod that is either )are

or co%ered &ith a suita)le co%ering or coating.

o metallic glass o A noncr#stalline metal or allo#! commonl# "roduced )# drastic su"ercooling of a molten allo#!

)# molecular de"osition! &hich in%ol%es gro&th from the %a"or "hase (e.g.! thermal e%a"oration and s"uttering+ or from a li:uid "hase (e.g.! electroless de"osition and electrode"osition+! or )# e$ternal action techni:ues (e.g.! ion im"lantation and ion )eam mi$ing+.

o metalli"ing o Dorming a metallic coating )# atomi*ed s"ra#ing &ith molten metal or )# %acuum de"osition.

Also called s"ra# metalli*ing.

o metallograph o An o"tical instrument designed for %isual o)ser%ation and "hotomicrogra"h# of "re"ared

surfaces of o"a:ue materials at magnifications of ,5 to a""ro$imatel# ,000U. The instrument consists of a high-intensit# illuminating source! a microsco"e! and a camera )ello&s. On some instruments! "ro%isions are made for e$amination of s"ecimen surfaces using "olari*ed light! "hase contrast! o)li:ue illumination! dar5-field illumination! and )right-field illumination.
o metallography o The stud# of the structure of metals and allo#s )# %arious methods! es"eciall# )# o"tical and

electron microsco"#.
o metallurgical bond o The "rinci"al )ond that holds metal together and is formed )et&een )ase metals and filler metals

in all &elding "rocesses. This is a "rimar# )ond arising from the increased s"atial e$tension of the %alence electron &a%e functions &hen an aggregate of metal atoms is )rought close together. Also referred to as metallic )ond.
o metallurgical coke o A co5e! usuall# lo& in sulfur! ha%ing a %er# high com"ressi%e strength at ele%ated tem"eratures/

used in metallurgical furnaces not onl# as fuel! )ut also to su""ort the &eight of the charge.
o metallurgy o The science and technolog# of metals and allo#s. Erocess metallurg# is concerned &ith the

e$traction of metals from their ores and &ith refining of metals/ "h#sical metallurg#! &ith the "h#sical and mechanical "ro"erties of metals as affected )# com"osition! "rocessing! and en%ironmental conditions/ and mechanical metallurg#! &ith the res"onse of metals to a""lied forces.
o metal-matrix composite o A material that consists of a nonmetallic reinforcement! such as ceramic fi)ers or filaments!

incor"orated into a metallic matri$.

o metal penetration o A surface condition in metal castings in &hich metal or metal o$ides ha%e filled %oids )et&een

sand grains &ithout dis"lacing them.

o metal powder o 4lemental metals or allo# "articles! usuall# in the si*e range of 0.8 to 8000 m. o metal powder cutting o A techni:ue that su""lements an o$#fuel torch &ith a stream of iron or )lended iron-aluminum

"o&der to facilitate flame cutting of difficult-to-cut materials. The "o&dered material "ro"agates and accelerates the o$idation reaction! as &ell as the melting and s"alling action of the materials to )e cut.
o metal spraying o 3oating metal o)'ects )# s"ra#ing molten metal against their surfaces. See also thermal

s"ra#ing .
o metastable o (8+ Of a material not trul# sta)le &ith res"ect to some transition! con%ersion! or reaction )ut

sta)ili*ed 5ineticall# either )# ra"id cooling or )# some molecular characteristics as! for e$am"le! )# the e$tremel# high %iscosit# of "ol#mers. (,+ Eossessing a state of "seudoe:uili)rium that has a free energ# higher than that of the true e:uili)rium state.
o

1f temperature

o Dor an# allo# s#stem! the tem"erature at &hich martensite formation on cooling is essentiall#

finished. See also transformation tem"erature for the definition a""lica)le to ferrous allo#s.
o microcrack o A crac5 of microsco"ic "ro"ortions. Also termed microfissure . o microfissure o A crac5 of microsco"ic "ro"ortions. o micrograph o A gra"hic re"roduction of the surface of a s"ecimen at a magnification greater than ,5U. If

"roduced )# "hotogra"hic means it is called a "hotomicrogra"h (not a micro"hotogra"h+.

o microhardness o The hardness of a material as determined )# forcing an indenter such as a Fic5ers or Knoo"

indenter into the surface of a material under %er# light load/ usuall#! the indentations are so small that the# must )e measured &ith a microsco"e. 3a"a)le of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents &ithin a structure! or of measuring stee" hardness gradients such as those encountered in case hardening. See also microhardness test .
o microhardness number o A commonl# used term for the more technicall# correct term microindentation hardness num)er . o microhardness test o A microindentation hardness test using a cali)rated machine to force a diamond indenter of

s"ecific geometr#! under a test load of 8 to 8000 gram-force! into the surface of the test material and to measure the diagonal or diagonals o"ticall#. See also Knoo" hardness test and Fic5ers hardness test .
o microindentation o (8+ In hardness testing! the small residual im"ression left in a solid surface &hen an indenter!

t#"icall# a "#ramidal diamond st#lus! is &ithdra&n after "enetrating the surface. T#"icall#! the dimensions of the microindentations are measured to determine microindentation hardness num)er. (,+ The "rocess of indenting a solid surface! using a hard st#lus of "rescri)ed geometr# and under a slo&l# a""lied normal force! usuall# for the "ur"ose of determining its microindentation hardness num)er. See also Knoo" hardness num)er ! microindentation hardness num)er ! and Fic5ers hardness num)er .
o microindentation hardness number o A numerical :uantit#! usuall# stated in units of "ressure (5g0mm ,+! that e$"resses the resistance

to "enetration of a solid surface )# a hard indenter of "rescri)ed geometr# and under a s"ecified! slo&l# a""lied normal force. The "refi$ 6micro6 indicates that the indentations "roduced are t#"icall# )et&een 80.0 and ,00.0 m across. See also Knoo" hardness num)er ! nanohardness test ! and Fic5ers hardness num)er .
o microscopic o Fisi)le at magnifications a)o%e ,5U. o microscopic stress o Residual stress in a material &ithin a distance com"ara)le to the grain si*e. See also macrosco"ic

stress .
o microsegregation o Segregation &ithin a grain! cr#stal! or small "article. See also coring . o microshrinkage o A casting im"erfection! not detecta)le micros"icall#! consisting of interdendritic %oids.

.icroshrin5age results from contraction during solidification &here the o""ortunit# to su""l# filler material is inade:uate to com"ensate for shrin5age. Allo#s &ith &ide ranges in solidification tem"erature are "articularl# susce"ti)le.

o microstrain o The strain o%er a gage length com"ara)le to interatomic distances. These are the strains )eing

a%eraged )# the macrostrain measurement. .icrostrain is not measura)le )# e$isting techni:ues. Fariance of the microstrain distri)ution can! ho&e%er! )e measured )# $-ra# diffraction.
o microstress o Same as microsco"ic stress . o microstructure o The structure of an o)'ect! organism! of material as re%ealed )# a microsco"e at magnifications

greater than ,5U.

o middling o A "roduct intermediate )et&een concentrate and tailing and containing enough of a %alua)le

mineral to ma5e retreatment "rofita)le.

o 10. welding o .etal inert-gas &elding/ see "referred term gas metal arc &elding . o mild steel o 3ar)on steel &ith a ma$imum of a)out 0.,5? 3 and containing 0.I to 0.B? .n! 0.8 to 0.5? Si!

and some residuals of sulfur! "hos"horus! and0or other elements.

o mill o (8+ A factor# in &hich metals are hot &or5ed! cold &or5ed! or melted and cast into standard

sha"es suita)le for secondar# fa)rication into commercial "roducts. (,+ A "roduction line! usuall# of four or more stands! for hot or cold rolling metal standard sha"es such as )ar! rod! "late! sheet! or stri". (3+ A single machine or hot rolling! cold rolling! or e$truding metal/ e$am"les include )looming mill! cluster mill! four-high mill! and Send*imir mill. (I+ A sho" term for a milling cutter. (5+ A machine or grou" of machines for grinding or crushing ores and other minerals. (A+ A machine for grinding or mi$ing material! for e$am"le! a )all mill and a "aint mill. (B+ Grinding or mi$ing a material! for e$am"le! milling a "o&der metallurg# material.
o mill edge o The normal edge "roduced in hot rolling of sheet metal. This edge is customaril# remo%ed &hen

hot rolled sheets are further "rocessed into cold rolled sheets.
o 1iller indices o A s#stem for identif#ing "lanes and directions in an# cr#stal s#stem )# means of sets of integers.

The indices of a "lane are related to the interce"ts of that "lane &ith the a$es of a unit cell/ the indices of a direction! to the multi"les of lattice "arameter that re"resent the coordinates of a "oint on a line "arallel to the direction and "assing through the ar)itraril# chosen origin of a unit cell.
o mill finish o A nonstandard (and t#"icall# nonuniform+ surface finish on mill "roducts that are deli%ered

&ithout )eing su)'ected to a s"ecial surface treatment (other than a corrosion-"re%enti%e treatment+ after the final &or5ing or heat-treating ste".
o milling machining! o Remo%ing metal &ith a milling cutter. o milling powder technology! o The mechanical comminution of a material! usuall# in a )all mill! to alter the si*e or sha"e of the

indi%idual "articles! to coat one com"onent of a mi$ture &ith another! or to create uniform distri)utions of com"onents.
o milling cutter o A rotar# cutting tool "ro%ided &ith one or more cutting elements! called teeth! that intermittentl#

engage the &or5"iece and remo%e material )# relati%e mo%ement of the &or5"iece and cutter.
o

mill product

o An# commercial "roduct of a mill. o mill scale o The hea%# o$ide la#er that forms during the hot fa)rication or heat treatment of metals. o mineral dressing o Eh#sical and chemical concentration of ra& ore into a "roduct from &hich a metal can )e

reco%ered at a "rofit.
o minimi"ed spangle o A hot di" gal%ani*ed coating of %er# small grain si*e! &hich ma5es the s"angle less %isi)le &hen

the "art is su)se:uentl# "ainted.

o minimum bend radius o The minimum radius o%er &hich a metal "roduct can )e )ent to a gi%en angle &ithout fracture. o minimum stress Smin! o In fatigue! the stress ha%ing the lo&est alge)raic %alue in the c#cle! tensile stress )eing

considered "ositi%e and com"ressi%e stress negati%e.

o minimum stress-intensity factor Kmin! o In fatigue! the minimum %alue of the stress-intensit# factor in a c#cle. This %alue corres"onds to

the minimum load &hen the load ratio is R0 and is ta5en to )e *ero &hen the load ratio is 0.
o minus sieve o The "ortion of a "o&der sam"le that "asses through a standard sie%e of a s"ecified num)er. See

also "lus sie%e and sie%e anal#sis .

o mischmetal o An natural mi$ture of rare-earth elements (atomic num)ers 5B through B8+ in metallic form. It

contains a)out 50? 3e! the remainder )eing "rinci"all# lanthanum and neod#mium.
o mismatch o The misalignment or error in register of a "air of forging dies/ also a""lied to the condition of the

resulting forging.
o misrun o ;enotes an irregularit# on a cast metal surface caused )# incom"lete filling of the mold due to

lo& "ouring tem"eratures! gas )ac5 "ressure from inade:uate %enting of the mold! and inade:uate gating.
o mixed potential o The "otential of a s"ecimen (or s"ecimens in a gal%anic cou"le+ &hen t&o or more

electrochemical reactions are occurring. Also called gal%anic cou"le "otential.

o mixing o In "o&der metallurg#! the thorough intermingling of "o&ders of t&o or more different materials

(not to )e confused &ith )lending +.

o modification o Treatment of molten h#"oeutectic (> to 83? Si+ or h#"ereutectic (83 to 89? Si+ aluminumsilicon

allo#s to im"ro%e mechanical "ro"erties of the solid allo# )# refinement of the si*e and distri)ution of the silicon "hase. In%ol%es additions of small "ercentages of sodium! strontium! or calcium (h#"oeutectic allo#s+ or of "hos"horus (h#"ereutectic allo#s+.
o modulus of elasticity E! o (8+ The measure of rigidit# or stiffness of a material/ the ratio of stress! )elo& the "ro"ortional

limit! to the corres"onding strain. If a tensile stress of 83.> .Ea (,.0 5si+ results in an elongation of 8.0?! the modulus of elasticit# is 83.> .Ea (,.0 5si+ di%ided )# 0.08! or 83>0 .Ea (,00 5si+. (,+ In terms of the stress-strain cur%e! the modulus of elasticit# is the slo"e of the stress-strain cur%e in the range of linear "ro"ortionalit# of stress to strain. Also 5no&n as YoungNs modulus .

Dor materials that do not conform to Hoo5eNs la& throughout the elastic range! the slo"e of either the tangent to the stress-strain cur%e at the origin or at lo& stress! the secant dra&n from the origin to an# s"ecified "oint on the stress-strain cur%e! or the chord connecting an# t&o s"ecific "oints on the stress-strain cur%e is usuall# ta5en to )e the modulus of elasticit#. In these cases! the modulus is referred to as the tangent modulus! secant modulus! or chord modulus! res"ecti%el#.
o modulus of resilience o The amount of energ# stored in a material &hen loaded to its elastic limit. It is determined )#

measuring the area under the stress-strain cur%e u" to the elastic limit. See also resilience and strain energ# .
o modulus of rigidity o See shear modulus . o modulus of rupture o 2ominal stress at fracture in a )end test or torsion test. In )ending! modulus of ru"ture is the

)ending moment at fracture di%ided )# the section modulus. In torsion! modulus of ru"ture is the tor:ue at fracture di%ided )# the "olar section modulus.
o 1ohs hardness o The hardness of a )od# according to a scale "ro"osed )# .ohs! )ased on ten minerals! each of

&hich &ould scratch the one )elo& it. These minerals! in decreasing order of hardness! are
;iamond 80 3orundum 9 To"a* > Huart* B Othoclase (felds"ar+ A A"atite 5 Dluorite I 3alcite 3 G#"sum , Talc 8

o mold o (8+ The form! made of sand! metal! or refractor# material! that contains the ca%it# into &hich

molten metal is "oured to "roduce a casting of desired sha"e. (,+ A die.

o mold cavity o The s"ace in a mold that is filled &ith li:uid metal to form the casting u"on solidification. The

channel through &hich li:uid metal enters the mold ca%it# (s"rue! runner! gates+ and reser%oirs for li:uid metal (risers+ are not considered "art of the mold ca%it# "ro"er.
o o o o o o o o o o

molding machine
A machine for ma5ing sand molds )# mechanicall# com"acting sand around a "attern.

molding press
A "ress used to form "o&der metallurg# com"acts.

molding sands
Doundr# sands containing more than 5? natural cla#! usuall# )et&een > and ,0?.

mold jacket
1ood or metal form that is sli""ed o%er a sand mold for su""ort during "ouring of a casting.

mold wash

An a:ueous or alcoholic emulsion or sus"ension of %arious materials used to coat the surface of a casting mold ca%it#.
o molten weld pool o The li:uid state of a &eld "rior to solidification as &eld metal. o 1ond process

o A "rocess for e$tracting and "urif#ing nic5el. The main features consist of forming nic5el

car)on#l )# reaction of finel# di%ided reduced metal &ith car)on mono$ide! then decom"osing the nic5el car)on#l to de"osit "urified nic5el on small nic5el "ellets.
o monotectic o An isothermal re%ersi)le reaction in a )inar# s#stem! in &hich a li:uid on cooling decom"oses

into a second li:uid of a different com"osition and a solid. It differs from a eutectic in that onl# one of the t&o "roducts of the reaction is )elo& its free*ing range.
o monotropism o The a)ilit# of a solid to e$ist in t&o or more forms (cr#stal structures+! )ut in &hich one form is

the sta)le modification at all tem"eratures and "ressures. Derrite and martensite are a monotro"ic "air )elo& the tem"erature at &hich austenite )egins to form! for e$am"le! in steels. Alternate s"elling is monotro"hism.
o morphology o The characteristic sha"e! form! or surface te$ture or contours of the cr#stals! grains! or "articles

of (or in+ a material! generall# on a microsco"ic scale.

o mosaic structure o In cr#stals! a su)structure in &hich ad'oining regions ha%e onl# slightl# different orientations. o mottled cast iron o Iron that consists of a mi$ture of %aria)le "ro"ortions of gra# cast iron and &hite cast iron/ such a

material has a mottled fracture a""earance.

o mounting o A means )# &hich a s"ecimen for metallogra"hic e$amination ma# )e held during "re"aration of

a section surface. The s"ecimen can )e em)edded in "lastic or secured mechanicall# in clam"s.
o mounting resin o Thermosetting or thermo"lastic resins used to mount metallogra"hic s"ecimens. o 1s temperature o Dor an# allo# s#stem! the tem"erature at &hich martensite starts to form on cooling. See

transformation tem"erature for the definition a""lica)le to ferrous allo#s.

o mulling o The mi$ing and 5neading of foundr# molding sand &ith moisture and cla# to de%elo" suita)le

"ro"erties for molding.

o multiaxial stresses o An# stress state in &hich t&o or three "rinci"al stresses are not *ero. o multiple o A "iece of stoc5 for forging that is cut from )ar or )illet lengths to "ro%ide the e$act amount of

material for a single &or5"iece.

o multiple-pass weld o A &eld made )# de"ositing filler metal &ith t&o or more successi%e "asses. o multiple-slide press o A "ress &ith indi%idual slides! )uilt into the main slide or connected to indi%idual eccentrics on

the main shaft! that can )e ad'usted to %ar# the length of stro5e and the timing. See also slide .
o multiple spot welding o S"ot &elding in &hich se%eral s"ots are made during one com"lete c#cle of the &elding machine. o m-value o See strain-rate sensiti%it# . o N o nanohardness test

o An indentation hardness testing "rocedure! usuall# rel#ing on indentation force %ersus ti"

dis"lacement data! to ma5e assessments of the resistance of surfaces to "enetrations of the order of 80 to 8000 nm dee".
o native metal o (8+ An# de"osit in the earthNs crust consisting of uncom)ined metal. (,+ The metal in such a

de"osit.
o natural aging o S"ontaneous aging of a su"ersaturated solid solution at room tem"erature. See also aging .

3om"are &ith artificial aging .

o o o o o o o o o o o o

natural strain
See true strain .

2'(
See nondestructi%e e%aluation .

2'0
See nondestructi%e ins"ection .

2'See nondestructi%e testing .

near-net shape
See net sha"e .

necking

(8+ The reduction of the cross-sectional area of a material in a locali*ed area )# unia$ial tension or )# stretching. (,+ The reduction of the diameter of a "ortion of the length of a c#lindrical shell or tu)e.
o necking down o Locali*ed reduction in area of a s"ecimen during tensile deformation. o net shape o The sha"e of a "o&der metallurg# "art! casting! or forging that conforms closel# to s"ecified

dimensions. Such a "art re:uires no secondar# machining or finishing. A near-net sha"e "art can )e either one in &hich some )ut not all of the surfaces are net or one in &hich the surfaces re:uire onl# minimal machining or finishing.
o 2eumann band o .echanical t&in in ferrite. o neutral flame o (8+ A gas flame in &hich there is no e$cess of either fuel or o$#gen in the inner flame. O$#gen

from am)ient air is used to com"lete the com)ustion of 3O , and H, "roduced in the inner flame. (,+ An o$#fuel gas flame in &hich the "ortion used is neither o$idi*ing nor reducing. See also car)uri*ing flame ! o$idi*ing flame ! and reducing flame .
o neutron embrittlement o 4m)rittlement resulting from )om)ardment &ith neutrons! usuall# encountered in metals that

ha%e )een e$"osed to a neutron flu$ in the core of the reactor. In steels! neutron em)rittlement is e%idenced )# a rise in the ductile-to-)rittle transition tem"erature.
o nibbling o 3ontour cutting of sheet metal )# use of a ra"idl# reci"rocating "unch that ma5es numerous

small cuts.
o nip angle o See angle of )ite . o nitriding

o Introducing nitrogen into the surface la#er of a solid ferrous allo# )# holding at a suita)le

tem"erature ()elo& Ac8 for ferritic steels+ in contact &ith a nitrogenous material! usuall# ammonia or molten c#anide of a""ro"riate com"osition. Huenching is not re:uired to "roduce a hard case. See also )right nitriding and li:uid nitriding .
o nitrocarburi"ing o An# of se%eral "rocesses in &hich )oth nitrogen and car)on are a)sor)ed into the surface la#ers

of a ferrous material at tem"eratures )elo& the lo&er critical tem"erature and! )# diffusion! create a concentration gradient. 2itrocar)uri*ing is "erformed "rimaril# to "ro%ide an antiscuffing surface la#er and to im"ro%e fatigue resistance. 3om"are &ith car)onitriding .
o noble o The "ositi%e direction of electrode "otential! thus resem)ling no)le metals such as gold and

"latinum.
o noble metal o (8+ A metal &hose "otential is highl# "ositi%e relati%e to the h#drogen electrode. (,+ A metal

&ith mar5ed resistance to chemical reaction! "articularl# to o$idation and to solution )# inorganic acids. The term as often used is s#non#mous &ith "recious metal .
o noble potential o A "otential more cathodic ("ositi%e+ than the standard h#drogen "otential. o no-draft draftless! forging o A forging &ith e$tremel# close tolerances and little or no draft that re:uires minimal machining

to "roduce the final "art. .echanical "ro"erties can )e enhanced )# closer control of grain flo& and )# retention of surface material in the final com"onent.
o nodular graphite o Gra"hite in nodular (rounded+ form as o""osed to fla5e form (see fla5e gra"hite +. See also

ductile iron and s"heroidal gra"hite .

o nodular iron o See "referred term ductile iron. o nominal stress o The stress at a "oint calculated on the net cross section &ithout ta5ing into consideration the

effect on stress of geometric discontinuities! such as holes! groo%es! fillets! and so forth. The calculation is made using sim"le elastic theor#.
o nondestructive evaluation 2'(! o Croadl# considered s#non#mous &ith nondestructi%e ins"ection (2;I+ . .ore s"ecificall#! the

:uantitati%e anal#sis of 2;I findings to determine &hether the material &ill )e acce"ta)le for its function! des"ite the "resence of discontinuities. 1ith 2;4! a discontinuit# can )e classified )# its si*e! sha"e! t#"e! and location! allo&ing the in%estigator to determine &hether or not the fla&(s+ is acce"ta)le. ;amage tolerant design a""roaches are )ased on the "hiloso"h# of ensuring safe o"eration in the "resence of fla&s.
o nondestructive inspection 2'0! o A "rocess or "rocedure! such as ultrasonic or radiogra"hic ins"ection! for determining the :ualit#

or characteristics of a material! "art! or assem)l#! &ithout "ermanentl# altering the su)'ect or its "ro"erties. <sed to find internal anomalies in a structure &ithout degrading its "ro"erties or im"airing its ser%icea)ilit#.
o nondestructive testing 2'-! o Croadl# considered s#non#mous &ith nondestructi%e ins"ection (2;I+. o nonmetallic inclusions o See inclusions . o normal direction

o That direction "er"endicular to the "lane of &or5ing in a &or5ed material. See also longitudinal

direction and trans%erse direction .

o normali"ing o Heating a ferrous allo# to a suita)le tem"erature a)o%e the transformation range and then cooling

in air to a tem"erature su)stantiall# )elo& the transformation range.

o normal segregation o 3oncentration of allo#ing constituents that ha%e lo& melting "oints in those "ortions of a casting

that solidif# last. 3om"are &ith in%erse segregation .

o normal solution o An a:ueous solution containing one gram e:ui%alent of the acti%e reagent in 8 L of the solution. o normal stress o The stress com"onent that is "er"endicular to the "lane on &hich the forces act. 2ormal stress

ma# )e either tensile or com"ressi%e.

o nose radius o The radius of the rounded "ortion of the cutting edge of a tool. o notch acuity o Relates to the se%erit# of the stress concentration "roduced )# a gi%en notch in a "articular

structure. If the de"th of the notch is %er# small com"ared &ith the &idth (or diameter+ of the narro&est cross section! acuit# ma# )e e$"ressed as the ratio of the notch de"th to the notch root radius. Other&ise! acuit# is defined as the ratio of one-half the &idth (or diameter+ of the narro&est cross section to the notch root radius.
o notch brittleness o Susce"ti)ilit# of a material to )rittle fracture at "oints of stress concentration. Dor e$am"le! in a

notch tensile test! the material is said to )e notch )rittle if the notch strength is less than the tensile strength of an unnotched s"ecimen. Other&ise! it is said to )e notch ductile.
o notch depth o The distance from the surface of a test s"ecimen to the )ottom of the notch. In a c#lindrical test

s"ecimen! the "ercentage of the original cross-sectional area remo%ed )# machining an annular groo%e.
o notch ductility o The "ercentage reduction in area after com"lete se"aration of the metal in a tensile test of a

notched s"ecimen.
o notched specimen o A test s"ecimen that has )een deli)eratel# cut or notched! usuall# in a F-sha"e! to induce and

locate "oint of failure.

o notch factor o Ratio of the resilience determined on a "lain s"ecimen to the resilience determined on a notched

s"ecimen.
o notching o 3utting out %arious sha"es from the edge of a stri"! )lan5! or "art. o notching press o A mechanical "ress used for notching internal and e$ternal circumferences and also for notching

along a straight line. These "resses are e:ui""ed &ith automatic feeds )ecause onl# one notch is made "er stro5e.
o notch rupture strength o The ratio of a""lied load to original area of the minimum cross section in a stress-ru"ture test of

a notched s"ecimen.

o notch sensitivity o The e$tent to &hich the sensiti%it# of a material to fracture is increased )# the "resence of a

stress concentration! such as a notch! a sudden change in cross section! a crac5! or a scratch. Lo& notch sensiti%it# is usuall# associated &ith ductile materials! and high notch sensiti%it# is usuall# associated &ith )rittle materials.
o notch strength o The ma$imum load on a notched tension-test s"ecimen di%ided )# the minimum cross-sectional

area (the area at the root of the notch+. Also called notch tensile strength.
o nuclear grade o .aterial of a :ualit# ade:uate for use in nuclear a""lication. o nucleation o The initiation of a "hase transformation at discrete sites! &ith the ne& "hase gro&ing on the

nuclei. See also nucleus (,+ .

o nucleus o (8+ The hea%# central core of an atom! in &hich most of the mass and the total "ositi%e electric

charge are concentrated. (,+ The first structurall# sta)le "article ca"a)le of initiating recr#stalli*ation of a "hase or the gro&th of a ne& "hase and "ossessing an interface &ith the "arent metallic matri$. The term is also a""lied to a foreign "article that initiates such action.
o nugget o (8+ A small mass of metal! such as gold or sil%er! found free in nature. (,+ The &eld metal in a

s"ot! seam! or "ro'ection &eld.

o n-value o See strain-hardening e$"onent . o O o offhand grinding o Grinding &here the o"erator manuall# forces the &heel against the &or5! or %ice %ersa. It often

im"lies casual mani"ulation of either grinder or &or5 to achie%e the desired result. ;imensions and tolerances fre:uentl# are not s"ecified! or are onl# loosel# s"ecified/ the o"erator relies mainl# on %isual ins"ection to determine ho& much grinding should )e done. 3ontrast &ith "recision grinding .
o offset o The distance along the strain coordinate )et&een the initial "ortion of a stress-strain cur%e and a

"arallel line that intersects the stress-strain cur%e at a %alue of stress (commonl# 0.,?+ that is used as a measure of the #ield strength. <sed for materials that ha%e no o)%ious #ield "oint.
o offset yield strength o The stress at &hich the strain e$ceeds )# a s"ecific amount (the offset+ an e$tension of the initial!

a""ro$imatel# linear! "ro"ortional "ortion of the stress-strain cur%e. It is e$"ressed in force "er unit area.
o oil canning o See canning . o oil +uenching o Hardening of car)on steel in an oil )ath. o &lsen ductility test o A cu""ing test in &hich a "iece of sheet metal! restrained e$ce"t at the center! is deformed )# a

standard steel )all until fracture occurs. The height of the cu" at the time of fracture is a measure of the ductilit#.
o

open-back inclinable press

o A %ertical cran5 "ress that can )e inclined so that the )ed &ill ha%e an inclination generall#

%ar#ing from 0 to 30G. The formed "arts slide off through an o"ening in the )ac5. It is often called an OCI "ress.
o open-die forging o The hot mechanical forming of metals )et&een flat or sha"ed dies in &hich metal flo& is not

com"letel# restricted. Also 5no&n as hand or smith forging. See also hand forge (smith forge+ .
o open dies o ;ies &ith flat surfaces that are used for "reforming stoc5 or "roducing hand forgings. o open hearth furnace o A re%er)erator# melting furnace &ith a shallo& hearth and a lo& roof. The flame "asses o%er the

charge on the hearth! causing the charge to )e heated )oth )# direct flame and )# radiation from the roof and side&alls of the furnace. See also re%er)erator# furnace .
o open rod press o A h#draulic "ress in &hich the slide is guided )# %ertical! c#lindrical rods (usuall# four+ that also

ser%e to hold the cro&n and )ed in "osition.

o optical emission spectroscopy o Eertaining to emission s"ectrosco"# in the near-ultra%iolet! %isi)le! or near-infrared &a%elength

regions of the electromagnetic s"ectrum. See also electromagnetic radiation .

o orange peel o A surface roughening in the form of a "e))le-grained "attern that occurs &hen a metal of

unusuall# coarse grain si*e is stressed )e#ond its elastic limit. Also called "e))les and alligator s5in.
o orbital forging o See rotar# forging . o ordered structure o The cr#stal structure of a solid solution in &hich the atoms of different elements see5 "referred

lattice "ositions. 3ontrast &ith disordered structure .

o ore o A natural mineral that ma# )e mined and treated for the e$traction of an# of its com"onents!

metallic or other&ise! at a "rofit.

o ore dressing o Same as mineral dressing . o orientation o Arrangements in s"ace of the a$es of the lattice of a cr#stal &ith res"ect to a chosen reference or

coordinate s#stem. See also "referred orientation .

o original crack si"e ao! o The "h#sical crac5 si*e at the start of testing. o oscillating die press o A small high-s"eed metal forming "ress in &hich the die and "unch mo%e hori*ontall# &ith the

stri" during the &or5ing stro5e. Through a reci"rocating motion! the die and "unch return to their original "ositions to )egin the ne$t stro5e.
o overaging o Aging under conditions of time and tem"erature greater than those re:uired to o)tain ma$imum

change in a certain "ro"ert#! so that the "ro"ert# is altered in the direction of the initial %alue.
o overbending o Cending metal through a greater arc than that re:uired in the finished "art to com"ensate for

s"ring)ac5.
o

overdraft

o A condition &herein a metal cur%es u"&ard on lea%ing the rolls )ecause of the higher s"eed of

the lo&er roll.

o overhead-drive press o A mechanical "ress &ith the dri%ing mechanism mounted in or on the cro&n or u""er "arts of the

u"rights.
o overheating o Heating a metal or allo# to such a high tem"erature that its "ro"erties are im"aired. 1hen the

original "ro"erties cannot )e restored )# further heat treating! )# mechanical &or5ing! or )# a com)ination of &or5ing and heat treating! the o%erheating is 5no&n as )urning.
o o o o o o o o

overlap
In resistance seam &elding! the area in a gi%en &eld remelted )# the succeeding &eld.

oversi"e powder
Eo&der "articles larger than the ma$imum "ermitted )# a "article si*e s"ecification.

overstressing
In fatigue testing! c#cling at a stress le%el higher than that used at the end of the test.

oxidation

(8+ A reaction in &hich there is an increase in %alence resulting from a loss of electrons. 3ontrast &ith reduction . (,+ A corrosion reaction in &hich the corroded metal forms an o$ide/ usuall# a""lied to reaction &ith a gas containing elemental o$#gen! such as air. 4le%ated tem"eratures increase the rate of o$idation. (3+ A chemical reaction in &hich one su)stance is changed to another )# o$#gen com)ining &ith the su)stance. .uch of the dross from holding and melting furnaces is the result of o$idation of the allo# held in the furnace.
o oxidation losses o Reduction in the amount of metal or allo# through o$idation. o oxidative wear o (8+ A corrosi%e &ear "rocess in &hich chemical reaction &ith o$#gen or o$idi*ing en%ironment

"redominates. (,+ A t#"e of &ear resulting from the sliding action )et&een t&o metallic com"onents that generates o$ide films on the metal surfaces. These o$ide films "re%ent the formation of a metallic )ond )et&een the sliding surfaces! resulting in fine &ear de)ris and lo& &ear rates.
o oxidi"ed steel surface o Surface ha%ing a thin! tightl# adhering o$idi*ed s5in (from stra& to )lue in color+! e$tending in

from the edge of a coil or sheet.

o oxidi"ing agent o A com"ound that causes o$idation! there)# itself )eing reduced. o oxidi"ing atmosphere o A furnace atmos"here &ith an o%ersu""l# of o$#gen that tends to o$idi*e materials "laced in it. o oxidi"ing flame o A gas flame "roduced &ith e$cess o$#gen in the inner flame that has an o$idi*ing effect. See

also neutral flame and reducing flame .

o oxyacetylene cutting o An o$#fuel gas cutting "rocess in &hich the fuel gas is acet#lene. o oxyacetylene welding o An o$#fuel gas &elding "rocess in &hich the fuel gas is acet#lene. o oxyfuel gas cutting

o An# of a grou" of "rocesses used to se%er metals )# means of chemical reaction )et&een hot

)ase metal and a fine stream of o$#gen. The necessar# metal tem"erature is maintained )# gas flames resulting from com)ustion of a s"ecific fuel gas such as acet#lene! h#drogen! natural gas! "ro"ane! "ro"#lene! or .a"" gas (sta)ili*ed meth#lacet#lene-"ro"adiene+.
o oxyfuel gas welding &79! o An# of a grou" of "rocesses used to fuse metals together )# heating them &ith gas flames

resulting from com)ustion of a s"ecific fuel gas such as acet#lene! h#drogen! natural gas! or "ro"ane. The "rocess ma# )e used &ith or &ithout the a""lication of "ressure to the 'oint! and &ith or &ithout adding an# filler metal.
o oxygas cutting o See "referred term o$#gen cutting . o oxygen arc cutting o An o$#gen cutting "rocess used to se%er metals )# means of the chemical reaction of o$#gen

&ith the )ase metal at ele%ated tem"eratures. The necessar# tem"erature is maintained )# an arc )et&een a consuma)le tu)ular electrode and the )ase metal.
o oxygen cutting o A grou" of cutting "rocesses used to se%er or remo%e metals )# means of the chemical reaction

)et&een o$#gen and the )ase metal at ele%ated tem"eratures. In the case of o$idation-resistant metals! the reaction is facilitated )# the use of a chemical flu$ or metal "o&der. See also chemical flu$ cutting ! metal "o&der cutting ! o$#fuel gas cutting ! o$#gen arc cutting ! and o$#gen lance cutting .
o oxygen-free copper o 4lectrol#tic co""er free from cu"rous o$ide! "roduced &ithout the use of residual metallic or

metalloidal deo$idi*ers.
o &xygen gouging o O$#gen cutting in &hich a )e%el or groo%e is formed. o oxygen lance o A length of "i"e used to con%e# o$#gen either )eneath or on to" of the melt in a steelma5ing

furnace! or to the "oint of cutting in o$#gen lance cutting.

o oxygen lance cutting o An o$#gen cutting "rocess used to se%er metals &ith o$#gen su""lied through a consuma)le

lance/ the "reheat to start the cutting is o)tained )# other means.

o oxygen probe o An atmos"here-monitoring de%ice that electronicall# measures the difference )et&een the "artial

"ressure of o$#gen in a furnace or furnace su""l# atmos"here and the e$ternal air. o P
o pack carburi"ing o A method of surface hardening of steel in &hich "arts are "ac5ed in a steel )o$ &ith a

car)uri*ing com"ound and heated to ele%ated tem"eratures. This "rocess has )een largel# su""lanted )# gas and li:uid car)uri*ing "rocesses.
o pack nitriding o A method of surface hardening of steel in &hich "arts are "ac5ed in a steel )o$ &ith a nitriding

com"ound and heated to ele%ated tem"eratures.

o pack rolling o Hot rolling a "ac5 of t&o or more sheets of metal/ scale "re%ents their )eing &elded together. o pancake forging

o A rough forged sha"e! usuall# flat! that can )e o)tained :uic5l# &ith minimal tooling.

