Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Kanpur (UP) 208016, INDIA

Lab Report content: ME-341, Heat and Mass Transfer

Experiments: 4(a) Heat transfer through extend surface

4(b) Pin fin forced convection heat transfer

Content of the report

1. Cover page: Title of the experiments Names and Roll numbers (ascending order) of students Submission date 2. Objective 3. Experimental procedure 4. Observations (Data sheet/s) 5. Sample calculation/s 6. Results and plots 7. Discussion on results 8. Conclusions

Note: Please do not submit incomplete report. Report must be arranged as per the points detailed above before submitting.

Experiment 1(a): Heat transfer through extended surface

1. Objective
I. II. Measuring the temperature distribution along an extended surface and comparing the result with a theoretical analysis Calculating the heat transfer from an extended surface resulting from combined modes of free convection and radiation heat transfer and comparing the result with the theoretical analysis Determining the thermal conductivity of the rod material

III.

2. Method
By heating one end of a solid cylindrical rod (a pin) and measuring the temperature distribution along the surface of the rod

3. Equipment required
HT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit HT15 Extended Surface Heat Transfer Accessory PC with HT10X-90IFD Data Logging Accessory

4. Equipment set-up
Before proceeding with the exercise ensure that equipment has been prepared as follows: Locate the HT15 Extended Surface Heat Transfer Accessory alongside the HT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit on a suitable bench. Since heat transfer from the extended surface relies on natural convection and radiation to the surroundings, the accessory must be located away from draughts or source of radiation.

Figure 1. Schematic of experimental set-up Connect the nine thermocouples on the HT15 to the appropriate sockets on the front of the service unit. Ensure that the labels on the thermocouples leads (T1 T9) match the labels on the sockets. Set the voltage control potentiometer to minimum (anticlockwise) and selector switch to MANUAL then connect the power lead from the HT15 to the socket marked O/P 3 at the rear of the service unit.

5. Theory/ Background
Part I. The term extended surface is commonly used to depict an important special case involving heat transfer by conduction within a solid and heat transfer by convection (and/or radiation) from the boundaries of the solid. The direction of heat transfer in extended surfaces from the boundaries is perpendicular to the principal direction of heat transfer in the solid. A temperature gradient exists along each fin or pin due to the combination of the conductivity of the material and heat loss to the surroundings (greater at the root and less at the tip). The temperature distribution along the fin or pin must be known to determine the heat transfer from the surface to its surroundings. Since radiation and natural convection from the surface occur simultaneously, both of these effects must also be included in the analysis. By considering the steady-state energy balance for an extended surface of uniform material and cross-sectional area, the following equation can be derived: 2 () 2 () = 0 2 Where 2 = ; () = Since H, P, K brass and A are constant for a given rod with fixed power input, therefore m2 must be a constant.

Figure 2. Geometrical description of experimental set-up Assuming that the diameter of the pin is small in comparison with its length then heat loss at the tip can be assumed to be negligible (at the tip x=L). () = 0 =

Therefore: () cosh ( ) = = 1 cosh Note that the magnitude of the temperature gradient decreases with increasing x. This trend is a consequence of the reduction in the conduction heat transfer with increasing x due to continuous convection and radiation losses from the fin surface. Part II. The total heat loss from the rod can be calculated as follows: Q tot = H A s (T s - T a ) (W) Where the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) H is the combined coefficient due to natural convection and radiation, i.e. H = Hc + Hr (Wm-2K-1) and As = D L (Total area of the extended surface) where: L = Length of the rod (distance from T1 to T8) = 35 cm Note: The distance between each thermocouple thermocouple is 5 cm starting from 0.0 cm at T1. D = Diameter of the rod = 1 cm T s = Average surface temperature of the rod (averaged from temperature T1 to T8) T a = Ambient air temperature (T9) The average CHT Hc can be calculated from the formula given below (Fundamentals of heat transfer, Incropera and DeWitt): = Where =
-10

convection on a horizontal circular cylinder are given in the table below. Ra D 10 10-2 10-2 102 102 10-4 104 107 107 1012 C 0.675 1.02 0.850 0.480 0.125 n 0.058 0.148 0.188 0.250 0.333

