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SPE 20138 Reservoir Management: A Synergistic Approach

&C. Thakur, Chevron U.S.A. Inc. SPE Member

Copyright t9S0, Socfefy of Petroleum Engineers Inc. Thie paper waa prepared for presentatkn at the 1990 PermianBaaln011and Gas Recovery Conference heldIn Midland,Taxae, March S-9, 1800. Thla paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee followlng review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(e), Contents of the paper, as presented, havenotbeenreviewedby the Societyof Petroleum Engineers and are aubjactto correction by the author(a). The material,as presented, doesnotnacwwrily raflact

anyposition oftheSociety of Petroleum Englnwr8,Itaoftkere,or members. Paperspresented at SPE meetinge are subject to publkation reviewby Editorial Commttfeea of theSwlety ofPetroleum Englnaere. Permleaion toWY faraafrktad toanabstract ofnotrmxethan300 wwde.Wafrafknsmaynotbe@pied.Theabstract should centain cawpkww ecWwWgmant n 7--3333. Telex, 7309S9 SpEDAL. of whereand by whomthe paperISprewntad. Write PublkationaManager,SpE, p.O- *X S3WS, Richardson,

ABSTRACT
Becauee of the complexities and varied areas of expertise Involved in making a primary, secondary, or enhanced recovery prodect successful ~ it has become necessary to adopt a team approach for Until the early 1970s, reservoir management. reservoir engineering was considered the only iteto of technical importance in the management of a reservoir, However, after understandingthe value The of geology, this no longer holds true. eynergism provided by the interaction between geology and reservoir engineering haa been quite successful, but the reservoir management has generally failed to recognize the value of other diectplines, e.g. production operations, drilling, and different engineeringfunctions.

A team building approach, involving in-houee reservoir management forums lworkshope, has alao been employed. The main objective of the workshops facilitate cotmmnicat ion among has been to engineering, geology, geophysics, and operationa Synergetic recommendations for project staff. improvement have been a mutual outgrowth of these forums.

INTRODUCTION The first task of this paper is to define The Webster dictionary reservoir management. defines management as the judicious use of meana to accomplish an end. Thus, the management of reservoirs can be interpretedas the judicious use of various means available to a businessman in order to maximize his benefits (profits) from a reservoir. management consider reservoir Most people synonymouswith reservoir engineering. As recently as the early 1970s, reservoir engineering was considered the only item of technical importance in However, after the management of reservoirs. understanding the value of geoloEY, synergism has between geology and reservoir engineering become very popular and has proved to be quite beneficial. Reservoir management has advanced through varioue stages in the last 30 years. The technique are reservoir knowledge of background better, conditions hae iatprovecl, and automation using mafn~rame computers and personal computere has helped data processing and management. The developmental etages of reservoir management could be described as:

Thfs paper provides informationon the treatment of The System reservoir management as a SYSTBM. 1) reservoir characterization, 2) consists of: wells, 3) surface creation and operation of processing of the fluids, and 4) fluids and their These must be behavior in the reaervofr. considered aa interrelated parts of a unified system. model involving A reservoir management interdleciplinary functions is discttesedin this Also, the success of this model in paper. designing and implementingthe North Ward Estes COZ project, Ward/Winkler County, Texas, is diecuseed in detail. TMs reeervolr management approach has yialded a better deeign and installation of this h addition, it has resulted in C02 project. successful workovers~ identificationof waterflood improvements, and better plans for future C02 projecte.