3onsidera)le machining is usuall# re:uired to attain the finish si*e.

o pancake grain structure o A metallic structure in &hich the lengths and &idths of indi%idual grains are large com"ared to

their thic5nesses.
o paramagnetic material o (8+ A material &hose s"ecific "ermea)ilit# is greater than unit# and is "racticall# inde"endent of

the magneti*ing force. (,+ .aterial &ith a small "ositi%e susce"ti)ilit# due to the interaction and inde"endent alignment of "ermanent atomic and electronic magnetic moments &ith the a""lied field. 3om"are &ith ferromagnetic material .
o paramagnetism o A "ro"ert# e$hi)ited )# su)stances that! &hen "laced in a magnetic field! are magneti*ed "arallel

to the field to an e$tent "ro"ortional to the field (e$ce"t at %er# lo& tem"eratures or in e$tremel# large magnetic fields+. 3om"are &ith ferromagnetism .
o %arkes process o A "rocess used to reco%er "recious metals from lead and )ased on the "rinci"le that if 8 to ,? Ln

is stirred into the molten lead! a com"ound of *inc &ith gold and sil%er se"arates out and can )e s5immed off.
o partial annealing o An im"recise term used to denote a treatment gi%en cold-&or5ed metallic material to reduce its

strength to a controlled le%el or to effect stress relief. To )e meaningful! the t#"e of material! the degree of cold &or5! and the time-tem"erature schedule must )e stated.
o particle shape o The a""earance of a metal "article! such as s"herical! rounded! angular! acicular! dendritic!

irregular! "orous! fragmented! )loc5#! rod! fla5e! nodular! or "late.

o particle si"e o The controlling lineal dimension of an indi%idual "article as determined )# anal#sis &ith screens

or other suita)le instruments. See also sie%e anal#sis and sie%e classification .
o particle si"e distribution o The "ercentage! )# &eight or )# num)er! of each fraction into &hich a "o&der or sand sam"le

has )een classified &ith res"ect to sie%e num)er or "article si*e.

o particle si"ing o Segregation of granular material into s"ecified "article si*e ranges. o parting o (8+ In the reco%er# of "recious metals! the se"aration of sil%er from gold. (,+ The *one of

se"aration )et&een co"e and drag "ortions of the mold or flas5 in sand casting. (3+ A com"osition sometimes used in sand molding to facilitate the remo%al of the "attern. (I+ 3utting simultaneousl# along t&o "arallel lines or along t&o lines that )alance each other in side thrust. (5+ A shearing o"eration used to "roduce t&o or more "arts from a stam"ing.
o parting compound o A material dusted or s"ra#ed on foundr# (casting+ "atterns to "re%ent adherence of sand and to

"romote eas# se"aration of co"e and drag "arting surfaces &hen the co"e is lifted from the drag.
o parting line o (8+ The intersection of the "arting "lane of a casting or "lastic mold or the "arting "lane )et&een

forging dies &ith the mold or die ca%it#. (,+ A raised line or "ro'ection on the surface of a casting! "lastic "art! or forging that corres"onds to said intersection.
o parting plane o (8+ In forging! the di%iding line )et&een dies. (,+ In casting! the di%iding line )et&een mold

hal%es.
o parting sand o In foundr# "ractice! a fine sand for dusting on sand mold surfaces that are to )e se"arated. o pass o (8+ A single transfer of metal through a stand of rolls. (,+ The o"en s"ace )et&een t&o groo%ed

rolls through &hich metal is "rocessed. (3+ The &eld metal de"osited in one tri" along the a$is of a &eld. See also &eld "ass .
o passivation o (8+ A reduction of the anodic reaction rate of an electrode in%ol%ed in corrosion. (,+ The "rocess

in metal corrosion )# &hich metals )ecome "assi%e. (3+ The changing of a chemicall# acti%e surface of a metal to a much less reacti%e state. 3ontrast &ith acti%ation .
o passive o (8+ A metal corroding under the control of a surface reaction "roduct. (,+ The state of the metal

surface characteri*ed )# lo& corrosion rates in a "otential region that is strongl# o$idi*ing for the metal.
o passive-active cell o A corrosion cell in &hich the anode is a metal in the acti%e state and the cathode is the same

metal in the "assi%e state.

o passivity o A condition in &hich a "iece of metal! )ecause of an im"er%ious co%ering of o$ide or other

com"ound! has a "otential much more "ositi%e than that of the metal in the acti%e state.
o patenting o In &irema5ing! a heat treatment a""lied to medium- or high-car)on steel )efore dra&ing of &ire

or )et&een drafts. This "rocess consists of heating to a tem"erature a)o%e the transformation range and then cooling to a tem"erature )elo& Ae8 in air or in a )ath of molten lead or salt.
o patent leveling o Same as stretcher le%eling . o patina o The coating! usuall# green! that forms on the surface of metals such as co""er and co""er allo#s

e$"osed to the atmos"here. Also used to descri)e the a""earance of a &eathered surface of an# metal.
o pattern o (8+ A form of &ood! metal! or other material around &hich molding material is "laced to ma5e a

mold for casting metals. (,+ A form of &a$- or "lastic-)ase material around &hich refractor# material is "laced to ma5e a mold for casting metals. (3+ A full-scale re"roduction of a "art used as a guide in cutting.
o pearlite o A metasta)le lamellar aggregate of ferrite and cementite resulting from the transformation of

austenite at tem"eratures a)o%e the )ainite range.

o pearlitic malleable o See mallea)le iron . o pearlitic structure o A microstructure resem)ling that of the "earlite constituent in steel. Therefore! it is a lamellar

structure of %ar#ing degrees of coarseness.

o peeling o The detaching of one la#er of a coating from another! or from the su)strate! )ecause of "oor

adherence.

o peel test o A destructi%e method of ins"ection that mechanicall# se"arates a la" 'oint )# "eeling. o peening o .echanical &or5ing of metal )# hammer )lo&s or shot im"ingement. o penetrant o A li:uid &ith lo& surface tension used in li:uid "enetrant ins"ection to flo& into surface

o"enings of "arts )eing ins"ected.

o penetrant inspection o See "referred term li:uid "enetrant ins"ection . o penetration o (8+ In founding! an im"erfection on a casting surface caused )# metal running into %oids )et&een

sand grains/ usuall# referred to as metal "enetration . (,+ In &elding! the distance from the original surface of the )ase metal to that "oint at &hich fusion ceased.
o penetration hardness o Same as indentation hardness . o percussion welding o A resistance &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of a)utting surfaces using heat from an

arc "roduced )# a ra"id discharge of electrical energ#. Eressure is a""lied "ercussi%el# during or immediatel# follo&ing the electrical discharge.
o perforating o The "unching of man# holes! usuall# identical and arranged in a regular "attern! in a sheet!

&or5"iece )lan5! or "re%iousl# formed "art. The holes are usuall# round! )ut ma# )e an# sha"e. The o"eration is also called multi"le "unching. See also "iercing .
o peripheral milling o .illing a surface "arallel to the a$is of the cutter. o peritectic o An isothermal re%ersi)le reaction in metals in &hich a li:uid "hase reacts &ith a solid "hase to

"roduce a single (and different+ solid "hase on cooling.

o peritectoid o An isothermal re%ersi)le reaction in &hich a solid "hase reacts &ith a second solid "hase to

"roduce a single (and different+ solid "hase on cooling.

o permanent magnet material o A ferromagnetic allo# ca"a)le of )eing magneti*ed "ermanentl# )ecause of its a)ilit# to retain

induced magneti*ation and magnetic "oles after remo%al of e$ternall# a""lied fields/ an allo# &ith high coerci%e force. The name is )ased on the fact that the :ualit# of the earl# "ermanent magnets &as related to their hardness.
o permanent mold o A metal! gra"hite! or ceramic mold (other than an ingot mold+ of t&o or more "arts that is used

re"eatedl# for the "roduction of man# castings of the same form. Li:uid metal is usuall# "oured in )# gra%it#.
o permanent set o The deformation remaining after a s"ecimen has )een stressed a "rescri)ed amount in tension!

com"ression! or shear for a s"ecified time "eriod and released for a s"ecified time "eriod. Dor cree" tests! the residual unreco%era)le deformation after the load causing the cree" has )een remo%ed for a su)stantial and s"ecified "eriod of time. Also! the increase in length! e$"ressed as a "ercentage of the original length! )# &hich an elastic material fails to return to its original length after )eing stressed for a standard "eriod of time.

o permeability o (8+ The "assage or diffusion (or rate of "assage+ of a gas! %a"or! li:uid! or solid through a

material (often "orous+ &ithout "h#sicall# or chemicall# affecting it/ the measure of fluid flo& (gas or li:uid+ through a material. (,+ A general term used to e$"ress %arious relationshi"s )et&een magnetic induction and magneti*ing force. These relationshi"s are either 6a)solute "ermea)ilit#!6 &hich is a change in magnetic induction di%ided )# the corres"onding change in magneti*ing force! or 6s"ecific (relati%e+ "ermea)ilit#!6 the ratio of the a)solute "ermea)ilit# to the "ermea)ilit# of free s"ace. (3+ In metal casting! the characteristics of molding materials that "ermit gases to "ass through them. 6Eermea)ilit# num)er6 is determined )# a standard test.
o pewter o A tin-)ase &hite metal containing antimon# and co""er. Originall#! "e&ter &as defined as an

allo# of tin and lead! )ut to a%oid to$icit# and dullness of finish! lead is e$cluded from modern "e&ter. These modern com"ositions contain 8 to >? S) and 0.,5 to 3? 3u.
o p* o The negati%e logarithm of the h#drogen-ion acti%it#/ it denotes the degree of acidit# or )asicit#

of a solution. At ,5 G3 (BB GD+! B.0 is the neutral %alue. ;ecreasing %alues )elo& B.0 indicates increasing acidit#/ increasing %alues a)o%e B.0! increasing )asicit#. The "H %alues range from 0 to 8I.
o phase o A "h#sicall# homogeneous and distinct "ortion of a material s#stem. o phase change o The transition from one "h#sical state to another! such as gas to li:uid! li:uid to solid! gas to

solid! or %ice %ersa.

o phase diagram o A gra"hical re"resentation of the tem"erature and com"osition limits of "hase fields in an allo#

or ceramic s#stem as the# actuall# e$ist under the s"ecific conditions of heating or cooling. A "hase diagram ma# )e an e:uili)rium diagram! an a""ro$imation to an e:uili)rium diagram! or a re"resentation of metasta)le conditions or "hases. S#non#mous &ith constitution diagram. 3om"are &ith e:uili)rium diagram .
o phase rule o The ma$imum num)er of "hases (#+ that ma# coe$ist at e:uili)rium is t&o! "lus the num)er of

com"onents (&+ in the mi$ture! minus the num)er of degrees of freedom (F+ # @ F M & @ ,.
o phosphating o Dorming an adherent "hos"hate coating on a metal )# immersion in a suita)le a:ueous "hos"hate

solution. Also called "hos"hati*ing. See also con%ersion coating .

o phosphori"ed copper o General term a""lied to co""er deo$idi*ed &ith "hos"horus. The most commonl# used

deo$idi*ed co""er.
o photoelasticity o An o"tical method for e%aluating the magnitude and distri)ution of stresses! using a trans"arent

model of a "art! or a thic5 film of "hotoelastic material )onded to a real "art.

o photomacrograph o A macrogra"h "roduced )# "hotogra"hic means. o photomicrograph o A microgra"h "roduced )# "hotogra"hic means. o physical crack si"e ap!

o In fracture mechanics! the distance from a reference "lane to the o)ser%ed crac5 front. This

distance ma# re"resent an a%erage of se%eral measurements along the crac5 front. The reference "lane de"ends on the s"ecimen form! and it is normall# ta5en to )e either the )oundar# or a "lane containing either the load line or the centerline of a s"ecimen or "late.
o physical metallurgy o The science and technolog# dealing &ith the "ro"erties of metals and allo#s! and of the effects of

com"osition! "rocessing! and en%ironment on those "ro"erties.

o physical properties o Ero"erties of a material that are relati%el# insensiti%e to structure and can )e measured &ithout

the a""lication of force/ for e$am"le! densit#! electrical conducti%it#! coefficient of thermal e$"ansion! magnetic "ermea)ilit#! and lattice "arameter. ;oes not include chemical reacti%it#. 3om"are &ith mechanical "ro"erties .
o physical testing o .ethods used to determine the entire range of the materialNs "h#sical "ro"erties of a material. In

addition to densit# and thermal! electrical! and magnetic "ro"erties! "h#sical testing methods ma# )e used to assess sim"le fundamental "h#sical "ro"erties such as color! cr#stalline form! and melting "oint.
o physical vapor deposition %/'! o A coating "rocess &here)# the de"osition s"ecies are transferred and de"osited in the form of

indi%idual atoms or molecules. The most common EF; methods are s"uttering and e%a"oration. S"uttering! &hich is the "rinci"al EF; "rocess! in%ol%es the trans"ort of a material from a source (target+ to a su)strate )# means of the )om)ardment of the target )# gas ions that ha%e )een accelerated )# a high %oltage. 4%a"oration! &hich &as the first EF; "rocess used! in%ol%es the transfer of material to form a coating )# "h#sical means alone! essentiall# %a"ori*ation. Eh#sical %a"or de"osition coatings are used to im"ro%e the &ear! friction! and hardness "ro"erties of cutting tools and as corrosion-resistant coatings.
o pickle li+uor o A s"ent acid-"ic5ling )ath. o pickle stain o ;iscoloration of metal due to chemical cleaning &ithout ade:uate &ashing and dr#ing. o pickling o The chemical remo%al of surface o$ides (scale+ and other contaminants such as dirt from iron and

steel )# immersion in an a:ueous acid solution. The most common "ic5ling solutions are sulfuric and h#drochloric acids.
o pickoff o An automatic de%ice for remo%ing a finished "art from the "ress die after it has )een stri""ed. o pickup o (8+ Transfer of metal from tools to "art or from "art to tools during a forming o"eration. (,+

Small "articles of o$idi*ed metal adhering to the surface of a mill "roduct.

o %idgeon process o A "rocess for "roduction of magnesium )# reduction of magnesium o$ide &ith ferrosilicon. o piercing o The general term for cutting (shearing or "unching+ o"enings! such as holes and slots! in sheet

material! "late! or "arts. This o"eration is similar to )lan5ing/ the difference is that the slug or "ierce "roduced )# "iercing is scra"! &hile the )lan5 "roduced )# )lan5ing is the useful "art.
o pie"oelectric effect o The re%ersi)le interaction! e$hi)ited )# some cr#stalline materials! )et&een an elastic strain and

an electric field. The direction of the strain de"ends on the "olarit# of the field or %ice %ersa. 3om"are &ith electrostricti%e effect .
o pig o A metal casting used in remelting. o pig iron o (8+ High-car)on iron made )# reduction of iron ore in the )last furnace. (,+ 3ast iron in the form

of "igs.
o %ilger tube-reducing process o See tu)e reducing . o pin for bend testing! o The "lunger or tool used in ma5ing semiguided! guided! or &ra"around )end tests to a""l# the

)ending force to the inside surface of the )end. In free )ends or semiguided )ends to an angle of 8>0G! a shim or )loc5 of the "ro"er thic5ness ma# )e "laced )et&een the legs of the s"ecimen as )ending is com"leted. This shim or )loc5 is also referred to as a "in or mandrel. See also mandrel .
o pinchers o Surface distur)ances on metal sheet or stri" that result from rolling "rocesses and that ordinaril#

a""ear as fernli5e ri""les running diagonall# to the direction of rolling.

o pinch pass o A "ass of sheet metal through rolls to effect a %er# small reduction in thic5ness. o pinch trimming o The trimming of the edge of a tu)ular metal "art or shell )# "ushing or "inching the flange or li"

o%er the cutting edge of a stationar# "unch or o%er the cutting edge of a dra& "unch.
o pin expansion test o A test for determining the a)ilit# of a tu)e to )e e$"anded or for re%ealing the "resence of crac5s

or other longitudinal &ea5nesses! made )# forcing a ta"ered "in into the o"en end of the tu)e.
o pinhole porosity o Eorosit# consisting of numerous small gas holes ("inholes+ distri)uted throughout the metal/

found in &eld metal! castings! and electrode"osited metal.

o %iobert lines o See LSders lines . o pipe o (8+ The central ca%it# formed )# contraction in metal! es"eciall# ingots! during solidification. (,+

An im"erfection in &rought or cast "roducts resulting from such a ca%it#. (3+ A tu)ular metal "roduct! cast or &rought. See also e$trusion "i"e .
o pipe tap o A ta" for ma5ing internal "i"e threads &ithin "i"e fittings or holes. o pipe threads o Internal or e$ternal machine threads! usuall# ta"ered! of a design intended for ma5ing

"ressuretight mechanical 'oints in "i"ing s#stems.

o pit o A small! regular or irregular crater in the surface of a material created )# e$"osure to the

en%ironment! for e$am"le! corrosion! &ear! or thermal c#cling. See also "itting .
o pitting o (8+ Dorming small shar" ca%ities in a surface )# corrosion! &ear! or other mechanicall# assisted

degradation. (,+ Locali*ed corrosion of a metal surface! confined to a "oint or small area! that ta5es the form of ca%ities.

o plane strain o The stress condition in linear elastic fracture mechanics in &hich there is *ero strain in a

direction normal to )oth the a$is of a""lied tensile stress and the direction of crac5 gro&th (that is! "arallel to the crac5 front+/ most nearl# achie%ed in loading thic5 "lates along a direction "arallel to the "late surface. <nder "lane-strain conditions! the "lane of fracture insta)ilit# is normal to the a$is of the "rinci"al tensile stress.
o plane-strain fracture toughness K0c! o The crac5 e$tension resistance under conditions of crac5-ti" "lane strain. See also stress-intensit#

factor .
o plane stress o The stress condition in linear elastic fracture mechanics in &hich the stress in the thic5ness

direction is *ero/ most nearl# achie%ed in loading %er# thin sheet along a direction "arallel to the surface of the sheet. <nder "lane-stress conditions! the "lane of fracture insta)ilit# is inclined I5G to the a$is of the "rinci"al tensile stress.
o plane-stress fracture toughness Kc! o In linear elastic fracture mechanics! the %alue of the crac5-e$tension resistance at the insta)ilit#

condition determined from the tangenc# )et&een the R-cur%e and the critical crac5-e$tension force cur%e of the s"ecimen. See also stress-intensit# factor .
o planimetric method o A method of measuring grain si*e in &hich the grains &ithin a definite area are counted. o planing o Eroducing flat surfaces )# linear reci"rocal motion of &or5 and the ta)le to &hich it is attached!

relati%e to a stationar# single-"oint cutting tool.

o planishing o Eroducing a smooth finish on metal )# a ra"id succession of )lo&s deli%ered )# highl# "olished

dies or )# a hammer designed for the "ur"ose! or )# rolling in a "lanishing mill.

o plasma arc cutting o An arc cutting "rocess that se%ers metals )# melting a locali*ed area &ith heat from a constricted

arc and remo%ing the molten metal &ith a high-%elocit# 'et of hot! ioni*ed gas issuing from the "lasma torch.
o plasma arc welding %A9! o An arc &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals )# heating them &ith a constricted

arc )et&een an electrode and the &or5"iece (transferred arc+ or the electrode and the constricting no**le (nontransferred arc+. Shielding is o)tained from hot! ioni*ed gas issuing from an orifice surrounding the electrode and ma# )e su""lemented )# an au$iliar# source of shielding gas! &hich ma# )e an inert gas or a mi$ture of gases. Eressure ma# or ma# not )e used! and filler metal ma# or ma# not )e su""lied.
o plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition o A chemical %a"or de"osition "rocess that uses lo&-"ressure glo&-discharge "lasmas to "romote

the chemical de"osition reactions. Also called "lasma-enhanced chemical %a"or de"osition.
o plasma carburi"ing o Same as ion car)uri*ing . o plasma nitriding o Same as ion nitriding . o plasma spraying o A thermal s"ra#ing "rocess in &hich a nontransferred arc of a "lasma torch is utili*ed to create a

gas "lasma that acts as the source of heat for melting and "ro"elling the surfacing material to the su)strate.

o plaster molding o .olding in &hich a g#"sum-)onded aggregate flour in the form of a &ater slurr# is "oured o%er

a "attern! "ermitted to harden! and! after remo%al of the "attern! thoroughl# dried. This techni:ue is used to ma5e smooth nonferrous castings of accurate si*e.
o plastic deformation o The "ermanent (inelastic+ distortion of materials under a""lied stresses that strain the material

)e#ond its elastic limit.

o plastic flow o The "henomenon that ta5es "lace &hen metals are stretched or com"ressed "ermanentl# &ithout

ru"ture.
o plasticity o The "ro"ert# of a material that allo&s it to )e re"eatedl# deformed &ithout ru"ture &hen acted

u"on )# a force sufficient to cause deformation and that allo&s it to retain its sha"e after the a""lied force has )een remo%ed.
o plastic-strain ratio r-value! o In forma)ilit# testing of metals! the ratio of the true &idth strain to the true thic5ness strain in a

sheet tensile test! r M & t. A forma)ilit# "arameter that relates to dra&ing! it is also 5no&n as the anisotro"# factor. A high r-%alue indicates a material &ith good dra&ing "ro"erties.
o plate o A flat-rolled metal "roduct of some minimum thic5ness and &idth ar)itraril# de"endent on the

t#"e of metal. Elate thic5nesses commonl# range from A to 300 mm (0.,5 to 8, in.+/ &idths from ,00 to ,000 mm (> to >0 in.+.
o plate martensite o .artensite formed "artl# in steel containing more than a""ro$imatel# 0.5? 3 and solel# in steel

containing more than a""ro$imatel# 8.0? 3 that a""ears as lenticular-sha"e "lates (cr#stals+.
o platen o (8+ The sliding mem)er! slide! or ram of a metal forming "ress. (,+ A "art of a resistance

&elding! mechanical testing! or other machine &ith a flat surface to &hich dies! fi$tures! )ac5u"s! or electrode holders are attached and that transmits "ressure or force.
o plating o Dorming an adherent la#er of metal on an o)'ect/ often used as a sho" term for electro"lating. See

also electrode"osition and electroless "lating .

o plating rack o A fi$ture used to hold &or5 and conduct current to it during electro"lating. o plug o (8+ A rod or mandrel o%er &hich a "ierced tu)e is forced. (,+ A rod or mandrel that fills a tu)e as

it is dra&n through a die. (3+ A "unch or mandrel o%er &hich a cu" is dra&n. (I+ A "rotruding "ortion of a die im"ression for forming a corres"onding recess in the forging. (5+ A false )ottom in a die.
o plug tap o A ta" &ith chamfer e$tending from three to fi%e threads. o plug weld o A &eld made in a circular hole in one mem)er of a 'oint! fusing that mem)er to another mem)er. o plumbage o A s"ecial :ualit# of "o&dered gra"hite used to coat molds and! in a mi$ture of cla#! to ma5e

cruci)les.

o plunge grinding o Grinding &herein the onl# relati%e motion of the &heel is radiall# to&ard the &or5. o plus mesh o The "o&der sam"le retained on a screen of stated si*e! identified )# the retaining mesh num)er.

See also sie%e anal#sis and sie%e classification .

o plus sieve o The "ortion of a sam"le of a granular su)stance (such as metal "o&der+ retained on a standard

sie%e of s"ecified num)er. 3ontrast &ith minus sie%e . See also sie%e anal#sis and sie%e classification .
o o o o o o o o

plymetal
Sheet consisting of )onded la#ers of dissimilar metals.

%:1
The acron#m for "o&der metallurg# .

pneumatic press
A "ress that uses air or a gas to deli%er the "ressure to the u""er and lo&er rams.

point angle

In general! the angle at the "oint of a cutting tool. .ost commonl#! the included angle at the "oint of a t&ist drill! the general-"ur"ose angle )eing 88>G.
o %oisson#s ratio ! o The a)solute %alue of the ratio of trans%erse (lateral+ strain to the corres"onding a$ial strain

resulting from uniforml# distri)uted a$ial stress )elo& the "ro"ortional limit of the material.
o polarity welding! o See direct current electrode negati%e and direct current electrode "ositi%e . o polari"ation o (8+ The change from the o"en-circuit electrode "otential as the result of the "assage of current.