( ) 3

, and constants of above equation for natural/free

The average radiative heat transfer coefficient Hr can be calculated as follows: =

4 4 ) (

Where: = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.6710-8 (Wm-2K-4) = Emissivity of the surface 0.85 F = View factor = 1

( )

Part III. Then the thermal conductivity of the material is given as: 2 Where P = Perimeter of the pin = D

6. Procedure

A = Cross sectional area of the pin =

2 4

Switch on the main switch. Set the heater voltage to 20 Volts with the help of voltage control potentiometer. Monitor temperature T1 regularly and when T1 reaches 80C, reduce the heater voltage to 9 Volts (the initial higher setting will reduce the time taken for the temperature on the rod to stabilize). Allow the temperature to stabilize till steady state reached. Record the voltage and current supplied to the heater. Record the temperature at each position along the rod (T1 to T8) and ambient air temperature (T9). Set the heater voltage to 12 and 16 volts and follow the above steps.

7. Observation Tables
Measurement for 9 V Heater Voltage V (V) : Thermocouple Description Number Location (cm) Time 1: Temperature T x (C) Time 2: Time 3: Measurement for 12 V Heater Voltage V (V) : Thermocouple Description Number Location (cm) Time 1: Temperature T x (C) Time 2: Time 3: Measurement for 16 V Heater Voltage V (V) : Thermocouple Description Number Location (cm) Time 1: Temperature T x (C) Time 2: Time 3: Heater current I (A) : T1 T2 T3 T4 Heater Power Qin (W) : T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Heater current I (A) : T1 T2 T3 T4 Heater Power Qin (W) : T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Heater current I (A) : T1 T2 T3 T4 Heater Power Qin (W) : T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 -

8. Results and calculations

Perform the results and calculation based on the recorded data as per formulas mentioned above. Part I. Find the value of constant m using any iterative technique for thermocouple T1 to T8 (the initial guess for the value of m can be taken 8.0). Calculate the theoretical temperature T x at each point along the rod using average value of m. Estimate the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your calculated values for m and measured values for T1 to T9, x and L. Plot measured surface temperature Tx from experiment and theoretical temperature profile (calculated using average value of m) against position x (in same plot) along the extended surface clearly showing the data points on the plot.

Part II. Compare the measured power Q in to the heater with the calculated heat loss Q tot from the rod. Part III. Compare the measured thermal conductivity with the suggested thermal conductivity for brass rod k brass = 121 Wm-2K-1.

9. Discussion on results
Discuss about your findings in the results and explain/ provide reasons for deviations of the experimental results with the theoretical/analytical solution/s.

10.Conclusions
Conclude the experimental results obtained in the experiments.

Experiment 1(b) Forced convection heat transfer through pin fin

1. Objective
I. II. III. To obtain the variation of temperature along the length of a pin fin under forced convection from the experiment. To determine the value of heat transfer coefficient under forced convection from the experiment. To evaluate : a. Theoretical values of temperature along the length of the fin. b. Effectiveness and efficiency of the fin.

2. Theory
The heat transfer in convection is given by Newtons law of cooling q = h.A.T where q is the heat transfer rate, h is the heat transfer coefficient and T is the temperature difference, A is the surface area through which transfer occurs. To increase the heat transfer rate q, whether increase the surface A or increase the heat transfer coefficient h. But in some case it is not possible to increase h, in that case the only way is increase the surface area, the surface area is increased by attaching some extra material in the form of rod (circular or rectangular ) on the surface where higher heat transfer rate is required. That extra material attached to the surface is called the surface or fins. The fins are called plane surface fins if they are attached to plane surface, circumferential fins if attached to cylindrical surface. The cross-section of fin may be circular, rectangular, triangular or parabolic. Temperature distribution and heat transfer from a fin of finite length with insulated tip:
T T coshm(L x) = = coshmL 0 T1 T