References and illustrationsat and of paper. .-

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Stage 1 - Before 1970, reservoir engineering was considered the only item of technical importance in the management of reservoirs. Wyllie, in 1962, emphasized two key items: (A) clear thinking utilizing fundamen;;; reservoir mechanics concepts ~ and automation ueing basic computers. In 1965, Essley summarized What ts reeervoir engineering? and concluded that in spite of advancement in technical aspects of reservoir engineering, vital engineering 2considerations are often neglected or ignored. Stage 2 - This covers the time period of the 1970s and 1980s. Craig et al (1977), and Harrts and Hewitt (1977) explained the value of synergism between engineering and geology. Craig emphasized the value of detailed reservoir description, utilizing geological, geophyeic~l and reservoir simulation He challenged explorationists, concepts. with the knowledge of geophysical tools, to provide a more accurate reservoir deszriptton to be used in engineering calculations. Harrie and Hewitt presented a geologic perspective of the synergism in reservoir Thay explained the reeervoir management. inhomogeneity due to complex variations of reservoir continuity, thickness patterns, and properties, e.g., pore-space porosity, permeabilityand capillary pressure. Although the synargiem provided by the interaction between geology and reservoir engineering has been quite successful, the reeervo%r management has generally fatled to recognize the value of other disciplines, e.g. production operations, drilling, and different engineeringfunctions. The objective of raservoir management ia to optfmize profitable oil and gaa recovery, which can be obtained by the following steps: 1. Identify and define all individual reservoirs in a given field and their physical properties. Deduce past performance. and predict reservoir

10 2 3.

Creation and operation of wells. Surface processing of the fluid8. Fluids and reservoir. their behavior within the

The first two depend on tha third because the type of fluide (oil, gas, and water) and their behavior in the reservoir will dictate where and how many wells to drill, and how they should ba produced and proceesed to maximize profits. The goal is to maximize profits and thus neglecting or de-emphasizing any of the items above could jeopardize our objective. For example, we coulddo well in studying the fluide and their tnteractton with rock, i.e. reservoir engineering, but if the proper well andlor eurface ey8tem design is not considered,the recovery of oil andlor gas will not be optimized. Mo8t people can cite exemplea of mietakes made in our buaineas where we thoroughly studfed various aepects of the reservoir and made decieiona resulting in too many wells drtlled, improper applicationof well completion technology, inadequate surface facilities available for future expansions,etc. In this paper, the suggeeted reaervolr management approach involvee interaction between various function8, as deecribed in Figure 1. Although not shown, the approach emphasizes interactionbetween various functton8 and their interaction with management, economic, proration, and legal groups. This involving reeerwoir management model, interdisciplinary functione has provided ueeful reeults for several projects. A caee study ue%ng the North Ward Estes Field wtll be descr%bed to illustratethis approach. The following question and answer section describes our philosophy of reeervoir manage$uent: A) When should reservoir management etart? The ideal time to start managing a reservoir fS at its discovery. It is never too early to start this program, becauee early initiation of a coordinated raservoir management program not only provides a better monitoring and evaluation tool, but also coste less in the could long run. For example, a few early l.)STa help decida if and where to set pipe. sometimes these data can also provide the same type of information normally available by complex and expensive cased hole, multiple zone testing, An extra log or an additional hour~s tine on a DST may provide better information than could $e obtainad from mora expeneive core analyais. Sometimes it is possible to do acme tests early on that can indicate the sdze of a raservoir. If it is of limited size, drilling of unnaceesarywelle can be prevented. Extending Calhoun8 idea, one can draw an analogy ~nagement,~tween and for health the It ieesenoir not efficient reeervofr management tean to determine the health and than attempt state of G reservoire to improve it. To be most effective, the tean
aAe

2.

3. 4.

Minimize drilling of unnecessary wells. Define and modify (if neceseary) wellbore and surface systems. Initiate operating controls at the proper time. Coneider all pertinent economic and legal factors.

5.

6.

Thus, the purpoee of reservoir management ie to provide facts, information,and knowledge neceesary to control operations and obtain the maximum poseible economic recovery from a reservoir.

RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT APPROACH In 1963, Calhoun described the engineering system of concern to the- petroleum engfnyr ae bein6 compoeed of three principal subeystame ;

E 020138

G. C. Thakur (vi) (vii) Are additional data necessary? an adequate

must maintain the reservoirs and its sister subsystemshealth from the start. Most often reservoirmanagement fs not started early enough and the reservoir, wella~ and surface systems are ignored for a long time. Many times we consider reservotr management at the time of a tertiary recovery operation. However, it is critical and a prerequisitefor an economically successful tertiary recovery operation to have a good reservofr management program already in place. In the Permian Basin, C02 flooding is An receiving more and more attention. efficient reservoirmanagement program for COZ flooding (with a $2 per barrel injectant cost) compared to critical is even more waterflooding (with a 5 - 10 cents per barrel cost for water). Thus, it is very important that all injected COZ be properly utilized in displacing oil to the productionwells. B) What, how and when to collect data? To answer this question, we must follow an data collection integrated approach of involving all functions from the beginning. Before collecting any data, we should ask the following questions (i) Are the data necessary and what are we going to do with these data? What are the benefits of these data and how do we devise a plan to obtain the necessary data at the minimum cost?

Has there been geological study?

(viii) Has the reservoir been adequately deftned? D) Why a Team Effort and
How

to Enhance It?

Successful reservoir management requires an Integrated group effort. All development and operating dectsions should be made by the reservoirmanagement team which recognizes the dependence of the entire system upon the nature and behavior of the reservofr. It is not necessary that all decisions be made by a reservoir engineer; in fact, a team member who considers the entire system, rather than just the reservoir aspect, will be a more effective decision maker. It will help tremendously If the person has background knowledge of reservoir engineering,geology, production and drilling engineering, well completion and performance,and surface factltties. Not many people in an organization have knowledge in all areas. However, many persons develop an intuitive feel for the entire system and know when to ask for technical advice regarding various elements of the system. The team effort in reservoirmanagement cannot be emphasized too much. It is even more necessary now than it has ever been before because the current trend of the oil industry is not one of expansion. Host companiea are carrying on their production activitieswith a staff much smaller than that existed just five years ago, Also, with the advent of technology and the complex nature of different aubsyatems, it h difficult for anyone to become an expert in all areas. Therefore, it is obvious that the reduction of talent and increasingly complex technologiesmust be offset by an increase in quality, productivity, and emphasis on the team effort. A team approach to reservoir management can be enhanced by the following: (i) Facilitate communication among various engineering disciplines, geology and operation staff by: (a) meeting periodically, (b) interdisciplinary cooperation in teaching each others functional objectives,and (c) building trust and mutual respect. Also, each member of the team should learn to be a good teacher. The engineer, to some degree, must develop the geologists knowledge of rock characteristics and depositional environment, and a geologist must cultivate knowledge in wall completion and other engineering tasks. -. aAi
-1-r.

(ii)

Note that the reservoir management team must prepare a coordinated reservoir evaluation program to show the need of the data requirement, along with their coats and &nyx et al provides a detailed benefits. evaluation for reservoir review of ~ta calculations. It must be emphasized that early definition and evaluation of the reservoir system i~,~ prerequisite to good reservoir management. The team members must convince the management to obtain necessary data to evaluate the reservoir syetam and should participate in operating decisions.
c)

What kinds of questions should we ask if we want to ensure the right answer in the process of resarvoir management? Example questions are described below: (i) (ii) What does the anawer mean? Doea the answer fit facts; why or why not? all he (ii)

(iii)

possible other there Are interpretations of the data? Were the assumptions reasonable? -Are the data-reliable?

(iv) (v)

SYNERGISTICAPPRO.ACH (iii) Each member should subordinate their ambitions and egos to the goals of the reservoir management team. (iv) Each team member must maintain a high level of technical competence. The team members must work as a well-coordinatedbasketballteam rather than a relay team. Reservoir engineers should not wait on geologists to complete their work and then start the reservoir engineering work. Rather, a constant interaction between the functions should take place. For example, it ia better to knew early on if the isopach and cumulative oil/gaa production mapa do not agree rather than finalize all isopach maps and then find that the cumulative production maps are indicating another interpretation of the reservoir.