(,+ A change in the "otential of an electrode during electrol#sis! such that the "otential of an anode )ecomes more no)le! and that of a cathode more acti%e! than their res"ecti%e re%ersi)le "otentials. Often accom"lished )# formation of a film on the electrode surface.
o polari"ation curve o A "lot of current densit# %ersus electrode "otential for a s"ecific electrode-electrol#te

com)ination.
o pole o (8+ A means of designating the orientation of a cr#stal "lane )# stereogra"hicall# "lotting its

normal. Dor e$am"le! the north "ole defines the e:uatorial "lane. (,+ 4ither of the t&o regions of a "ermanent magnet or electromagnet &here most of the lines of induction enter or lea%e.
o pole figure o A stereosco"ic "ro'ection of a "ol#cr#stalline aggregate sho&ing the distri)ution of "oles! or

"lane normals! of a s"ecific cr#stalline "lane! using s"ecimen a$es as reference a$es. Eole figures are used to characteri*e "referred orientation in "ol#cr#stalline materials.
o polishing o (8+ Smoothing metal surfaces! often to a high luster! )# ru))ing the surface &ith a fine a)rasi%e!

usuall# contained in a cloth or other soft la". Results in microsco"ic flo& of some surface metal together &ith actual remo%al of a small amount of surface metal. (,+ Remo%al of material )# the action of a)rasi%e grains carried to the &or5 )# a fle$i)le su""ort! generall# either a &heel or a coated a)rasi%e )elt. (3+ A mechanical! chemical! or electrol#tic "rocess or com)ination thereof used to "re"are a smooth! reflecti%e surface suita)le for microstructural e$amination that is free of artifacts or damage introduced during "rior sectioning or grinding. See also electrol#tic

"olishing and electro"olishing .

o polycrystalline o Eertaining to a solid com"rised of man# cr#stals or cr#stallites! intimatel# )onded together. .a#

)e homogeneous (one su)stance+ or heterogeneous (t&o or more cr#stal t#"es or com"ositions+.

o polymorphism o A general term for the a)ilit# of a solid to e$ist in more than one form. In metals! allo#s! and

similar su)stances! this usuall# means the a)ilit# to e$ist in t&o or more cr#stal structures! or in an amor"hous state and at least one cr#stal structure. See also allotro"# ! enantiotro"# ! and monotro"ism .
o pop-off o Loss of small "ortions of a "orcelain enamel coating. The usual cause is outgassing of h#drogen

or other gases from the su)strate during firing! )ut "o"-off ma# also occur )ecause of o$ide "articles or other de)ris on the surface of the su)strate. <suall#! the "its are minute and cone sha"ed! )ut &hen "o"-off is the result of se%ere fishscale the "its ma# )e much larger and irregular.
o porcelain enamel o A su)stantiall# %itreous or glass#! inorganic coating ()orosilicate glass+ )onded to metal )#

fusion at a tem"erature a)o%e I,5 G3 (>00 GD+. Eorcelain enamels are a""lied "rimaril# to com"onents made of sheet iron or steel! cast iron! aluminum! or aluminum-coated steels.
o pore o (8+ A small o"ening! %oid! interstice! or channel &ithin a consolidated solid mass or agglomerate!

usuall# larger than atomic or molecular dimensions. (,+ A minute ca%it# in a "o&der metallurg# com"act! sometimes added intentionall#. (3+ A minute "erforation in an electro"lated coating.
o porosity o (8+ Dine holes or "ores &ithin a solid/ the amount of these "ores is e$"ressed as a "ercentage of

the total %olume of the solid. (,+ 3a%it#-t#"e discontinuities in &eldments formed )# gas entra"ment during solidification. (3+ A characteristic of )eing "orous! &ith %oids or "ores resulting from tra""ed air or shrin5age in a casting. See also gas "orosit# and "inhole "orosit# .
o postheating o Heating &eldments immediatel# after &elding! for tem"ering! for stress relie%ing! or for

"ro%iding a controlled rate of cooling to "re%ent formation of a hard or )rittle structure. See also "ost&eld heat treatment .
o postweld heat treatment o An# heat treatment that follo&s the &elding o"eration. o pot o (8+ A %essel for holding molten metal. (,+ The electrol#tic reduction cell used to ma5e such

metals as aluminum from a fused electrol#te.

o pot annealing o Same as )o$ annealing . o potential o (8+ An# of %arious functions from &hich intensit# or %elocit# at an# "oint in a field ma# )e

calculated. (,+ The dri%ing influence of an electrochemical reaction .

o poultice corrosion o A term used in the automoti%e industr# to descri)e the corrosion of %ehicle )od# "arts due to the

collection of road salts and de)ris on ledges and in "oc5ets that are 5e"t moist )# &eather and &ashing. Also called de"osit corrosion or attac5.
o pouring o The transfer of molten metal from furnace to ladle! ladle to ladle! or ladle into molds. o pouring basin

o In metal casting! a )asin on to" of a mold that recei%es the molten metal )efore it enters the s"rue

or do&ngate.
o o o o o o o o

powder
An aggregate of discrete "articles that are usuall# in the si*e range of 8 to 8000 m.

powder cutting
See "referred terms chemical flu$ cutting and metal "o&der cutting .

powder flame spraying

A thermal s"ra#ing "rocess %ariation in &hich the material to )e s"ra#ed is in "o&der form.

powder forging

The "lastic deformation of a "o&der metallurg# com"act or "reform into a full# dense finished sha"e )# using com"ressi%e force/ usuall# done hot and &ithin closed dies.
o powder lubricant o In "o&der metallurg#! an agent or com"onent incor"orated into a mi$ture to facilitate

com"acting and e'ecting of the com"act from its mold.

o powder metallurgy %:1! o The technolog# and art of "roducing metal "o&ders and utili*ing metal "o&ders for "roduction

of massi%e materials and sha"ed o)'ects.

o powder metallurgy forging o See "o&der forging . o powder metallurgy part o A sha"ed o)'ect that has )een formed from metal "o&ders and sintered )# heating )elo& the

melting "oint of the ma'or constituent. A structural or mechanical com"onent made )# the "o&der metallurg# "rocess.
o prealloyed powder o A metallic "o&der com"osed of t&o or more elements that are allo#ed in the "o&der

manufacturing "rocess and in &hich the "articles are of the same nominal com"osition throughout.
o precious metals o Relati%el# scarce! highl# corrosion resistant! %alua)le metals found in "eriods 5 and A (grou"s

FIII and I)+ of the "eriodic ta)le. The# include ruthenium! rhodium! "alladium! sil%er! asmium! iridium! "latinum! and gold. See also no)le metal .
o precipitation o In metals! the se"aration of a ne& "hase from solid or li:uid solution! usuall# &ith changing

conditions of tem"erature! "ressure! or )oth.

o precipitation hardening o Hardening in metals caused )# the "reci"itation of a constituent from a su"ersaturated solid

solution. See also age hardening and aging .

o precipitation heat treatment o Artificial aging of metals in &hich a constituent "reci"itates from a su"ersaturated solid solution. o precision casting o A metal casting of re"roduci)le! accurate dimensions! regardless of ho& it is made. Often used

interchangea)l# &ith in%estment casting .

o precision forging o A forging "roduced to closer tolerances than normall# considered standard )# the industr#. 1ith

"recision forging! a net sha"e! or at least a near-net sha"e! can )e "roduced in the as-forged condition. See also net sha"e .

o precision grinding o .achine grinding to s"ecified dimensions and lo& tolerances. o precoat o (8+ In in%estment casting! a s"ecial refractor# slurr# a""lied to a &a$ or "lastic e$"enda)le

"attern to form a thin coating that ser%es as a desira)le )ase for a""lication of the main slurr#. See also in%estment casting . (,+ To ma5e the thin coating. (3+ The thin coating itself.
o precoated metal products o .ill "roducts that ha%e a metallic! organic! or con%ersion coating a""lied to their surfaces )efore

the# are fa)ricated into "arts.

o precracked specimen o A mechanical test s"ecimen that is notched and su)'ected to alternating stresses until a crac5 has

de%elo"ed at the root of the notch.

o preferred orientation o A condition of a "ol#cr#stalline aggregate in &hich the cr#stal orientations are not random! )ut

rather e$hi)it a tendenc# for alignment &ith a s"ecific direction in the )ul5 material! commonl# related to the direction of &or5ing. See also te$ture .
o preforming o (8+ The initial "ressing of a metal "o&der to form a com"act that is to )e su)'ected to a

su)se:uent "ressing o"eration other than coining or si*ing. (,+ Ereliminar# forming o"erations! es"eciall# for im"ression-die forging.
o preheating o (8+ Heating )efore some further thermal or mechanical treatment. Dor tool steel! heating to an

intermediate tem"erature immediatel# )efore final austeniti*ing. Dor some nonferrous allo#s! heating to a high tem"erature for a long time! in order to homogeni*e the structure )efore &or5ing. (,+ In &elding and related "rocesses! heating to an intermediate tem"erature for a short time immediatel# )efore &elding! )ra*ing! soldering! cutting! or thermal s"ra#ing. (3+ In "o&der metallurg#! an earl# stage in the sintering "rocedure &hen! in a continuous furnace! lu)ricant or )inder )urnoff occurs &ithout atmos"here "rotection "rior to actual sintering in the "rotecti%e atmos"here of the high heat cham)er.
o presintering o Heating a "o&der metallurg# com"act to a tem"erature )elo& the final sintering tem"erature!

usuall# to increase the ease of handling or sha"ing of a com"act or to remo%e a lu)ricant or )inder ()urnoff+ "rior to sintering.
o press o A machine tool ha%ing a stationar# )ed and a slide or ram that has reci"rocating motion at right

angles to the )ed surface! the slide )eing guided in the frame of the machine. See also h#draulic "ress ! mechanical "ress ! and slide .
o press brake o An o"en-frame single-action "ress used to )end! )lan5! corrugate! curl! notch! "erforate! "ierce!

or "unch sheet metal or "late.

o press-brake forming o A metalforming "rocess in &hich the &or5"iece is "laced o%er an o"en die and "ressed do&n

into the die )# a "unch that is actuated )# the ram "ortion of a "ress )ra5e. The "rocess is most &idel# used for the forming of relati%el# long! narro& "arts that are not ada"ta)le to "ress forming and for a""lications in &hich "roduction :uantities are too small to &arrant the tooling cost for contour roll forming.
o

pressed density

o The &eight "er unit %olume of an unsintered com"act. Same as green densit# . o press forming o An# sheet metalforming o"eration "erformed &ith tooling )# means of a mechanical or h#draulic

"ress.
o pressing area o The clear distance (left to right+ )et&een housings! sto"s! gi)s! gi)&a#s! or shoulders of strain

rods! multi"lied )# the total distance from front to )ac5 on the )ed of a metalforming "ress. Sometimes called &or5ing area.
o pressing crack o A ru"ture in a green "o&der metallurg# com"act that de%elo"s during e'ection of the com"act

from the die. Sometimes referred to as a sli" crac5.

o press +uenching o A :uench in &hich hot dies are "ressed and aligned &ith a "art )efore the :uenching "rocess

)egins. Then the "art is "laced in contact &ith a :uenching medium in a controlled manner. This "rocess a%oids "art distortion.
o pressure casting o (8+ .a5ing castings &ith "ressure on the molten or "lastic metal! as in die casting! centrifugal

casting! cold cham)er "ressure casting! and s:uee*e casting. (,+ A casting made &ith "ressure a""lied to the molten or "lastic metal.
o pressure-controlled welding o A resistance &elding "rocess %ariation in &hich a num)er of s"ot or "ro'ection &elds are made

&ith se%eral electrodes functioning "rogressi%el# under the control of a "ressure-se:uencing de%ice.
o pressure gas welding o An o$#fuel gas &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence simultaneousl# o%er the entire area of

a)utting surfaces )# heating them &ith gas flames o)tained from com)ustion of a fuel gas &ith o$#gen and )# a""lication of "ressure! &ithout the use of filler metal.
o pressure sintering o A hot-"ressing techni:ue that usuall# em"lo#s lo& loads! high sintering tem"eratures! continuous

or discontinuous sintering! and sim"le molds to contain the "o&der. Although the terms "ressure sintering and hot "ressing are used interchangea)l#! distinct differences e$ist )et&een the t&o "rocesses. In "ressure sintering! the em"hasis is on thermal "rocessing/ in hot "ressing! a""lied "ressure is the main "rocess %aria)le.
o pressure welding o See "referred terms cold &elding ! diffusion &elding ! forge &elding ! hot "ressure &elding !

"ressure-controlled &elding ! "ressure gas &elding ! and solid-state &elding .

o o o o o o o o

primary creep
The first! or initial! stage of cree"! or time-de"endent deformation.

primary crystals
The first t#"e of cr#stals that se"arate from a melt during solidification.

primary metal
.etal e$tracted from minerals and free of reclaimed metal scra". 3om"are &ith nati%e metal .

primary mill

A mill for rolling ingots or the rolled "roducts of ingots to )looms! )illets! or sla)s. This t#"e of mill is often called a )looming mill and sometimes called a cogging mill.
o principal stress normal! o The ma$imum or minimum %alue of the normal stress at a "oint in a "lane considered &ith

res"ect to all "ossi)le orientations of the considered "lane. On such "rinci"al "lanes the shear

stress is *ero. There are three "rinci"al stresses on three mutuall# "er"endicular "lanes. The state of stress at a "oint ma# )e (8+ unia$ial! a state of stress in &hich t&o of the three "rinci"al stresses are *ero! (,+ )ia$ial! a state of stress in &hich onl# one of the three "rinci"al stresses is *ero! and (3+ tria$ial! a state of stress in &hich none of the "rinci"al stresses is *ero. .ultia$ial stress refers to either )ia$ial or tria$ial stress.
o process annealing o A heat treatment used to soften metal for further cold &or5ing. In ferrous sheet and &ire

industries! heating to a tem"erature close to )ut )elo& the lo&er limit of the transformation range and su)se:uentl# cooling for &or5ing. In the nonferrous industries! heating a)o%e the recr#stalli*ation tem"eratures at a time and tem"erature sufficient to "ermit the desired su)se:uent cold &or5ing.
o process metallurgy o The science and technolog# of &inning metals from their ores and "urif#ing metals/ sometimes

referred to as chemical metallurg#. Its t&o chief )ranches are e$tracti%e metallurg# and refining.
o proeutectoid phase o Earticles of a "hase in ferrous allo#s that "reci"itate during cooling after austeniti*ing )ut )efore

the eutectoid transformation ta5es "lace. See also eutectoid .

o profiling o An# o"eration that "roduces an irregular contour on a &or5"iece! for &hich a tracer or

tem"latecontrolled du"licating e:ui"ment usuall# is em"lo#ed.

o progressive aging o Aging )# increasing the tem"erature in ste"s or continuousl# during the aging c#cle. See also

aging and com"are &ith interru"ted aging and ste" aging .

o progressive die o A die &ith t&o or more stations arranged in line for "erforming t&o or more o"erations on a "art/

one o"eration is usuall# "erformed at each station.

o progressive forming o Se:uential forming at consecuti%e stations &ith a single die or se"arate dies. o projection welding o A resistance &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals &ith the heat o)tained from

resistance to electric current through the &or5 "arts held together under "ressure )# electrodes. The resulting &elds are locali*ed at "redetermined "oints )# "ro'ections! em)ossments! or intersections.
o proof o (8+ To test a com"onent or s#stem at its "ea5 o"erating load or "ressure. (,+ An# re"roduction of

a die im"ression in an# material/ often a lead or "laster cast. See also die "roof .
o proof load o A "redetermined load! generall# some multi"le of the ser%ice load! to &hich a s"ecimen or

structure is su)mitted )efore acce"tance for use.

o proof stress o (8+ A s"ecified stress to )e a""lied to a mem)er or structure to indicate its a)ilit# to &ithstand

ser%ice loads. (,+ The stress that &ill cause a s"ecified small "ermanent set in a material.
o proportional limit o The greatest stress a material is ca"a)le of de%elo"ing &ithout a de%iation from straight-line

"ro"ortionalit# )et&een stress and strain. See also elastic limit and Hoo5eNs la& .
o protective atmosphere o (8+ A gas or %acuum en%elo"e surrounding the "art to )e )ra*ed! &elded! or thermal s"ra#ed!

&ith

the gas com"osition controlled &ith res"ect to chemical com"osition! de& "oint! "ressure! flo& rate! and so forth. 4$am"les are inert gases! com)usted fuel gases! h#drogen! and %acuum. (,+ The atmos"here in a heat treating or sintering furnace designed to "rotect the "arts or com"acts from o$idation! nitridation! or other contamination from the en%ironment.
o pseudobinary system o (8+ A three-com"onent or ternar# allo# s#stem in &hich an intermediate "hase acts as a

com"onent. (,+ A %ertical section through a ternar# diagram.

o puckering o 1rin5ling or )uc5ling in a dra&n shell in an area originall# inside the dra& ring. o pull cracks o In a casting! crac5s that are caused )# residual stresses "roduced during cooling and that result

from the sha"e of the o)'ect.

o pulveri"ation o The "rocess of reducing metal "o&der "article si*es )# mechanical means/ also called

comminution or mechanical disintegration.

o punch o (8+ The male "art of a die--as distinguished from the female "art! &hich is called the die. The

"unch is usuall# the u""er mem)er of the com"lete die assem)l# and is mounted on the slide or in a die set for alignment (e$ce"t in the in%erted die+. (,+ In dou)le-action dra& dies! the "unch is the inner "ortion of the u""er die! &hich is mounted on the "lunger (inner slide+ and does the dra&ing. (3+ The act of "iercing or "unching a hole. Also referred to as "unching . (I+ The mo%a)le tool that forces material into the die in "o&der molding and most metalforming o"erations. (5+ The mo%a)le die in a trimming "ress or a forging machine. (A+ The tool that forces the stoc5 through the die in rod and tu)e e$trusion and forms the internal surface in can or cu" e$trusion.
o punching o (8+ The die shearing of a closed contour in &hich the sheared out sheet metal "art is scra". (,+

Eroducing a hole )# die shearing! in &hich the sha"e of the hole is controlled )# the sha"e of the "unch and its mating die. .ulti"le "unching of small holes is called "erforating . See also "iercing .
o punch press o (8+ In general! an# mechanical "ress. (,+ In "articular! an end&heel ga"-frame "ress &ith a fi$ed

)ed! used in "iercing.

o punch radius o The radius on the end of the "unch that first contacts the &or5! sometimes called nose radius . o push bench o 4:ui"ment used for dra&ing moderatel# hea%#-gage tu)es )# cu""ing sheet metal and forcing it

through a die )# "ressure e$erted against the inside )ottom of the cu".
o pusher furnace o A t#"e of continuous furnace in &hich "arts to )e heated are "eriodicall# charged into the

furnace in containers! &hich are "ushed along the hearth against a line of "re%iousl# charged containers thus ad%ancing the containers to&ard the discharge end of the furnace! &here the# are remo%ed.
o push welding o S"ot or "ro'ection &elding in &hich the force is a""lied manuall# to one electrode! and the &or5

or )ac5ing "late ta5es the "lace of the other electrode.

o pyramidal plane o In noncu)ic cr#stals! an# "lane that intersects all three a$es. o pyrometallurgy

o o o o o o o o

High-tem"erature &inning or refining of metals.

pyrometer
A de%ice for measuring tem"eratures a)o%e the range of li:uid thermometers.

pyrophoric powder
A "o&der &hose "articles self-ignite and )urn &hen e$"osed to o$#gen or air. Q

+uality

(8+ The totalit# of features and characteristics of a "roduct or ser%ice that )ear on its a)ilit# to satisf# a gi%en need (fitness-for-use conce"t of :ualit#+. (,+ ;egree of e$cellence of a "roduct or ser%ice (com"arati%e conce"t+. Often determined su)'ecti%el# )# com"arison against an ideal standard or against similar "roducts or ser%ices a%aila)le from other sources. (3+ A :uantitati%e e%aluation of the features and characteristics of a "roduct or ser%ice (:uantitati%e conce"t+.
o +uantitative metallography o ;etermination of s"ecific characteristics of a microstructure )# :uantitati%e measurements on

microgra"hs or metallogra"hic images. Huantities so measured include %olume concentration of "hases! grain si*e! "article si*e! mean free "ath )et&een li5e "articles or secondar# "hases! and surface-area-to-%olume ratio of microconstituents! "articles! or grains.
o +uarter hard o A tem"er of nonferrous allo#s and some ferrous allo#s characteri*ed )# tensile strength a)out

mid&a# )et&een that of dead soft and half hard tem"ers.

o +uasi-binary system o In a ternar# or higher-order s#stem! a linear com"osition series )et&een t&o su)stances each of

&hich e$hi)its congruent melting! &herein all e:uili)ria! at all tem"eratures or "ressures! in%ol%e onl# "hases ha%ing com"ositions occurring in the linear series! so that the series ma# )e re"resented as a )inar# on a "hase diagram.
o +uasi-cleavage fracture o A fracture mode that com)ines the characteristics of clea%age fracture and dim"le fracture. An

intermediate t#"e of fracture found in certain high-strength metals.

o +uench-age embrittlement o 4m)rittlement of lo&-car)on steels resulting from "reci"itation of solute car)on at e$isting

dislocations and from "reci"itation hardening of the steel caused )# differences in the solid solu)ilit# of car)on in ferrite at different tem"eratures. Huench-age em)rittlement usuall# is caused )# ra"id cooling of the steel from tem"eratures slightl# )elo& Ac 8 (the tem"erature at &hich austenite )egins to form+! and can )e minimi*ed )# :uenching from lo&er tem"eratures.
o +uench aging o Aging induced )# ra"id cooling after solution heat treatment. o +uench annealing o Annealing an austenitic ferrous allo# )# solution heat treatment follo&ed )# ra"id :uenching. o +uench cracking o Dracture of a metal during :uenching from ele%ated tem"erature. .ost fre:uentl# o)ser%ed in

hardened car)on steel! allo# steel! or tool steel "arts of high hardness and lo& toughness. 3rac5s often emanate from fillets! holes! corners! or other stress raisers and result from high stresses due to the %olume changes accom"an#ing transformation to martensite.
o +uench hardening o (8+ Hardening suita)le - allo#s (most often certain co""er to titanium allo#s+ )# solution

treating and :uenching to de%elo" a martensitic-li5e structure. (,+ In ferrous allo#s! hardening )# austeniti*ing and then cooling at a rate such that a su)stantial amount of austenite transforms to martensite.
o

+uenching

o Ra"id cooling of metals (often steels+ from a suita)le ele%ated tem"erature. This generall# is

accom"lished )# immersion in &ater! oil! "ol#mer solution! or salt! although forced air is sometimes used. See also )rine :uenching ! caustic :uenching ! direct :uenching ! fog :uenching ! forced-air :uenching ! hot :uenching ! intense :uenching ! interru"ted :uenching ! oil :uenching ! "ress :uenching ! selecti%e :uenching ! s"ra# :uenching ! time :uenching ! and &ater :uenching .
o +uenching crack o A crac5 formed in a metal as a result of thermal stresses "roduced )# ra"id cooling from a high

tem"erature.
o o o o o o o

+uenching oil
Oil used for :uenching metals during a heat treating o"eration. R

rabbit ear
Recess in the corner of a metalforming die to allo& for &rin5ling or folding of the )lan5.

racking

A term used to descri)e the "lacing of metal "arts to )e heat treated on a rac5 or tra#. This is done to 5ee" "arts in a "ro"er "osition to a%oid heat-related distortions and to 5ee" the "arts se"arated.
o radial draw forming o The forming of sheet metals )# the simultaneous a""lication of tangential stretch and radial

com"ression forces. The o"eration is done graduall# )# tangential contact &ith the die mem)er. This t#"e of forming is characteri*ed )# %er# close dimensional control.
o radial forging o A "rocess using t&o or more mo%ing an%ils or dies for "roducing shafts &ith constant or %ar#ing

diameters along their length or tu)es &ith internal or e$ternal %ariations. Often incorrectl# referred to as rotar# forging .
o radial marks o Lines on a fracture surface that radiate from the fracture origin and are %isi)le to the unaided e#e

or at lo& magnification. Radial mar5s result from the intersection and connection of )rittle fractures "ro"agating at different le%els. Also 5no&n as shear ledges. See also che%ron "attern .
o radiation damage o A general term for the alteration of "ro"erties of a material arising from e$"osure to ioni*ing

radiation ("enetrating radiation+! such as $-ra#s! gamma ra#s! neutrons! hea%#-"article radiation! or fission fragments in nuclear fuel material. See also neutron em)rittlement .
o radioactive element o An element that has at least one isoto"e that undergoes s"ontaneous nuclear disintegration to

emit "ositi%e "articles! negati%e "articles! or ra#s.

o radioactivity o (8+ The "ro"ert# of the nuclei of some isoto"es to s"ontaneousl# deca# (lose energ#+. <sual

mechanisms are emission of ! ! or other "articles and s"litting (fissioning+. Gamma ra#s are fre:uentl#! )ut not al&a#s! gi%en off in the "rocess. (,+ A "articular com"onent from a radioacti%e source! such as radioacti%it#.
o radiograph o A "hotogra"hic shado& image resulting from une%en a)sor"tion of "enetrating radiation in a test

o)'ect. See also radiogra"h# .

o radiography o A method of nondestructi%e ins"ection in &hich a test o)'ect is e$"osed to a )eam of $-ra#s or

ra#s and the resulting shado& image of the o)'ect is recorded on "hotogra"hic film "laced )ehind

the o)'ect! or dis"la#ed on a %ie&ing screen or tele%ision monitor (real-time radiogra"h#+. Internal discontinuities are detected )# o)ser%ing and inter"reting %ariations in the image caused )# differences in thic5ness! densit#! or a)sor"tion &ithin the test o)'ect. See also real-time radiogra"h# .
o radius of bend o The radius of the c#lindrical surface of the "in or mandrel that comes in contact &ith the inside

surface of the )end during )ending. In the case of free or semiguided )ends to 8>0G in &hich a shim or )loc5 is used! the radius of )end is one-half the thic5ness of the shim or )loc5.
o rake o The angular relationshi" )et&een the tooth face! or a tangent to the tooth face at a gi%en "oint!

and a gi%en reference "lane or line.

o ram o The mo%ing or falling "art of a dro" hammer or "ress to &hich one of the dies is attached/

sometimes a""lied to the u""er flat die of a steam hammer. Also referred to as the slide .
o ramming o (8+ Eac5ing foundr# sand! refractor#! or other material into a com"act mass. (,+ The com"acting

of molding (foundr#+ sand in forming a mold.

o random se+uence o A longitudinal &elding se:uence &herein the &eld-)ead increments are de"osited at random to

minimi*e distortion.
o range of stress Sr! o The alge)raic difference )et&een the ma$imum and minimum stress in one c#cle--that is! Sr M

Sma$ - Smin.
o rapid solidification o The cooling or :uenching of li:uid (molten+ metals at rates that range from 80 I to 80> G30s. o rare earth metal o A grou" of 8B chemicall# similar metals that includes the elements scandium and #ttrium (atomic

num)ers ,8 and 39! res"ecti%el#+ and the lanthanide elements (atomic num)ers 5B through B8+.
o ratcheting o Erogressi%e c#clic inelastic deformation (gro&th! for e$am"le+ that occurs &hen a com"onent or

structure is su)'ected to a c#clic secondar# stress su"erim"osed on a sustained "rimar# stress. The "rocess is called thermal ratcheting &hen c#clic strain is induced )# c#clic changes in tem"erature! and isothermal ratcheting &hen c#clic strain is mechanical in origin (e%en though accom"anied )# c#clic changes in tem"erature+.
o ratchet marks o Lines or mar5ings on a fatigue fracture surface that results from the intersection and connection

of fatigue fractures "ro"agating from multi"le origins. Ratchet mar5s are "arallel to the o%erall direction of crac5 "ro"agation and are %isi)le to the unaided e#e or at lo& magnification.
o rate of strain hardening o Rate of change of true stress &ith res"ect to true strain in the "lastic range. o rattail o A surface im"erfection on a casting! occurring as one or more irregular lines! caused )#

e$"ansion of sand in the mold. 3om"are &ith )uc5le (,+.

o reaction sintering o The sintering of a metal "o&der mi$ture consisting of at least t&o com"onents that chemicall#

react during the treatment.

o reactive metal o A metal that readil# com)ines &ith o$#gen at ele%ated tem"eratures to form %er# sta)le o$ides!

for e$am"le! titanium! *irconium! and )er#llium. Reacti%e metals ma# also )ecome em)rittled )#

the interstitial a)sor"tion of o$#gen! h#drogen! and nitrogen.

o real-time radiography o A method of nondestructi%e ins"ection in &hich a t&o-dimensional radiogra"hic image can )e

immediatel# dis"la#ed on a %ie&ing screen or tele%ision monitor. This techni:ue does not in%ol%e the creation of a latent image/ instead! the una)sor)ed radiation is con%erted into an o"tical or electronic signal! &hich can )e %ie&ed immediatel# or can )e "rocessed in near real time &ith electronic and %ideo e:ui"ment. See also radiogra"h# .
o reaming o An o"eration in &hich a "re%iousl# formed hole is si*ed and contoured accuratel# )# using a

rotar# cutting tool (reamer+ &ith one or more cutting elements (teeth+. The "rinci"al su""ort for the reamer during the cutting action is o)tained from the &or5"iece.
o recalescence o (8+ The increase in tem"erature that occurs after undercooling! )ecause the rate of li)eration of

heat during transformation of a material e$ceeds the rate of dissi"ation of heat. (,+ A "henomenon! associated &ith the transformation of iron to iron on cooling (su"ercooling+ of iron or steel! that is re%ealed )# the )rightening (reglo&ing+ of the metal surface o&ing to the sudden increase in tem"erature caused )# the fast li)eration of the latent heat of transformation. 3ontrast &ith decalescence .
o recarburi"e o (8+ To increase the car)on content of molten cast iron or steel )# adding car)onaceous material!

high-car)on "ig iron! or a high-car)on allo#. (,+ To car)uri*e a metal "art to return surface car)on lost in "rocessing/ also 5no&n as car)on restoration.
o recess o A groo%e or de"ression in a surface. o recovery o (8+ The time-de"endent "ortion of the decrease in strain follo&ing unloading of a s"ecimen at the

same constant tem"erature as the initial test. Reco%er# is e:ual to the total decrease in strain minus the instantaneous reco%er#. (,+ Reduction or remo%al of &or5-hardening effects in metals &ithout motion of large-angle grain )oundaries. (3+ The "ro"ortion of the desired com"onent o)tained )# "rocessing an ore! usuall# e$"ressed as a "ercentage.
o recrystalli"ation o (8+ The formation of a ne&! strain-free grain structure from that e$isting in cold-&or5ed metal!

usuall# accom"lished )# heating. (,+ The change from one cr#stal structure to another! as occurs on heating or cooling through a critical tem"erature. (3+ A "rocess! usuall# "h#sical! )# &hich one cr#stal s"ecies is gro&n at the e$"ense of another or at the e$"ense of others of the same su)stance )ut smaller in si*e. See also cr#stalli*ation .
o recrystalli"ation annealing o Annealing cold-&or5ed metal to "roduce a ne& grain structure &ithout "hase change. o recrystalli"ation temperature o The a""ro$imate minimum tem"erature at &hich com"lete recr#stalli*ation of a cold-&or5ed

metal occurs &ithin a s"ecified time.

o recrystalli"ed grain si"e o (8+ The grain si*e de%elo"ed )# heating cold-&or5ed metal. The time and tem"erature are

selected so that! although recr#stalli*ation is com"lete! essentiall# no grain gro&th occurs. (,+ In aluminum and magnesium allo#s! the grain si*e after recr#stalli*ation! &ithout regard to grain gro&th or the recr#stalli*ed conditions. See also recr#stalli*ation .
o recuperator o 4:ui"ment for transferring heat from gaseous "roducts of com)ustion to incoming air or fuel.

The

incoming material "asses through "i"es surrounded )# a cham)er through &hich the outgoing gases "ass.
o red mud o A residue! containing a high "ercentage of iron o$ide! o)tained in "urif#ing )au$ite in the

"roduction of alumina in the Ca#er "rocess.

o redox potential o This "otential of a re%ersi)le o$idation-reduction electrode measured &ith res"ect to a reference

electrode! corrected to the h#drogen electrode! in a gi%en electrode.

o redrawing o The second and successi%e dee"-dra&ing o"erations in &hich cu"-li5e shells are dee"ened and

reduced in cross-sectional dimensions. See also dee" dra&ing .

o reducing agent o (8+ A com"ound that causes reduction! there)# itself )ecoming o$idi*ed. (,+ A chemical that! at

high tem"eratures! lo&ers the state of o$idation of other )atch chemicals.

o reducing atmosphere o (8+ A furnace atmos"here that tends to remo%e o$#gen from su)stances or materials "laced in the

furnace. (,+ A chemicall# acti%e "rotecti%e atmos"here that at ele%ated tem"erature &ill reduce metal o$ides to their metallic state. Reducing atmos"here is a relati%e term and such an atmos"here ma# )e reducing to one o$ide )ut not to another o$ide.
o reducing flame o (8+ A gas flame "roduced &ith e$cess fuel in the inner flame. (,+ A gas flame resulting from

com)ustion of a mi$ture containing too much fuel or too little air. See also neutral flame and o$idi*ing flame .
o reduction o (8+ In cu""ing and dee" dra&ing! a measure of the "ercentage decrease from )lan5 diameter to

cu" diameter! or of diameter reduction in redra&ing. (,+ In forging! rolling! and dra&ing! either the ratio of the original to final cross-sectional area or the "ercentage decrease in cross-sectional area. (3+ A reaction in &hich there is a decrease in %alence resulting from a gain in electrons. 3ontrast &ith o$idation .
o reduction cell o A "ot or tan5 in &hich either a &ater solution of a salt or a fused salt is reduced electrol#ticall# to

form free metals or other su)stances.

o reduction in area 3A! o The difference )et&een the original cross-sectional area of a tensile s"ecimen and the smallest

area at or after fracture as s"ecified for the material undergoing testing. Also 5no&n as reduction of area.
o reel o (8+ A s"ool or hu) for coiling or feeding &ire or stri". (,+ To straighten and "lanish a round )ar

)# "assing it )et&een contoured rolls.

o reel breaks o Trans%erse )rea5s or ridges on successi%e inner la"s of a coil that results from crim"ing of the

lead end of the coil into a gri""ing segmented mandrel. Also called reel 5in5s.
o reference electrodes o A non"olari*a)le electrode &ith a 5no&n and highl# re"roduci)le "otential used for

"otentiometric and %oltammetric anal#ses. See also calomel electrode .

o reference material o In materials characteri*ation! a material of definite com"osition that closel# resem)les in

chemical and "h#sical nature the material &ith &hich an anal#st e$"ects to deal/ used for cali)ration or standardi*ation. See also standard reference material .

o refining o The )ranch of "rocess metallurg# dealing &ith the "urification of crude or im"ure metals.

3om"are &ith e$tracti%e metallurg# .

o reflowing o .elting of an electrode"osit follo&ed )# solidification. The surface has the a""earance and

"h#sical characteristics of a hot di""ed surface (es"eciall# tin or tin allo# "lates+. Also called flo& )rightening .
o refractory o (8+ A material (usuall# an inorganic! nonmetallic! ceramic material+ of %er# high melting "oint

&ith "ro"erties that ma5e it suita)le for such uses as furnace linings and 5iln construction. (,+ The :ualit# of resisting heat.
o refractory alloy o (8+ A heat-resistant allo#. (,+ An allo# ha%ing an e$tremel# high melting "oint. See also

refractor# metal . (3+ An allo# difficult to &or5 at ele%ated tem"eratures.

o refractory metal o A metal ha%ing an e$tremel# high melting "oint and lo& %a"or "ressure/ for e$am"le! nio)ium!

tantalum! mol#)denum! tungsten! and rhenium.

o regenerator o Same as recu"erator e$ce"t that the gaseous "roducts or com)ustion heat )ric5 chec5er&or5 in a

cham)er connected to the e$haust side of the furnace &hile the incoming air and fuel are )eing heated )# the )ric5 chec5er&or5 in a second cham)er! connected to the entrance side. At inter%als! the gas flo& is re%ersed so that incoming air and fuel contact hot chec5er&or5 &hile that in the second cham)er is )eing reheated )# e$haust gases.
o regulator o A de%ice for controlling the deli%er# of &elding or cutting gas at some su)stantiall# constant

"ressure.
o reliability o A :uantitati%e measure of the a)ilit# of a "roduct or ser%ice to fulfill its intended function for a

s"ecified "eriod of time.

o relieving o Cuffing or other a)rasi%e treatment of the high "oints of an em)ossed metal surface to "roduce

highlights that contrast &ith the finish in the recesses.

o remanence o The magnetic induction remaining in a magnetic circuit after remo%al of the a""lied magneti*ing

force. Sometimes called remanent induction.

o repressing o The a""lication of "ressure to a "re%iousl# "ressed and sintered "o&der metallurg# com"act!

usuall# for the "ur"ose of im"ro%ing some "h#sical or mechanical "ro"ert# or for dimensional accurac#.
o residual elements o Small :uantities of elements unintentionall# "resent in an allo#. o residual stress o (8+ The stress e$isting in a )od# at rest! in e:uili)rium! at uniform tem"erature! and not su)'ected

to e$ternal forces. Often caused )# the forming or thermal "rocessing curing "rocess. (,+ An internal stress not de"ending on e$ternal forces resulting from such factors as cold &or5ing! "hase changes! or tem"erature gradients. (3+ Stress "resent in a )od# that is free of e$ternal forces or thermal gradients. (I+ Stress remaining in a structure or mem)er as a result of thermal or mechanical treatment or )oth. Stress arises in fusion &elding "rimaril# )ecause the &eld metal contracts on cooling from the solidus to room tem"erature.

o resilience o (8+ The amount of energ# "er unit %olume released on unloading. (,+ The ca"acit# of a material!

