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ABSTRACT
There are various modes of heat transport to liquids. Among them film boiling is considered to be the most inefficient mechanism, even though it is important in many engineering applications. This report discusses boiling phenomenon especially about film boiling
1. INTRODUCTION
Film boiling is a phenomenon, which occurs when liquid is brought into contact with a considerably warmer solid surface. A continuous layer of vapour covers the heating surface and keeps the liquid from contacting the surface. This insulating effect of vapour reduces the rate of heat transfer and coefficient. This has a significant impact on the process energy economy. Film boiling is considered as an inefficient mode of heat transfer, even though it occurs in many practical engineering applications like quenching of metals, regenerative cooling of rockets, and cooling down a cryogenic fuel tank, and sometimes film boiling can also happen in the nuclear reactor or in the cryomagnet.
2. BOILING PHENOMENON
Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding environmental pressure.During boiling vapour bubbles forms at the heating surface. These bubbles form at the nucleation sites whose number and location depends upon the surface roughness or cavities, fluid properties and operating conditions. The boiling heat transfer coefficient is very sensitive to the temperature difference between the surface and the liquid.
which bubble production commences on surface initially small number of nucleation sites are active. At higher flux number of nucleation sites increases, bubbles coalesce and form irregular columns of vapor leaving the surface. At D departure from nucleate boiling occurs also known as Critical Heat Flux. Region D to E is transition boiling region. Here, vapour film begins to form, thermal conductivity of vapor is much less than that of liquid. Flux
decreases. Next is the film boiling region, here heated surface is covered by a continuous film of vapour and heat is transferred mainly by radiation. Flux increases.
Among these boiling, transition boiling is an intermediate and unstable one, so studies are limited only in nucleate and film boiling.
3. NUCLEATE BOILING
Actually nucleate boiling is more advantageous due to the high heat flux, but nucleate boiling process has a complex nature. A limited number of experimental studies have provided valuable insights into the boiling phenomena; however these studies often resulted in contradictory data due to internal recalculation (state of chaos in the fluid not applying to classical thermodynamic methods of
calculation, therefore giving wrong return values) and have not provided conclusive findings yet to develop models and correlations. Nucleate boiling phenomenon still requires more understanding. Under these conditions, film boiling is practically suitable over nucleate boiling. (Ref.3)
4. FILM BOILING
In film boiling, continuous vapour layer covers the heating surface and keeps the liquid from contacting the surface. Here, heat is conducted along the thin vapour film to cause evaporation at the liquid vapor interface. The discussion about film boiling is divided into three parts: film boiling of the unconstrained liquid mass (Leiden frost phenomenon); the pool film boiling; and forced convective film boiling inside a channel or tube
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Where, the two coefficients 0.5 and 0.732 are for no-slip and slip boundary conditions respectively. This equation apparently predicts film boiling for a short, lower portion of the surface fairly well. In further studies wave profile is present at the interface. With the onset of a wavy interface, the laminar velocity profile can no longer hold. The vapour flow is assumed to have a laminar sub layer and a turbulent core. The vapour-liquid interface as a turbulent layer, or as a buffer layer with a turbulent layer. The flow pattern can be observed in the channel using dye tracer at a proper Reynolds number. The waves on the interface should be an important factor in analyzing film boiling. The effective film resistance associated with the minimum film thickness of the wavy pattern when the wave amplitude is high, it may cause occasional contact of the liquid with the heating surface.
The problem was solved by covering the porous heating surface with another thin porous sheet, such as asbestos or ceramic sheet which apparently prevented liquid from touching the heater.
Film boiling from a horizontal cylinder can be represented by famous Bromley equation, which is given below
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This equation was derived for laminar flow with the buoyancy force balanced by the viscous force. All the correlations for the horizontal cylinder are based upon the assumption of laminar flow in a smooth vapor gap. Such an assumption might be correct for the lower half of the cylinder but certainly do not reflect the true situation at the upper half, where flow pattern is wavy and chaotic, especially for larger tubes. Yet the existing correlations were able to make fairly close predictions of the overall heat transfer rate 4.2.4 SPHERE The suitable example for film boiling from a sphere is quenching of a submerged film, the equation for this is
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The drawback of this equation is it can use only for a limited range of diameter
Body force has effect on film boiling in a channel. It was found that increase of g-load shift the Wet-wall zone downstream.
CONCLUCION Now we can understand about Leiden frost, pool film boiling and film boiling in a channel. Factors affecting the above phenomena and various types are discussed. More studies are needed to understand the effect of flow acceleration, drop distributions, etc. In spite of all the deficiencies of film boiling it is better than nucleate boiling. Nevertheless lots of studies should be pursued in the area of film boiling for getting required results.
REFERENCES
1. Mc.Cabe and Smith: Unit operations of chemical engineering, seventh edition 2. Binay K.Dutta : Heat Transfer Principle and application, Eleventh edition 3. Satish G.Kandlikar :Handbook of Phase change 4. L. B. Wachters; H. Bonne; and Van Nouchuis: The Heat Transfer from a Hot Horizontal Plate to Sessile Water Drops in the Spheroidal State. Chem. Erg. Sci., -21: 923 (1966) 5. M. J. Bell: Leidenfrost Review. Chem. Eng. Progr. Symp. Ser. 67,-63 (1967). 6. T. W. Hoffman: Discussion on the papers on Leidenfrost Phenomena.Proc. Third Intern. Heat Transfer Conf., VI: 267 (1966). 7. E. G. Brentari; and V. Smith: Nucleate and Film Pool Boiling Design Correlation, Advan. Cryog. Eng., 10: 325 (1965). 8. John A. Clark: Gravic and Agravic Effects in Cryogenic Heat Transfer. Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser. 87 9 - 64: 93 (1968). 9. L. A, Bromley: Heat Transfer in Film Boiling, Chem. Eng. Program. -46: 10. Y, Y. Hsu: Film Boiling From a Vertical Surface. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Illinois (1958). 11. J. C. Y. Moh: Analysis of Film Boiling on Vertical Surfaces. Journal of Heat Transfer 9 - 84: 55 (1962). 12. E. E. Polomik; 5. Levy; and 3. G. Sawochka: Film Boiling of Steam-Water Mixtures in Annular Flow at 800, 1100, and 1400 psi. ASMEPaper 62-WA-136 (1962). 13. S. Rankin: Heat Transfer to Boiling Liquid under Conditions of High Temperature Difference and Forced Convection. Univ. of Delaware, Dept. of Chem. Eng., Tech. Rept.
LIST OF SYMBOLS
cP specific heat of constant pressure D diameter g gravitational acceleration h heat transfer coefficient K thermal conductivity L Laplace length Nu Nusselt number Ra Raleigh number T temperature difference latent heat * modified latent heat to include sensible heat effect density viscosity
SUBSCRIPTS
l liquid v vapour