SPE 02013

information on the field history, structure, and stratigraphy. The producing formationsare Yatea and Queen sands, but most of the production has been from the Yates They consist of very sands (Figure 3). fine-grainedsandatones to siltstones,separatedby These sands, as shown in dense dolomite beds. Figure 4, are: A, BC, D, E, F, stray sands, Jl, J and J . 2 3 Most of the BC was in the original gas cap and consists of siltstone~ to finegrained sandstone with clay. The D and E sanda are similar to BC. The atrsy is composed of thin bedded, lenticular, s-iltatones and fine-grained sandstones, with high clays. The JI and J2 sands are composed of coareer sanda with much less clay content and, therefore, permesbilities. porosities and higher have Generally, the J3 ia not well developed and is wet in most areas. The Queen formation, which lies below the Yates composed of intervals of fine-grained sands, iS sandstonea to siltstones, composed of numerous poor lateral with lenticular sanda thin, Thus, the Queen sand has been continuity. difficult to waterflood. Reservoir Management Team A team including all functional groups, as shown in Figure i, was fmmed to investigate all pertinent optione for optimizing recovery from the field. The resulte of the team effort are describedbelow: 1. Geological Characterization A correlation scheme was developed for the field based upon laterally continuous .key dolomites that bracket the productive sanda and segment the reservoir into A computer discrete mappable units. database wae built by our geologists to facilitate che processing and integration of large volumes of data to aid in the geological characterization study. The database componentswere: A. Wireline log data from 3,300 wells, which included about 15 million curve feet. Core data consisting of 538 cores, which totaled about 30,000 feet of analysee and lithology description. Marker 60,000 data for more than correlation markers.

(v)

In summary, the synergism of the team approach can yield a whole ia greater than sum of its parts effect.

NORTH WARD ESTES FIELD - A CASE STUDY Introduction The Notth Ward Estea (NWE) field, located in Ward and Winkler Counties, Texas (Figure 2), was discovered in 1929. It is an 18 mile x 4 mile anticlinorium. Cumulative oil production fron primary and secondary recovery has been in excess of 320 million barrels, or about 25% OOIP, from more than 3,000 wells. The field haa been waterflooded since 1955. Geologically, the field resides on the western edge of the Central Basin Platform. The ~i.eld is part of an Upper Guadalupfan productive trend which extends uninterrupted for 90 miles on the edge of the platform (Figure 3). The average reservofr depth is 2,600 feet; porosity and permeability average 19% and 19 md, respectively. The reservoir temperature ia 83F. The flood patterns are generally 20 acre five apots and line drives. Field Informationand Geology

B.

c. The field was initially developed on 20-acre spacing. Later, however, the moat productive parta of the field were drilled on a 10-acre spacing. Until the 1950s, the wells were mostly completed open-hole and shot with nitroglycerine. Perforated lfners were then hung from the casing, which was set above the productive formation in the gaa sands. After 1950, the wells were completed caaed-hole, hydraulicallyfractured and acid stimulated. About half of the current producers and injectors are Table 1 cased-hola. provldae additional
442

D.

i.e. data, Fluid contact original gaa-oil and oil-water. Production data, consisting of historical and wellbore data, including diagrams.

E.

Core analyses were depth covrected. Loge were normalized using a 30-feet interval of laterally continuous anhydritic -Gore porosity data were dolomite.

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r. Thnkllv . . .. . . . . No reduction in injection rates was observed during or after C02 injection.