)# %irtue of high #ield strength and lo& elastic modulus! to e$hi)it considera)le elastic reco%er# on release of load.
o resinoid wheel o A grinding &heel )onded &ith a s#nthetic resin. o resist o (8+ 3oating material used to mas5 or "rotect selected areas of a su)strate from the action of an

etchant! solder! or "lating. (,+ A material a""lied to "re%ent flo& of )ra*ing filler metal into un&anted areas.
o resistance bra"ing o A )ra*ing "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is o)tained from the resistance to electric current

flo& in a circuit of &hich the &or5"iece is a "art.

o resistance seam welding o A resistance &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence at the fa#ing surfaces of o%erla""ed "arts

"rogressi%el# along a length of a 'oint. The &eld ma# )e made &ith o%erla""ing &eld nuggets! a continuous &eld nugget! or )# forging the 'oint as it is heated to the &elding tem"erature )# resistance to the flo& of the &elding current.
o resistance soldering o A soldering "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is o)tained from the resistance to electric current

flo& in a circuit of &hich the &or5"iece is a "art.

o resistance spot welding o A resistance &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence at the fa#ing surfaces of a 'oint )# the

heat o)tained from resistance to the flo& of &elding current through the &or5"ieces from electrodes that ser%e to concentrate the &elding current and "ressure at the &eld areas.
o resistance welding o A grou" of &elding "rocesses that "roduce coalescence of metals &ith resistance heating and

"ressure. See also flash &elding ! "ro'ection &elding ! resistance seam &elding ! and resistance s"ot &elding .
o resistance welding electrode o The "art(s+ of a resistance &elding machine through &hich the &elding current and! in most

cases! force are a""lied directl# to the &or5. The electrode ma# )e in the form of a rotating &heel! rotating )ar! c#linder! "late! clam"! chuc5! or modification thereof.
o restraint o An# e$ternal mechanical force that "re%ents a "art from mo%ing to accommodate changes in

dimension due to thermal e$"ansion or contraction. Often a""lied to &eldments made &hile clam"ed in a fi$ture. 3om"are &ith constraint .
o restriking o (8+ The stri5ing of a trimmed )ut slightl# misaligned or other&ise fault# forging &ith one or

more )lo&s to im"ro%e alignment! im"ro%e surface condition! maintain close tolerances! increase hardness! or effect other im"ro%ements. (,+ A si*ing o"eration in &hich coining or stretching is used to correct or alter "rofiles and to counteract distortion. (3+ A sal%age o"eration follo&ing a "rimar# forging o"eration in &hich the "arts in%ol%ed are rehit in the same forging die in &hich the "ieces &ere last forged.
o retort o A %essel used for distillation of %olatile materials! as in se"aration of some metals and in

destructi%e distillation of coal.

o

reverberatory furnace

o A furnace in &hich the flame used for melting the metal does not im"inge on the metal surface

itself! )ut is reflected off the &alls of the root of the furnace. The metal is actuall# melted )# the generation of heat from the &alls and the roof of the furnace.
o reverse-current cleaning o 4lectrol#tic cleaning in &hich a current is "assed )et&een electrodes through a solution! and the

"art is set u" as the anode. Also called anodic cleaning .

o o o o o o o o

reverse drawing
Redra&ing of a sheet metal "art in a direction o""osite to that of the original dra&ing.

reverse polarity
See "referred term direct current electrode "ositi%e (;34E+ .

reverse redrawing
A second dra&ing o"eration in a direction o""osite to that of the original dra&ing.

rheocasting

3asting of a continuousl# stirred semisolid metal slurr#. The "rocess in%ol%es %igorous agitation of the melt during the earl# stages of solidification to )rea5 u" solid dendrites into small s"herulites. See also semisolid metal forming .
o rib o A long F-sha"ed or radiused indentation used to strengthen large sheet metal "anels. (,+ A long!

usuall# thin "rotu)erance used to "ro%ide fle$ural strength to a forging (as in a ri)-&e) forging+.
o rigging o The engineering design! la#out! and fa)rication of "attern e:ui"ment for "roducing castings/

including a stud# of the casting solidification "rogram! feeding and gating! risering! s5immers! and fitting flas5s.
o rimmed steel o A lo&-car)on steel containing sufficient iron o$ide to gi%e a continuous e%olution of car)on

mono$ide &hile the ingot is solidif#ing! resulting in a case or rim of metal %irtuall# free of %oids. Sheet and stri" "roducts made from rimmed steel ingots ha%e %er# good surface :ualit#.
o ring and circle shear o A cutting or shearing machine &ith t&o rotar#-dis5 cutters dri%en in unison and e:ui""ed &ith a

circle attachment for cutting inside circles or rings from sheet metal! &here it is im"ossi)le to start the cut at the edge of the sheet. One cutter shaft is inclined to the other to "ro%ide cutting clearance so that the outside section remains flat and usa)le. See also circle shear and rotar# shear .
o ring rolling o The "rocess of sha"ing &eldless rings from "ierced dis5s or sha"ing thic5-&all ring-sha"ed

)lan5s )et&een rolls that control &all thic5ness! ring diameter! height! and contour.
o riser o A reser%oir of molten metal connected to a casting to "ro%ide additional metal to the casting!

re:uired as the result of shrin5age )efore and during solidification.

o riser blocks o (8+ Elates or "ieces inserted )et&een the to" of a metalforming "ress )ed or )olster and the die to

decrease the height of the die s"ace. (,+ S"acers "laced )et&een )ed and housings to increase shut height on a four-"iece tie-rod straight-side "ress.
o river pattern o A term used in fractogra"h# to descri)e a characteristic "attern of clea%age ste"s running "arallel

to the local direction of crac5 "ro"agation on the fracture surfaces of grains that ha%e se"arated )# clea%age.
o

riveting

o 7oining of t&o or more mem)ers of a structure )# means of metal ri%ets! the unheaded end )eing

u"set after the ri%et is in "lace.

o roasting o Heating an ore to effect some chemical change that &ill facilitate smelting. o robber o An e$tra cathode or cathode e$tension that reduces the current densit# on &hat &ould other&ise

)e a high-current-densit# area on &or5 )eing electro"lated.

o 3ochelle copper o (8+ A co""er electrode"osit o)tained from co""er c#anide "lating solution to &hich Rochelle salt

(sodium "otassium tartrate+ has )een added for grain refinement! )etter anode corrosion! and cathode efficienc#. (,+ The solution from &hich a Rochelle co""er electrode"osit is o)tained.
o rock candy fracture o A fracture that e$hi)its se"arated-grain facets/ most often used to descri)e an intergranular

fracture in a large-grained metal.

o rocking shear o A t#"e of guillotine shear that utili*es a cur%ed )lade to shear sheet metal "rogressi%el# from side

to side )# a roc5er motion.

o 3ockwell hardness number o A num)er deri%ed from the net increase in the de"th of im"ression as the load on an indenter is

increased from a fi$ed minor load to a ma'or load and then returned to the minor load. Farious scales of Roc5&ell hardness num)ers ha%e )een de%elo"ed )ased on the hardness of the materials to )e e%aluated. The scales are designated )# al"ha)etic suffi$es to the hardness designation. Dor e$am"le! AI HR3 re"resents the Roc5&ell hardness num)er of AI on the Roc5&ell 3 scale. See also Roc5&ell su"erficial hardness num)er .
o 3ockwell hardness test o An indentation hardness test using a cali)rated machine that utili*es the de"th of indentation!

under constant load! as a measure of hardness. 4ither a 8,0G diamond cone &ith a slightl# rounded "oint or a 8.A or 3., mm ( or in.+ diam steel )all is used as the indenter.
o 3ockwell superficial hardness number o Li5e the Roc5&ell hardness num)er! the su"erficial Roc5&ell num)er is e$"ressed )# the s#m)ol

HR follo&ed )# a scale designation. Dor e$am"le! >8 HR302 re"resents the Roc5&ell su"erficial hardness num)er of >8 on the Roc5&ell 302 scale.
o 3ockwell superficial hardness test o The same test as used to determine the Roc5&ell hardness num)er e$ce"t that smaller minor and

ma'or loads are used. In Roc5&ell testing! the minor load is 80 5gf! and the ma'or load is A0! 800! or 850 5gf. In su"erficial Roc5&ell testing! the minor load is 3 5gf! and ma'or loads are 85! 30! or I5 5gf. In )oth tests! the indenter ma# )e either a diamond cone or a steel )all! de"ending "rinci"all# on the characteristics of the material )eing tested.
o rod o A solid round metal section 9.5 mm ( in.+ or greater in diameter! &hose length is great in

relation to its diameter.

o rod mill o (8+ A hot mill for rolling rod. (,+ A mill for fine grinding! some&hat similar to a )all mill! )ut

em"lo#ing long steel rods instead of )alls to effect grinding.

o roll bending o 3ur%ing sheets! )ars! and sections )# means of rolls. See also )ending rolls . o roll compacting o Erogressi%e com"acting of metal "o&ders )# use of a rolling mill. o roller hearth furnace

o A modification of the "usher-t#"e continuous furnace that "ro%ides for rollers in the hearth or

muffle of the furnace &here)# friction is greatl# reduced and light&eight tra#s can )e used re"eatedl# &ithout ris5 of unacce"ta)le distortion and damage to the &or5. See also "usher furnace .
o roller leveler breaks o O)%ious trans%erse )rea5s usuall# a)out 3 to A mm ( to in.+ a"art caused )# the sheet metal

fluting during roller le%eling. These &ill not )e remo%ed )# stretching.

o roller leveler lines o Same as le%eler lines . o roller leveling o Le%eling )# "assing flat sheet metal stoc5 through a machine ha%ing a series of small-diameter

staggered rolls that are ad'usted to "roduce re"eated re%erse )ending.

o roller stamping die o An engra%ed roller used for im"ressing designs and mar5ings on sheet metal. o roll flattening o The flattening of metal sheets that ha%e )een rolled in "ac5s )# "assing them se"aratel# through

a t&o-high cold mill &ith %irtuall# no deformation. 2ot to )e confused &ith roller le%eling .
o roll forging o A "rocess of sha"ing stoc5 )et&een t&o dri%en rolls that rotate in o""osite directions and ha%e

one or more matching sets of groo%es in the rolls/ used to "roduce finished "arts or "reforms for su)se:uent forging o"erations.
o roll forming o .etalforming through the use of "o&er-dri%en rolls &hose contour determines the sha"e of the

"roduct/ sometimes used to denote "o&er s"inning.

o rolling o The reduction of the cross-sectional area of metal stoc5! or the general sha"ing of metal "roducts!

through the use of rotating rolls. See also rolling mills .

o rolling-contact fatigue o Re"eated stressing of a solid surface due to rolling contact )et&een it and another solid surface

or surfaces. 3ontinued rolling-contact fatigue of )earing or gear surfaces ma# result in rollingcontact damage in the form of su)surface fatigue crac5s and0or material "itting and s"allation.
o rolling mills o .achines used to decrease the cross-sectional area of metal stoc5 and to "roduce certain desired

sha"es as the metal "asses )et&een rotating rolls mounted in a frame&or5 com"rising a )asic unit called a stand. 3#lindrical rolls "roduce flat sha"es/ groo%ed rolls "roduce rounds! s:uares! and structural sha"es. See also four-high mill ! Send*imir mill ! and t&o-high mill .
o roll straightening o The straightening of metal stoc5 of %arious sha"es )# "assing it through a series of staggered

rolls! the rolls usuall# )eing in hori*ontal and %ertical "lanes! or )# reeling in t&o-roll straightening machines.
o roll threading o See "referred term thread rolling . o roll welding o Solid-state &elding in &hich metals are heated! then &elded together )# a""l#ing "ressure! &ith

rolls! sufficient to cause deformation at the fa#ing surfaces. See also forge &elding .
o

root crack

o A crac5 in either the &eld or heat-affected *one at the root of a &eld. o rosette o (8+ Rounded configuration of microconstituents in metals arranged in &horls or radiating from a

center. (,+ Strain gages arranged to indicate at a single "osition strains in three different directions.
o rotary forging o A "rocess in &hich the &or5"iece is "ressed )et&een a flat an%il and a s&i%eling (roc5ing+ die

&ith a conical &or5ing face/ the "latens mo%e to&ard each other during forging. Also called or)ital forging. 3om"are &ith radial forging .
o rotary furnace o A circular furnace constructed so that the hearth and &or5"ieces rotate around the a$is of the

furnace during heating. Also called rotar# hearth furnace.

o rotary press o A machine for forming "o&der metallurg# "arts that is fitted &ith a rotating ta)le carr#ing

multi"le die assem)lies in &hich "o&der is com"acted.

o rotary retort furnace o A continuous-t#"e furnace in &hich the &or5 ad%ances )# means of an internal s"iral! &hich

gi%es good control of the retention time &ithin the heated cham)er.
o rotary shear o A sheet metal cutting machine &ith t&o rotating-dis5 cutters mounted on "arallel shafts dri%en in

unison.
o rotary swager o A s&aging machine consisting of a "o&er-dri%en ring that re%ol%es at high s"eed! causing rollers

to engage cam surfaces and force the dies to deli%er hammerli5e )lo&s on the &or5 at high fre:uenc#. Coth straight and ta"ered sections can )e "roduced.
o rotary swaging o A )ul5 forming "rocess for reducing the cross-sectional area or other&ise changing the sha"e of

)ars! tu)es! or &ires )# re"eated radial )lo&s &ith one or more "airs of o""osed dies.
o rouge finish o A highl# reflecti%e finish "roduced &ith rouge (finel# di%ided! h#drated iron o$ide+ or other %er#

fine a)rasi%e! similar in a""earance to the )right "olish or mirror finish on sterling sil%er utensils.
o rough blank o A )lan5 for a metalforming or dra&ing o"eration! usuall# of irregular outline! &ith necessar#

stoc5 allo&ance for "rocess metal! &hich is trimmed after forming or dra&ing to the desired si*e.
o rough grinding o Grinding &ithout regard to finish! usuall# to )e follo&ed )# a su)se:uent o"eration. o roughing stand o The first stand (or se%eral stands+ of rolls through &hich a reheated )illet "asses in front of the

finishing stands. See also rolling mills and stand .

o rough machining o .achining &ithout regard to finish! usuall# to )e follo&ed )# a su)se:uent o"eration. o roughness o (8+ Relati%el# finel# s"aced surface irregularities! the heights! &idths! and directions of &hich

esta)lish the "redominant surface "attern. (,+ The microsco"ic "ea5-to-%alle# distances of surface "rotu)erances and de"ressions. See also surface roughness .
o rubber forming o Dorming a sheet metal &herein ru))er or another resilient material is used as a functional die

"art.

Erocesses in &hich ru))er is em"lo#ed onl# to contain the h#draulic fluid are not classified as ru))er forming.
o rubber-pad forming o A sheet metal forming o"eration for shallo& "arts in &hich a confined! "lia)le ru))er "ad

attached to the "ress slide (ram+ is forced )# h#draulic "ressure to )ecome a mating die for a "unch or grou" of "unches "laced on the "ress )ed or )ase"late. Also 5no&n as the Guerin "rocess . Fariations of the Guerin "rocess include the fluid-cell "rocess ! fluid forming ! and .arforming "rocess .
o rubber wheel o A grinding &heel made &ith a ru))er )ond. o runner o (8+ A channel through &hich molten metal flo&s from one rece"tacle to another. (,+ The "ortion

of the gate assem)l# of a casting that connects the s"rue &ith the gate(s+. (3+ Earts of "atterns and finished castings corres"onding to the "ortion of the gate assem)l# descri)ed in (,+.
o runner box o A distri)ution )o$ that di%ides molten metal into se%eral streams )efore it enters the casting mold

ca%it#.
o runout o (8+ The unintentional esca"e of molten metal from a mold! cruci)le! or furnace. (,+ An

im"erfection in a casting caused )# the esca"e of metal from the mold.

o rupture stress o The stress at failure. Also 5no&n as )rea5ing stress or fracture stress . o rust o A %isi)le corrosion "roduct consisting of h#drated o$ides of iron. A""lied onl# to ferrous allo#s.

See also &hite rust . o S

o sacrificial protection o Reduction of corrosion of a metal in an electrol#te )# gal%anicall# cou"ling it to a more anodic

metal/ a form of cathodic "rotection.

o saddling o Dorming a seamless metal ring )# forging a "ierced dis5 o%er a mandrel (or saddle+. o sag o An increase or decrease in the section thic5ness of a casting caused )# insufficient strength of the

mold sand of the co"e or of the core.

o salt bath heat treatment o Heat treatment for metals carried out in a )ath of molten salt. o salt fog test o An accelerated corrosion test in &hich s"ecimens are e$"osed to a fine mist of a solution usuall#

containing sodium chloride! )ut sometimes modified &ith other chemicals. Also 5no&n as salt s"ra# test.
o salt spray test o See salt fog test . o sample o (8+ One or more units of a "roduct (or a relati%el# small :uantit# of a )ul5 material+ &ithdra&n

from a lot or "rocess stream and then tested or ins"ected to "ro%ide information a)out the "ro"erties! dimensions! or other :ualit# characteristics of the lot or "rocess stream. (,+ A "ortion of a material intended to )e re"resentati%e of the &hole.
o

sand

o A granular material naturall# or artificiall# "roduced )# the disintegration or crushing of roc5s or

mineral de"osits. In casting! the term denotes an aggregate! &ith an indi%idual "article (grain+ si*e of 0.0A to , mm (0.00, to 0.0> in.+ in diameter! that is largel# free of finer constituents! such as silt and cla#! &hich are often "resent in natural sand de"osits. The most commonl# used foundr# sand is silica/ ho&e%er! *ircon! oli%ine! aluminum silicates! and other crushed ceramics are used for s"ecial a""lications.
o sandblasting o A)rasi%e )lasting &ith sand. See also )lasting or )last cleaning and com"are &ith shot)lasting . o sand casting o .etal castings "roduced in sand molds. o sand hole o A "it in the surface of a sand casting resulting from a de"osit of loose sand on the surface of the

mold.
o sandwich rolling o Rolling t&o or more stri"s of metal in a "ac5! sometimes to form a roll-&elded com"osite. o satin finish o A diffusel# reflecting surface finish on metals! lustrous )ut not mirrorli5e. One t#"e is a )utler

finish.
o saw gumming o In sa& manufacture! grinding a&a# of "unch mar5s or milling mar5s in the gullets (s"aces

)et&een the teeth+ and! in some cases! simultaneous shar"ening of the teeth/ in reconditioning of &orn sa&s! restoration of the original gullet si*e and sha"e.
o sawing o <sing a toothed )lade or dis5 to se%er "arts or cut contours. o scab o A defect on the surface of a casting that a""ears as a rough! slightl# raised surface )lemish!

crusted o%er )# a thin "orous la#er of metal! under &hich is a hone#com) or ca%it# that usuall# contains a la#er of sand/ defect common to thin-&all "ortions of the casting or around hot areas of the mold.
o scale o Surface o$idation! consisting of "artiall# adherent la#ers of corrosion "roducts! left on metals )#

heating or casting in air or in other o$idi*ing atmos"heres.

o scale pit o (8+ A surface de"ression formed on a forging due to scale remaining in the dies during the

forging o"eration. (,+ A "it in the ground in &hich scale (such as that carried off )# cooling &ater from rolling mills+ is allo&ed to settle out as one ste" in the treatment of effluent &aste &ater.
o scaling o (8+ Dorming a thic5 la#er of o$idation "roducts on metals at high tem"erature. Scaling should )e

distinguished from rusting! &hich in%ol%es the formation of h#drated o$ides. See also rust . (,+ ;e"ositing &ater-insolu)le constituents on a metal surface! as in cooling tu)es and &ater )oilers.
o scalping o Remo%ing surface la#ers from an ingot! )illet! or sla). o scanning Auger microscopy $A1! o An anal#tical techni:ue that measures the lateral distri)ution of elements on the surface of a

material )# recording the intensit# of their Auger electrons %ersus the "osition of the electron )eam.
o

scarfing

o 3utting surface areas of metal o)'ects! ordinaril# )# using an o$#fuel gas torch. The o"eration

"ermits surface im"erfections to )e cut from ingots! )illets! or the edges of "late that are to )e )e%eled for )utt &elding. See also chi""ing .
o $cleroscope hardness number *$c or *$d! o A num)er related to the height of re)ound of a diamond-ti""ed hammer dro""ed on the material

)eing tested. It is measured on a scale determined )# di%iding into 800 units the a%erage re)ound of the hammer from a :uenched (to ma$imum hardness+ and untem"ered AISI 1-5 tool steel test )loc5.
o $cleroscope hardness test o A d#namic indentation hardness test using a cali)rated instrument that dro"s a diamond-ti""ed

hammer from a fi$ed height onto the surface of the material )eing tested. The height of re)ound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material.
o scorification o O$idation! in the "resence of flu$es! of molten lead containing "recious metals! to "artl# remo%e

the lead in order to concentrate the "recious metals.

o scoring o (8+ The formation of se%ere scratches in the direction of sliding. (,+ The act of "roducing a

scratch or narro& groo%e in a surface )# causing a shar" instrument to mo%e along that surface. (3+ The marring or scratching of an# formed metal "art )# metal "ic5u" on the "unch or die. (I+ The reduction in thic5ness of a material along a line to &ea5en it intentionall# along that line.
o scouring o (8+ A &et or dr# cleaning "rocess in%ol%ing mechanical scru))ing. (,+ A &et or dr# mechanical

finishing o"eration! using fine a)rasi%e and lo& "ressure! carried out )# hand or &ith a cloth or &ire &heel to "roduce satin or )utler-t#"e finishes.
o scrap o (8+ Eroducts that are discarded )ecause the# are defecti%e or other&ise unsuita)le for sale. (,+

;iscarded metallic material! from &hate%er source! that ma# )e reclaimed through melting and refining.
o scratch hardness o The hardness of a metal determined )# the &idth of a scratch made )# dra&ing a cutting "oint

across the surface under a gi%en "ressure.

o screen o (8+ The &o%en &ire or fa)ric cloth! ha%ing s:uare o"enings! used in a sie%e for retaining "articles

greater than the "articular mesh si*e. <.S. standard! ISO! or T#ler screen si*es are commonl# used. (,+ One of a set of sie%es! designated )# the si*e of the o"enings! used to classif# granular aggregates such as sand! ore! or co5e )# "article si*e. (3+ A "erforated sheet "laced in the gating s#stem of a mold to se"arate im"urities from the molten metal.
o screw dislocation o See dislocation . o screw press o A high-s"eed "ress in &hich the ram is acti%ated )# a large scre& assem)l# "o&ered )# a dri%e

mechanism.
o scuffing o (8+ Locali*ed damage caused )# the occurrence of solid-"hase &elding )et&een sliding surfaces!

&ithout local surface melting. (,+ A mild degree of galling that results from the &elding of as"erities due to frictional heat. The &elded as"erities )rea5! causing surface degradation.
o seal coat o .aterial a""lied to infiltrate the "ores of a thermal s"ra# de"osit. o sealing

o (8+ 3losing "ores in anodic coatings to render them less a)sor)ent. (,+ Elugging lea5s in a

casting )# introducing thermosetting "lastics into "orous areas and su)se:uentl# setting the "lastic &ith heat.
o seal weld o An# &eld designed "rimaril# to "ro%ide a s"ecific degree of tightness against lea5age. o seam o (8+ On a metal surface! an un&elded fold or la" that a""ears as a crac5! usuall# resulting from a

discontinuit#. (,+ A surface defect on a casting related to )ut of lesser degree than a cold shut . (3+ A ridge on the surface of a casting caused )# a crac5 in the mold face.
o seam weld o A continuous &eld made )et&een or u"on o%erla""ing mem)ers! in &hich coalescence ma# start

and occur on the fa#ing surfaces! or ma# ha%e "roceeded from the outer surface of one mem)er. The continuous &eld ma# consist of a single &eld )ead or a series of o%erla""ing s"ot &elds.
o o o o o o o o o o

seam welding
See arc seam &eld and resistance seam &elding .

season cracking
An o)solete historical term usuall# a""lied to stress-corrosion crac5ing of )rass.

secondary alloy
An# allo# &hose ma'or constituent is o)tained from rec#cled scra" metal.

secondary creep
See cree".

secondary ion mass spectroscopy $01$!

An anal#tical techni:ue that measures the masses of ions emitted from the surface of a material &hen e$"osed to a )eam of incident ions. The incident ions are usuall# monoenergetic and are all of the same s"ecies! for e$am"le! 5 5eF 2e@ ions.
o secondary metal o .etal reco%ered from scra" )# remelting and refining. o sectioning o The remo%al of a con%enientl# si*ed! re"resentati%e s"ecimen from a larger sam"le for

metallogra"hic ins"ection. Sectioning methods include shearing! sa&ing (using hac5sa&s! )and sa&s! and diamond &ire sa&s+! a)rasi%e cutting! and electrical discharge machining.
o segment die o A die made of "arts that can )e se"arated for read# remo%al of the &or5"iece. S#non#mous &ith

s"lit die .
o segregation o (8+ 2onuniform distri)ution of allo#ing elements! im"urities! or micro"hases in metals and

allo#s. (,+ A casting defect in%ol%ing a concentration of allo#ing elements at s"ecific regions! usuall# as a result of the "rimar# cr#stalli*ation of one "hase &ith the su)se:uent concentration of other elements in the remaining li:uid. .icrosegregation refers to normal segregation on a microsco"ic scale in &hich material richer in an allo#ing element free*es in successi%e la#ers on the dendrites (coring+ and in constituent net&or5. .acrosegregation refers to gross differences in concentration (for e$am"le! from one area of a casting to another+. See also in%erse segregation and normal segregation .
o segregation banding o Inhomogeneous distri)ution of allo#ing elements aligned in filaments or "lates "arallel to the

direction of &or5ing.
o

sei"ing

o The sto""ing of a mo%ing "art )# a mating surface as a result of e$cessi%e friction. o sei"ure o The sto""ing of relati%e motion as the result of interfacial friction. Sei*ure ma# )e accom"anied

)# gross surface &elding. The term is sometimes used to denote scuffing .

o $ejournet process o See <gine-Se'ournet "rocess . o selective heating o Intentionall# heating onl# certain "ortions of a &or5"iece. o selective leaching o 3orrosion in &hich one element is "referentiall# remo%ed from an allo#! lea%ing a residue (often

"orous+ of the elements that are more resistant to the "articular en%ironment. Also called deallo#ing or "arting. See also decar)uri*ation ! deco)altification ! denic5elification ! de*incification ! and gra"hitic corrosion .
o selective +uenching o Huenching onl# certain "ortions of an o)'ect. o self-diffusion o Thermall# acti%ated mo%ement of an atom to a ne& site in a cr#stal of its o&n s"ecies! as! for

e$am"le! a co""er atom &ithin a cr#stal of co""er.

o self-hardening steel o See "referred term air-hardening steel . o self-lubricating material o An# solid material that sho&s lo& friction &ithout a""lication of a lu)ricant. o semiautomatic arc welding o Arc &elding &ith e:ui"ment that controls onl# the filler metal feed. The ad%ance of the &elding

is manuall# controlled.
o semiautomatic plating o Elating in &hich "re"ared cathodes are mechanicall# con%e#ed through the "lating )aths! &ith

inter%ening manual transfers.

o semiconductor o A solid cr#stalline material &hose electrical resisti%it# is intermediate )et&een that of a metal

conductor and an insulator! ranging from a)out 80-3 to 80> J cm! and is usuall# strongl# tem"erature de"endent.
o semifinisher o An im"ression in a series of forging dies that onl# a""ro$imates the finish dimensions of the

forging. Semifinishers are often used to e$tend die life or the finishing im"ression! to ensure "ro"er control of grain flo& during forging! and to assist in o)taining desired tolerances.
o semifinishing o Ereliminar# o"erations "erformed "rior to finishing. o semiguided bend o The )end o)tained )# a""l#ing a force directl# to the s"ecimen in the "ortion that is to )e )ent.

