Thermal Thermal Conductivity Conductivity of of Nanoparticular Nanoparticular Ceramic Ceramic

The Model
Two mechanism for heat transport at high temperature (T~TD) are taken in considereation as independently (electron-phonon interaction negligible):

k = k ph + kr

kph and kr are the phonon and radiation part of the TC

The Phonon part: Scattering at the grain boundaries and the phononphonon interaction.

Phenomenological Model
Ho-Soon Yang, G.-R. Bai, L.J. Thompson, J.A. Eastman , Acta Materialia 50 (2002) 2309 c - Zirconia 300 K

5K

Based on Fouriers law:

ki k= ki Rk 1+ d

Rk = Kapitza resistance ki = thermal conductivity of bulk material (single crystal)

Heat conduction by lattice waves:

1 ki = C ( f ) v( f ) l ( f )df 30

fm

 kd

: P.G. Klemens et al. Mat Sci Engin.A.254 (1998) 143 G. Chen et al. Mat Sci Engin.A.292 (2000) 155 with attenuation length l

K gb : Grain boundaries scatter independently of f

comparable to the grain size:

k gb = ki ( f gb / f m ) arctan( f gb / f m ) with li ( f gb , T ) = grain size

P.G. Klemens , M.Gell. Mat Sci Engin.A.254 (1998) 143

Calculation of the thermal conductivity of cubic zirconia based on the lattice wave model
P.G. Klemens , M.Gell. Mat Sci Engin.A.254 (1998) 143

Anderson localization of phonons

shift of the phonon frequency due to hopping 2 4 a ( ka )t S D D cos( ), ~ ; t S xc 2 2a were x 0.35

S = contact area

Influence of the microstructure

The Cohesion factor,C, determined by image analysis gives a mean number of neighbours for a grain in a 3-D structure. Pores influences also the contact area S as well as C

k* ph = k ph C = 2C

Thermal conductivity of ceramic: Ki and Kgb

Summary Model
Scattering at the grain boundary determines the phonon mean free path that becomes now comparable with the grain size and is independent of the phonon wavelength. This means that the phonons whose wavelength is of about the lattice constant determine the thermal conductivity at high temperatures. This distinguish the nanostructured materials from the monocrystalline or amorphous ones where the phonons of different wavelength are of the same importance for TC

Sample Fabrication and Characterisation

FD1 High purity alumina FD2 High purity alumina doped with 0.05% MgO; CIP and plasma spark sintering (M. Nygren, SZ. Zhe, ARLAB, Stockholm University of Stockholm, Sweden) Measurement of Cp and k between 0 and 1200 C at Uni Moscow and RWTH Aachen

*estimation (less than 400 measurements)

Simulation of thermal conductivity of alumina with HEATNANO

45

t = 0.15)
40 35 30 alumina bulk 25
1 m
Thermal Conductivity (W/m K)

2.5

50 nm

Thermal Conductivity (W/m K)

1.5

10 nm 5 nm
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

0.5

20 15 10
100 nm 500 nm 250 nm

0 Temperature (C)

5 0
0

50 nm 10; 5 nm 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Temperature (C)

Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids

X-Q Wang, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 46 (2007) 119

Theories

Schematic diagrams of several possible mechanisms: (a) Enhancement of k due to formation of highly conductive layer-liquid structure at liquid/particle interface; (b) Ballistic and diffusive phonon transport in a solid particle; (c) Enhancement of k due to increased effective of highly conducting clusters.

Thermal conductivity in selforganized structures, Phononics?

80 nm silica

20 nm

5 nm Gold particles

Phononic bandgaps. a, A sound wave is incident on the surface of a two-dimensional phononic crystal made of cylinders arranged in a triangular lattice. As the frequency of the incoming wave is not inside the phononic bandgap, the wave is transmitted through the structure. b, The sound wave now has a frequency within the gap. The propagation of the wave is not permitted within the phononic crystal and is reflected backwards.

WEI CHENG, nature materials , VOL 5 , OCTOBER 2006 , 830