5
(A)

cross-plotted versus bulk density log values derivatio;of ~%Xcy!~ans$=cti% for hole rugostty, overburden pressure, and lithologiccomplicationswere ~~plied to refine the porosity transform. The final transforms are shown in Figure 5. As eeen in this figure, the correlation between porosity and permeability ia However, when the correlation poor. baaed upon lithofacies was+ made, goo$ correlation coefficients were obtained. Structure and porosity-feet maps were merged with fluid contact and water ~aturationdata to calculate volumetric. F>cies relationships and actual to apparent pay ratios were applied to determine effective hydrocarbon pore volume. Computer generated net ieopach maps of the sands display a north-south strike. The sands pinch out into an evaporite facies updfp and a carbonate facies downdip. Reference 12 describes the details of the About 11 man years and $1.6 study. million were spent to achieve the above Figure 6 summarizes results. computer-aided characterization study steps. Normalized log and core data, markers, fluid contacts, and production data were quality checked and corrected for any errors. The output includedmaps and isopach (structure, va. porosity porosity-thickness), permeability plots, water saturation and volumetric data, production plots, and including wellbore cross-sections, dtagrams. An example of a sand trend cross-section is shown iu Figure 7. It is based upon basic geologic data and supported by productiondata. the One of the outcomes of study has been characterization identification of well workovers. In addition, several waterflood projects A were designed and implemented. waterflood project that did not prove as successful as others was later analyzed in terms of the characterizationstudy. If the project had been considered after the study, it probably would not have been implementedand considerablesavings could have been attaiaed. 2. C02 InjectivityTest A C02 injectivity test was conducted to ~ investigate any injectivity reductions during COZ and water injection cyclee. An injector in good mechanical condition and with no hydraulic fracturing was Geological cross-sections selected. through thie well showed well-developed The injectivity test provided sande. valu8ble information,as described below:

(B) The C02 injection rate was about 20Z higher than the water injection rate. significant change (C) No in injection profile was observed during or after C02 injection. In addition to the above-mentioned co* results, the injectivity test implanted a valuable seed of team effort that led to fruitful results during the design and implementationof the C02 project. 3. C02 Project Design and Implementation The C02 flood design was based upon a history match of the waterflood performance of the SIX section project area, the selection of typical patterns including a detailed reservoir characterization, a prediction for continuation the waterflood, of predictions for C02 flooding, and the ::l:n::reofp,:yec ::rya:l?re:;::;::to: were made for continuation of the waterflood and for C02 floodfng. Additional reservoir simulation was conducted to determine the optimum C02 slug size. The anticipated increase in oil recovery from the six section, Stage 1 area (containing 165 producing wells and 192 injection wells) as a result of COZ flooding is 16.5 million bbl of oil. Stages 2 and 3, tentativelyecheduled for 1993 and 1995, will depend upon the success of the firat stage and on oil price. Management approval of this project was obtained in December 1987. In January 1988, a task force was formed, and the C02 injection was initiated in March 1989. Currently, about 55 MMCF/D of C02 and hydrocarbon gas is being injected. To date, project response has been encouraging, with the actual production meeting or exceeding the forecast. The C02 plant compressed, desulfurizea, and dehydrates all COa-rich gas produced from the project. The plant is designed to process 65 MMCF/D of produced gas. In addition to reinfection gas, the plant will also produce four (4) tons per day of marketable sulfur from moderate concentrations of H2S (2%) in the hydrocarbon gas.

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Team Effort 1. Why a Team Effort? The North Ward Estes Field is one of the largest fields for Chevron U.S.A. Inc. and it has significant EOR potential. C02 flooding was the only economic option available to recover significant reserves from this field. For about 1,300 producing wells, the+average production rate is only 7 BOPD at 95 Z water cut. Out of the 1,300 wells, about 700 make 5 BOPD or less. Also, 300 wells are now capable of producing only at or below the present economic limit, Thus, if COZ flooding was not implemented right away, economics would have dictated plugging and abandoning of uneconomic wells. Keeping the above pointa in mind and considering the average age of wells in the field of about 35 years~ a window of If the opportunity became quite obvious. wells were abandoned, it was unlikely that the project would have been undertaken because economics would not have justified re-drills. Thus, it became an urgency to start an EOR project, i.e. either move quickly or risk losing the chance. To design and implement an EOR project and to Improve the performance of the existing waterfloods, a study team, as shown in Figure 1 was formed. 2. What Did the Team Achieve?