The s"ecimen is either held at one end and forced around a "in or rounded edge or is su""orted near the ends and )ent )# a force a""lied on the side of the s"ecimen o""osite the su""orts and mid&a# )et&een them. In some instances! the )end is started in this manner and finished in the manner of a free )end.
o semikilled steel o Steel that is incom"letel# deo$idi*ed and contains sufficient dissol%ed o$#gen to react &ith the

car)on to form car)on mono$ide and thus offset solidification shrin5age.

o

semipermanent mold

o A "ermanent mold in &hich sand cores or "laster are used. o semisolid metal forming o A t&o-ste" casting0forging "rocess in &hich a )illet is cast in a mold e:ui""ed &ith a mi$er that

continuousl# stirs the thi$otro"ic melt! there)# )rea5ing u" the dendritic structure of the casting into a fine-grained s"herical structure. After cooling! the )illet is stored for su)se:uent use. Later! a slug from the )illet is cut! heated to the semisolid state! and forged in a die. 2ormall# the cast )illet is forged &hen 30 to I0? is in the li:uid state. See also rheocasting .
o sensiti"ation o In austenitic stainless steels! the "reci"itation of chromium car)ides! usuall# at grain )oundaries!

on e$"osure to tem"eratures of a)out 5I0 to >I5 G3 (a)out 8000 to 8550 GD+! lea%ing the grain )oundaries de"leted of chromium and therefore susce"ti)le to "referential attac5 )# a corroding medium. 1elding is the most common cause of sensiti*ation. 1eld deca# (sensiti*ation+ caused )# car)ide "reci"itation in the &eld heat-affected *one leads to intergranular corrosion.
o sensiti"ing heat treatment o A heat treatment! &hether accidental! intentional! or incidental (as during &elding+! that causes

"reci"itation of constituents at grain )oundaries! often causing the allo# to )ecome susce"ti)le to intergranular corrosion or intergranular stress-corrosion crac5ing. See also sensiti*ation .
o $end"imir mill o A t#"e of cluster mill &ith small-diameter &or5 rolls and larger-diameter )ac5u" rolls! )ac5ed u"

)# )earings on a shaft mounted eccentricall# so that it can )e rotated to increase the "ressure )et&een the )earing and the )ac5u" rolls. <sed to roll "recision and %er# thin sheet and stri".
o series welding o Resistance &elding in &hich t&o or more s"ot! seam! or "ro'ection &elds are made

simultaneousl# )# a single &elding transformer &ith three or more electrodes forming a series circuit.
o settling o (8+ Se"aration of solids from sus"ension in a fluid of lo&er densit#! solel# )# gra%itational

effects. (,+ A "rocess for remo%ing iron from li:uid magnesium allo#s )# holding the melt at a lo& tem"erature after manganese has )een added to it.
o severity of +uench o A)ilit# of :uenching medium to e$tract heat from a hot steel &or5"iece/ e$"ressed in terms of

the Grossmann num)er (H+.

o shadowing o ;irectional de"osition of car)on or a metallic film on a "lastic re"lica so as to highlight features

to )e anal#*ed )# transmission electron microsco"#. .ost often used to "ro%ide ma$imum detail and resolution of the features of fracture surfaces.
o shakeout o Remo%al of castings from a sand mold. See also 5noc5out . o shaker-hearth furnace o A continuous t#"e furnace that uses a reci"rocating sha5er motion to mo%e the "arts along the

hearth.
o shank o (8+ The "ortion of a die or tool )# &hich it is held in "osition in a forging unit or "ress. (,+ The

handle for carr#ing a small ladle or cruci)le. (3+ The main )od# of a lathe tool. If the tool is an inserted t#"e! the shan5 is the "ortion that su""orts the insert.
o shank-type cutter o A cutter ha%ing a straight or ta"ered shan5 to fit into a machine-tool s"indle or ada"ter. o shape memory alloys

o A grou" of metallic materials that demonstrate the a)ilit# to return to some "re%iousl# defined

sha"e or si*e &hen su)'ected to the a""ro"riate thermal "rocedure.

o shaping o Eroducing flat surfaces using single-"oint tools. The &or5 is held in a %ise or fi$ture or is

clam"ed directl# to the ta)le. The ram su""orting the tool is reci"rocated in a linear motion "ast the &or5.
o shatter crack o See fla5e . o shaving o (8+ As a finishing o"eration! the accurate remo%al of a thin la#er of a &or5 surface )# straightline

motion )et&een a cutter and the surface. (,+ Trimming "arts such as stam"ings! forgings! and tu)es to remo%e une%en sheared edges or to im"ro%e accurac#.
o shear o (8+ The t#"e of force that causes or tends to cause t&o contiguous "arts of the same )od# to slide

relati%e to each other in a direction "arallel to their "lane of contact. (,+ A machine or tool for cutting metal and other material )# the closing motion of t&o shar"! closel# ad'oining edges/ for e$am"le! s:uaring shear and circular shear. (3+ An inclination )et&een t&o cutting edges! such as )et&een t&o straight 5nife )lades or )et&een the "unch cutting edge and the die cutting edge! so that a reduced area &ill )e cut each time. This lessens the necessar# force! )ut increases the re:uired length of the &or5ing stro5e. This method is referred to as angular shear. (I+ The act of cutting )# shearing dies or )lades! as in shearing lines.
o shear angle o The angle that the shear "lane! in metal cutting! ma5es &ith the &or5 surface. o shear bands o (8+ Cands of %er# high shear strain that are o)ser%ed during rolling of sheet metal. ;uring

rolling! these form at a""ro$imatel# 35G to the rolling "lane! "arallel to the trans%erse direction. The# are inde"endent of grain orientation and at high strain rates tra%erse the entire thic5ness of the rolled sheet. (,+ Highl# locali*ed deformation *ones in metals that are o)ser%ed at %er# high strain rates! such as those "roduced )# high %elocit# (800 to 3A00 m0s! or 330 to 88!>00 ft0s+ "ro'ectile im"acts or e$"losi%e ru"ture.
o shear fracture o A mode of fracture in cr#stalline materials resulting from translation along sli" "lanes that are

"referentiall# oriented in the direction of the shearing stress.

o shear ledges o See radial mar5s . o shear lip o A narro&! slanting ridge along the edge of a fracture surface. The term sometimes also denotes a

narro&! often crescent-sha"ed! fi)rous region at the edge of a fracture that is other&ise of the clea%age t#"e! e%en though this fi)rous region is in the same "lane as the rest of the fracture surface.
o shear modulus G! o The ratio of shear stress to the corres"onding shear strain for shear stresses )elo& the

"ro"ortional limit of the material. Falues of shear modulus are usuall# determined )# torsion testing. Also 5no&n as modulus of rigidit#.
o shear plane o A confined *one along &hich shear ta5es "lace in metal cutting. It e$tends from the cutting edge

to the &or5 surface.

o shear strain o The tangent of the angular change! caused )# a force )et&een t&o lines originall# "er"endicular

to each other through a "oint in a )od#. Also called angular strain.

o shear stress o (8+ The stress com"onent tangential to the "lane on &hich the forces act. (,+ A stress that e$ists

&hen "arallel "lanes in metal cr#stals slide across each other.

o sheet o A flat-rolled metal "roduct of some ma$imum thic5ness and minimum &idth ar)itraril#

de"endent on the t#"e of metal. It has a &idth-to-thic5ness ratio greater than a)out 50. Generall#! such flat "roducts under A.5 mm ( in.+ thic5 are called sheets! and those A.5 mm ( in.+ thic5 and o%er are called "lates.
o sheet forming o The "lastic deformation of a "iece of sheet metal )# tensile loads into a three-dimensional sha"e!

often &ithout significant changes in sheet thic5ness or surface characteristics. 3om"are &ith )ul5 forming .
o shelf roughness o Roughness on u"&ard-facing surfaces &here undissol%ed solids ha%e settled on "arts during a

"lating o"eration.
o shell o (8+ A hollo& structure or %essel. (,+ An article formed )# dee" dra&ing. (3+ The metal slee%e

remaining &hen a )illet is e$truded &ith a dumm# )loc5 of some&hat smaller diameter. (I+ In shell molding! a hard la#er of sand and thermosetting "lastic or resin formed o%er a "attern and used as the mold &all. (5+ A tu)ular casting used in ma5ing seamless dra&n tu)e. (A+ A "ierced forging.
o shell core o A shell-molded sand core. o shell hardening o A surface-hardening "rocess in &hich a suita)le steel &or5"iece! &hen heated through and

:uench hardened! de%elo"s a martensite la#er or shell that closel# follo&s the contour of the "iece and surrounds a core of essentiall# "earlitic transformation "roduct. This result is accom"lished )# a "ro"er )alance among section si*e! steel hardena)ilit#! and se%erit# of :uench.
o shelling o (8+ A term used in rail&a# engineering to descri)e an ad%anced "hase of s"alling. (,+ A

mechanism of deterioration of coated a)rasi%e "roducts in &hich entire a)rasi%e grains are remo%ed from the coating that holds the a)rasi%e to the )ac5ing la#er of the "roduct.
o shell molding o A foundr# "rocess in &hich a mold is formed from thermosetting resin-)onded sand mi$tures

)rought in contact &ith "reheated (850 to ,A0 G3! or 300 to 500 GD+ metal "atterns! resulting in a firm shell &ith a ca%it# corres"onding to the outline of the "attern. Also called 3roning "rocess .
o shielded metal arc cutting o A metal arc cutting "rocess in &hich metals are se%ered )# melting them &ith the heat of an arc

)et&een a co%ered metal electrode and the )ase metal.

o shielded metal arc welding $1A9! o An arc &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals )# heating them &ith an arc )et&een

a co%ered metal electrode and the &or5"ieces. Shielding is o)tained from decom"osition of the electrode co%ering. Eressure is not used! and filler metal is o)tained from the electrode. Also commonl# referred to as stic5 &elding.
o

shielding gas

o (8+ Erotecti%e gas used to "re%ent atmos"heric contamination during &elding. (,+ A stream of

inert gas directed at the su)strate during thermal s"ra#ing so as to en%elo" the "lasma flame and su)strate/ intended to "ro%ide a )arrier to the atmos"here in order to minimi*e o$idation.
o shift o A casting im"erfection caused )# mismatch of co"e and drag or of cores and molds. o shim o A thin "iece of material used )et&een t&o surfaces to o)tain a "ro"er fit! ad'ustment! or

alignment.
o shimmy die o See flat edge trimmer . o shock load o The sudden a""lication of an e$ternal force that results in a %er# ra"id )uildu" of stress--for

e$am"le! "iston loading in internal com)ustion engines.

o shoe o (8+ A metal )loc5 used in a %ariet# of )ending o"erations to form or su""ort the "art )eing

"rocessed. (,+ An an%il ca" or so& )loc5.

o $hore hardness test o Same as Sclerosco"e hardness test . o short-circuiting transfer o In consuma)le electrode arc &elding! a t#"e of metal transfer similar to glo)ular transfer! )ut in

&hich the dro"s are so large that the arc is short circuited momentaril# during the transfer of each dro" to the &eld "ool. 3om"are &ith glo)ular transfer and s"ra# transfer .
o shortness o A form of )rittleness in metal. It is designated as cold shortness or hot shortness to indicate the

tem"erature range in &hich the )rittleness occurs.

o short transverse o See trans%erse direction . o shot o (8+ Small! s"herical "articles of metal. (,+ The in'ection of molten metal into a die casting die.

The metal is in'ected so :uic5l# that it can )e com"ared to the shooting of a gun.
o shotblasting o Clasting &ith metal shot/ usuall# used to remo%e de"osits or mill scale more ra"idl# or more

effecti%el# than can )e done )# sand)lasting.

o shot peening o A method of cold &or5ing metals in &hich com"ressi%e stresses are induced in the e$"osed

surface la#ers of "arts )# the im"ingement of a stream of shot! directed at the metal surface at high %elocit# under controlled conditions.
o shotting o The "roduction of shot )# "ouring molten metal in finel# di%ided streams. Solidified s"herical

"articles are formed during descent in a tan5 of &ater.

o shrinkage o (8+ The contraction of metal during cooling after hot forging. ;ie im"ressions are made o%ersi*e

according to "recise shrin5age scales to allo& the forgings to shrin5 to design dimensions and tolerances. (,+ See casting shrin5age .
o shrinkage cavity o A %oid left in cast metal as a result of solidification shrin5age. Shrin5age ca%ities can a""ear as

either isolated or interconnected irregularl# sha"ed %oids. See also casting shrin5age .
o

shrinkage cracks

o 3rac5s that form in metal as a result of the "ulling a"art of grains )# contraction )efore com"lete

solidification. See also hot tear .

o shrinkage rule o A measuring ruler &ith graduations e$"anded to com"ensate for the change in the dimensions of

the solidified casting as it cools in the mold.

o shroud o A "rotecti%e! refractor#-lined metal-deli%er# s#stem to "re%ent reo$idation of molten steel &hen

it is "oured from ladle to tundish to mold during continuous casting.

o shut height o Dor a metalforming "ress! the distance from the to" of the )ed to the )ottom of the slide &ith the

stro5e do&n and ad'ustment u". In general! it is the ma$imum die height that can )e accommodated for normal o"eration! ta5ing the )olster "late into consideration. See also )olster .
o side milling o .illing &ith cutters ha%ing "eri"heral and side teeth. The# are usuall# "rofile shar"ened )ut ma#

)e form relie%ed.
o sieve o A standard &ire mesh or screen used in graded sets to determine the mesh si*e or "article si*e

distri)ution of "articulate and granular solids. See also sie%e anal#sis .

o sieve analysis o A method of determining "article si*e distri)ution! usuall# e$"ressed as the &eight "ercentage

retained u"on each of a series of standard screens of decreasing mesh si*e.

o sieve classification o The se"aration of "o&der into "article si*e ranges )# the use of a series of graded sie%es. Also

called screen anal#sis.

o sieve fraction o That "ortion of a "o&der sam"le that "asses through a sie%e of s"ecified num)er and is retained

)# some finer mesh sie%e of s"ecified num)er. See also sie%e anal#sis .
o sigma phase o A hard! )rittle! nonmagnetic intermediate "hase &ith a tetragonal cr#stal structure! containing 30

atoms "er unit cell! s"ace grou"! #I0%n%! occurring in man# )inar# and ternar# allo#s of the transition elements. The com"osition of this "hase in the %arious s#stems is not the same! and the "hase usuall# e$hi)its a &ide range in homogeneit#. Allo#ing &ith a third transition element usuall# enlarges the field homogeneit# and e$tends it dee" into the ternar# section.
o sigma-phase embrittlement o 4m)rittlement of iron-chromium allo#s (most nota)l# austenitic stainless steels+ caused )#

"reci"itation at grain )oundaries of the hard! )rittle intermetallic "hase during long "eriods of e$"osure to tem"eratures )et&een a""ro$imatel# 5A0 and 9>0 G3 (8050 and 8>00 GD+. Sigma"hase em)rittlement results in se%ere loss in toughness and ductilit# and can ma5e the em)rittled material susce"ti)le to intergranular corrosion. See also sensiti*ation .
o siliconi"ing o ;iffusing silicon into solid metal! usuall# lo&-car)on steels! at an ele%ated tem"erature in order

to im"ro%e corrosion or &ear resistance.

o silky fracture o A metal fracture in &hich the )ro5en metal surface has a fine te$ture! usuall# dull in a""earance.

3haracteristic of tough and strong metals. 3ontrast &ith cr#stalline fracture and granular fracture .
o silver soldering o 2on"referred term used to denote )ra*ing &ith a sil%er-)ase filler metal. See "referred terms

furnace )ra*ing ! induction )ra*ing ! and torch )ra*ing .

o single-action press o A metalforming "ress that "ro%ides "ressure from one side. o single impulse welding o A resistance &elding "rocess %ariation in &hich s"ot! "ro'ection! or u"set &elds are made &ith a

single im"ulse.
o single-point tool o A cutting tool ha%ing one face and one continuous cutting edge. o single-stand mill o A rolling mill designed such that the "roduct contacts onl# t&o rolls at a gi%en moment. 3ontrast

&ith tandem mill .

o single welded joint o In arc and gas &elding! an# 'oint &elded from one side onl#. o sinkhead o Same as riser . o sinking o (8+ The o"eration of machining the im"ression of a desired forging into die )loc5s. (,+ See tu)e

sin5ing .
o sintered density o The :uotient of the mass (&eight+ o%er the %olume of the sintered )od# e$"ressed in grams "er

cu)ic centimeter.
o sintering o The )onding of ad'acent surfaces of "articles in a mass of "o&der or a com"act )# heating.

Sintering strengthens a "o&der mass and normall# "roduces densification and! in "o&dered metals! recr#stalli*ation. See also li:uid "hase sintering and solid-state sintering .
o si"e effect o 4ffect of the dimensions of a "iece of metal on its mechanical and other "ro"erties and on

manufacturing %aria)les such as forging reduction and heat treatment. In general! the mechanical "ro"erties are lo&er for a larger si*e.
o si"ing o (8+ Secondar# forming or s:uee*ing o"erations needed to s:uare u"! set do&n! flatten! or

other&ise correct surfaces to "roduce s"ecified dimensions and tolerances. See also restri5ing . (,+ Some )urnishing! )roaching! dra&ing! and sha%ing o"erations are also called si*ing. (3+ A finishing o"eration for correcting o%alit# in tu)ing. (I+ Dinal "ressing of a sintered "o&der metallurg# "art to o)tain a desired dimension.
o skelp o The starting stoc5 for ma5ing &elded "i"e or tu)ing/ most often it is stri" stoc5 of suita)le &idth!

thic5ness! and edge configuration.

o skim gate o In foundr# "ractice! a gating arrangement designed to "re%ent the "assage of slag and other

undesira)le materials into a casting.

o skimming o Remo%ing or holding )ac5 dirt or slag from the surface of the molten metal )efore or during

"ouring.
o skin o A thin outside metal la#er! not formed )# )onding as in cladding or electro"lating! that differs in

com"osition! structure! or other characteristics from the main mass of metal.

o skin lamination o In flat-rolled metals! a surface ru"ture resulting from the e$"osure of a su)surface lamination )#

rolling.
o skin pass o See tem"er rolling . o skiving o (8+ Remo%al of a material in thin la#ers or chi"s &ith a high degree of shear or sli""age! or )oth!

of the cutting tool. (,+ A machining o"eration in &hich the cut is made &ith a form tool &ith its face so angled that the cutting edge "rogresses from one end of the &or5 to the other as the tool feeds tangentiall# "ast the rotating &or5"iece.
o skull o (8+ A la#er of solidified metal or dross on the &alls of a "ouring %essel after the metal has )een

"oured. (,+ The unmelted residue from a li:uated &eld filler metal.
o slab o A flat-sha"ed semifinished rolled metal ingot &ith a &idth not less than ,50 mm (80 in.+ and a

cross-sectional area not less than 805 cm, (8A in.,+.

o slabbing mill o A "rimar# mill that "roduces sla)s. o slab milling o See "referred term "eri"heral milling . o slack +uenching o The incom"lete hardening of steel due to :uenching from the austeniti*ing tem"erature at a rate

slo&er than the critical cooling rate for the "articular steel! resulting in the formation of one or more transformation "roducts in addition to martensite.
o slag o A nonmetallic "roduct resulting from the mutual dissolution of flu$ and nonmetallic im"urities in

smelting! refining! and certain &elding o"erations (see! for e$am"le! electroslag &elding +. In steelma5ing o"erations! the slag ser%es to "rotect the molten metal from the air and to e$tract certain im"urities.
o slag inclusion o (8+ Slag or dross entra""ed in a metal. (,+ 2onmetallic solid material entra""ed in &eld metal or

)et&een &eld metal and )ase metal.

o slant fracture o A t#"e of fracture in metals! t#"ical of "lane-stress fractures! in &hich the "lane of se"aration is

inclined at an angle (usuall# a)out I5G+ to the a$is of a""lied stress.

o slide o The main reci"rocating mem)er of a metalforming "ress! guided in the "ress frame! to &hich the

"unch or u""er die is fastened/ sometimes called the ram . The inner slide of a dou)le-action "ress is called the "lunger or "unch-holder slide/ the outer slide is called the )lan5holder slide. The third slide of a tri"le-action "ress is called the lo&er slide! and the slide of a h#draulic "ress is often called the "laten.
o slime o (8+ A material of e$tremel# fine "article si*e encountered in ore treatment. (,+ A mi$ture of

metals and some insolu)le com"ounds that forms on the anode in electrol#sis.
o slip o Elastic deformation )# the irre%ersi)le shear dis"lacement (translation+ of one "art of a cr#stal

relati%e to another in a definite cr#stallogra"hic direction and usuall# on s"ecific cr#stallogra"hic "lane. Sometimes called glide.
o slip band o A grou" of "arallel sli" lines so closel# s"aced as to a""ear as a single line &hen o)ser%ed under

an o"tical microsco"e. See also sli" line .

o slip direction o The cr#stallogra"hic direction in &hich the translation of sli" ta5es "lace. o slip flask o A ta"ered flas5 that de"ends on a mo%a)le stri" of metal to hold foundr# sand in "osition. After

closing the mold! the stri" is refracted and the flas5 can )e remo%ed and reused. .olds thus made are usuall# su""orted )# a mold 'ac5et during "ouring.
o slip line o Fisi)le traces of sli" "lanes on metal surfaces/ the traces are (usuall#+ o)ser%a)le onl# if the

surface has )een "olished )efore deformation. The usual o)ser%ation on metal cr#stals (under a light microsco"e+ is of a cluster of sli" lines 5no&n as a sli" )and .
o slip plane o The cr#stallogra"hic "lane in &hich sli" occurs in a cr#stal. o slitting o 3utting or shearing along single lines to cut stri"s from a metal sheet or to cut along lines of a

gi%en length or contour in a sheet or &or5"iece.

o sliver o An im"erfection consisting of a %er# thin elongated "iece of metal attached )# onl# one end to

the "arent metal into &hose surface it has )een &or5ed.

o slot furnace o A common )atch furnace for heat treating metals &here stoc5 is charged and remo%ed through a

slot or o"ening.
o slotting o 3utting a narro& a"erture or groo%e &ith a reci"rocating tool in a %ertical sha"er or &ith a cutter!

)roach! or grinding &heel.

o slow strain rate techni+ue o An e$"erimental techni:ue for e%aluating susce"ti)ilit# to stress-corrosion crac5ing. It in%ol%es

"ulling the s"ecimen to failure in unia$ial tension at a controlled slo& strain rate &hile the s"ecimen is in the test en%ironment and e$amining the s"ecimen for e%idence of stress-corrosion crac5ing.
o slug o (8+ A short "iece of metal to )e "laced in a die for forging or e$trusion. (,+ A small "iece of

material "roduced )# "iercing a hole in sheet material. See also )lan5 .

o slugging o The act of adding a se"arate "iece or "ieces of material in a 'oint )efore or during &elding that

results in a &elded 'oint not com"l#ing &ith design! dra&ing! or s"ecification re:uirements.
o slush casting o A hollo& casting usuall# made of an allo# &ith a lo& )ut &ide melting tem"erature range. After

the desired thic5ness of metal has solidified in the mold! the remaining li:uid is "oured out. 3onsidered an o)solete "ractice.
o smelting o Thermal "rocessing &herein chemical reactions ta5e "lace to "roduce li:uid metal from a

)eneficiated ore.
o smith forging o See hand forge (smith forge+ . o smut o A reaction "roduct sometimes left on the surface of a metal after "ic5ling! electro"lating! or

etching.

o snagging o (8+ Hea%# stoc5 remo%al of su"erfluous material from a &or5"iece )# using a "orta)le or s&ing

grinder mounted &ith a coarse grain a)rasi%e &heel. (,+ Offhand grinding on castings and forgings to remo%e sur"lus metal such as gate and riser "ads! fins! and "arting lines.
o snake o (8+ The "roduct formed )# t&isting and )ending of hot metal rod "rior to its ne$t rolling "rocess.

(,+ An# croo5ed surface im"erfection in a "late! resem)ling a sna5e. (3+ A fle$i)le mandrel used in the inside of a sha"e to "re%ent flattening or colla"se during a )ending o"eration.
o snap flask o A foundr# flas5 hinged on one corner so that it can )e o"ened and remo%ed from the mold for

reuse )efore the metal is "oured.

o snap temper o A "recautionar# interim stress-relie%ing treatment a""lied to high-hardena)ilit# steels

immediatel# after :uenching to "re%ent crac5ing )ecause of dela# in tem"ering them at the "rescri)ed higher tem"erature.
o S-N curve o A "lot of stress (S+ against the num)er of c#cles to failure (N+. The stress can )e the ma$imum

stress (Sma$+ or the alternating stress am"litude (Sa+. The stress %alues are usuall# nominal stress/ i.e.! there is no ad'ustment for stress concentration. The diagram indicates the S-N relationshi" for a s"ecified %alue of the mean stress (Sm+ or the stress ratio (A or '+ and a s"ecified "ro)a)ilit# of sur%i%al. Dor N a log scale is almost al&a#s used. Dor S a linear scale is used most often! )ut a log scale is sometimes used. Also 5no&n as S-N diagram.
o soak cleaning o Immersion cleaning &ithout electrol#sis. o soaking o In heat treating of metals! "rolonged holding at a selected tem"erature to effect homogeni*ation

of structure or com"osition. See also homogeni*ing .

o soft magnetic material o A ferromagnetic allo# that )ecomes magneti*ed readil# u"on a""lication of a field and that

returns to "racticall# a nonmagnetic condition &hen the field is remo%ed/ an allo# &ith the "ro"erties of high magnetic "ermea)ilit#! lo& coerci%e force! and lo& magnetic h#steresis loss.
o o o o o o o o o o

soft soldering
See "referred term soldering .

soft temper
Same as dead soft tem"er.

solder
A filler metal used in soldering that has a li:uidus not e$ceeding I50 G3 (>I0 GD+.

solderability
The relati%e ease and s"eed &ith &hich a surface is &etted )# molten solder.

solder embrittlement

Reduction in mechanical "ro"erties of a metal as a result of local "enetration of solder along grain )oundaries.
o soldering o A grou" of "rocesses that 'oin metals )# heating them to a suita)le tem"erature )elo& the solidus

of the )ase metals and a""l#ing a filler metal ha%ing a li:uidus not e$ceeding I50 G3 (>I0 GD+. .olten filler metal is distri)uted )et&een the closel# fitted surfaces of the 'oint )# ca"illar# action. See also solder .

o o o o o o o o

soldering flux
See flu$ .

soldering iron
A soldering tool ha%ing an internall# or e$ternall# heated metal )it usuall# made of co""er.

solid cutters
3utters made of a single "iece of material rather than a com"osite of t&o or more materials.

solidification

The change in state from li:uid to solid u"on cooling through the melting tem"erature or melting range.
o solidification range o The tem"erature )et&een the li:uidus and the solidus. o solidification shrinkage o The reduction in %olume of metal from )eginning to end of solidification. See also casting

shrin5age .
o solidification shrinkage crack o A crac5 that forms! usuall# at ele%ated tem"erature! )ecause of the internal (shrin5age+ stresses

that de%elo" during solidification of a metal casting. Also termed hot crac5.
o solid lubricant o An# solid used as a "o&der or thin film on a surface to "ro%ide "rotection from damage during

relati%e mo%ement and to reduce friction and &ear.

o solid metal embrittlement o The occurrence of em)rittlement in a material )elo& the melting "oint of the em)rittling s"ecies.

See also li:uid metal em)rittlement .

o solid solution o A single! solid! homogeneous cr#stalline "hase containing t&o or more chemical s"ecies. o solid-state sintering o A sintering "rocedure for com"acts or loose "o&der aggregates during &hich no com"onent

melts. 3ontrast &ith li:uid "hase sintering.

o solid-state welding o A grou" of &elding "rocesses that 'oin metals at tem"eratures essentiall# )elo& the melting

"oints of the )ase materials! &ithout the addition of a )ra*ing filler metal. Eressure ma# or ma# not )e a""lied to the 'oint. 4$am"les include cold &elding ! diffusion &elding ! forge &elding ! hot "ressure &elding ! and roll &elding .
o solidus o (8+ The highest tem"erature at &hich a metal or allo# is com"letel# solid. (,+ In a "hase diagram!

the locus of "oints re"resenting the tem"eratures at &hich %arious com"ositions sto" free*ing u"on cooling or )egin to melt u"on heating. See also li:uidus .
o solute o The com"onent of either a li:uid or solid solution that is "resent to a lesser or minor e$tent/ the

com"onent that is dissol%ed in the sol%ent.

o solution heat treatment o Heating an allo# to a suita)le tem"erature! holding at that tem"erature long enough to cause one

or more constituents to enter into solid solution! and then cooling ra"idl# enough to hold these constituents in solution.
o solution potential o 4lectrode "otential &here half-cell reaction in%ol%es onl# the metal electrode and its ion. o solvent o The com"onent of either a li:uid or solid solution that is "resent to a greater or ma'or e$tent/ the

com"onent that dissol%es the solute.

o solvus o In a "hase or e:uili)rium diagram! the locus of "oints re"resenting the tem"erature at &hich solid

"hases &ith %arious com"ositions coe$ist &ith other solid "hases! that is! the limits of solid solu)ilit#.
o sorbite obsolete! o A fine mi$ture of ferrite and cementite "roduced either )# regulating the rate of cooling of steel

or )# tem"ering steel after hardening. The first t#"e is %er# fine "earlite that is difficult to resol%e under the microsco"e/ the second t#"e is tem"ered martensite.
o sour gas o A gaseous en%ironment containing h#drogen sulfide and car)on dio$ide in h#drocar)on

reser%oirs. Erolonged e$"osure to sour gas can lead to h#drogen damage! sulfide-stress crac5ing! and0or stress-corrosion crac5ing in ferrous allo#s.
o sow block o A )loc5 of heat-treated steel "laced )et&een the an%il of the hammer and the forging die to

"re%ent undue &ear to the an%il. So& )loc5s are occasionall# used to hold insert dies. Also called an%il ca".
o space lattice o A regular! "eriodic arra# of "oints (lattice "oints+ in s"ace that re"resents the locations of atoms

of the same 5ind in a "erfect cr#stal. The conce"t ma# )e e$tended! &here a""ro"riate! to cr#stalline com"ounds and other su)stances! in &hich case the lattice "oints often re"resent locations of grou"s of atoms of identical com"osition! arrangement! and orientation.
o spade drill o See "referred term flat drill . o spalling o (8+ Se"aration of "articles from a surface in the form of fla5es. The term s"alling is commonl#

associated &ith rolling-element )earings and &ith gear teeth. S"alling is usuall# a result of su)surface fatigue and is more e$tensi%e than "itting. (,+ The s"ontaneous chi""ing! fragmentation! or se"aration of a surface or surface coating. (3+ A chi""ing or fla5ing of a surface due to an# 5ind of im"ro"er heat treatment or material dissociation.
o spangle o The characteristic cr#stalline form in &hich a hot di""ed *inc coating solidifies on steel stri". o spark testing o A method used for the classification of ferrous allo#s according to their chemical com"ositions!

)# %isual e$amination of the s"ar5 "attern or stream that is thro&n off &hen the allo#s are held against a grinding &heel rotating at high s"eed.
o o o o o o o o

spatter
The metal "articles e$"elled during arc or gas &elding. The# do not form "art of the &eld.

spatter loss
The metal lost due to s"atter.

specific energy
In cutting or grinding! the energ# e$"ended or &or5 done in remo%ing a unit %olume of material.

specimen

A test o)'ect! often of standard dimensions and0or configuration! that is used for destructi%e or nondestructi%e testing. One or more s"ecimens ma# )e cut from each unit of a sam"le.
o speed of travel o In &elding! the s"eed &ith &hich a &eld is made along its longitudinal a$is! usuall# measured in

meters "er second or inches "er minute.

o speiss o .etallic arsenides and antimonides that result from smelting metal ores such as those of co)alt or

lead.
o spheroidal graphite o Gra"hite of s"heroidal sha"e &ith a "ol#cr#stalline radial structure. This structure can )e

o)tained! for e$am"le! )# adding cerium or magnesium to the melt. See also ductile iron and nodular gra"hite .
o spheroidite o An aggregate of iron or allo# car)ides of essentiall# s"herical sha"e dis"ersed throughout a

matri$ of ferrite.
o spheroidi"ed structure o A microstructure consisting of a matri$ containing s"heroidal "articles of another constituent. o spheroidi"ing o Heating and cooling to "roduce a s"heroidal or glo)ular form of car)ide in steel. S"heroidi*ing

methods fre:uentl# used are (8+ Erolonged holding at a tem"erature 'ust )elo& Ae 8. (,+ Heating and cooling alternati%el# )et&een tem"eratures that are 'ust a)o%e and 'ust )elo& Ae 8. (3+ Heating to a tem"erature a)o%e Ae8 or Ae3 and then cooling %er# slo&l# in the furnace or holding at a tem"erature 'ust )elo& Ae8. (I+ 3ooling at a suita)le rate from the minimum tem"erature at &hich all car)ide is dissol%ed to "re%ent the reformation of a car)ide net&or5! and then reheating in accordance &ith method 8 or , a)o%e. (A""lica)le to h#"ereutectoid steel containing a car)ide net&or5.+
o spiegeleisen spiegel! o A "ig iron containing 85 to 30? .n and I.5 to A.5? 3. o spindle o (8+ Shaft of a machine tool on &hich a cutter or grinding &heel ma# )e mounted. (,+ .etal shaft

to &hich a mounted &heel is cemented.

o spinning o The forming of a seamless hollo& metal "art )# forcing a rotating )lan5 to conform to a sha"ed

mandrel that rotates concentricall# &ith the )lan5. In the t#"ical a""lication! a flat-rolled metal )lan5 is forced against the mandrel )# a )lunt! rounded tool/ ho&e%er! other stoc5 (nota)l#! &elded or seamless tu)ing+ can )e formed. A roller is sometimes used as the &or5ing end of the tool.
o spinodal structure o A fine! homogeneous mi$ture of t&o "hases that form )# the gro&th of com"osition &a%es in a

solid solution during suita)le heat treatment. The "hases of a s"inodal structure differ in com"osition from each other and from the "arent "hase! )ut ha%e the same cr#stal structure as the "arent "hase.
o spline o An# of a series of longitudinal! straight "ro'ections on a shaft that fit into slots on a mating "art

to transfer rotation to or from the shaft.

o split die o A die made of "arts that can )e se"arated for read# remo%al of the &or5"iece. Also 5no&n as

segment die.
o split punch o A segmented "unch or a set of "unches in a "o&der metallurg# forming "ress that allo&(s+ a

se"arate "ositioning for different "o&der fill heights and com"act le%els in dual-ste" and multiste" "arts. See also ste""ed com"act .
o

sponge

o A form of metal characteri*ed )# a "orous condition that is the result of the decom"osition or

reduction of a com"ound &ithout fusion. The term is a""lied to forms of iron! titanium! *irconium! uranium! "lutonium! and the "latinum-grou" metals.
o sponge iron o A coherent! "orous mass of su)stantiall# "ure iron "roduced )# solid-state reduction of iron

o$ide (mill scale or iron ore+.

o spot drilling o .a5ing an initial indentation in a &or5 surface! &ith a drill! to ser%e as a centering guide in a

su)se:uent machining "rocess.

o spotfacing o <sing a rotar#! hole-"iloted end-facing tool to "roduce a flat surface normal to the a$is of

rotation of the tool on or slightl# )elo& the &or5"iece surface.

o spot weld o A &eld made )et&een or u"on o%erla""ing mem)ers in &hich coalescence ma# start and occur

on the fa#ing surfaces or ma# "roceed from the surface of one mem)er. The &eld cross section is a""ro$imatel# circular.
o spot welding o See arc s"ot &eld and resistance s"ot &elding . o spray +uenching o A :uenching "rocess using s"ra# no**les to s"ra# &ater or other li:uids on a "art. The :uench

rate is controlled )# the %elocit# and %olume of li:uid "er unit area "er unit of time of im"ingement.
o spray transfer o In consuma)le-electrode arc &elding! a t#"e of metal transfer in &hich the molten filler metal is