Temperature distribution along the length of the fin is:

T = Temperature at any distance x from the base T = Ambient temperature, T 1 = Base Temperature/ or at thermocouple 1. L = length of the fin = 200mm Where h is the heat transfer coefficient; =

P = Perimeter of the fin A = Area of the fin K = Thermal conductivity of the fin material = 110 W/m-K Heat transfer rate = 0

Fin effectiveness

Effectiveness of a fin is defined as the ratio of the heat transfer with fin to heat transfer from the surface without fin. For insulted tip effectiveness of the fin: P. k = tanhmL h. A

Fin efficiency

3. Procedure

The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transferred by the fin to the maximum heat transferred to the fin if the entire tin area is at the same temperature. Efficiency of the fin: tanhmL = mL Connect the equipment to electric power supply. Keep the thermocouple selector switch to zero position. Switch on the blower. Turn the dimmer stat knob clockwise and adjust the power input to the heater to the desired value. Allow the unit to stabilize; approximate waiting time is 40-50 minutes. Turn the thermocouple selector clockwise and note down the temperature T 1 to T6. Note down the difference in the level of the manometer. Repeat the experiment for different power input to the heater.

4. Precautions
Switch on the blower before turning on the heater. When the experiment is complete, first turn off the heater then some time turn off the blower. Do not stop the blower in between the testing period.

5. Observation Table
Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (min) Heat Input (W) Pressure drop h (cm) Temperatures (C) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

6. Results and calculations

i. Average surface temperature of fin is given by T s = (T 1 + T 2 + T 3 + T 4 + T 5 )/5 T 6 = ambient temperature T m = mean temperature = (T s + T 6 )/2 ii. Properties of air are evaluated at T m a) Kinematic viscosity () = .. m2/s b) Prandtl no. (Pr) = .. c) Thermal conductivity of air ( K a ) = .W/mK Velocity at orifice (V 0 ) = Cd 2gh.
wa a

iii.

Where = 0.52 Coefficient of discharge (C) = 0.85 Density of manometric fluid ( w ) = 1000 Kg/m3 Density of air ( a ) = 1.17 Kg/m3 iv. Velocity of air in the duct ( V) = 2 d0 Va = V0 . 4 WxB

. (1 4 )0.5

(Velocity at orifice)(Crosssectional area of orifice ) (Crosssectional area of duct)

Where d 0 is the diameter of orifice = 0.02m W = width of the duct = 0.15m B = Breadth of the duct = 0.1m

v.

Nusselt no. (Nu) = C Ren.Pr1/3 = where h is heat transfer coefficient.

Reynolds Number (Re) = (D.V a )/

C is a constant and n is index values, which are given in table below for different ranges of Reynolds number. n Reynolds No. C 0.4-40 4-40 40-4000 4000-40000 40000-400000 0.989 0.911 0.683 0.293 0.27 0.33 0.385 0.466 0.618 0.805

Specifications o Length of the fin L= 150mm o Diameter of the fin (D) = 12mm o Thermal conductivity of the fin material (brass) = 110 W/m-K o Diameter of the orifice (d 0 ) = 20 o Width of the duct W = 15 cm o Breadth of the duct B = 10 cm o Coefficient of discharge of the orifice = 0.85 o Density of manometric fluid water = 1000Kg/m3 Properties of air at mean temperature Temp (K) 250 300 350 400 (kg/m3) 1.3947 1.1614 0.9950 0.8711 Cp (kJ/kg-K)) 1.006 1.007 1.009 1.014 (x107) (Ns/m2) 159.6 184.6 209.2 230.1 (x106) (m2/s) 11.44 15.89 20.92 26.41 K a (x103) (W/m-K) 22.3 26.3 30.0 33.8 (m2/s) 15.9 22.5 29.0 38.3 Pr 0.720 0.707 0.700 0.690

7. Discussion on results
Discuss about your findings in the results and explain/ provide reasons for deviations of the experimental results with the theoretical/analytical solution/s.

8. Conclusions
Conclude the experimental results obtained in the experiments.