2.

Discuss typical reservoir management schemes, strengthening efforts increase to productionlreserves and minimize costs. Discuss management strategy for specific fields, providing an opportunity for an exchange of ideas between varioua work groups. Concentrate on problem araas for these ZIelde and recommend an action plan, reeulting from the collective contribution all of participance. (Note that SPE offered a forum in August 1989 on Reservoir Management; however, our format is much different than SPES.)

3.

4.

Benefits Received As a result of the in-house forums, participantsachieved the following: 1. the

Refocused the minds of the participants on reservoirmanagement. Shared knowledge, experiences, judgments and ideas. Questioned and commented on new contributions and extracted valuable ideas. Generated ideaa and prepared plans involving all team members. Developed an understanding of the collective aim of the team and the way in which an individual, along with the rest of the team, can contribute.

2.

3,

4.

5. During the design phase, as many as 25 to 30 members of varioas functional groups worked together on a comprehensive design of a six-section COZ project, reviewad hundreda of workover candidates~ and evaluated several waterflood modificationprojects. In addition to initiating many workovers and waterflood modification projects~ within 15 months C02 injection wae started in the Within a area. six-section project year-and-a-half,the gas processing plant was built and started. The teams goal for every aspect of the project, from well workovers, reservoir studies, C02 injectionand gathertng was atart up construction to system short time without accomplished in a sacrificingquality. In eummary, the teamwork across the function lines has resulted in successful design and implementationof many successful projects in the North Ward Estes Field.

Design of In-house Forums The About 30 participant attend each forum. engineers, 6-8 participance include 6-8 reservoir production engineers, and 6-8 geologiata construction and geophysicists, 2-3 design engineers, 2-3 gaa and chemical engineers, 1-2 drilling engineers, and 3-5 field foremen and production auperintendents(ace Table 2). Typically, the forums are held for two (2) days and 2 to 3 field caae etudies ara diacuesed. The studies are selected by the production divieion staff and are of critical importance to the division. The division managers concurrence on the caae studies is obtained beforehand. The forum starta with a presentation by the Division Manager. He conveys hie philosophy of reservoir management. We have observed this to be one of the most productive session.e because: 1. It provides an informal interaction between and the reservoir management teem members management. The participance obtain an tnatghtinto the They get a workinge of the local management. feel of what may or may not be po.saible to (Most participance indicated be approved. that it provided them with a real opportunity and to understand the local management

ROLE OF RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT FORUM/WORKSHOP Objective We have conducted several The management workshope. workshops have been to: 1, in-house reservoir objectives of the

2.

attentton on practical aepects Focus reservoir management.

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PE 020138

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Thakur

minimized any frustrationsthat might arise as a result of disapprovalof a project.) The manager essentiallysets the tone of the forum. His conviction and commitment generally provides an enthuefasm for all participants. The subsequent sessions are described in Table 3. A general discussion on these topics is presented by knowledgeable staffs. An outline of the discussion on the role of geology in reservoir management is described in Table 4. After completing the general discussion, case studies are presented by the participants. These participants are directly involved with the cases in their daily work, and their pressntattons include prepared written outlines of the various topics listed in Table 5. About 6-8 people mske presentationson a caae study and cover all aspecte of a project, including economic, legal, and environmentalconcerns. After the presentationof the case bcudy, the large group is broken into four (4) teams. Each team consists of about 2 raservoir engineers, 2 production engineers, 2 geologistelgeophysicists~ and 2 design and construction engfneerslgaa and chemical engineersfdrilling engineerslfieldforemen (see Table 2). A balance in terms of familiarity with the case study between the team members fs In addition, each team possesses a good made. technical background in various aspects of reservoir management. The team members work in separate rooms and perform the following in a problem solving style: 1. 2. Define the probleme. solutions Discuss various alternatives)for each problem. (including