"ro"elled across the arc as fine dro"lets. 3om"are &ith glo)ular transfer and short-circuiting transfer .
o springback o (8+ The elastic reco%er# of metal after stressing. (,+ The e$tent to &hich metal tends to return to

its original sha"e or contour after undergoing a forming o"eration. This is com"ensated for )# o%er)ending or )# a secondar# o"eration of restri5ing. (3+ In flash! u"set! or "ressure &elding! the deflection in the &elding machine caused )# the u"set "ressure.
o spring temper o A tem"er of nonferrous allo#s and some ferrous allo#s characteri*ed )# tensile strength and

hardness a)out t&o-thirds of the &a# from full hard to e$tra s"ring tem"er.
o sprue o (8+ The mold channel that connects the "ouring )asin &ith the runner or! in the a)sence of a

"ouring )asin! directl# into &hich molten metal is "oured. Sometimes referred to as do&ns"rue or do&ngate. (,+ Sometimes used to mean all gates! risers! runners! and similar scra" that are remo%ed from castings after sha5eout.
o sputtering o The )om)ardment of a solid surface &ith a flu$ of energetic "articles (ions+ that results in the

e'ection of atomic s"ecies. The e'ected material ma# )e used as a source for de"osition. See also "h#sical %a"or de"osition .
o s+uare drilling o .a5ing s:uare holes )# means of a s"eciall# constructed drill made to rotate and also to oscillate

so as to follo& accuratel# the "eri"her# of a s:uare guide )ushing or tem"late.

o s+uaring shear o A machining tool! used for cutting sheet metal or "late! consisting essentiall# of a fi$ed cutting

5nife (usuall# mounted on the rear of the )ed+ and another cutting 5nife mounted on the front of a reci"rocall# mo%ing crosshead! &hich is guided %erticall# in side housings. 3orner angles are usuall# 90G.
o s+uee"e casting o A h#)rid li:uid metal forging "rocess in &hich li:uid metal is forced into a "ermanent mold )# a

h#draulic "ress.
o stabili"ing treatment o (8+ Cefore finishing to final dimensions! re"eatedl# heating a ferrous or nonferrous "art to or

slightl# a)o%e its normal o"erating tem"erature and then cooling to room tem"erature to ensure dimensional sta)ilit# in ser%ice. (,+ Transforming retained austenite in :uenched hardena)le steels! usuall# )# cold treatment. (3+ Heating a solution-treated sta)ili*ed grade of austenitic stainless steel to >B0 to 900 G3 (8A00 to 8A50 GD+ to "reci"itate all car)on as Ti3! 2)3! or Ta3 so that sensiti*ation is a%oided on su)se:uent e$"osure to ele%ated tem"erature.
o stack cutting o Thermal cutting of stac5ed metal "lates arranged so that all the "lates are se%ered )# a single cut. o stack molding o A foundr# "ractice that ma5es use of )oth faces of a mold section! one face acting as the drag

and the other as the co"e. Sections! &hen assem)led to other similar sections! form se%eral tiers of mold ca%ities! all castings )eing "oured together through a common s"rue.
o staggered-tooth cutters o .illing cutters &ith alternate flutes of o""ositel# directed heli$es. o stainless steel o An# of se%eral steels containing at least 80.5? 3r as the "rinci"al allo#ing element/ the# usuall#

e$hi)it "assi%it# in a:ueous en%ironments.

o staking o Dastening t&o "arts together "ermanentl# )# recessing one "art &ithin the other and then causing

"lastic flo& at the 'oint.

o stamping o The general term used to denote all sheet metal "ress&or5ing. It includes )lan5ing! shearing! hot

or cold forming! dra&ing! )ending! or coining.

o stand o A "iece of rolling mill e:ui"ment containing one set of &or5 rolls. In the usual sense! an# "ass of

a cold- or hot-rolling mill. See also rolling mills .

o standard electrode potential o The re%ersi)le "otential for an electrode "rocess &hen all "roducts and reactions are at unit

acti%it# on a scale in &hich the "otential for the standard h#drogen half-cell is *ero.
o standard gold o A gold allo# containing 80? 3u/ at one time used for legal coinage in the <nited States. o standard reference material o A reference material! the com"osition or "ro"erties of &hich are certified )# a recogni*ed

standardi*ing agenc# or grou".

o starting sheet o A thin sheet of metal used as the cathode in electrol#te refining. o state of strain o A com"lete descri"tion of the deformation &ithin a homogeneousl# deformed %olume or at a

"oint. The descri"tion re:uires! in general! the 5no&ledge of the inde"endent com"onents of strain.
o state of stress o A com"lete descri"tion of the stresses &ithin a homogeneousl# stressed %olume or at a "oint. The

descri"tion re:uires! in general! the 5no&ledge of the inde"endent com"onents of stress.

o static fatigue o A term sometimes used to identif# a form of h#drogen em)rittlement in &hich a metal a""ears to

fracture s"ontaneousl# under a stead# stress less than the #ield stress. There almost al&a#s is a dela# )et&een the a""lication of stress (or e$"osure of the stressed metal to h#drogen+ and the onset of crac5ing. .ore "ro"erl# referred to as h#drogen-induced dela#ed crac5ing .
o steadite o A hard structural constituent of cast iron that consists of a )inar# eutectic of ferrite! containing

some "hos"horus in solution! and iron "hos"hide (De3E+. The eutectic consists of 80.,? E and >9.>? De. The melting tem"erature is 8050 G3 (89,0 GD+.
o $tead#s brittleness o A condition of )rittleness that causes transcr#stalline fracture in the coarse grain structure that

results from "rolonged annealing of thin sheets of lo&-car)on steel "re%iousl# rolled at a tem"erature )elo& a)out B05 G3 (8300 GD+. The fracture usuall# occurs at a)out I5G to the direction of rolling.
o steam hammer o A t#"e of dro" hammer in &hich the ram is raised for each stro5e )# a dou)le-action steam

c#linder and the energ# deli%ered to the &or5"iece is su""lied )# the %elocit# and &eight of the ram and attached u""er die dri%en do&n&ard )# steam "ressure. The energ# deli%ered during each stro5e can )e %aried.
o steam treatment o The treatment of a sintered ferrous "art in steam at tem"eratures )et&een 580 and 595 G3 (950 to

8800 GD+ in order to "roduce a la#er of )lac5 iron o$ide (magnetite! or ferrous-ferric o$ide! DeOJDe,O3+ on the e$"osed surface for the "ur"ose of increasing hardness and &ear resistance.
o $teckel mill o A cold reducing mill ha%ing t&o &or5ing rolls and t&o )ac5u" rolls! none of &hich is dri%en.

The stri" is dra&n through the mill )# a "o&er reel in one direction as far as the stri" &ill allo& and then re%ersed )# a second "o&er reel! and so on until the desired thic5ness is attained.
o steel o An iron-)ase allo#! mallea)le in some tem"erature ranges as initiall# cast! containing manganese!

usuall# car)on! and often other allo#ing elements. In car)on steel and lo&-allo# steel! the ma$imum car)on is a)out ,.0?/ in high-allo# steel! a)out ,.5?. The di%iding line )et&een lo&allo# and high-allo# steels is generall# regarded as )eing at a)out 5? metallic allo#ing elements. Steel is said to )e differentiated from t&o general classes of 6irons6 the cast irons! on the highcar)on side and the relati%el# "ure irons such as ingot iron! car)on#l iron! and electrol#tic iron! on the lo&-car)on side. In some steels containing e$tremel# lo& car)on! the manganese content is the "rinci"al differentiating factor! steel usuall# containing at least 0.,5? and ingot iron considera)l# less.
o step aging o Aging of metals at t&o or more tem"eratures! )# ste"s! &ithout cooling to room tem"erature after

each ste". See also aging ! and com"are &ith interru"ted aging and "rogressi%e aging .
o

stepped compact

o A "o&der metallurg# com"act &ith one (dual ste"+ or more (multiste"+ a)ru"t cross-sectional

changes! usuall# o)tained )# "ressing &ith s"lit "unches! each section of &hich uses a different "ressure and a different rate of com"action. See also s"lit "unch .
o stepped extrusion o See e$trusion . o step fracture o 3lea%age fractures that initiate on man# "arallel clea%age "lanes. o stereoscopic micrographs o A "air of microgra"hs (or fractogra"hs+ of the same area! )ut ta5en from different angles so that

the t&o microgra"hs &hen "ro"erl# mounted and %ie&ed re%eal the structures of the o)'ects in their three-dimensional relationshi"s.
o sterling silver o A sil%er allo# containing at least 9,.5? Ag! the remainder )eing uns"ecified )ut usuall# co""er.

Sterling sil%er is used for flat and hollo& ta)le&are and for %arious items of 'e&elr#.
o o o o o o o o

stick electrode
A sho" term for co%ered electrode .

stick welding
See "referred term shielded metal arc &elding .

sticker breaks
Arc-sha"ed coil )rea5s! usuall# located near the center of sheet or stri".

stiffness

(8+ The rate of stress &ith res"ect to strain/ the greater the stress re:uired to "roduce a gi%en strain! the stiffer the material is said to )e. (,+ The a)ilit# of a material or sha"e to resist elastic deflection. Dor identical sha"es! the stiffness is "ro"ortional to the modulus of elasticit#. Dor a gi%en material! the stiffness increases &ith increasing moment of inertia! &hich is com"uted from cross-sectional dimensions.
o stock o A general term used to refer to a su""l# of metal in an# form or sha"e and also to an indi%idual

"iece of metal that is formed! forged! or machined to ma5e "arts.

o stopoff o A material used on the surfaces ad'acent to the 'oint to limit the s"read of soldering or )ra*ing

filler metal. See also resist .

o stopper rod o A de%ice in a )ottom-"our ladle for controlling the flo& of metal through the no**le into a mold.

The sto""er rod consists of a steel rod! "rotecti%e refractor# slee%es! and a gra"hite sto""er head.
o stopping off o (8+ A""l#ing a resist. (,+ ;e"ositing a metal (co""er! for e$am"le+ in locali*ed areas to "re%ent

car)uri*ation! decar)uri*ation! or nitriding in those areas. (3+ Dilling in a "ortion of a mold ca%it# to 5ee" out molten metal.
o stradle milling o Dace milling a &or5"iece on )oth sides at once using t&o cutters s"aced as re:uired. o straightening o (8+ An# )ending! t&isting! or stretching o"eration to correct an# de%iation from straightness in

)ars! tu)es! or similar long "arts or sha"es. This de%iation can )e e$"ressed as either cam)er (de%iation from a straight line+ or as total indicator reading (TIR+ "er unit of length. (,+ A finishing o"eration for correcting misalignment in a forging or )et&een %arious sections of a forging. See also roll straightening .
o

straight polarity

o See "referred term direct current electrode negati%e (;342+ . o strain o The unit of change in the si*e or sha"e of a )od# due to force. Also 5no&n as nominal strain. The

term is also used in a )roader sense to denote a dimensionless num)er that characteri*es the change in dimensions of an o)'ect during a deformation or flo& "rocess. See also engineering strain and true strain .
o strain-age embrittlement o A loss in ductilit# accom"anied )# an increase in hardness and strength that occurs &hen

lo&car)on steel (es"eciall# rimmed or ca""ed steel+ is aged follo&ing "lastic deformation. The degree of em)rittlement is a function of aging time and tem"erature! occurring in a matter of minutes at a)out ,00 G3 (I00 GD+! )ut re:uiring a fe& hours to a #ear at room tem"erature.
o strain aging o (8+ Aging follo&ing "lastic deformation. (,+ The changes in ductilit#! hardness! #ield "oint! and

tensile strength that occur &hen a metal or allo# that has )een cold &or5ed is stored for some time. In steel! strain aging is characteri*ed )# a loss of ductilit# and a corres"onding increase in hardness! #ield "oint! and tensile strength.
o strain energy o The "otential energ# stored in a )od# )# %irtue of elastic deformation! e:ual to the &or5 that

must )e done to "roduce this deformation.

o strain hardening o An increase in hardness and strength of metals caused )# "lastic deformation at tem"eratures

)elo& the recr#stalli*ation range. Also 5no&n as &or5 hardening.

o strain-hardening coefficient o See strain-hardening e$"onent . o strain-hardening exponent o The %alue of n in the relationshi"

MKn
o &here is the true stress! is the true strain! and K! &hich is called the strength coefficient! is

e:ual to the true stress at a true strain of 8.0. The strain-hardening e$"onent! also called 6 n%alue!6 is e:ual to the slo"e of the true stress0true strain cur%e u" to ma$imum load! &hen "lotted on log-log coordinates. The n-%alue relates to the a)ilit# of as sheet metal to )e stretched in metal&or5ing o"erations. The higher the n-%alue! the )etter the forma)ilit# (stretcha)ilit#+.
o strain rate o The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test. Strain as measured directl# on the s"ecimen

gage length is used for determining strain rate. Cecause strain is dimensionless! the units of strain rate are reci"rocal time.
o strain-rate sensitivity m-value! o The increase in stress ( + needed to cause a certain increase in "lastic strain rate ( + at a gi%en

le%el of "lastic strain ( + and a gi%en tem"erature ( (+

o strain rods o (8+ Rods sometimes used on ga"frame metalforming "resses to lessen the frame deflection. (,+

Rods used to measure elastic strain and thus stresses! in frames of metalforming "resses.
o strain state o See state of strain . o strand casting o A generic term descri)ing continuous casting of one or more elongated sha"es such as )illets!

)looms! or sla)s/ if t&o or more sha"es are cast simultaneousl#! the# are often of identical cross

section.
o stranded electrode o A com"osite filler metal electrode consisting of stranded &ires that ma# mechanicall# enclose

materials to im"ro%e "ro"erties! sta)ili*e the arc! or "ro%ide shielding.

o stray current o (8+ 3urrent flo&ing through "aths other than the intended circuit. (,+ 3urrent flo&ing in

electrode"osition )# &a# o an un"lanned and undesired )i"olar electrode that ma# )e the tan5 itself or a "oorl# connected electrode.
o stray-current corrosion o 3orrosion resulting from direct current flo& through "aths other than the intended circuit. Dor

e$am"le! )# an e$traneous current in the earth.

o stress o The intensit# of the internall# distri)uted forces or com"onents of forces that resist a change in

the %olume or sha"e of a material that is or has )een su)'ected to e$ternal forces. Stress is e$"ressed in force "er unit area. Stress can )e normal (tension or com"ression+ or shear. See also com"ressi%e stress ! engineering stress ! mean stress ! nominal stress ! normal stress ! residual stress ! shear stress ! tensile stress ! and true stress .
o stress amplitude o One-half the alge)raic difference )et&een the ma$imum and minimum stresses in one c#cle of a

re"etiti%el# %ar#ing stress.

o stress concentration o On a macromechanical le%el! the magnification of the le%el of an a""lied stress in the region of a

notch! %oid! hole! or inclusion.

o stress concentration factor Kt! o A multi"l#ing factor for a""lied stress that allo&s for the "resence of a structural discontinuit#

such as a notch or hole/ Kt e:uals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuit# to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also called theoretical stress concentration factor.
o stress corrosion o Ereferential attac5 of areas under stress in a corrosi%e en%ironment! &here such an en%ironment

alone &ould not ha%e caused corrosion.

o stress-corrosion cracking $,,! o A crac5ing "rocess that re:uires the simultaneous action of a corrodent and sustained tensile

stress. This e$cludes corrosion-reduced sections that fail )# fast fracture. It also e$cludes intercr#stalline or transcr#stalline corrosion! &hich can disintegrate an allo# &ithout a""lied or residual stress. Stress-corrosion crac5ing ma# occur in com)ination &ith h#drogen em)rittlement.
o stress-intensity factor o A scaling factor! usuall# denoted )# the s#m)ol K! used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to

descri)e the intensification of a""lied stress at the ti" of a crac5 of 5no&n si*e and sha"e. At the onset of ra"id crac5 "ro"agation in an# structure containing a crac5! the factor is called the critical stress-intensit# factor! or the fracture toughness. Farious su)scri"ts are used to denote different loading conditions or fracture toughnesses
Kc Elane-stress fracture toughness. The %alue of stress intensit# at &hich crac5 "ro"agation )ecomes ra"id in sections thinner than those in &hich "lane-strain conditions "re%ail. K0 Stress-intensit# factor for a loading condition that dis"laces the crac5 faces in a direction normal to the crac5 "lane (also 5no&n as the o"ening mode of deformation+. K0c Elane-strain fracture toughness. The minimum %alue of Kc for an# gi%en material and condition K0d ;#namic fracture toughness. The fracture toughness determined under d#namic loading conditions/ it is used as an a""ro$imation of KIc for %er# tough materials. K0scc Threshold stress-intensit# factor for stress-corrosion crac5ing. The critical "lane-strain stress intensit# at

the onset of stress-corrosion crac5ing under s"ecified conditions. KA Ero%isional %alue for "lane-strain fracture toughness. Kth Threshold stress intensit# for stress-corrosion crac5ing. The critical stress intensit# at the onset of stresscorrosion crac5ing under s"ecified conditions. K The range of the stress-intensit# factor during a fatigue c#cle. See also fatigue crac5 gro&th rate .

o stress-intensity factor range K! o In fatigue! the %ariation in the stress-intensit# factor in a c#cle! that is! Kma$ - Kmin. See also

fatigue crac5 gro&th rate .

o stress raisers o ;esign features (such as shar" corners+ or mechanical defects (such as notches+ that act to

intensif# the stress at these locations.

o stress range o See range of stress . o stress ratio A or R! o The alge)raic ratio of t&o s"ecified stress %alues in a stress c#cle. T&o commonl# used stress

ratios are (8+ the ratio of the alternating stress am"litude to the mean stress! A M Sa0Sm/ and (,+ the ratio of the minimum stress to the ma$imum stress! ' M Smin0Sma$.
o stress relaxation o The time-de"endent decrease in stress in a solid under constant constraint at constant

tem"erature.
o stress-relaxation curve o A "lot of the remaining or rela$ed stress as a function of time. The rela$ed stress e:uals the

initial stress minus the remaining stress. Also 5no&n as stress-time cur%e.
o stress-relief cracking o 3rac5ing in the heat-affected *one or &eld metal that occurs during the e$"osure of &eldments to

ele%ated tem"eratures during "ost&eld heat treatment! in order to reduce residual stresses and im"ro%e toughness! or high-tem"erature ser%ice.
o stress-relief heat treatment o <niform heating of a structure or a "ortion thereof to a sufficient tem"erature to relie%e the ma'or

"ortion of the residual stresses! follo&ed )# uniform cooling.

o stress relieving o Heating to a suita)le tem"erature! holding long enough to reduce residual stresses! and then

cooling slo&l# enough to minimi*e the de%elo"ment of ne& residual stresses.

o o o o o o o o

stress-rupture strength
See cree"-ru"ture strength .

stress-rupture test
See cree"-ru"ture test .

stress state
See state of stress .

stress-strain curve

A gra"h in &hich corres"onding %alues of stress and strain from a tension! com"ression! or torsion test are "lotted against each other. Falues of stress are usuall# "lotted %erticall# (ordinates or y-a$is+ and %alues of strain hori*ontall# (a)scissas or x-a$is+. Also 5no&n as deformation cur%e and stress-strain diagram.
o

stretcher leveling

o The le%eling of a "iece of sheet metal (that is! remo%ing &ar" and distortion+ )# gri""ing it at

)oth ends and su)'ecting it to a stress higher than its #ield strength.
o stretcher straightening o A "rocess for straightening rod! tu)ing! and sha"es )# the a""lication of tension at the ends of

the stoc5. The "roducts are elongated a definite amount to remo%e &ar"age.
o stretcher strains o 4longated mar5ings that a""ear on the surface of some sheet materials &hen deformed 'ust "ast

the #ield "oint. These mar5ings lie a""ro$imatel# "arallel to the direction of ma$imum shear stress and are the result of locali*ed #ielding. See also LSders lines .
o stretch former o (8+ A machine used to "erform stretch forming o"erations. (,+ A de%ice ada"ta)le to a

con%entional "ress for accom"lishing stretch forming.

o stretch forming o The sha"ing of a metal sheet or "art! usuall# of uniform cross section! )# first a""l#ing suita)le

tension or stretch and then &ra""ing it around a die of the desired sha"e.
o stretching o The e$tension of the surface of a metal sheet in all directions. In stretching! the flange of the flat

)lan5 is securel# clam"ed. ;eformation is restricted to the area initiall# &ithin the die. The stretching limit is the onset of metal failure.
o striation o A fatigue fracture feature! often o)ser%ed in electron microgra"hs! that indicates the "osition of

the crac5 front after each succeeding c#cle of stress. The distance )et&een striations indicates the ad%ance of the crac5 front across that cr#stal during one stress c#cle! and a line normal to the striations indicates the direction of local crac5 "ro"agation. See also )each mar5s .
o strike o (8+ A thin electrode"osited film of metal to )e o%erlaid &ith other "lated coatings. (,+ A "lating

solution of high co%ering "o&er and lo& efficienc# designed to electro"late a thin! adherent film of metal.
o striking o 4lectrode"ositing! under s"ecial conditions! a %er# thin film of metal that &ill facilitate further

"lating &ith another metal or &ith the same metal under different conditions.
o striking surface o Those areas on the faces of a set of metalforming dies that are designed to meet &hen the u""er

die and lo&er die are )rought together. The stri5ing surface hel"s "rotect im"ressions from im"act shoc5 and aids in maintaining longer die life.
o stringer o In &rought materials! an elongated configuration of microconstituents or foreign material aligned

in the direction of &or5ing. The term is commonl# associated &ith elongated o$ide or sulfide inclusions in steel.
o stringer bead o A continuous &eld )ead made &ithout a""recia)le trans%erse oscillation (&ea%ing motion+.

3ontrast &ith &ea%e )ead .

o strip o (8+ A flat-rolled metal "roduct of some ma$imum thic5ness and &idth ar)itraril# de"endent on

the t#"e of metal/ narro&er than sheet. (,+ A roll-com"acted metal "o&der "roduct. See also roll com"acting . (3+ Remo%al of a "o&der metallurg# com"act from the die. An alternati%e to e'ecting or 5noc5out.
o

stripper

o A "late designed to remo%e! or stri"! sheet metal stoc5 from the "unching mem)ers during the

&ithdra&al c#cle. Stri""ers are also used to guide small "recision "unches in close-tolerance dies to guide scra" a&a# from dies and to assist in the cutting action. Stri""ers are made in t&o t#"es fi$ed and mo%a)le.
o stripper punch o A "unch that ser%es as the to" or )ottom of a metalforming die ca%it# and later mo%es farther

into the die to e'ect the "art or com"act. See also e'ector rod and 5noc5out(3+ .
o stripping o (8+ Remo%ing a coating from a metal surface. (,+ Remo%ing a foundr# "attern from the mold or

the core )o$ from the core.

o structural shape o A "iece of metal of an# of se%eral designs acce"ted as standard )# the structural )ranch of the

iron and steel industries.

o structure o As a""lied to a cr#stal! the sha"e and si*e of the unit cell and the location of all atoms &ithin the

unit cell. As a""lied to microstructure! the si*e! sha"e! and arrangement of "hases. See also unit cell .
o stud arc welding o An arc &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals )# heating them &ith an arc )et&een

a metal stud! or similar "art! and the other &or5"iece. 1hen the surfaces to )e 'oined are "ro"erl# heated! the# are )rought together under "ressure. Eartial shielding ma# )e o)tained )# the use of a ceramic ferrule surrounding the stud. Shielding gas or flu$ ma# or ma# not )e used.
o stud welding o A general term for 'oining a metal stud or similar "art to a &or5"iece. 1elding ma# )e

accommodated )# arc! resistance! friction! or other "rocesses &ith or &ithout e$ternal gas shielding.
o styrofoam pattern o An e$"enda)le "attern of foamed "lastic! es"eciall# e$"anded "ol#st#rene! used in

manufacturing castings )# the lost foam "rocess. See also lost foam casting .
o subboundary structure subgrain structure! o A net&or5 or lo&-angle )oundaries! usuall# &ith misorientations less that 8G &ithin the main

grains of a microstructure.
o subcritical annealing o An annealing treatment in &hich a steel is heated to a tem"erature )elo& the A 8 tem"erature! then

cooled slo&l# to room tem"erature. See also transformation tem"erature .

o subgrain o A "ortion of a cr#stal or grain! &ith an orientation slightl# different from the orientation of

neigh)oring "ortions of the same cr#stal.

o submerged arc welding $A9! o An arc &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals )# heating them &ith an arc or arcs

)et&een a )are metal electrode or electrodes and the &or5"ieces. The arc and molten metal are shielded )# a )lan5et of granular! fusi)le material on the &or5"ieces. Eressure is not used! and filler metal is o)tained from the electrode and sometimes from a su""lemental source (&elding rod! flu$! or metal granules+.
o submerged-electrode furnace o A furnace used for li:uid car)uri*ing of "arts )# heating molten salt )aths &ith the use of

electrodes su)merged in the ceramic lining. See also immersed-electrode furnace .

o subsieve fraction o Earticles that &ill "ass through a II m (3,5 mesh+ screen. o subsieve si"e o See "referred term su)sie%e fraction . o substitutional element o An allo#ing element &ith an atomic si*e and other features similar to the sol%ent that can re"lace

or su)stitute for the sol%ent atoms in the lattice and form a significant region of solid solution in the "hase diagram.
o substitutional solid solution o A solid solution in &hich the sol%ent and solute atoms are located randoml# at the atom sites in

the cr#stal structure of the solution. See also interstitial solid solution .
o substrate o The material! &or5"iece! or su)stance on &hich the coating is de"osited. o substructure o Same as su))oundar# structure . o subsurface corrosion o Dormation of isolated "articles of corrosion "roducts )eneath a metal surface. This results from

the "referential reactions of certain allo# constituents to in&ard diffusion of o$#gen! nitrogen! or sulfur.
o sulfidation o The reaction of a metal or allo# &ith a sulfur-containing s"ecies to "roduce a sulfur com"ound

that forms on or )eneath the surface on the metal or allo#.

o sulfide stress cracking $$,! o Crittle fracture )# crac5ing under the com)ined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the

"resence of &ater and h#drogen sulfide. See also en%ironmental crac5ing .

o sulfur dome o An in%erted container! holding a high concentration of sulfur dio$ide gas! used in die casting to

co%er a "ot of molten magnesium to "re%ent )urning.

o sulfur print o A macrogra"hic method of e$amining for distri)ution of sulfide inclusions )# "lacing a sheet of

&et acidified "hotogra"hic "a"er in contact &ith the "olished sheet surface to )e e$amined.
o superabrasives o S#ntheticall# "roduced diamond and cu)ic )oron nitride (3C2+ used in a &ide %ariet# of cutting

and grinding a""lications.

o superalloys o Heat-resistant allo#s )ased on nic5el! iron-nic5el! or co)alt that e$hi)it high strength and

resistance to surface degradation at ele%ated tem"eratures.

o superconductivity o A "ro"ert# of man# metals! allo#s! com"ounds! o$ides! and organic materials at tem"eratures

near a)solute *ero )# %irtue of &hich their electrical resisti%it# %anishes and the# )ecome strongl# diamagnetic.
o supercooling o 3ooling of a su)stance )elo& the tem"erature at &hich a change of state &ould ordinaril# ta5e

"lace &ithout such a change of state occurring! for e$am"le! the cooling of a li:uid )elo& its free*ing "oint &ithout free*ing ta5ing "lace/ this results in a metasta)le state.
o superficial hardness test o See Roc5&ell su"erficial hardness test . o superfines

o The "ortion of a metal "o&der that is com"osed of "articles smaller than a s"ecified si*e! usuall#

80 m.
o superfinishing o A lo&-%elocit# a)rading "rocess %er# similar to honing/ ho&e%er! unli5e honing! su"erfinishing

"rocesses focus "rimaril# on the im"ro%ement of surface finish and much less on correction of geometric errors (dimensional accurac#+. Also 5no&n as microhoning.
o superheating o (8+ Heating of a su)stance a)o%e the tem"erature at &hich a change of state &ould ordinaril#

ta5e "lace &ithout a change of state occurring! for e$am"le! the heating of a li:uid a)o%e its )oiling "oint &ithout )oiling ta5ing "lace/ this results in a metasta)le state. (,+ An# increment of tem"erature a)o%e the melting "oint of a metal/ sometimes construed to )e an# increment of tem"erature a)o%e normal casting tem"eratures introduced for the "ur"ose of refining! allo#ing! or im"ro%ing fluidit#.
o superlattice o See ordered structure . o superplastic forming $%7! o A strain rate sensiti%e sheet metal forming "rocess that uses characteristics of materials

e$hi)iting high tensile elongation. ;uring su"er"lastic forming! gas "ressure is im"osed on a su"er"lastic sheet! causing the material to form into the die configuration. See also su"er"lasticit# .
o superplasticity o The a)ilit# of certain metals (most nota)l# aluminum- and titanium-)ase allo#s+ to de%elo"

e$tremel# high tensile elongations at ele%ated tem"eratures and under controlled rates of deformation.
o supersaturated o A metasta)le solution in &hich the dissol%ed material e$ceeds the amount the sol%ent can hold in

normal e:uili)rium at the tem"erature and other conditions that "re%ail.

o support pins o Rods or "ins of "recise length used to su""ort the o%erhang of irregularl# sha"ed "unches in

metal forming "resses.

o support plate o A "late that su""orts a dra& ring or dra& "late in a sheet metal forming "ress. It also ser%es as a

s"acer. See also dra& "late and dra& ring .

o surface alterations o Irregularities or changes on the surface of a material due to machining or grinding o"erations.

The t#"es of surface alterations associated &ith metal remo%al "ractices include mechanical (for e$am"le! "lastic deformation! hardness %ariations! crac5s! etc.+! metallurgical (for e$am"le! "hase transformations! t&inning! recr#stalli*ation! and untem"ered or o%ertem"ered martensite+! chemical (for e$am"le! intergranular attac5! em)rittlement! and "itting+! thermal (heat-affected *one! recast! or rede"osited metal! and resolidified material+! and electrical surface alterations (conducti%it# change or resisti%e heating+.
o surface checking o Same as chec5s . o surface damage o In tri)olog#! damage to a solid surface resulting from mechanical contact &ith another su)stance!

surface! or surfaces mo%ing relati%el# to it and in%ol%ing the dis"lacement or remo%al of material. In certain conte$ts! &ear is a form of surface damage in &hich material is "rogressi%el#

remo%ed. In another conte$t! surface damage in%ol%es a deterioration of function of a solid surface e%en though there is no material loss from that surface. Surface damage ma# therefore "recede &ear.
o surface finish o (8+ The geometric irregularities in the surface of a solid material. .easurement of surface finish

shall not include inherent structural irregularities unless these are the characteristics )eing measured. (,+ 3ondition of a surface as a result of a final treatment. See also roughness .
o surface grinding o Eroducing a "lane surface )# grinding. o surface hardening o A generic term co%ering se%eral "rocesses a""lica)le to a suita)le ferrous allo# that "roduces! )#

:uench hardening onl#! a surface la#er that is harder or more &ear resistant than the core. There is no significant alteration of the chemical com"osition of the surface la#er. The "rocesses commonl# used are car)onitriding! car)uri*ing! induction hardening! flame hardening! nitriding! and nitrocar)uri*ing. <se of the a""lica)le s"ecific "rocess name is "referred.
o surface modification o The alteration of surface com"osition or structure )# the use of energ# or "article )eams. T&o

t#"es of surface modification methods commonl# em"lo#ed are ion im"lantation and laser surface "rocessing.
o surface roughness o Dine irregularities in the surface te$ture of a material! usuall# including those resulting from the

inherent action of the "roduction "rocess. Surface roughness is usuall# re"orted as the arithmetic roughness a%erage! 'a! and is gi%en in micrometers or microinches.
o surface texture o The roughness! &a%iness! la#! and fla&s associated &ith a surface. See also la# . o surfacing o The de"osition of filler metal (material+ on a )ase metal (su)strate+ to o)tain desired "ro"erties or

dimensions! as o""osed to ma5ing a 'oint. See also )uildu" ! )uttering ! cladding ! coating ! and hardfacing .
o surfacing weld o A t#"e of &eld com"osed of one or more stringer or &ea%e )eads de"osited on an un)ro5en

surface to o)tain desired "ro"erties or dimensions.

o swage o (8+ The o"eration of reducing or changing the cross-sectional area of stoc5 )# the fast im"act of

re%ol%ing dies. (,+ The ta"ering of )ar! rod! &ire! or tu)ing )# forging! hammering! or s:uee*ing/ reducing a section )# "rogressi%el# ta"ering length&ise until the entire section attains the smaller dimension of the ta"er.
o swaging o Ta"ering )ar! rod! &ire! or tu)ing )# forging! hammering! or s:uee*ing/ reducing a section )#

"rogressi%el# ta"ering length&ise until the entire section attains the smaller dimension of the ta"er. See also rotar# s&aging .
o swarf o Intimate mi$ture of grinding chi"s and fine "articles of a)rasi%e and )ond resulting from a

grinding o"eration.
o sweat soldering o A soldering "rocess %ariation in &hich t&o or more "arts that ha%e )een "recoated &ith solder

are reheated and assem)led into a 'oint &ithout the use of additional solder.
o

sweep

o A t#"e of foundr# "attern that is a tem"late cut to the "rofile of the desired mold sha"e that!