INPROVING SUCCESS IN IMPLEMENTATION Table 6 describes a step-by-step procedure on how to improve success in implementing a reservoir management program. 1. The first step involves starting with a plan of action, including all functions. It iS common for many reservoir management efforts to devise a plan, but this plan usually doea not involve all functional groups. Thus, not all groupa buy into these programs, and the cooperationbetween var%ous functions is below the desired level. If a plan is to be developed and implemented in the best way, it must have commitment from all disciplines, includingmanagement. The plan must be flexible. Even if the reservoir management team members prepare plana by involving all functional groups, it does not guarantee success if it is not adaptable to surrounding circumstances (e.g., economic, legal, and environmental). The plan must have management support. No matter how good the plan Is in technical terms, it must have local and higher level management blessings. Without their support, it would not have a chance to get approved. Thus, it is necessary that we get the management involved from day one. No reservoir management plan be can implemented properly without the support of the field personnel. Time and time again we have seen reservoir management plans fail because either they are imposed on field personnel without much explanations or they are preparad wihtout their involvement. Thus , the field personnel do not have a commitment to these plans. It ia critical to have periodic revfew meetings, involving all team members. Most, ff not all, of these meetings should be held The success of these in the field offices. meeting will depend upon the abflity of each team member to teach hislher functional objectives.

2.

3.

4.

3. 4*

List the pros and cons for each solution. Prepare and recommend solutione, considering economic aspects.

5.

Each teatiis guided by a coordinator/facilitator to ensure that it ie making progress and steered in the right direction. Next, all teame gather in a large conference room on their findings one by and make preaentatione When a team makes its preeentation,members one. of the other teame are encouraged to ask questions and provida comments. Any new ideas generated are discussed and noted. At the conclusion of all presentations, ideas are A general discussion recorded and displayed. involvin8 teem members starts and concludee with a list of specific recommendatlona on the case study. The bottom line of the forums is and prepare plane (short-term involving all team members. to generata ideas and long-te~)

CONCLUSIONS 1. A model involving interdisciplinaryfunctions has been shown to be effective in designing successful reservoir and implementing a management program. This model installation Ward Estea aucceaeful and better has resulted in a better design and of a COZ project in the North In addition, it haa yielded field. workovers, waterflood improvements, planning for future COZ projacta.

2.

~,

In-house workshopa or forums proved successful teem building aspect of reservoir in the forums facilitated Theee management. communication among engineering, geology and and resulted geophy.e%cei, and operations staff,

.4.

RFSERVOIR MANAGEMENT in combined improvement, recommendations for project 6. Amyx, Bass and Whiting: Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1960) 7. Goolsby, J.L.: The Relation of Geology to Permian Injection jn Carbonate Fluid Reservoirs in West Texas, S*W. Pet. Short Course - Lubbock, Tx, 1965 8. Reliable Interpretation of Jordan, J.K.: Waterflood Production Data, J. Pet. Tech. (August 1955), PP. 18-24

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author expresses his appreciation to the management of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. for permission to publish this paper. The content of the paper is prfmarily derived from the in-house Reservoir Management forums and workshops coordinatedby the author. The work performed by the participantsof these forums (from geology and geophysics, all engineering functions, drilling, and production operations) ie highly appreciated.

9. Weber, K.J.: Influence of Common Sedimentary Structureson Fluid Flow in ReservoirModels, J. pet. Tech. (March 1982), PP. 665-672 Interpretation,Averaging and 10. Havlena, D.: Use of the Basic Geololgfcal - Engineering Data, J. Canadian Pet. Tech., part 1s V+ 5S No. 4 (October - December 1966), pp. 153-164; part 2, V, 7, No. 3 (July - September 1968), pp. 128-144 The Role of Geology in 11. Harris, D.G.: Reservoir Simulation Studies, J. Pet. Tech. (May 1975), pp. 625-632 North Ward Estes 12. Stanley, R. G. et al: Geological Characterization,to be published in 1990 AAPG Bulletin. 13. Winzinger, R.~ et al: Design of a Major C02 Flood - North Ward Estes Field, Ward County, Te~asl,SPE paper t?o. 19654, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference, October 8-11) 1989, San Antonio, Texaa

REFERENCES
1.