&hen re%ol%ed around a sta5e or s"indle! "roduces that sha"e in the mold.
o $wift cup test o A simulati%e test for determining forma)ilit# of sheet metal in &hich circular )lan5s of %arious

diameters are clam"ed in a die ring and dee" dra&n into a cu" )# a flat-)ottomed c#lindrical "unch. The ratio of the largest )lan5 diameter that can )e dra&n successfull# to the cu" diameter is 5no&n as the limiting dra&ing ratio (L;R+ or deformation limit.
o swing forging machine o 4:ui"ment for continuousl# hot reducing ingots! )looms! or )illets to s:uare flats! rounds! or

rectangles )# the cran5-dri%en oscillating action of "aired dies.

o swing frame grinder o A grinding machine sus"ended )# a chain at the center "oint so that it ma# )e turned and s&ung

in an# direction for grinding of )illets! large castings! or other hea%# &or5. Erinci"al use is remo%ing surface im"erfections and roughness.
o synthetic cold-rolled sheet o A hot-rolled "ic5led sheet gi%en a sufficient final tem"er "ass to im"art a surface a""ro$imating

that of cold-rolled steel. o T

o o o o o o o o

tacking
.a5ing tac5 &elds.

tack weld
A &eld made to hold "arts of a &eldment in "ro"er alignment until the final &elds are made.

tailings
The discarded "ortion of a crushed ore! se"arated during concentration.

tandem mill

A rolling mill consisting of t&o or more stands arranged so that the metal )eing "rocessed tra%els in a straight line from stand to stand. In continuous rolling! the %arious stands are s#nchroni*ed so that the stri" can )e rolled in all stands simultaneousl#. 3ontrast &ith single-stand mill . See also rolling mills .
o tandem welding o Arc &elding in &hich t&o or more electrodes are in a "lane "arallel to the line of tra%el. o tangent bending o The forming of one or more identical )ends ha%ing "arallel a$es )# &i"ing sheet metal around

one or more radius dies in a single o"eration. The sheet! &hich ma# ha%e side flanges! is clam"ed against the radius die and then made to conform to the radius die )# "ressure from a roc5er-"late die that mo%es along the "eri"her# of the radius die. See also &i"er forming (&i"ing+ .
o tap o A c#lindrical or conical thread-cutting tool &ith one or more cutting elements ha%ing threads of a

desired form on the "eri"her#. C# a com)ination of rotar# and a$ial motions! the leading end cuts an internal thread! the tool deri%ing its "rinci"al su""ort from the thread )eing "roduced.
o tap density o The a""arent densit# of a "o&der! o)tained &hen the %olume rece"tacle is ta""ed or %i)rated

during loading under s"ecified conditions.

o tapping o (8+ Eroducing internal threads &ith a c#lindrical cutting tool ha%ing t&o or more "eri"heral

cutting elements sha"ed to cut threads of the desired si*e and form. C# a com)ination of rotar# and a$ial motion! the leading end of the ta" cuts the thread &hile the ta" is su""orted mainl# )# the thread it "roduces. See also ta" . (,+ O"ening the outlet of a melting furnace to remo%e

molten metal. (3+ Remo%ing molten metal from a furnace.

o tarnish o Surface discoloration of a metal caused )# formation of a thin film of corrosion "roduct. o teapot ladle o A ladle in &hich! )# means of an e$ternal s"out! metal is remo%ed from the )ottom rather than

the to" of the ladle.

o teeming o Eouring molten metal from a ladle into ingot molds. The term a""lies "articularl# to the s"ecific

o"eration of "ouring either iron or steel into ingot molds.

o temper o (8+ In heat treatment! reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some tem"erature )elo&

the eutectoid tem"erature for the "ur"ose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The "rocess also is sometimes a""lied to normali*ed steel. (,+ In tool steels! tem"er is sometimes used! )ut inad%isedl#! to denote the car)on content. (3+ In nonferrous allo#s and in some ferrous allo#s (steels that cannot )e hardened )# heat treatment+! the hardness and strength "roduced )# mechanical or thermal treatment! or )oth! and characteri*ed )# a certain structure! mechanical "ro"erties! or reduction in area during cold &or5ing. (I+ To moisten green sand for casting molds &ith &ater.
o temper brittleness o See tem"er em)rittlement . o temper carbon o 3lusters of finel# di%ided gra"hite! such as that found in mallea)le iron! that are formed as a

result of decom"osition of cementite! for e$am"le! )# heating &hite cast iron a)o%e the ferriteaustenite transformation tem"erature and holding at these tem"eratures for a considera)le "eriod of time. Also 5no&n as annealing car)on.
o temper color o A thin! tightl# adhering o$ide s5in (onl# a fe& molecules thic5+ that forms &hen steel is

tem"ered at a lo& tem"erature! or for a short time! in air or a mildl# o$idi*ing atmos"here. The color! &hich ranges from stra& to )lue de"ending on the thic5ness of the o$ide s5in! %aries &ith )oth tem"ering time and tem"erature.
o tempered layer o A surface or su)surface la#er in a steel s"ecimen that has )een tem"ered )# heating during some

stage of the metallogra"hic "re"aration se:uence (usuall# grinding+. 1hen o)ser%ed in a section after etching! the la#er a""ears dar5er than the )ase material.
o tempered martensite o The decom"osition "roducts that result from heating martensite )elo& the ferrite-austenite

transformation tem"erature.
o tempered martensite embrittlement o 4m)rittlement of high-strength allo# steels caused )# tem"ering in the tem"erature range of ,05

to 3B0 G3 (I00 to B00 GD+/ also called 350 G3 or 500 GD em)rittlement. Tem"ered martensite em)rittlement is thought to result from the com)ined effects of cementite "reci"itation on "rioraustenite grain )oundaries or interlath )oundaries and the segregation of im"urities at "rioraustenite grain )oundaries. It differs from tem"er em)rittlement in the strength of the material and the tem"erature e$"osure range. In tem"er em)rittlement! the steel is usuall# tem"ered at a relati%el# high tem"erature! "roducing lo&er strength and hardness! and em)rittlement occurs

u"on slo& cooling after tem"ering and during ser%ice at tem"eratures &ithin the em)rittlement range. In tem"ered martensite em)rittlement! the steel is tem"ered &ithin the em)rittlement range! and ser%ice e$"osure is usuall# at room tem"erature.
o temper embrittlement o 4m)rittlement of lo&-allo# steels caused )# holding &ithin or cooling slo&l# through a

tem"erature range (generall# 300 to A00 G3! or 5B0 to 8880 GD+ 'ust )elo& the transformation range. 4m)rittlement is the result of the segregation at grain )oundaries of im"urities such as arsenic! antimon#! "hos"horus! and tin/ it is usuall# manifested as an u"&ard shift in ductileto)rittle transition tem"erature. Tem"er em)rittlement can )e re%ersed )# retem"ering a)o%e the critical tem"erature range! then cooling ra"idl#. 3om"are &ith tem"ered martensite em)rittlement .
o tempering o In heat treatment! reheating hardened steel to some tem"erature )elo& the eutectoid tem"erature

to decrease hardness and0or increase toughness.

o temper rolling o Light cold rolling of sheet steel to im"ro%e flatness! to minimi*e the formation of stretcher

strains! and to o)tain a s"ecified hardness or tem"er.

o tensile strength o In tensile testing! the ratio of ma$imum load to original cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate

strength . 3om"are &ith #ield strength .

o tensile stress o A stress that causes t&o "arts of an elastic )od#! on either side of a t#"ical stress "lane! to "ull

a"art. 3ontrast &ith com"ressi%e stress .

o tensile testing o See tension testing . o tension o The force or load that "roduces elongation. o tension testing o A method of determining the )eha%ior of materials su)'ected to unia$ial loading! &hich tends to

stretch the material. A longitudinal s"ecimen of 5no&n length and diameter is gri""ed at )oth ends and stretched at a slo&! controlled rate until ru"ture occurs. Also 5no&n as tensile testing.
o terminal phase o A solid solution ha%ing a restricted range of com"ositions! one end of the range )eing a "ure

com"onent of an allo# s#stem.

o terminal solid solution o In a multicom"onent s#stem! an# solid "hase of limited com"osition range that includes the

com"osition of one of the com"onents of the s#stem. See also solid solution .
o ternary alloy o An allo# that contains three "rinci"al elements. o ternary system o The com"lete series of com"ositions "roduced )# mi$ing three com"onents in all "ro"ortions. o terne o An allo# of lead containing 3 to 85? Sn! used as a hot di" coating for steel sheet or "late. The

term long terne is used to descri)e terne-coated sheet! &hereas short terne is used for terne-coated "late. Terne coatings! &hich are smooth and dull in a""earance (terne means dull or tarnished in Drench+! gi%e the steel )etter corrosion resistance and enhance its a)ilit# to )e formed! soldered! or "ainted.

o tertiary creep o See cree" . o texture o In a "ol#cr#stalline aggregate! the state of distri)ution of cr#stal orientations. In the usual sense!

it is s#non#mous &ith "referred orientation ! in &hich the distri)ution is not random. 2ot to )e confused &ith surface te$ture . See also fi)er .
o thermal aging o 4$"osure of a material or com"onent to a gi%en thermal condition or a "rogrammed series of

conditions for "rescri)ed "eriods of time.

o thermal analysis o A method for determining transformations in a metal )# noting the tem"eratures at &hich

thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested )# changes in slo"e of the "lotted or mechanicall# traced heating and cooling cur%es. 1hen such data are secured under nearl# e:uili)rium conditions of heating and cooling! the method is commonl# used for determining certain critical tem"eratures re:uired for the construction of "hase diagrams.
o thermal cutting o A grou" of cutting "rocesses that melts the metal (material+ to )e cut. See also air car)on arc

cutting ! arc cutting ! car)on arc cutting ! electron )eam cutting ! laser )eam cutting ! metal "o&der cutting ! o$#fuel gas cutting ! o$#gen arc cutting ! o$#gen cutting ! and "lasma arc cutting .
o thermal decomposition o (8+ The decom"osition of a com"ound into its elemental s"ecies at ele%ated tem"eratures. (,+ A

"rocess &here)# fine solid "articles can )e "roduced from a gaseous com"ound. See also car)on#l "o&der .
o thermal electromotive force o The electromoti%e force generated in a circuit containing t&o dissimilar metals &hen one

'unction is at a tem"erature different from that of the other. See also thermocou"le .
o thermal embrittlement o Intergranular fracture of maraging steels &ith decreased toughness resulting from im"ro"er

"rocessing after hot &or5ing. Thermal em)rittlement occurs u"on heating a)o%e 8095 G3 (,000 GD+ and then slo& cooling through the tem"erature range of 9>0 to >85 G3 (8>00 to 8500 GD+! and has )een attri)uted to "reci"itation of titanium car)ides and titanium car)onitrides at austenite grain )oundaries during cooling through the critical tem"erature range.
o thermal fatigue o Dracture resulting from the "resence of tem"erature gradients that %ar# &ith time in such a

manner as to "roduce c#clic stresses in a structure.

o thermal inspection o A nondestructi%e test method in &hich heat-sensing de%ices are used to measure tem"erature

%ariations in com"onents! structures! s#stems! or "h#sical "rocesses. Thermal methods can )e useful in the detection of su)surface fla&s or %oids! "ro%ided the de"th of the fla& is not large com"ared to its diameter. Thermal ins"ection )ecomes less effecti%e in the detection of su)surface fla&s as the thic5ness of an o)'ect increases! )ecause the "ossi)le de"th of the defects increases.
o thermally induced embrittlement o See em)rittlement . o thermal-mechanical treatment

o See thermomechanical &or5ing . o thermal shock o The de%elo"ment of a stee" tem"erature gradient and accom"an#ing high stresses &ithin a

material or structure.
o thermal spraying o A grou" of coating or &elding "rocesses in &hich finel# di%ided metallic or nonmetallic

materials are de"osited in a molten or semimolten condition to form a coating. The surfacing material ma# )e in the form of "o&der! rod! or &ire. See also electric arc s"ra#ing ! flame s"ra#ing ! "lasma s"ra#ing ! and "o&der flame s"ra#ing .
o thermal stresses o Stresses in a material resulting from nonuniform tem"erature distri)ution. o thermal wear o Remo%al of material due to softening! melting! or e%a"oration during sliding or rolling. Thermal

shoc5 and high-tem"erature erosion ma# )e included in the general descri"tion of thermal &ear. 1ear )# diffusion of se"arate atoms from one )od# to the other! at high tem"eratures! is also sometimes denoted as thermal &ear.
o thermit reactions o Strongl# e$othermic self-"ro"agating reactions such as that &here finel# di%ided aluminum

reacts &ith a metal o$ide. A mi$ture of aluminum and iron o$ide "roduces sufficient heat to &eld steel! the filler metal )eing "roduced in the reaction. See also thermit &elding .
o thermit welding o A &elding "rocess that "roduces coalescence of metals )# heating them &ith su"erheated li:uid

metal from a chemical reaction )et&een a metal o$ide and aluminum! &ith or &ithout the a""lication of "ressure. Diller metal is o)tained from the li:uid metal.
o thermochemical machining o Remo%al of &or5"iece material--usuall# onl# )urrs and fins--)# e$"osure to hot fuel gases that

are formed )# igniting an e$"losi%e! com)usti)le mi$ture of natural gas and o$#gen. Also 5no&n as the thermal energ# method.
o thermochemical treatment o Heat treatment for steels carried out in a medium suita)l# chosen to "roduce a change in the

chemical com"osition of the o)'ect )# e$change &ith the medium.

o thermocouple o A de%ice for measuring tem"eratures! consisting of lengths of t&o dissimilar metals or allo#s that

are electricall# 'oined at one end and connected to a %oltage-measuring instrument at the other end. 1hen one 'unction is hotter than the other! a thermal electromoti%e force is "roduced that is roughl# "ro"ortional to the difference in tem"erature )et&een the hot and cold 'unctions.
o thermomechanical working o A general term co%ering a %ariet# of metalforming "rocesses com)ining controlled thermal and

deformation treatments to o)tain s#nergistic effects! such as im"ro%ement in strength &ithout loss of toughness. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment.
o thief o A rac5ing de%ice or nonfunctional "attern area used in the electro"lating "rocess to "ro%ide a

more uniform current densit# on "lated "arts. Thie%es a)sor) the une%enl# distri)uted current on irregularl# sha"ed "arts! there)# ensuring that the "arts &ill recei%e an electro"lated coating of uniform thic5ness. See also ro))er .
o thin-wall casting o A term used to define a casting that has the minimum &all thic5ness to satisf# its ser%ice

function.
o threading o Eroducing e$ternal threads on a c#lindrical surface. o thread rolling o The "roduction of threads )# rolling the "iece )et&een t&o groo%ed die "lates! one of &hich is in

motion! or )et&een rotating groo%ed circular rolls. Also 5no&n as roll threading.
o three-+uarters hard o A tem"er of nonferrous allo#s and some ferrous allo#s characteri*ed )# tensile strength and

hardness a)out mid&a# )et&een those of half hard and full hard tem"ers.
o three-point bending o The )ending of a "iece of metal or a structural mem)er in &hich the o)'ect is "laced across t&o

su""orts and force is a""lied )et&een and in o""osition to them. See also F-)end die .
o threshold stress o Threshold stress for stress-corrosion crac5ing. The critical gross section stress at the onset of

stress-corrosion crac5ing under s"ecified conditions.

o throwing power o (8+ The relationshi" )et&een the current densit# at a "oint on a surface and its distance from the

counterelectrode. The greater the ratio of the surface resisti%it# sho&n )# the electrode reaction to the %olume resisti%it# of the electrol#te! the )etter is the thro&ing "o&er of the "rocess. (,+ The a)ilit# of a "lating solution to "roduce a uniform metal distri)ution on an irregularl# sha"ed cathode. 3om"are &ith co%ering "o&er .
o o o o o o o o

tiger stripes
3ontinuous )right lines on sheet or stri" in the rolling direction.

-0. welding
Tungsten inert-gas &elding/ see "referred term gas tungsten arc &elding .

tilt boundary
A su)grain )oundar# consisting of an arra# of edge dislocations.

tilt mold

A casting mold! usuall# a )oo5 ("ermanent+ mold! that rotates from a hori*ontal to a %ertical "osition during "ouring! &hich reduces agitation and thus the formation and entra"ment of o$ides.
o tilt mold ingot o An ingot made in a tilt mold . o time +uenching o A :uench in &hich the cooling rate of the "art )eing :uenched must )e changed a)ru"tl# at some

time during the cooling c#cle.

o o o o o o o o

time-temperature curve
A cur%e "roduced )# "lotting time against tem"erature.

time-temperature-transformation ---! diagram

See isothermal transformation (IT+ diagram .

tinning
3oating metal &ith a %er# thin la#er of molten solder or )ra*ing filler metal.

tin pest

A "ol#mor"hic modification of tin that causes it to crum)le into a "o&der 5no&n as gra# tin. It is generall# acce"ted that the ma$imum rate of transformation occurs at a)out -I0 G3 (-I0 GD+! )ut transformation can occur at as high as a)out 83 G3 (55 GD+.
o tint etching o Immersing metallogra"hic s"ecimens in s"eciall# formulated chemical etchants in order to

"roduce a sta)le film on the s"ecimen surface. 1hen %ie&ed under an o"tical microsco"e! these surface films "roduce colors that corres"ond to the %arious "hases in the allo#. Also 5no&n as color etching.
o tin tossing o O$idi*ing im"urities in molten tin )# "ouring it from one %essel to another in air! forming a dross

that is mechanicall# se"ara)le.

o toggle press o A mechanical "ress in &hich the slide is actuated )# one or more toggle lin5s or mechanisms. o tolerance o The s"ecified "ermissi)le de%iation from a s"ecified nominal dimension! or the "ermissi)le

%ariation in si*e or other :ualit# characteristic of a "art.

o tolerance limits o The e$treme %alues (u""er and lo&er+ that define the range of "ermissi)le %ariation in si*e or

other :ualit# characteristic of a "art.

o tonghold o The "ortion of a forging )illet! usuall# on one end! that is gri""ed )# the o"eratorNs tongs. It is

remo%ed from the "art at the end of the forging o"eration. 3ommon to dro" hammer and "resst#"e forging.
o tooling o A generic term a""l#ing to die assem)lies and related items used for forming and forging metals. o tool steel o An# of a class of car)on and allo# steels commonl# used to ma5e tools. Tool steels are

characteri*ed )# high hardness and resistance to a)rasion! often accom"anied )# high toughness and resistance to softening at ele%ated tem"erature. These attri)utes are generall# attained &ith high car)on and allo# contents.
o tooth o (8+ A "ro'ection on a multi"oint tool (such as on a sa&! milling cutter! or file+ designed to

"roduce cutting. (,+ A "ro'ection on the "eri"her# of a &heel or segment thereof--as on a gear! s"line! or s"roc5et! for e$am"le--designed to engage another mechanism and there)# transmit force or motion! or )oth. A similar "ro'ection on a flat mem)er such as a rac5.
o tooth point o The chamfered cutting edge of a face milling )lade! to &hich a flat is sometimes added to

"roduce a sha%ing effect and to im"ro%e finish.

o top-and-bottom process o A "rocess for se"arating co""er and nic5el! in &hich their molten sulfides are se"arated into t&o

li:uid la#ers )# the addition of sodium sulfide. The lo&er la#er holds most of the nic5el.
o torch o See "referred terms cutting torch (arc+ ! cutting torch (o$#fuel gas+ ! &elding torch (arc+ ! and

&elding torch (o$#fuel gas+ .

o torch bra"ing o A )ra*ing "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is furnished )# a fuel gas flame. o torch soldering o A soldering "rocess in &hich the heat re:uired is furnished )# a fuel gas flame. o torsion o (8+ A t&isting deformation of a solid or tu)ular )od# a)out an a$is in &hich lines that &ere

initiall# "arallel to the a$is )ecome helices. (,+ A t&isting action resulting in shear stresses and strains.

o torsional moment o In a )od# )eing t&isted! the alge)raic sum of the cou"les or the moments of the e$ternal forces

a)out the a$is of t&ist! or )oth.

o total carbon o The sum of the free car)on and com)ined car)on (including car)on in solution+ in a ferrous

allo#.
o total elongation o The total amount of "ermanent e$tension of a test "iece )ro5en in a tensile test usuall# e$"ressed

as a "ercentage o%er a fi$ed gage length. See also elongation! "ercent .

o toughness o A)ilit# of a material to a)sor) energ# and deform "lasticall# )efore fracturing. Toughness is

"ro"ortional to the area under the stress-strain cur%e from the origin to the )rea5ing "oint. In metals! toughness is usuall# measured )# the energ# a)sor)ed in a notch im"act test. See also im"act test .
o tough pitch copper o 3o""er containing from 0.0, to 0.0I? O! o)tained )# refining co""er in a re%er)erator# furnace. o tracer milling o ;u"lication of a three-dimensional form )# means of a cutter controlled )# a tracer that is

directed )# a master form.

o tramp alloys o Residual allo#ing elements that are introduced into steel &hen unidentified allo# steel is "resent

in the scra" charge to a steelma5ing furnace.

o tramp element o 3ontaminant in the com"onents of a furnace charge! or in the molten metal or castings! &hose

"resence is thought to )e either unim"ortant or undesira)le to the :ualit# of the casting. Also called trace element.
o transcrystalline o See transgranular . o transcrystalline cracking o 3rac5ing or fracturing that occurs through or across a cr#stal. Also termed intracr#stalline

crac5ing.
o transformation hardening o Heat treatment of steels com"rising austeniti*ation follo&ed )# cooling under conditions such

that the austenite transforms more or less com"letel# into martensite and "ossi)l# into )ainite.
o transformation-induced plasticity o A "henomenon! occurring chiefl# in certain highl# allo#ed steels that ha%e )een heat treated to

"roduce metasta)le austenite or metasta)le austenite "lus martensite! &here)#! on su)se:uent deformation! "art of the austenite undergoes strain-induced transformation to martensite. Steels ca"a)le of transforming in this manner! commonl# referred to as TRIE steels! are highl# "lastic after heat treatment! )ut e$hi)it a %er# high rate of strain hardening and thus ha%e high tensile and #ield strengths after "lastic deformation at tem"eratures )et&een a)out ,0 and 500 G3 (B0 and 930 GD+. 3ooling to 895 G3 (3,0 GD+ ma# or ma# not )e re:uired to com"lete the transformation to martensite. Tem"ering usuall# is done follo&ing transformation.
o transformation ranges o Those ranges of tem"erature &ithin &hich austenite forms during heating and transforms during

cooling. The t&o ranges are distinct! sometimes o%erla""ing )ut ne%er coinciding. The limiting tem"eratures of the ranges de"end on the com"osition of the allo# and on the rate of change of tem"erature! "articularl# during cooling. See also transformation tem"erature .
o

transformation temperature

o The tem"erature at &hich a change in "hase occurs. This term is sometimes used to denote the

limiting tem"erature of a transformation range. The follo&ing s#m)ols are used for irons and steels
Accm In h#"ereutectoid steel Ac1 The tem"erature at &hich austenite )egins to form during heating. Ac3 The tem"erature at &hich transformation of ferrite to austenite is com"leted during heating. Ac4 The tem"erature at &hich austenite transforms to ferrite during heating. Aecm, Ae1, Ae3, Ae4 The tem"eratures of "hase changes at e:uili)rium Arcm In h#"ereutectoid steel Ar1 The tem"erature at &hich transformation of austenite to ferrite or to ferrite "lus cementite is com"leted during cooling. Ar3 The tem"erature at &hich austenite )egins to transform to ferrite during cooling. Ar4 The tem"erature at &hich ferrite transforms to austenite during cooling. Ar# The tem"erature at &hich transformation of austenite to "earlite starts during cooling. 1f The tem"erature at &hich transformation of austenite to martensite is com"leted during cooling. 1s or Ar##! The tem"erature at &hich transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling.

o 2OT4 All these changes! e$ce"t formation of martensite! occur at lo&er tem"eratures during

cooling than during heating! and de"end on the rate of change of tem"erature.
o transgranular o Through or across cr#stals or grains. Also called intracr#stalline or transcr#stalline. o transgranular cracking o 3rac5ing or fracturing that occurs through or across a cr#stal or grain. Also called

transcr#stalline crac5ing. 3ontrast &ith intergranular crac5ing .

o transgranular fracture o Dracture through or across the cr#stals or grains of a material. Also called transcr#stalline

fracture or intracr#stalline fracture. 3ontrast &ith intergranular fracture .

o transition lattice o An unsta)le cr#stallogra"hic configuration that forms as an intermediate ste" in a solid-state

reaction such as "reci"itation from solid solution or eutectoid decom"osition.

o transition metal o A metal in &hich the a%aila)le electron energ# le%els are occu"ied in such a &a# that the d-)and

contains less than its ma$imum num)er of ten electrons "er atom! for e$am"le! iron! co)alt! nic5el! and tungsten. The distincti%e "ro"erties of the transition metals result from the incom"letel# filled d-le%els.
o transition phase o A none:uili)rium state that a""ears in a chemical s#stem in the course of transformation )et&een

t&o e:uili)rium states.

o transition point o At a stated "ressure! the tem"erature (or at a stated tem"erature! the "ressure+ at &hich t&o solid

"hases e$ist in e:uili)rium--that is! an allotro"ic transformation tem"erature (or "ressure+.

o transition structure o In "reci"itation from solid solution! a metasta)le "reci"itate that is coherent &ith the matri$. o transition temperature o (8+ An ar)itraril# defined tem"erature that lies &ithin the tem"erature range in &hich metal

fracture characteristics (as usuall# determined )# tests of notched s"ecimens+ change ra"idl#! such as the ductile-to-)rittle transition tem"erature (;CTT+. The ;CTT can )e assessed in

se%eral &a#s! the most common )eing the tem"erature for 50? ductile and 50? )rittle fracture (50? fracture a""earance transition tem"erature! or DATT+! or the lo&est tem"erature at &hich the fracture is 800? ductile (800? fi)rous criterion+. (,+ Sometimes used to denote an ar)itraril# defined tem"erature &ithin a range in &hich the ductilit# changes ra"idl# &ith tem"erature.
o transverse direction o Literall#! 6across!6 usuall# signif#ing a direction or "lane "er"endicular to the direction of

&or5ing. In rolled "late or sheet! the direction across the &idth is often called long trans%erse/ the direction through the thic5ness! short trans%erse.
o transverse rolling machine o 4:ui"ment for "roducing com"le$ "reforms or finished forgings from round )illets inserted

trans%ersel# )et&een t&o or three rolls that rotate in the same direction and dri%e the )illet. The rolls! carr#ing re"lacea)le die segments &ith a""ro"riate im"ressions! ma5e se%eral re%olutions for each rotation of the &or5"iece.
o transverse rupture strength -3$! o The stress! calculated from the )ending stress formula! re:uired to )rea5 a "o&der metallurg#

s"ecimen of a gi%en dimension. The s"ecimen is su""orted near its ends &ith a load a""lied mid&a# )et&een the fi$ed centerline of the su""orts. Drom the %alue of the )rea5 load! the TRS can )e calculated using o &here F is the load at fracture! L is the s"an )et&een su""orts! and ) and H are the &idth and height of the test )ar! res"ecti%el#.
o trees o Fisi)le "ro'ections of electrode"osited metal formed at sites of high current densit#. o trepanning o A machining "rocess for "roducing a circular hole or groo%e in solid stoc5! or for "roducing a

dis5! c#linder! or tu)e from solid stoc5! )# the action of a tool containing one or more cutters (usuall# single-"oint+ re%ol%ing around a center.
o triaxiality o In a tria$ial stress state! the ratio of the smallest to the largest "rinci"al stress! all stresses )eing

tensile.
o triaxial stress o A state of stress in &hich none of the three "rinci"al stresses is *ero. See also "rinci"al stress

(normal+ .
o tribology o (8+ The science and technolog# of interacting surfaces in relati%e motion and of the "ractices

related thereto. (,+ The science concerned &ith the design! friction! lu)rication! and &ear of contacting surfaces that mo%e relati%e to each other (as in )earings! cams! or gears! for e$am"le+.
o trimmer blade o The "ortion of the trimmers through &hich a forging is "ushed to shear off the flash. o trimmer die o The "unch "ress die used for trimming flash from a forging. o trimmer punch o The u""er "ortion of the trimmer that contacts the forging and "ushes it through the trimmer

)lades/ the lo&er end of the trimmer "unch is generall# sha"ed to fit the surface of the forging against &hich it "ushes.
o trimmers o The com)ination of trimmer "unch! trimmer )lades! and "erha"s trimming shoe used to remo%e

the flash from the forging.

o trimming o (8+ In forging! remo%ing an# "arting-line flash or e$cess material from the "art &ith a trimmer in

a trim "ress/ can )e done hot or cold. (,+ In dra&ing! shearing the irregular edge of the dra&n "art. (3+ In casting! the remo%al of gates! risers! and fins.
o trimming press o A "o&er "ress suita)le for trimming flash from forgings. o trimming shoe o The holder used to su""ort trimmers. Sometimes called trimming chair. o triple-action press o A mechanical or h#draulic "ress ha%ing three slides &ith three motions "ro"erl# s#nchroni*ed

for tri"le-action dra&ing! redra&ing! and forming. <suall#! t&o slides--the )lan5holder slide and the "lunger--are located a)o%e and a lo&er slide is located &ithin the )ed of the "ress. See also h#draulic "ress ! mechanical "ress ! and slide .
o triple point o (8+ A "oint on a "hase diagram &here three "hases of a su)stance coe$ist in e:uili)rium. (,+ The

intersection of the )oundaries of three ad'oining grains! as o)ser%ed in a metallogra"hic section.

o -30% steel o A commercial steel "roduct e$hi)iting transformation-induced "lasticit# . o troostite obsolete! o A "re%iousl# unresol%a)le! ra"idl# etching! fine aggregate of car)ide and ferrite "roduced either

)# tem"ering martensite at lo& tem"erature or )# :uenching a steel at a rate slo&er than the critical cooling rate. Ereferred terminolog# for the first "roduct is tem"ered martensite/ for the latter! fine "earlite.
o -roy ounce o A unit of &eight for "recious metals that is e:ual to 38.803IBA> g (8.09B8A99 o* a%oirdu"ois+. o true current density o See "referred term local current densit# . o true strain o (8+ The ratio of the change in dimension! resulting from a gi%en load increment! to the magnitude

of the dimension immediatel# "rior to a""l#ing the load increment. (,+ In a )od# su)'ected to a$ial force! the natural logarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the moment of o)ser%ation to the original gage length. Also 5no&n as natural strain.
o true stress o The %alue o)tained )# di%iding the load a""lied to a mem)er at a gi%en instant )# the

crosssectional area o%er &hich it acts.

o truing o The remo%al of the outside la#er of a)rasi%e grains on a grinding &heel for the "ur"ose of

restoring its face.

o tuberculation o The formation of locali*ed corrosion "roducts scattered o%er the surface in the form of 5no)li5e

mounds called tu)ercles. The formation of tu)ercles is usuall# associated &ith )iological corrosion.
o tube reducing o Reducing )oth the diameter and &all thic5ness of tu)ing &ith a mandrel and a "air of rolls. See

also s"inning .
o tube sinking o ;ra&ing tu)ing through a die or "assing it through rolls &ithout the use of an interior tool (such

as a mandrel or "lug+ to control inside diameter/ sin5ing generall# "roduces a tu)e of increased &all thic5ness and length.

o tube stock o A semifinished tu)e suita)le for su)se:uent reduction and finishing. o tumbling o Rotating &or5"ieces! usuall# castings or forgings! in a )arrel "artl# filled &ith metal slugs or

a)rasi%es! to remo%e sand! scale! or fins. It ma# )e done dr#! or &ith an a:ueous solution added to the contents of the )arrel. See also )arrel finishing .
o -urk#s-head rolls o Dour undri%en &or5ing rolls! arranged in a s:uare or rectangular "attern! through &hich metal

stri"! &ire! or tu)ing is dra&n to form s:uare or rectangular sections.

o turning o Remo%ing material )# forcing a single-"oint cutting tool against the surface of a rotating

&or5"iece. The tool ma# or ma# not )e mo%ed to&ard or along the a$is of rotation &hile it cuts a&a# material.
o tuyere o An o"ening in a cu"ola! )last furnace! or con%erter for the introduction of air or inert gas. o twin o T&o "ortions of a cr#stal &ith a definite orientation relationshi"/ one ma# )e regarded as the

"arent! the other as the t&in. The orientation of the t&in is a mirror image of the orientation of the "arent across a t&inning "lane or an orientation that can )e deri%ed )# rotating the t&in "ortion a)out a t&inning a$is. See also annealing t&in and mechanical t&in .
o twin bands o Cands across a cr#stal grain! o)ser%ed on a "olished and etched section! &here cr#stallogra"hic

orientations ha%e a mirror-image relationshi" to the orientation of the matri$ grain across a com"osition "lane that is usuall# "arallel to the sides of the )and.
o twist boundary o A su)grain )oundar# consisting of an arra# of scre& dislocations. o two-high mill o A t#"e of rolling mill in &hich onl# t&o rolls! the &or5ing rolls! are contained in a single

housing. 3om"are &ith four-high mill and cluster mill.

o type metal o An# of a series of allo#s containing lead (5>.5 to 95?+! antimon# (,.5 to ,5?+! and tin (,.5 to

,0?+ used to ma5e "rinting t#"e. Small amounts of co""er (8.5 to ,.0?+ are added to increase hardness in some a""lications. o U
o B-bend die o A die! commonl# used in "ress-)ra5e forming! that is machined hori*ontall# &ith a s:uare or

rectangular cross-sectional o"ening that "ro%ides t&o edges o%er &hich metal is dra&n into a channel sha"e.
o Bgine-$ejournet process o A direct e$trusion "rocess for metals that uses molten glass to insulate the hot )illet and to act as

a lu)ricant.
o ultimate elongation o The elongation at ru"ture. o ultimate strength o The ma$imum stress (tensile! com"ressi%e! or shear+ a material can sustain &ithout fracture/

determined )# di%iding ma$imum load )# the original cross-sectional area of the s"ecimen. Also 5no&n as nominal strength or ma$imum strength.

o ultimate tensile strength o The ultimate or final (highest+ stress sustained )# a s"ecimen in a tension test. o ultrahard tool materials o Fer# hard! &ear-resistant materials--s"ecificall#! "ol#cr#stalline diamond and "ol#cr#stalline

cu)ic )oron nitride--that are fa)ricated into solid or la#ered cutting tool )lan5s for machining a""lications.
o ultrahigh-strength steels o Structural steels &ith minimum #ield strengths of 83>0 .Ea (,00 5si+. o ultraprecision finishing o .achining "rocesses used to alter surface characteristics such as finish! &a%iness! roundness!

etc.! &ith su)stantial remo%al of the &or5 material. 4$am"les include la""ing and "olishing of o"tical lenses! com"uter chi"s! or magnetic heads! and honing of c#linder liners.
o ultrasonic beam o A )eam of acoustical radiation &ith a fre:uenc# higher than the fre:uenc# range for audi)le

sound--i.e.! a)o%e a)out ,0 5H*.

o ultrasonic cleaning o Immersion cleaning aided )# ultrasonic &a%es that cause microagitation. o ultrasonic fre+uency o A fre:uenc#! associated &ith elastic &a%es! that is greater than the highest audi)le fre:uenc#!

generall# regarded as )eing higher than ,0 5H*.

o ultrasonic impact grinding o A form of a)rasi%e grinding in &hich a nonrotating tool %i)rating at ultrasonic fre:uenc# causes

a grit-loaded slurr# to im"inge on the surface of a &or5"iece! and there)# remo%e material. 3om"are &ith ultrasonic machining .
o ultrasonic inspection o A nondestructi%e method in &hich )eams of high-fre:uenc# sound &a%es are introduced into

materials for the detection of surface and su)surface fla&s in the material. The sound &a%es tra%el through the material &ith some attendant loss of energ# (attenuation+ and are reflected at interfaces. The reflected )eam is dis"la#ed and then anal#*ed to define the "resence and location of fla&s or discontinuities. .ost ultrasonic ins"ection is done at fre:uencies )et&een 0.8 and ,5 .H*--&ell a)o%e the range of human hearing! &hich is a)out ,0 H* to ,0 5H*.
o ultrasonic machining o .aterial remo%al )# means of the ultrasonic %i)ration of a rotating diamond core drill or milling

tool. The "rocess does not in%ol%e an a)rasi%e slurr#/ instead! the diamond tool contacts and cuts the &or5"iece. 3om"are &ith ultrasonic im"act grinding .
o ultrasonic soldering o A soldering "rocess %ariation in &hich high-fre:uenc# %i)rator# energ# is transmitted through

molten solder to remo%e undesira)le surface films and there)# "romote &etting of the )ase metal. This o"eration is usuall# accom"lished &ithout a flu$.
o ultrasonic testing o See ultrasonic ins"ection . o ultrasonic welding o A solid-state &elding "rocess in &hich materials are &elded )# locall# a""l#ing high-fre:uenc#

%i)rator# energ# to a 'oint held together under "ressure.

o underbead crack o A crac5 in the heat-affected *one of a &eld generall# not e$tending to the surface of the )ase

metal.

o undercooling o Same as su"ercooling . o underdraft o A condition &herein a metal cur%es do&n&ard on lea%ing a set of rolls )ecause of higher s"eed

in the u""er roll.

o underfill o (8+ In &eldments! a de"ression on the face of the &eld or root surface e$tending )elo& the

surface of the ad'acent )ase metal. (,+ A "ortion of a forging that has insufficient metal to gi%e it the true sha"e of the im"ression.
o underfilm corrosion o 3orrosion that occurs under organic films in the form of randoml# distri)uted threadli5e

filaments or s"ots. In man# cases this is identical to filiform corrosion .

o understressing o A""l#ing a c#clic stress lo&er than the endurance limit. This ma# im"ro%e fatigue life if the

mem)er is later c#clicall# stressed at le%els a)o%e the endurance limit.

o uniaxial stress o A state of stress in &hich t&o of the three "rinci"al stresses are *ero. See also "rinci"al stress

(normal+ .
o uniform corrosion o (8+ A t#"e of corrosion attac5 (deterioration+ uniforml# distri)uted o%er a metal surface. (,+

3orrosion that "roceeds at a""ro$imatel# the same rate o%er a metal surface. Also called general corrosion.
o uniform elongation o The elongation at ma$imum load and immediatel# "receding the onset of nec5ing in a tensile

test.
o uniform strain o The strain occurring "rior to the )eginning of locali*ation of strain (nec5ing+/ the strain to

ma$imum load in the tension test.

o unit cell o A "arallele"i"ed element of cr#stal structure! containing a certain num)er of atoms! the re"etition

of &hich through s"ace &ill )uild u" the com"lete cr#stal.

o unit power o The net amount of "o&er re:uired during machining or grinding to remo%e a unit %olume of

material in unit time.

o universal forging mill o A com)ination of four h#draulic "resses arranged in one "lane e:ui""ed &ith )illet mani"ulators

and automatic controls! used for radial or dra& forging.

o universal mill o A rolling mill in &hich rolls &ith a %ertical a$is roll the edges of the metal stoc5 )et&een some

of the "asses through the hori*ontal rolls.

o upset o (8+ The locali*ed increase in cross-sectional area of a &or5"iece or &eldment resulting from the

a""lication of "ressure during mechanical fa)rication or &elding. (,+ That "ortion of a &elding c#cle during &hich the cross-sectional area is increased )# the a""lication of "ressure. (3+ Cul5 deformation resulting from the a""lication of "ressure in &elding. The u"set ma# )e measured as

a "ercent increase in interfacial area! a reduction in length! or a "ercent reduction in thic5ness (for la" 'oints+.
o upset forging o A forging o)tained )# u"set of a suita)le length of )ar! )illet! or )loom. o upsetting o The &or5ing of metal so that the cross-sectional area of a "ortion or all of the stoc5 is increased.

See also heading .

o upset welding o A resistance &elding "rocess in &hich the &eld is "roduced! simultaneousl# o%er the entire area

of a)utting surfaces or "rogressi%el# along a 'oint! )# a""l#ing mechanical force ("ressure+ to the 'oint! then causing electrical current to flo& across the 'oint to heat the a)utting surfaces. Eressure is maintained throughout the heating "eriod. o V
o vacancy o A structural im"erfection in &hich an indi%idual atom site is tem"oraril# unoccu"ied. o vacuum arc remelting /A3! o A consuma)le-electrode remelting "rocess in &hich heat is generated )# an electric arc )et&een

the electrode and the ingot. The "rocess is "erformed inside a %acuum cham)er. 4$"osure of the dro"lets of molten metal to the reduced "ressure reduces the amount of dissol%ed gas in the metal. See also consuma)le-electrode remelting .
o vacuum carburi"ing o A high-tem"erature gas car)uri*ing "rocess using furnace "ressures )et&een 83 and AB 5Ea (0.8

to 0.5 torr+ during the car)uri*ing "ortion of the c#cle. Steels undergoing this treatment are austeniti*ed in a rough %acuum! car)uri*ed in a "artial "ressure of h#drocar)on gas! diffused in a rough %acuum! and then :uenched in either oil or gas.
o vacuum casting o A casting "rocess in &hich metal is melted and "oured under %er# lo& atmos"heric "ressure/ a

form of "ermanent mold casting in &hich the mold is inserted into li:uid metal! %acuum is a""lied! and metal is dra&n u" into the ca%it#.
o vacuum degassing o The use of %acuum techni:ues to remo%e dissol%ed gases from molten allo#s. o vacuum deposition o ;e"osition of a metal film onto a su)strate in a %acuum )# metal e%a"oration techni:ues. o vacuum furnace o A furnace using lo& atmos"heric "ressures instead of a "rotecti%e gas atmos"here li5e most

heattreating furnaces.
o vacuum hot pressing o A method of "rocessing materials (es"eciall# metal and ceramic "o&ders+ at ele%ated

tem"eratures! consolidation "ressures! and lo& atmos"heric "ressures.

o vacuum induction melting /01! o A "rocess for remelting and refining metals in &hich the metal is melted inside a %acuum

cham)er )# induction heating. The metal can )e melted in a cruci)le and then "oured into a mold.
o vacuum melting o .elting in a %acuum to "re%ent contamination from air and to remo%e gases alread# dissol%ed in

the metal/ the solidification can also )e carried out in a %acuum or at lo& "ressure.
o

vacuum nitrocarburi"ing

o A su)atmos"heric nitrocar)uri*ing "rocess using a )asic atmos"here of 50? ammonia050?

methane! containing controlled o$#gen additions of u" to ,?.

o vacuum refining o .elting in a %acuum to remo%e gaseous contaminants from the metal. o vacuum sintering o Sintering of ceramics or metals at su)atmos"heric "ressure. o vapor degreasing o ;egreasing of &or5 in the %a"or o%er a )oiling li:uid sol%ent! the %a"or )eing considera)l#

hea%ier than air. At least one constituent of the soil must )e solu)le in the sol%ent. .odifications of this cleaning "rocess include %a"or-s"ra#-%a"or! &arm li:uid-%a"or! )oiling li:uid-&arm li:uid-%a"or! and ultrasonic degreasing.
o vapor deposition o See chemical %a"or de"osition ! "h#sical %a"or de"osition ! and s"uttering . o vapor plating o ;e"osition of a metal or com"ound on a heated surface )# reduction or decom"osition of a

%olatile com"ound at a tem"erature )elo& the melting "oints of the de"osit and the )ase material. The reduction is usuall# accom"lished )# a gaseous reducing agent such as h#drogen. The decom"osition "rocess ma# in%ol%e thermal dissociation or reaction &ith the )ase material. See also %acuum de"osition .
o /-bend die o A die commonl# used in "ress-)ra5e forming! usuall# machined &ith a triangular cross-sectional

o"ening to "ro%ide t&o edges as fulcrums for accom"lishing three-"oint )ending.

o vent o A small o"ening in a foundr# mold for the esca"e of gases. o vermicular graphite iron o Same as com"acted gra"hite iron . o vibratory finishing o A "rocess for de)urring and surface finishing in &hich the "roduct and an a)rasi%e mi$ture are

"laced in a container and %i)rated.

o /ickers hardness number */! o A num)er related to the a""lied load and the surface area of the "ermanent im"ression made )# a

s:uare-)ased "#ramidal diamond indenter ha%ing included face angles of 83AG! com"uted from o &here # is a""lied load (5gf+! d is mean diagonal of the im"ression (mm+! and is the face angle of the indenter (83AG+.
o /ickers hardness test o A microindentation hardness test em"lo#ing a 83AG diamond "#ramid indenter (Fic5ers+ and

%aria)le loads! ena)ling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness--from %er# soft lead to tungsten car)ide. Also 5no&n as diamond "#ramid hardness test. See also microindentation and microindentation hardness num)er .
o virgin metal o Same as "rimar# metal . o void o (8+ A shrin5age ca%it# "roduced in castings or &eldments during solidification. (,+ A term

generall# a""lied to "aints to descri)e holida#s! holes! and s5i"s in a film.

o / process o A molding (casting+ "rocess in &hich the sand is held in "lace in the mold )# %acuum. The mold

hal%es are co%ered &ith a thin sheet of "lastic to retain the %acuum. o W

o walking-beam furnace o A continuous-t#"e heat treating or sintering furnace consisting of t&o sets of rails! one stationar#

and the other mo%a)le! that lift and ad%ance "arts inside the hearth. 1ith this s#stem! the mo%ing rails lift the &or5 from the stationar# rails! mo%e it for&ard! and then lo&er it )ac5 onto the stationar# rails. The mo%ing rails then return to the starting "osition and re"eat the "rocess to ad%ance the "arts again.
o 9allner lines o A distinct "attern of intersecting sets of "arallel lines! sometimes "roducing a set of F-sha"ed

lines! sometimes o)ser%ed &hen %ie&ing )rittle fracture surfaces at high magnification in an electron microsco"e. 1allner lines are attri)uted to interaction )et&een a shoc5 &a%e and a )rittle crac5 front "ro"agating at high %elocit#. Sometimes 1allner lines are misinter"reted as fatigue striations.
o warm working o ;eformation of metals at ele%ated tem"eratures )elo& the recr#stalli*ation tem"erature. The flo&

stress and rate of strain hardening are reduced &ith increasing tem"erature/ therefore! lo&er forces are re:uired than in cold &or5ing. See also cold &or5ing and hot &or5ing .
o warpage o (8+ ;eformation other than contraction that de%elo"s in a casting )et&een solidification and room

tem"erature. (,+ The distortion that occurs during annealing! stress relie%ing! and hightem"erature ser%ice.
o wash o (8+ A coating a""lied to the face of a mold "rior to casting. (,+ An im"erfection at a cast surface

similar to a cut (3+ .

o wash metal o .olten metal used to &ash out a furnace! ladle! or other container. o waterjet:abrasive waterjet machining o A h#drod#namic machining "rocess that uses a high-%elocit# stream of &ater as a cutting tool.

This "rocess is limited to the cutting of nonmetallic materials &hen the 'et stream consists solel# of &ater. Ho&e%er! &hen fine a)rasi%e "articles are in'ected into the &ater stream! the "rocess can )e used to cut harder and denser materials. A)rasi%e &ater'et machining has e$"anded the range of fluid 'et machining to include the cutting of metals! glass! ceramics! and com"osite materials.
o water +uenching o A :uench in &hich &ater is the :uenching medium. The ma'or disad%antage of &ater :uenching

is its "oor efficienc# at the )eginning or hot stage of the :uenching "rocess. See also :uenching .
o waviness o A &a%eli5e %ariation from a "erfect surface! generall# much larger and &ider than the roughness

caused )# tool or grinding mar5s.

o wax pattern o A "recise du"licate! allo&ing for shrin5age! of the casting and re:uired gates! usuall# formed )#

"ouring or in'ecting molten &a$ into a die or mold. See also in%estment casting .
o wear o ;amage to a solid surface! generall# in%ol%ing "rogressi%e loss of material! due to a relati%e

motion )et&een that surface and a contacting surface or su)stance. 3om"are &ith surface damage .
o wear debris o Earticles that )ecome detached in a &ear "rocess. o wear pad

o In forming! an e$"enda)le "ad of ru))er or ru))erli5e material of nominal thic5ness that is

"laced against the dia"hragm to lessen the &ear on it. See also dia"hragm (,+ .
o weathering o 4$"osure of materials to the outdoor en%ironment. o weathering steels o 3o""er-)earing high-strength lo&-allo# steels that e$hi)it high resistance to atmos"heric

corrosion in the un"ainted condition.

o weave bead o A t#"e of &eld )ead made &ith trans%erse oscillation. o web o (8+ A relati%el# flat! thin "ortion of a forging that effects an interconnection )et&een ri)s and

)osses/ a "anel or &all that is generall# "arallel to the forging "lane. See also ri) . (,+ Dor t&ist drills and reamers! the central "ortion of the tool )od# that 'oins the lands. (3+ A "late or thin "ortion )et&een stiffening ri)s or flanges! as in an I-)eam! H-)eam! or other similar section.
o weight percent o Eercentage com"osition )# &eight. 3ontrast &ith atomic "ercent . o weld o A locali*ed coalescence of metals or nonmetals "roduced either )# heating the materials to

suita)le tem"eratures! &ith or &ithout the a""lication of "ressure! or )# the a""lication of "ressure alone &ith or &ithout the use of filler metal.
o weldability o The ca"acit# of a material to )e &elded under the im"osed fa)rication conditions into a s"ecific!

suita)l# designed structure and to "erform satisfactoril# in the intended ser%ice.

o weld bead o A de"osit of filler metal from a single &elding "ass. o weld crack o A crac5 in &eld metal. o weld decay o Intergranular corrosion! usuall# of stainless steels or certain nic5el-)ase allo#s! that occurs as the

result of sensiti*ation in the heat-affected *one during the &elding o"eration. See also sensiti*ation .
o welding o (8+ 7oining t&o or more "ieces of material )# a""l#ing heat or "ressure! or )oth! &ith or &ithout

filler material! to "roduce a locali*ed union through fusion or recr#stalli*ation across the interface. The thic5ness of the filler material is much greater than the ca"illar# dimensions encountered in )ra*ing. (,+ .a# also )e e$tended to include )ra*ing and soldering. (3+ In tri)olog#! adhesion )et&een solid surfaces in direct contact at an# tem"erature.
o o o o o o o o o o

welding current
The current in the &elding circuit during the ma5ing of a &eld.

welding cycle
The com"lete series of e%ents in%ol%ed in the ma5ing of a &eld.

welding electrode
See electrode (&elding+ .

welding ground
Same as &or5 lead .

welding leads
The electrical ca)les that ser%e as either &or5 lead or electrode lead of an arc &elding circuit.

o welding machine o 4:ui"ment used to "erform the &elding o"eration. Dor e$am"le! s"ot &elding machine! arc

&elding machine! seam &elding machine! etc.

o welding rod o A form of filler metal used for &elding or )ra*ing that does not conduct the electrical current!

and &hich ma# )e either fed into the &eld "ool or "re"laced in the 'oint.
o o o o o o o o

welding se+uence
The order in &hich the %arious com"onent "arts of a &eldment or structure are &elded.

welding stress
Residual stress caused )# locali*ed heating and cooling during &elding.

welding tip
A &elding torch ti" designed for &elding.

welding torch arc!

A de%ice used in the gas tungsten and "lasma arc &elding "rocesses to control the "osition of the electrode! to transfer current to the arc! and to direct the flo& of shielding and "lasma gas. See also gas tungsten arc &elding and "lasma arc &elding .
o welding torch oxyfuel gas! o A de%ice used in o$#fuel gas &elding! torch )ra*ing! and torch soldering for directing the heating

flame "roduced )# the controlled com)ustion of fuel gases. See also o$#fuel gas &elding .
o welding wire o A form of &elding filler metal! normall# "ac5aged as coils or s"ools! that ma# or ma# not

conduct electrical current de"ending on the &elding "rocess &ith &hich it is used. See also electrode (&elding+ and &elding rod .
o weld interface o The interface )et&een &eld metal and )ase metal in a fusion &eld! )et&een )ase metals in a

solid-state &eld &ithout filler metal! or )et&een filler metal and )ase metal in a solid-state &eld &ith a filler metal and in a )ra*e.
o o o o o o o o

weld line
See "referred term &eld interface .

weldment
An assem)l# &hose com"onent "arts are 'oined )# &elding.

weld metal
That "ortion of a &eld that has )een melted during &elding.

weld nugget

The &eld metal in s"ot! seam or "ro'ection &elding. See also nugget and resistance s"ot &elding .
o weld pass o A single "rogression of a &elding or surfacing o"eration along a 'oint! &eld de"osit! or su)strate.

The result of a "ass is a &eld )ead! la#er! or s"ra# de"osit.

o o o o o o o o

weld pool
The locali*ed %olume of molten metal in a &eld "rior to its solidification as &eld metal.

weld puddle
See "referred term &eld "ool .

weld reinforcement
1eld metal in e$cess of the :uantit# re:uired to fill a 'oint.

9enstrom mill
A rolling mill similar to a uni%ersal mill )ut &here the edges and sides of a rolled section are

acted on simultaneousl#.
o wet blasting o A "rocess for cleaning or finishing )# means of a slurr# of a)rasi%e in &ater directed at high

%elocit# against the &or5"ieces.

o wetting o (8+ The s"reading! and sometimes a)sor"tion! of a fluid on or into a surface. (,+ A condition in

&hich the interface tension )et&een a li:uid and a solid is such that the contact angle is 0G to 90G. (3+ The "henomenon &here)# a li:uid filler metal or flu$ s"reads and adheres in a thin continuous la#er on a solid )ase metal.
o wetting agent o (8+ A su)stance that reduces the surface tension of a li:uid! there)# causing it to s"read more

readil# on a solid surface. (,+ A surface-acti%e agent that "roduces &etting )# decreasing the cohesion &ithin the li:uid.
o whisker o (8+ A short single cr#stal fi)er or filament used as a reinforcement in a matri$. 1his5er diameters

range from 8 to ,5 m! &ith as"ect ratios (length to diameter ratio+ generall# )et&een 50 and 850. (,+ .etallic filamentar# gro&ths! often microsco"ic! sometimes formed during electrode"osition and sometimes s"ontaneousl# during storage or ser%ice! after finishing.
o white-etching layer o A surface la#er in a steel that! as %ie&ed in a section after etching! a""ears &hiter than the )ase

metal. The "resence of the la#er ma# )e due to a num)er of causes! including "lastic deformation induced )# machining or surface ru))ing! heating during a metallogra"hic "re"aration stage to such an e$tent that the la#er is austeniti*ed and then hardened during cooling! and diffusion of e$traneous elements into the surface.
o whiteheart malleable o See mallea)le iron . o white iron o A cast iron that is essentiall# free of gra"hite! and most of the car)on content is "resent as

se"arate grains of hard De33. 1hite iron e$hi)its a &hite! cr#stalline fracture surface )ecause fracture occurs along the iron car)ide "latelets.
o white layer o (8+ 3om"ound la#er that forms in steels as a result of the nitriding "rocess. (,+ In tri)olog#! a

&hite-etching layer! t#"icall# associated &ith ferrous allo#s! that is %isi)le in metallogra"hic cross sections of )earing surfaces. See also Ceil)# la#er .
o white metal o (8+ A general term co%ering a grou" of &hite-colored metals of relati%el# lo& melting "oints

)ased on tin or lead. (,+ A co""er matte of a)out BB? 3u o)tained from smelting of sulfide co""er ores.
o white rust o Linc o$ide/ the "o&der "roduct of corrosion of *inc or *inc-coated surfaces. o 9idmanstCtten structure o A structure characteri*ed )# a geometrical "attern resulting from the formation of a ne& "hase

along certain cr#stallogra"hic "lanes of the "arent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the ne& "hase is related cr#stallogra"hicall# to the orientation of the lattice in the "arent "hase. The structure &as originall# o)ser%ed in meteorites! )ut is readil# "roduced in man# allo#s! such as titanium! )# a""ro"riate heat treatment.
o wildness o A condition that e$ists &hen molten metal! during cooling! e%ol%es so much gas that it )ecomes

%iolentl# agitated! forci)l# e'ecting metal from the mold or other container.

o winning o Reco%ering a metal from an ore or chemical com"ound using an# suita)le h#drometallurgical!

"#rometallurgical! or electrometallurgical method.

o wiped coat o A hot di""ed gal%ani*ed coating from &hich %irtuall# all free *inc is remo%ed )# &i"ing "rior to

solidification! lea%ing onl# a thin *inc-iron allo# la#er.

o wiped joint o A 'oint made &ith solder ha%ing a &ide melting range and &ith the heat su""lied )# the molten

solder "oured onto the 'oint. The solder is mani"ulated &ith a hand-held cloth or "addle so as to o)tain the re:uired si*e and contour.
o wiper forming, wiping o .ethod of cur%ing sheet metal sections or tu)ing o%er a form )loc5 or die in &hich this form

)loc5 is mo%ed relati%e to a &i"er )loc5 or slide )loc5.

o wiping effect o Acti%ation of a metal surface )# mechanical ru))ing or &i"ing to enhance the formation of

con%ersion coatings! such as "hos"hate coatings.

o wire o (8+ A thin! fle$i)le! continuous length of metal! usuall# of circular cross section! and usuall#

"roduced )# dra&ing through a die. The si*e limits for round &ire sections range from a""ro$imatel# 0.83 mm (0.005 in.+ to ,5 mm (8 in.+. Larger rounds are commonl# referred to as )ars. See also flat &ire . (,+ A length of single metallic electrical conductor! it ma# )e of solid! stranded or tinsel construction! and ma# )e either )are or insulated.
o wire bar o A cast sha"e! "articularl# of tough "itch co""er! that has a cross section a""ro$imatel# s:uare

&ith ta"ered ends! designed for hot rolling to rod for su)se:uent dra&ing into &ire.
o wire drawing o Reducing the cross section of &ire )# "ulling it through a die. o wire flame spraying o A thermal s"ra#ing "rocess %ariation in &hich the material to )e s"ra#ed is in &ire or rod form.

See also flame s"ra#ing .

o wire rod o Hot-rolled coiled stoc5 that is to )e cold dra&n into &ire. o wiring o Dormation of a curl along the edge of a shell! tu)e! or sheet and insertion of a rod or &ire &ithin

the curl for stiffening the edge. See also curling .

o woody structure o A macrostructure! found "articularl# in &rought iron and in e$truded rods of aluminum allo#s!

that sho&s elongated surfaces of se"aration &hen fractured.

o work hardening o Same as strain hardening . o working electrode o The test or s"ecimen electrode in an electrochemical cell. o work lead o The electrical conductor connecting the source of arc &elding current to the &or5. Also called

&or5 connection! &elding ground! or ground lead.

o worm o An e$udation (s&eat+ of molten metal forced through the to" crust of solidif#ing metal )# gas

e%olution. See also *inc &orms .

o wrap forming o See stretch forming . o wrinkling o A &a%# condition o)tained in dee" dra&ing of sheet metal! in the area of the metal )et&een the

edge of the flange and the dra& radius. 1rin5ling ma# also occur in other forming o"erations &hen un)alanced com"ressi%e forces are set u".
o wrought iron o A commercial iron consisting of slag (iron silicate+ fi)ers entrained in a ferrite matri$. o X o x-ray o A "enetrating electromagnetic radiation! usuall# generated )# accelerating electrons to high

%elocit# and suddenl# sto""ing them )# collision &ith a solid )od#. 1a%elengths of $-ra#s range from a)out 80-8 to 80-, ! the a%erage &a%elength used in research )eing a)out 8 . Also 5no&n as roentgen ra# or $-radiation. See also electromagnetic radiation .
o x-ray diffraction D3'! o An anal#tical techni:ue in &hich measurements are made of the angles at &hich $-ra#s are

"referentiall# scattered from a sam"le (as &ell as of the intensities scattered at %arious angles+ in order to deduce information on the cr#stalline nature of the sam"le--its cr#stal structure! orientations! and so on.
o x-ray fluorescence o 4mission )# a su)stance of its characteristic $-ra# line s"ectrum on e$"osure to $-ra#s. o x-ray map o An intensit# ma" (usuall# corres"onding to an image+ in &hich the intensit# in an# area is

"ro"ortional to the concentration of a s"ecific element in that area.

o x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy D%$! o An anal#tical techni:ue that measures the energ# s"ectra of electrons emitted from the surface of

a material &hen e$"osed to monochromatic $-ra#s.

o x-ray spectrometry o .easurement of &a%elengths of $-ra#s )# o)ser%ing their diffraction )# cr#stals of 5no&n lattice

s"acing.
o x-ray spectrum o The "lot of the intensit# or num)er of $-ra# "hotons %ersus energ# (or &a%elength+. o x-ray topography o A techni:ue that com"rises to"ogra"h# and $-ra# diffraction. The term to"ogra"h# refers to a

detailed descri"tion and ma""ing of "h#sical (surface+ features in a region. In the conte$t of the $-ra# diffraction! to"ogra"hic methods are used to sur%e# the lattice structure and im"erfections in cr#stalline materials. o Y
o E-block o A single 5eel )loc5 . o yellow brass o A name sometimes used in reference to the A53u-35Ln t#"e of )rass. o yield o (8+ 4%idence of "lastic deformation in structural materials. Also 5no&n as "lastic flo& or cree".

See also flo& . (,+ The ratio of the num)er of acce"ta)le items "roduced in a "roduction run to the total num)er that &ere attem"ted to )e "roduced. (3+ 3om"arison of casting &eight to the total &eight of metal "oured into the mold.
o

yield point

o The first stress in a material! usuall# less than the ma$imum attaina)le stress! at &hich an

increase in strain occurs &ithout an increase in stress. Onl# certain materials--those that e$hi)it a locali*ed! heterogeneous t#"e of transition from elastic to "lastic deformation--"roduce a #ield "oint. If there is a decrease in stress after #ielding! a distinction ma# )e made )et&een u""er and lo&er #ield "oints. The load at &hich a sudden dro" in the flo& cur%e occurs is called the u""er #ield "oint. The constant load sho&n on the flo& cur%e is the lo&er #ield "oint.
o yield point elongation o In materials that e$hi)it a #ield "oint! the difference )et&een the elongation at the com"letion

and at the start of discontinuous #ield.

o yield strength o The stress at &hich a material e$hi)its a s"ecified de%iation from "ro"ortionalit# of stress and

strain. An offset of 0.,? is used for man# materials! "articularl# metals. 3om"are &ith tensile strength .
o yield stress o The stress le%el of highl# ductile materials at &hich large strains ta5e "lace &ithout further

increase in stress.
o Eoung#s modulus o A term used s#non#mousl# &ith modulus of elasticit#. The ratio of tensile or com"ressi%e

stresses to the resulting strain. See also modulus of elasticit# . o Z

o "inc worms o Surface im"erfections! characteristic of high-*inc )rass castings! that occur &hen *inc %a"or

condenses at the mold0metal interface! &here it is o$idi*ed and then )ecomes entra""ed in the solidif#ing metals.
o "incrometal o A steel coil-coated "roduct consisting of a mi$ed-o$ide underla#er containing *inc "articles and

a *inc-rich organic (e"o$#+ to"coat. It is &elda)le! forma)le! "ainta)le! and com"ati)le &ith commonl# used adhesi%es. Lincrometal is used to "rotect outer )od# door "anels in automo)iles from corrosion.
o "one melting o Highl# locali*ed melting! usuall# )# induction heating! of a small %olume of an other&ise solid

metal "iece! usuall# a metal rod. C# mo%ing the induction coil along the rod! the melted *one can )e transferred from one end to the other. In a )inar# mi$ture &here there is a large difference in com"osition on the li:uidus and solidus lines! high "urit# can )e attained )# concentrating one of the constituents in the li:uid as it mo%es along the rod.