Wyllie, M.R.J.: Reservoir Mechanics Stylized Myth or Potential Science?, J. Pet. Tech. (June 1962), pp. 583-588 Esaley, P.L.: What is Reservoir Engineering?, J. Pet. Tech. (January 1965), pp. 19-25 Craig, F.F. et al: Through Continuing Cooperation, J. Pet. 755-760 Optimized Recovery Interdtaciplinary Tech. (July), PP.

2.

3.

4,

Harris, D.G. and Hewitt, C.H.: Synergism in Reservoir Management Geologic The Perspective, J. Pet. Tech. (July 1977) pp. 761-770
A Definition of Petroleum Calhoun, J.C.: Engineering,J. Pet. Tech. (July 1963)

5.

TABLE 1 North Ward Estoo Mold

TABLE 2 In-houao Forums on Prac+tioal Aepocts of Reservoir Management About 90 pOOp@ 6-OPE 6-8 Q&Q 2-s Qbc 2 -aDac 1-2 Drtlllng Flold Poroonnel .9-6 20 - 37 G 8efoot 2- s Fhfda (Caoo studfes)
G G

1929-NORTH WRD FIELD DISCOVERED 9.W, OBRIEN #4 SECTION 19 G 19S6-E8TE8 FIELD DISCOVERED E.W. ESTES #1 SECTION 98 . $944-FIELDS COMBINED G 1956-WTER FLOOD BEQAN G t12al- POLYMER PROJECTS BEGAN G &CCO + WELLS DRILLED G ACTIVE WELL8-1,901 PRODUCERS, 962 INJECTORS (6/1/87) 10 ACRE SPAGINa
G

G 6-ORE*

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G G

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TABLE II

TABLE 3 Forum Discussion Outline

G G

Role

of

tiO1ORY

in

RetIew.lr

llan.gemenc

DEPOSITIONAL

ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTION DATA REQUIREMENTS ROCK AND FLUID SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

CROSS-SECTIONS & FENCE DIAGRAMS HCPV DETERMINATION RESERVOIR PETROLOQY ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY USE OF OLD WELL RECORDS & OABLE TOOL INFORMATION DETERMINATION OF FLUID CONTACTS

G G

G G

ROLE OF GEOLOGY
G

BACKGROUND MATERIALS ON PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES

s FORMATIQN WTER

TABLE 5 Case Study CWltne HOW to Improve Resew.ir

TABLE 6 Success in Implementtns Management Program? a

OVERVIEW OF FIELD QEOLOQY & PERFORMANCE RESERVOIR ENQINEERINQ WORK PRODUCTION 4 INJECTION WELLS SURFACE FACILITIES

START WITH A PLAN OF ACTION, INVOLVINQ ALL FUNCTIONS

FLEXIBLE PLAN MANAGEMENT SUPPORT

G G

INJECTION WTER

QUALITY
9

CORROBION & SCALE PRODUCTION OPERATIONS

COMMITMENT

OF FIELD PERSONNEL

c DRILLIN@ OPERATIONS
G

CASE 8TUDY REVIEW * DIBCUBBION IN - SMALL WtOLfPB - LAR@E WOtJP BPEGIFIO RE06MMEf4MT10NS

PERIODIC REVIEW MEETINGS, INVOLVINQ ALL YEW idEMk3ERf3ONTERDlWIPLINARy 000PERATfON IN TEAOf+lNG EAOH OTHERS FUNCTIONAL OBJECTIVES)

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SPE Paper Numbers

20139 Thru 20147

No

C~pies

GWailmble assigned to These Numbers

NO papers